Chapter IV: Part 4

_General characters._--Size small; tail of same length as head and
body or slightly less; feet small; ears of medium size; color of
upper parts Ochraceous-Tawny gradually changing to Ochraceous-Buff
on sides; differentiated, light-colored aristiforms on back, sides,
rump and at base of tail; clavate aristiforms on back with
Ochraceous-Tawny or Ochraceous-Buff, subapical zone; underparts of
body and inner sides of legs white; tail blackish above, white
below, with no white tip; hands and feet white on dorsal parts and
some specimens darker on outer margins of feet; skull short and
smooth, somewhat flattened in frontal region; jugal dorso-ventrally
wide and with moderately conspicuous transverse ridge; postorbital
process of zygoma well developed and involving both jugal and
squamosal; bullae large and smooth; incisive foramen short and
narrow; vomerine sheath incomplete or complete; molariform teeth
with only one counterfold; incisors orthodont or proodont.

_Remarks._--A good series from Macaco Seco, Andaraí, Bahia, agrees closely with the form first described (_albispinus_) from the Island Madre de Deus, in Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia. Compared with topotypes of _P. albispinus sertonius_, the animal from Macaco Seco in general color is more Ochraceous-Tawny and has a narrower skull with orthodont incisors. Specimens from Bonfim, northeastern Bahia, on the other hand, agree with Thomas' _albispinus sertonius_, from Lamarão, being browner and having broader skulls than _P. a. albispinus_ and having proodont, instead of orthodont, incisors. The range of each of the two subspecies is, therefore, fairly extensive. The insular form extends to the less rainy, continental area and the form from Lamarão ranges northward (NNW) in the same type of highly deciduous forest, the "caatinga."

The species _albispinus_ is certainly the most specialized form of the entire genus for drier habitats. In addition to the general adaptations described above, it is noteworthy for having both lanceolate and clavate aristiforms. The latter type has a wide basal part and an abruptly narrowed, distal part. The same development is seen in the genus _Echimys_, where highly spinous forms, like _Echimys paleacea_ (Lichtenstein), show the same two types of aristiforms.

=Proechimys albispinus albispinus= (Is. Geoffroy)

_Echimys albispinus_ Is. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 25 June 1838,
Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci., Paris, 6(26):886; Is. Geoffroy, August,
1838, Ann. Sci. Nat., Paris, 10 (ser. 2):125; Is. Geoffroy,
1840, Mag. Zool., Paris (ser. 2, année 2, livr. 13):33, 53, pl. 26,
pl. 29 (figs. 1, 2, 3); Allen, 1899, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
12(20):261.

_Echinomys fuliginosus_ Wagner, 1843, Schreber's Säugethiere,
suppl., 3:343.

_Echimys albispinosus_ Waterhouse, Nat. Hist., Mammalia, 2:341.

_Proechimys albispinus_ Allen, 1899, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
12(20):264; Thomas, 1911, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8 (ser. 8):252.

_Proechimys albispinus albispinus_ Thomas, 1921, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., 8 (ser. 9):141; Tate, 1935, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
68(5):401; Ellerman, 1940, The families and genera of living
rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:122.

_Type locality._--Ilha Madre de Deus, _Itaparica_ (near Salvador),
Bahia, Brazil. _Type_: Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, no. A
7669, "skull ... practically perfect" (Thomas, 1921:142).

_Range._--Island Madre de Deus, Macaco Seco, Andaraí and probably
islands of the bay of Todos os Santos and valley of the Paraguassú
River.

_Diagnosis._--Aristiforms wide; color on setiforms
Ochraceous-Tawny on upper parts and sides; incisors orthodont;
molariform teeth with one counterfold, p4 rarely with two.

_Pelage._--_Aristiforms on middorsal region_: Lanceolate
aristiforms, with basal part whitish, gradually blackening toward
tip; total length, 25 to 28 mm; maximum width, 1.2 mm; clavate
aristiforms with base whitish, gradually blackening toward tip but
interrupted by Ochraceous-Tawny, subapical zone. _Aristiforms on
outer thighs_: Whitish on basal half, gradually blackening toward
tip; total length, 24 to 26 mm; maximum width, 0.9 mm. Some are
whitish basally, gradually blackening toward distal part but
distal fourth or fifth near (15'_j_) Ochraceous-Tawny. _Setiforms
on middorsal region_: Whitish basally, gradually blackening toward
tip but interrupted by Ochraceous-Tawny, subapical zone; total
length, 20 to 23 mm; maximum width, 0.1 mm. Some setiforms almost
completely whitish. _Setiforms on outer thighs_: Whitish basally,
gradually blackening toward tip but interrupted by near (15'_j_)
Ochraceous-Tawny, subapical zone; total length, 18 to 20 mm;
maximum width, 0.06 mm.

_Skull._--Narrow; bullae small and smooth; jugals dorso-ventrally
wide with conspicuous transverse ridge; postorbital process of
zygoma well-developed and formed by jugal and squamosal; posterior
palatine foramina obsolete; incisive foramen narrow and short;
vomerine sheath complete or incomplete but premaxillary part at a
level lower than that of maxillary part (when skull is viewed from
ventral face); mesopterygoid fossa extending forward as far as
anterior borders of second molars.

_Teeth._--Incisors orthodont; molariform teeth with only one
counterfold, except that p4 rarely has two counterfolds.

_Comparisons._--From _P. a. sertonius_, _albispinus_ differs in:
sides of body darker; incisors orthodont as opposed to proodont;
p4 rarely with two counterfolds instead of always with one
counterfold.

_Remarks._--The localities where _P. a. albispinus_ has been collected have a forest climax with a moderate percentage of deciduous trees.

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 19 (18 CNHM, 1 MCZ), from
Brazil, Bahia, _Andaraí_, Macaco Seco.

=Proechimys albispinus sertonius= Thomas

_Proechimys albispinus sertonius_ Thomas, July, 1921, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., 8 (ser. 9):142 (orig. descr.); Tate, 1935, Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist., 68(5):401; Ellerman, 1940, The families and genera
of living rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:122.

_Type locality._--Lamarão ("about 70 miles north of Bahia City"),
_Ituiutaba_, Bahia, Brazil; altitude 300 meters. _Type_: British
Museum (Nat. Hist.), no. 3.9.5.86, adult male; collected on 16
June, 1903, by Alphonse Robert; original number, 1508.

_Range._--Known from the type locality and Bonfim; probably
occupies valleys of Jacuipe and the Itapicurú rivers and littoral
between them.

_Diagnosis._--Aristiforms wide; color of setiforms
Ochraceous-Tawny on back, grading to Ochraceous-Buff on sides;
incisors proodont; no molariform tooth with more than one
counterfold.

_Pelage._--_Aristiforms on middorsal region_: Lanceolate
aristiforms whitish basally, gradually blackening toward tip;
total length, 23 to 27 mm; maximum width, 1.3 mm. Clavate
aristiforms, and some lanceolate ones, whitish basally, gradually
blackening toward tip but interrupted by Ochraceous-Tawny,
subapical zone. Some clavate aristiforms without subapical zone
but blackened in distal part; total length, 23 to 24 mm; maximum
width, 0.7 mm. _Aristiforms on outer thighs_: Whitish basally,
gradually blackening toward tip but interrupted by Light
Ochraceous-Buff, subapical zone; tip slightly darker; some whitish
basally, grayish in middle and light yellowish toward tip; total
length, 20 to 22 mm; maximum width, 0.9 mm.
_Setiforms on middorsal region_: Whitish basal part succeeded by
grayish, then by long, light, yellowish band, which becomes Light
Ochraceous-Buff, and blackish tip; total length, 26 to 29 mm;
maximum width, 0.15 mm. _Setiforms on outer thighs_: Whitish basal
part succeeded by grayish, then Light Ochraceous-Buff, subapical
zone and blackish tip; total length, 18 to 20 mm; maximum width,
0.13 mm.

_Skull._--Broad; bullae small and smooth; jugals dorso-ventrally
"wide," with conspicuous transverse ridge; postorbital process of
zygoma well-developed and formed by both jugal and squamosal;
incisive foramen narrow and short; vomerine sheath incomplete or
complete but premaxillary part on a lower level than maxillary
part (when skull is viewed from ventral face); mesopterygoid fossa
extending forward as far as anterior faces of second molars.

_Teeth._--Incisors proodont; molariform teeth with only one
counterfold.

_Comparisons._--Differences from _P. a. albispinus_ are given in
the account of that subspecies.

_Remarks._--Localities where samples were collected are typical "caatinga" forest, a climax of mainly deciduous trees; cacti are also common in the region.

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 10, from Brazil, Bahia, as
follows: _Ituiutaba_, Lamarão, 4 (1 DZ, 1 CNHM, 1 MCZ, 1 USNM);
_Bonfim_, Bonfim, 6 (5 DZ, 1 MN).

INCERTA SEDIS

=Proechimys myosuros= (Lichtenstein)

_Loncheres myosuros_ Lichtenstein, 1818, Das zoologische Museum der
Universität zu Berlin, (2):18 (_nomen nudum_); Lichtenstein, 1820,
Abhandl. K. Akad. Wissensch., Berlin (1818-1819):192, pl. 1, fig. 2
(orig. descr.); Wied, 1826, Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte von
Brasilien, 2:445.

_Mus leptosoma_ Brants, 1827, Het geslacht der Muizen door
Linnaeus opgesteld ..., Berlyn, p. 150; Lichtenstein, 1830,
Darstellung neuer oder wenig bekannter Säugethiere, Berlin, Heft
7, pl. 36, fig. and text pages.

_Mus cinnamoneus_ Lichtenstein, 1830, Darstellung neuer oder wenig
bekannter Säugethiere, Berlin, Heft 7, pl. 36.

_Echimys myosuros_ Is. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1838, Comptes
Rendus Acad. Sci., 6(26):886, and 1840, Mag. Zool., Paris (ser. 2,
année 2):15, 33, 53; Allen, 1899, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
12(20):261.

_Echinomys leptosoma_ Wagner, 1843, Schreber's Säugethiere,
suppl., 3:341.

_Echinomys myosuros_ Burmeister, 1854, Syst. ubersicht Thiere
Brasiliens, p. 199.

_Proechimys setosus_ Thomas, 1921, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8 (ser.
9):141.

_Proechimys myosuros_ Tate, 1935, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
68(5):400; Ellerman, 1940, The families and genera of living
rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:119.

_Proechimys leptosoma_ Tate, 1935, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
68(5): 400; Ellerman, 1940, The families and genera of living
rodents, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1:119.

_General characters._--Aristiforms wide (1''') and numerous
on dorsal parts of body; tail longer (9'') than head and body
(8''); hind feet short (1''6''').

_Color_ (According to Lichtenstein and Brants'
descriptions).--Black between ears; dark brown on middorsal line
with reddish tinge on front and upper side of neck; posteriorly
from shoulders there is a greasy shine added to color; this dark,
dorsal band widens posteriorly, there encroaching on sides of
body; sides lighter brown, sparsely marked with dark brown lines,
from sides of head caudad to, and including, outer surfaces of
hind legs; outer sides of forelegs colored like outer sides of
hind legs; ankles ringed with brown. Tail blackish above, whitish
below. Upper surfaces of hands and feet white.

_Skull._--No description of skull or teeth found.

_Remarks._--Thomas (1921:140-143) summarized the available information on the forms from southeastern Brazil and synonymised _myosuros_ with _setosus_. The description of _leptosoma_ by Brants applies to this same species except in a few features. However, neither Brants nor Lichtenstein described the tail of _myosuros_ as having a white tip or even as having a heavily pencilled tip, although Wagner (1843:342) in redescribing Lichtenstein's species indicated that the tail had a white pencil. He gave also measurements of the head and body, and tail, which do not agree with the original measurements given by either Lichtenstein or Brants. Lichtenstein, in the original description, gave the type locality of _myosuros_ as Bahia, and stated that it was collected by Freireiss. Brants also gave Bahia as the type locality for _leptosoma_. The names _leptosoma_ Brants and _cinnamoneus_ Lichtenstein are evidently no more than duplicate names for _myosuros_, as pointed out by Thomas (1921:141) and subsequent writers. Specimens referred to any of these forms, therefore, could take the earlier name _myosuros_ until identified otherwise. Lichtenstein later (1830, text for plate 36, fig. 2) added São Paulo State to the known range of the species, mentioning specimens collected there by Sello. Probably, therefore, Wagner redescribed _leptosoma_ using a composite sample; the white tip on the tail could occur in any race of _P. iheringi_ from São Paulo.

Considering the short hind feet and the wide aristiforms, _Proechimys myosuros_ probably will eventually prove to be related to _albispinus_; perhaps it will prove to be a synonym of _albispinus_.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The genus _Proechimys_ is divisible into two subgenera. In all
Brazil there are four full species of each subgenus, or 8 species
in all. All but one of these are divisible into subspecies of which
there are 29, making a total of 30 kinds in Brazil; 14 of these are
here newly named.

2. It is new information, I think, that: (1) One main fold
extending entirely across the worn crown of the molariform tooth
is peculiar to _Trinomys_; in the subgenus _Proechimys_, apparent
complete division of the crown surface is accomplished by a short
main fold meeting a counterfold originating on the opposite side
of the tooth; (2) progressive decrease in size of molariform teeth
from P4 to M3 is peculiar to the subgenus _Trinomys_; in the
subgenus _Proechimys_, M2 is largest and the teeth are
progressively smaller anteriorly.

3. In the one species, _Proechimys albispinus_, which has the
widest distribution of aristiforms on the body of any species in
the genus, some of the aristiforms are clavate. Clavate
aristiforms occur in the most spiny species of the related genus
_Echimys_.

4. In subspecies of any one full species the incisive foramen is
larger in animals which inhabit arid areas than in those which
inhabit humid areas. Possibly increased area of moist mucosa
associated with Jacobson's organ is required in arid areas for
maintenance of the necessary keenness of smell.

5. The number of counterfolds in the molariform teeth vary in
clinal fashion. Their variation is in response to humidity.
Increasing humidity is correlated with increasing number of folds,
and decreasing humidity is correlated with decreasing number of
folds.

6. Clinal variation correlated with increasing humidity is to be
seen also in longer tail and darker color of pelage.

7. The primitive _Proechimys_ probably was large, with a short
tail, narrow aristiforms, strongly built skull, and five
counterfolds in each molariform tooth.

8. Geographic isolation appears to have been a factor in the
establishment of the two subgenera; the arid belt along the São
Francisco River and northward to Ceará appears to be uninhabited
by _Proechimys_ and constitutes a barrier separating the two
subgenera, _Proechimys_ and _Trinomys_.

9. This arid belt probably developed relatively early, since in
deposits of late Pleistocene age, remains of the subgenus
_Trinomys_ have been found in the area where the subgenus still
occurs.

10. The most primitive types occur at the periphery of the range
of the genus.

11. Populations from small islands tend to be more primitive than
populations on the mainland. Insular populations develop a
homozygous condition with resultant disappearance of secondary
biotypes.

12. Insular animals ordinarily are larger than their mainland
counterpart.

TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS

TABLE 1.--Measurements (in millimeters) of adults of _Proechimys_

Key:

A Length of head and body
B Length of tail
C Length of hind-foot
D Length of ear from notch
E Greatest length of skull
F Condylo-incisive length
G Zygomatic breadth
H Length of nasals
I Interorbital constriction
J Palatilar length
K Crown length of cheekteeth

======================================================================================
A B C D E F G H I J K
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. g. steerei_, [M] [M] Hyutanaham
USNM 105535 218 123 48 17 53.5 44.0 25.2 19.3 11.7 18.2 8.2
USNM 105536 217 135 50 55.2 45.3 25.7 20.7 11.4 19.2 8.0
?
USNM 105537 56.3 44.9 24.0 20.4 11.4 19.3 8.7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. g. goeldii_, [M] Fazenda Paraiso
AMNH 37489 218 52 20 55.1 44.9 27.0 22.1 12.0 18.6 9.4
[F]
AMNH 37488 228 157 49 22 57.3 47.6 27.9 22.1 12.4 20.3 9.6
======================================================================================
_P. s. liminalis_, [M] [M] Rio Quichito
Mean 229 145 43 21 58.4 47.6 27.3 21.8 12.9 20.1 8.3
Maximum 250 45 24 61.7 50.0 28.9 23.0 13.8 21.2 8.8
Minimum 210 40 18 53.3 44.3 25.5 19.4 12.0 18.5 7.9
No. of specimens 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
[F] [F]
MN 6253 215 150 43 20 57.5 46.5 28.3 21.5 12.0 19.4 8.7
MN 6250 213 42 20 60.8 49.7 22.0 13.7 21.0 9.1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. s. amphichoricus_, [M] [M] Esmeralda

AMNH 77000 252 163 53 60.8 50.3 27.5 24.4 13.7 20.7 9.4
AMNH 76994 260 160 54 25.5 22.8 12.6 9.5
AMNH 77020 250 181 57 62.0 52.0 27.3 25.9 13.8 21.5 9.6
[F]
AMNH 76999 235 149 50 24.0 19.0 9.3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. s. kermiti_, [F] Lower Solimões
AMNH 37124 210 55 65.2 53.7 29.2 27.6 13.5 21.4 9.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. l. brevicauda_, [M] João Pessoa
DZ 900 245 147 48 58.3 46.6 26.5 22.5 11.6 18.2 8.2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. l. boimensis_, [M] Boim
MCZ 30881 220 160 50 54.6 44.2 24.8 21.0 11.7 17.3 7.5
[F]
MN 1976 182 140 45 52.6 42.2 24.3 20.8 11.4 16.8 7.6
[F] Cametá
MCZ 30878 240 48 55.1 45.0 25.2 22.4 11.5 18.4 7.6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. l. longicaudatus_, [M] Urucum
CNHM 26732 229 121 48 21.5 11.5 18.5 8.3
[F] [F]
AMNH 37085 210 150 44 51.4 42.5 24.3 19.5 10.8 17.1 8.9
AMNH 37086 210 50 48.5 40.9 23.7 17.1 10.2 17.1 8.3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. l. leucomystax_, [M] Tapirapoã
AMNH 37509 230 150 43 50.7 42.2 24.5 18.4 10.3 17.5 8.1
[F]
AMNH 37510 210 42 48.1 41.3 23.0 16.9 9.9 17.2 8.1
[F] Utiarití
MN 2212 48.0 39.9 18.3 11.2 15.9 8.0
[F] Salto Sepotuba
MN 1936 202 147 44 52.6 43.0 23.6 19.2 10.7 17.8 7.8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. l. roberti_, [M] [M] Anapolis
Mean 208 159 45 21 52.7 43.5 24.9 20.7 13.1 17.2 7.9
Maximum 235 190 55 25 56.1 47.8 27.1 23.7 12.0 19.1 8.2
Minimum 170 135 36 18 48.1 40.0 22.8 18.2 10.6 15.6 7.6
No. of specimens 16 14 16 16 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
[F] [F]
Mean 219 149 44 20 51.1 42.3 24.1 20.0 10.7 17.2 8.0
Maximum 290 155 48 24 55.5 45.4 25.8 21.5 11.1 17.7 8.7
Minimum 195 125 40 18 48.9 40.3 23.1 19.1 10.5 16.6 7.7
No. of specimens 10 8 10 10 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
======================================================================================
_P. g. villicauda_, [M] [M] Tapirapoã
MN 1932 225 145 47 55.6 45.5 26.8 24.0 12.0 18.1 8.9
MN 1934 215 162 50 56.2 46.0 26.1 21.3 12.0 18.6 8.4
[M] Utiarití
AMNH 57544 250 200 55 . 24.3 13.1 19.9 9.1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. g. ribeiroi_, [M] Rio 12 de Outubro
MN 1935 190 134 47 50.1 41.0 24.3 20.0 11.5 15.9 8.1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. g. hyleae_, [M] [M] Tauarí
Mean 248 146 52 58.1 47.6 27.1 22.9 12.1 19.4 8.5
Maximum 260 174 53 59.0 47.8 . 23.4 13.2 20.0 8.8
Minimum 217 143 51 57.2 46.5 . 22.4 11.1 18.8 8.3
No. of specimens 4 3 4 2 2 1 2 2 2 2
[F] [F]
Mean 229 149 50 54.3 44.9 25.8 21.0 11.8 18.1 8.5
Maximum 270 168 54 56.1 46.3 27.4 23.0 13.4 19.3 9.0
Minimum 190 132 49 51.5 42.9 24.5 19.1 11.1 17.1 7.9
No. of specimens 10 9 10 9 11 11 10 10 10 10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. g. nesiotes_, [M] Ilha de Manapirí
CNHM 19496 201 133 47 20 52.7 42.7 25.1 19.5 11.1 17.8 8.0
[F]
MN 1975 200 152 47 21 52.1 42.6 25.8 19.5 12.3 18.3 8.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. g. leioprimna_, [F] [F] Cametá
AMNH 37484 192 151 41 22 54.8 44.9 25.4 19.2 12.6 18.4 8.4
CNHM 19503 189 164 47 22 54.4 43.7 26.2 20.5 12.6 18.2 8.2
CNHM 19536 189 43 22
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. g. oris_, [M] Providencia
CNHM 19495 230 170 45 24 56.1 47.1 25.8 22.0 11.4 17.4 8.3
[M] Tanaquará
MN 1974 230 175 49 23 53.2 43.0 23.8 20.1 10.5 17.9 7.7
[M] Rio Guamá
AMNH 37487 205 142 42 21
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. g. arescens_, [M] [M] Fazenda Inhuma
CNHM 26440 206 149 51 24 54.7 44.1 26.3 21.4 12.1 18.7 8.3
CNHM 26441 191 164 51 55.6 45.0 25.7 22.4 11.7 18.7 8.7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. g. riparum_, [F] Manaus
AMNH 143018 225 44 20 52.6 43.2 24.0 20.5 11.0 17.2 6.7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. g. arabupu_, [M] [M] Arabupu
AMNH 75816 243 220 56 59.2 48.7 27.0 23.8 12.9 17.8 8.7
AMNH 75819 230 181 52 55.0 46.0 26.0 22.5 12.3 16.9 8.3
AMNH 75815 228 198 52
[F] [F]
AMNH 75810 226 170 48 53.9 45.6 25.6 21.0 12.0 16.1 8.3
AMNH 75823 209 188 48 53.4 43.9 24.5 21.5 11.7 16.4 8.3
AMNH 75817 204 167 47 51.1 43.1 . 21.6 11.3 16.6 8.2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. dimidiatus_, [M] [M] Pedra Branca
Mean 199 170 46 52.4 43.5 26.2 19.5 12.1 16.4 8.3
Maximum 220 195 50 56.4 47.1 27.5 21.5 13.6 18.0 8.7
Minimum 180 150 44 48.1 40.4 24.6 17.5 11.0 14.4 7.4
No. of specimens 19 18 19 45 46 45 45 46 46 46
[F] [F]
Mean 197 162 44 51.8 42.9 25.8 19.4 11.8 16.3 8.3
Maximum 230 180 46 55.1 45.9 27.4 22.0 13.0 18.4 8.9
Minimum 165 145 42 48.6 39.5 23.8 17.6 10.7 14.8 7.7
No. of specimens 14 12 14 42 44 44 42 44 44 44
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. i. iheringi_, [M] [M] Ilha de São Sebastião
Mean 207 197 48 54.5 44.6 26.2 19.9 12.0 18.3 8.3
Maximum 220 205 50 55.0 45.2 27.1 20.4 12.8 18.7 8.5
Minimum 196 190 46 53.5 43.7 25.9 19.3 10.9 17.5 8.0
No. of specimens 5 2 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5
[F] [F]
MN 6453 228 185 46 54.3 44.5 25.9 20.5 11.0 18.9 8.2
DZ 2095 205 180 46 53.2 42.9 26.4 18.9 11.1 17.0 8.2
DZ 2525 205 46 56.9 45.8 27.8 20.9 12.5 18.9 8.2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. i. bonafidei_, [M] [M] Fazenda Bõa Fé
Mean 211 186 50 25 53.3 43.4 25.6 20.2 12.1 16.3 8.5
Maximum 220 194 54 26 55.8 45.2 26.3 21.7 13.2 17.4 9.1
Minimum 200 176 47 24 50.7 41.0 24.2 19.1 11.0 14.8 8.1
No. of specimens 7 5 8 8 4 5 5 7 7 7 7
[F] [F]
Mean 209 185 52 25 52.6 44.4 26.6 20.0 12.4 16.4 8.6
Maximum 226 203 55 27 56.9 46.4 28.6 21.4 13.2 17.0 9.2
Minimum 185 153 50 22 44.4 42.3 24.9 18.0 11.4 15.5 8.2
No. of specimens 7 7 7 7 6 6 7 7 7 7 7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. i. gratiosus_, [M] [M] Floresta da Caixa Dagua
Mean 193 191 48 51.2 41.4 25.5 18.5 11.7 16.3 8.0
Maximum 200 200 49 51.7 42.2 27.0 18.9 12.0 16.7 8.2
Minimum 185 175 47 50.5 40.4 24.6 18.0 11.1 15.6 7.9
No. of specimens 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
[F] [F]
Mean 204 175 49 24 50.5 42.1 26.0 18.4 11.4 16.3 7.9
Maximum 220 190 50 26 52.6 43.1 26.6 19.5 12.1 17.5 8.2
Minimum 195 160 47 22 48.4 41.0 25.3 17.5 10.7 15.3 7.6
No. of specimens 5 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. i. paratus_, [M] [M] Floresta da Capela de São Braz
MN 4023 203 195 54 28 51.2 41.7 25.4 18.3 10.4 16.2 8.4
MN 5458 190 170 51 27
[F]
MN 4012 220 210 54 29 52.2 42.3 25.4 19.1 12.3 17.5 8.7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. i. panema_, [M] [M] Campinho
MN 8286 215 45 23 54.0 45.1 27.7 19.5 13.4 16.4 8.1
MN 8284 195 180 43 23 51.5 41.8 24.5 18.1 11.4 16.0 7.6
[F] [F]
MN 8288 190 190 46 21 51.6 42.8 25.3 18.1 11.7 15.7 7.9
MN 8287 200 190 46 23 52.6 43.6 27.2 18.4 12.5 16.7 8.3
MN 8285 190 45 24 50.0 41.1 26.6 19.4 12.3 16.1 8.1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. i. denigratus_, [M] [M] Mata do Ribeirão da Fortuna
Mean 197 218 52 24 51.5 42.2 25.7 18.3 11.3 16.0 8.2
Maximum 217 242 54 28 55.4 45.3 27.0 20.3 12.4 17.6 8.5
Minimum 190 204 50 21 48.7 39.5 23.7 16.8 10.4 15.0 8.0
No. of specimens 10 9 9 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
[F] [F]
Mean 201 207 52 24 49.1 41.2 25.0 18.3 11.2 16.0 7.8
Maximum 225 225 54 28 54.1 44.6 25.7 21.5 11.8 17.1 8.3
Minimum 180 175 49 20 48.2 39.5 23.5 17.4 10.5 15.5 7.5
No. of specimens 12 12 12 12 8 8 8 8 8 8 7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. s. setosus_, ? No locality
AMNH 16140 39.8 25.2 11.0 15.9 7.6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. s. elegans_, [M] Lagoa Santa
UZM H82 190 190 47 25 24.3 17.5 11.2 16.6 7.7
?
UZM L104 48.6 40.8 24.8 16.6 10.3 15.9 7.7
======================================================================================
_P. a. albispinus_, [M] [M] Macaco Seco
Mean 175 162 40 45.9 39.7 23.6 15.6 10.6 15.7 7.6
Maximum 193 173 47 48.2 42.0 24.9 17.1 11.6 17.5 8.2
Minimum 165 147 38 44.2 38.1 22.7 14.8 9.7 14.3 7.2
No. of specimens 9 8 9 11 12 12 14 13 14 13
[F] [F]
CNHM 20402 187 171 40 46.0 40.8 23.8 14.9 11.3 16.0 7.4
CNHM 20408 47.6 40.7 24.6 17.1 11.2 15.9 8.2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_P. a. sertonius_, [M] Lamarão
CNHM 18196 190 160 36 25 11.7
[M] Bonfim
MN 6454 185 175 37 45.7 39.8 24.2 15.5 10.7 16.1 7.5
[F] [F]
DZ 2636 190 150 35 43.8 37.6 22.8 14.7 9.6 14.5
DZ 2635 175 155 38 46.7 40.6 23.3 16.9 10.2 15.1 7.4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LITERATURE CITED

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1904. Mammals from the District of Santa Marta, Colombia, collected
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1916. Mammals collected on the Roosevelt Brazilian Expedition,
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AMEGHINO, F.
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1817. Nouveau Dictionaire d'Histoire Naturelle, ed. 2, 10:59.

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GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, ISIDORE
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1830 (1827-34). Darstellung neuer oder wenig bekannter Säugethiere,
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LUND, P. W.
1841. Blik paa Brasiliens Dyreverden för sidste Jordomvaeltning, af
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OLIVEIRA, A. I., and LEONARDOS, O. H.

1943. Geologia do Brasil. Min. da Agricultura. Rio de Janeiro, 26 +
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OSGOOD, WILFRED H.
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RIBEIRO, ALIPIO DE MIRANDA
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RIDGWAY, ROBERT
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THOMAS, OLDFIELD
1900. Descriptions of new rodents from western South America. Ann.
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1912. On small mammals from the Lower Amazon. Ann. and Mag. Nat.
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1920.

1921. On the spiny rats of the _Proechimys_ group from
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July, 1921.

WAGNER, ANDREAS
1843. Beschreibung einiger neuer Nager, welche auf der Reise des
Herrn Hofrats v. Schubert gesammelt wurden, mit Bezugnahme auf
einige andere verwandte Formen. Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. math.-phys.
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WAGNER, J. A.
1844 (1774-1846). In Schreber's Die Säugethiere ..., 7 pts.
including text and pls., colored (347).

WIED, MAXIMILIAN ZU
1826. Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte von Brazilien, vol. 2, Mammalia,
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WINGE, HERLUF
1888. Jordfundne og nulevende Gnavere (Rodentia) fra Lagoa Santa,
Minas Gerais, Brasilien. E Museo Lundii Afhandlinger, 1(3):1-178,
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1941. The interrelationships of the mammalian genera. Translated
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_Transmitted, December 1, 1947._

22-3343

Transcriber's notes:

- inconsistent use of m (for meter/s) throughout the whole book.
e.g.: 100 m or 120 m, etc.
- 'TABLE 1.--Measurements (in millimeters) of adults of _Proechimys_'
left in its (remaining) width ( > col. 75) for best possible overview.