Chapter XIX: Appendix: Stanzas Omitted in the Second Edition (1596) 517 (17)

Ne euer is he wont on ought to feed, lix
But toades and frogs, his pasture poysonous,
Which in his cold complexion do breed
A filthy bloud, or humour rancorous,
Matter of doubt and dread suspitious,
That doth with curelesse care consume the hart,
Corrupts the stomacke with gall vitious,
Croscuts the liuer with internall smart,
And doth transfixe the soule with deathes eternall dart.

Yet can he neuer dye, but dying liues, lx
And doth himselfe with sorrow new sustaine,
That death and life attonce vnto him giues.
And painefull pleasure turnes to pleasing paine.
There dwels he euer, miserable swaine,
Hatefull both to him selfe, and euery wight;
Where he through priuy griefe, and horrour vaine,
Is woxen so deform’d, that he has quight
Forgot he was a man, and _Gealosie_ is hight.

FOOTNOTES:

[1090] ii 2 griuously _1590_

[1091] v 2 _Melbeccoes_ _1596_

[1092] viii 9 to] with _1590_

[1093] x 5 Peace _1596_

[1094] xiii 8 would] did _1590_

[1095] xviii 4 Then] So _1590_

[1096] xix 2 seach _1596_

[1097] xxi 9 yearned _1609_

[1098] xxiv 6 thou _1590 &c._

[1099] xxvii 2 Since _1609_

[1100] xxix 2 threasure _1609_

[1101] 6 thy _1590_, _1596_

[1102] xxx 4 grounded _1596_

[1103] xxxi 3 with thy] that with _1590_

[1104] 7 vertues] vertuous _1590_

[1105] pray] pay _1609_

[1106] xxxii 1 more] mote _1590_

[1107] xxxix 7 ame _1590_

[1108] xl 1 They] The _1596_

[1109] 3 wastefull] faithfull _1590_

[1110] 7 avise _1609_

[1111] xli 4 you _1590_, _1596_

[1112] xlii 9 did, _1596_

[1113] xlv 8 fed. _1596_

[1114] xlvi 6 the Earthes _1609_

[1115] xlvii 1 his] the _1609_

[1116] 2 hand _1596_

[1117] xlviii 9 oft] ought _1609_

[1118] lii 1 day springs _1596_

[1119] liii 5 emongst _1609_

_Cant. XI._

_Britomart chaceth Ollyphant,
findes Scudamour distrest:
Assayes the house of Busyrane,
where Loues spoyles are exprest._
]

O Hatefull hellish Snake, what furie furst i
Brought thee from balefull house of _Proserpine_,
Where in her bosome she thee long had nurst,
And fostred vp with bitter milke of tine,
Fowle Gealosie, that turnest loue diuine
To ioylesse dread, and mak’st the louing hart
With hatefull thoughts to languish and to pine,
And feed it selfe with selfe-consuming smart?
Of all the passions in the mind thou vilest art.

O let him far be banished away, ii
And in his stead let Loue for euer dwell,
Sweet Loue, that doth his golden[1120] wings embay
In blessed Nectar, and pure Pleasures well,
Vntroubled of vile feare, or bitter fell.
And ye faire Ladies, that your kingdomes make
In th’harts of men, them gouerne wisely well,
And of faire _Britomart_ ensample take,
That was as trew in loue, as Turtle to her make.

Who with Sir _Satyrane_, as earst ye red, iii
Forth ryding from _Malbeccoes_ hostlesse hous,
Far off aspyde[1121] a young man, the which fled
From an huge Geaunt, that with hideous
And hatefull outrage long him chaced thus;
It was that _Ollyphant_, the brother deare
Of that _Argante_ vile and vitious,
From whom the _Squire of Dames_ was reft whylere;
This all as bad as she, and worse, if worse ought were.

For as the sister did in feminine iv
And filthy lust exceede all woman kind,
So he surpassed his sex masculine,
In beastly vse that I did euer[1122] find;
Whom when as _Britomart_ beheld behind
The fearefull boy so greedily pursew,
She was emmoued in her noble mind,
T’employ her puissaunce to his reskew,
And pricked fiercely forward, where she him did[1123] vew.

Ne was Sir _Satyrane_ her far behinde, v
But with like fiercenesse did ensew the chace:
Whom when the Gyaunt saw, he soone resinde
His former suit, and from them fled apace;
They after both, and boldly bad him bace,
And each did striue the other to out-goe,
But he them both outran a wondrous space,
For he was long, and swift as any Roe,
And now made better speed, t’escape his feared foe.

It was not _Satyrane_, whom he did feare, vi
But _Britomart_ the flowre of chastity;
For he the powre of chast hands might not beare,
But alwayes did their dread encounter fly:
And now so fast his feet he did apply,
That he has gotten to a forrest neare,
Where he is shrowded in security.
The wood they enter, and search euery where,
They searched diuersely, so both diuided were.

Faire _Britomart_ so long him followed, vii
That she at last came to a fountaine sheare,
By which there lay a knight all wallowed
Vpon the grassy ground, and by him neare
His haberieon, his helmet, and his speare;
A little off,[1124] his shield was rudely throwne,
On which the winged boy in colours cleare
Depeincted was, full easie to be knowne,
And he thereby, where euer it in field was showne.

His face vpon the ground did groueling ly, viii
As if he had bene slombring in the shade,
That the braue Mayd would not for courtesy,
Out of his quiet slomber him abrade,
Nor seeme too suddeinly him to inuade:
Still as she stood, she heard with grieuous throb
Him grone, as if his hart were peeces made,
And with most painefull pangs to sigh and sob,
That pitty did the Virgins hart of patience rob.

At last forth breaking into bitter plaintes ix
He said; O soueraigne Lord that sit’st on hye,
And raignst in blis emongst thy blessed Saintes,
How suffrest thou such shamefull cruelty,
So long vnwreaked of thine enimy?
Or hast thou, Lord,[1125] of good mens cause no heed?
Or doth thy iustice sleepe, and silent ly?
What booteth then the good and righteous deed,
If goodnesse find no grace, nor righteousnesse no meed?

If good find grace, and righteousnesse reward, x
Why then is _Amoret_ in caytiue band,
Sith that more bounteous creature neuer far’d
On foot, vpon the face of liuing land?
Or if that heauenly iustice may withstand
The wrongfull outrage of vnrighteous men,
Why then is _Busirane_ with wicked hand
Suffred, these seuen monethes day in secret den
My Lady and my loue so cruelly to pen?

My Lady and my loue is cruelly[1126] pend xi
In dolefull darkenesse from the vew of day,
Whilest deadly torments do her chast brest rend,
And the sharpe steele doth riue her hart in tway,
All for she _Scudamore_ will not denay.
Yet thou vile man, vile _Scudamore_ art sound,
Ne canst her ayde, ne canst her foe dismay;
Vnworthy wretch to tread vpon the ground,
For whom so faire a Lady feeles so sore a wound.

There an huge heape of singultes[1127] did oppresse xii
His strugling soule, and swelling throbs empeach
His foltring toung with pangs of drerinesse,
Choking the remnant of his plaintife speach,
As if his dayes were come to their last reach.
Which when she heard, and saw the ghastly fit,
Threatning into his life to make a breach,
Both with great ruth and terrour she was smit,
Fearing least from her cage the wearie soule would flit.

Tho stooping downe she him amoued light; xiii
Who therewith somewhat starting, vp gan looke,
And seeing him behind a straunger knight,
Whereas no liuing creature he mistooke,
With great indignaunce he that sight forsooke,
And downe againe himselfe disdainefully
Abiecting, th’earth with his faire forhead strooke:
Which the bold Virgin seeing, gan apply
Fit medcine to his griefe, and spake thus courtesly.

Ah gentle knight, whose deepe conceiued[1128] griefe xiv
Well seemes t’exceede the powre of patience,
Yet if that heauenly grace some good reliefe
You send, submit you to high prouidence,
And euer in your noble hart prepense,
That all the sorrow in the world is lesse,
Then vertues might, and values confidence,
For who nill bide the burden of distresse,
Must not here thinke to liue: for life is wretchednesse.

Therefore, faire Sir, do comfort to you take, xv
And freely read, what wicked felon so
Hath outrag’d you, and thrald your gentle make.
Perhaps this hand may helpe to ease your woe,
And wreake your sorrow on your cruell foe,
At[1129] least it faire endeuour will apply.
Those feeling wordes so neare the quicke did goe,
That vp his head he reared easily,
And leaning on his elbow, these few wordes let fly.

What boots it plaine, that cannot be redrest, xvi
And sow vaine sorrow in a fruitlesse eare,
Sith powre of hand, nor skill of learned brest,
Ne worldly price cannot redeeme my deare,
Out of her thraldome and continuall feare?
For he the tyraunt, which her hath in ward
By strong enchauntments and blacke Magicke leare,
Hath in a dungeon deepe her close embard,
And many dreadfull feends hath pointed to her gard.

There he tormenteth her most terribly, xvii
And day and night afflicts with mortall paine,
Because to yield him loue she doth deny,
Once to me yold, not to be yold againe:
But yet by torture he would her constraine
Loue to conceiue in her disdainfull brest;
Till so she do, she must in doole remaine,
Ne may by liuing meanes be thence relest:
What boots it then to plaine, that cannot be redrest?

With this sad hersall of his heauy stresse, xviii
The warlike Damzell was empassiond sore,
And said; Sir knight, your cause is nothing lesse,
Then is your sorrow, certes if not more;
For nothing so much pitty doth implore,
As gentle Ladies helplesse misery.
But yet, if please ye listen to my lore,
I will with proofe of last extremity,
Deliuer her fro thence, or with her for you dy.

Ah gentlest knight aliue, (said _Scudamore_) xix
What huge heroicke magnanimity
Dwels in thy bounteous brest? what couldst thou more,
If she were thine, and thou as now am I?
O spare thy happy dayes, and them apply
To better boot, but let me dye, that ought;
More is more losse: one is enough to dy.
Life is not lost, (said she) for which is bought
Endlesse renowm, that more then death[1130] is to be sought.

Thus she at length perswaded him to rise, xx
And with her wend, to see what new successe
Mote him befall vpon new enterprise;
His armes, which he had vowed to disprofesse,
She gathered vp and did about him dresse,
And his forwandred[1131] steed vnto him got:
So forth they both yfere make their progresse,
And march not past the mountenaunce of a shot,
Till they arriu’d, whereas their purpose they did plot.

There they dismounting, drew their weapons bold xxi
And stoutly came vnto the Castle gate;
Whereas no gate they found, them to withhold,
Nor ward to wait at morne and euening late,
But in the Porch, that did them sore amate,
A flaming fire, ymixt with smouldry smoke,
And stinking Sulphure, that with griesly hate
And dreadfull horrour did all entraunce choke,
Enforced them their forward footing to reuoke.

Greatly thereat was _Britomart_ dismayd, xxii
Ne in that stownd wist, how her selfe to beare;
For daunger vaine it were, to haue assayd
That cruell element, which all things feare,
Ne none can suffer to approchen neare:
And turning backe to _Scudamour_, thus sayd;
What monstrous enmity prouoke we heare,
Foolhardy as th’Earthes[1132] children, the which[1133] made
Battell against the Gods? so we a God inuade.

Daunger without discretion to attempt, xxiii
Inglorious and beastlike is: therefore Sir knight,
Aread what course of you is safest dempt,[1134]
And how we with our foe may come to fight.
This is[1135] (quoth he) the dolorous despight,
Which earst to you I playnd: for neither may
This fire be quencht by any wit or might,
Ne yet by any meanes remou’d away,
So mighty be th’enchauntments, which the same do stay.

What is there else, but cease these fruitlesse paines, xxiv
And leaue me to my former languishing?[1136]
Faire _Amoret_ must dwell in wicked chaines,
And _Scudamore_ here dye with sorrowing.
Perdy not so; (said she) for shamefull thing
It were t’abandon noble cheuisaunce,
For shew of perill, without venturing:
Rather let try extremities of chaunce,
Then enterprised prayse for dread to disauaunce.

Therewith resolu’d to proue her vtmost might, xxv
Her ample shield she threw before her face,
And her swords point directing forward right,
Assayld the flame, the which eftsoones gaue place,
And did it selfe diuide with equall space,
That through she passed; as a thunder bolt
Perceth[1137] the yielding ayre, and doth displace
The soring clouds into sad showres ymolt;
So to her yold the flames, and did their force reuolt.

Whom whenas _Scudamour_ saw past the fire, xxvi
Safe and vntoucht, he likewise gan assay,
With greedy will, and enuious desire,
And bad the stubborne flames to yield him way:
But cruell _Mulciber_ would not obay
His threatfull pride, but did the more augment
His mighty rage, and with[1138] imperious sway
Him forst (maulgre) his fiercenesse to relent,
And backe retire, all scorcht and pitifully brent.

With huge impatience he inly swelt, xxvii
More for great sorrow, that he could not pas,
Then for the burning torment, which he felt,
That with fell woodnesse he effierced was,
And wilfully him throwing on the gras,
Did beat and bounse his head and brest full sore;
The whiles the Championesse now entred[1139] has
The vtmost rowme, and past the formest[1140] dore,
The vtmost rowme, abounding with all precious store.

For round about, the wals yclothed were xxviii
With goodly arras of great maiesty,
Wouen with gold and silke so close and nere,
That the rich metall lurked priuily,
As faining to be hid from enuious eye;
Yet here, and there, and euery where vnwares
It shewd it selfe, and shone vnwillingly;
Like[1141] a discolourd Snake, whose hidden snares
Through[1142] the greene gras his long bright burnisht backe
declares.

And in those Tapets weren fashioned xxix
Many faire pourtraicts, and many a faire feate,
And all of loue, and all of lusty-hed,
As seemed by their semblaunt did entreat;
And eke all _Cupids_ warres they did repeate,
And cruell battels, which he whilome fought
Gainst all the Gods, to make his empire great;
Besides the huge massacres, which he wrought
On mighty kings and kesars, into thraldome brought.

Therein was writ, how often thundring _Ioue_ xxx
Had felt the point of his hart-percing dart,
And leauing heauens kingdome, here did roue
In straunge disguize, to slake his scalding smart;
Now like a Ram, faire _Helle_ to peruart,
Now like a Bull, _Europa_ to withdraw:
Ah, how the fearefull Ladies tender hart
Did liuely seeme to tremble, when she saw
The huge seas vnder her t’obay her seruaunts law.

Soone after that into a golden showre xxxi
Him selfe he chaung’d faire _Danaë_ to vew,
And through the roofe of her strong brasen towre
Did raine into her lap an hony dew,
The whiles her foolish garde, that little knew
Of such deceipt, kept th’yron dore fast bard,
And watcht, that none should enter nor issew;
Vaine was the watch, and bootlesse all the ward,
Whenas the God to golden hew him selfe transfard.

Then was he turnd into a snowy Swan, xxxii
To win faire _Leda_ to his louely trade:
O wondrous skill, and sweet wit of the man,
That her in daffadillies sleeping made,
From scorching heat her daintie limbes to shade:
Whiles the proud Bird ruffing his fethers wyde,
And brushing his faire brest, did her inuade;
She slept, yet twixt her eyelids closely spyde,
How towards her he rusht, and smiled at his pryde.

Then shewd it, how the _Thebane Semelee_ xxxiii
Deceiu’d of gealous _Iuno_, did require
To see him in his soueraigne maiestee,
Armd with his thunderbolts and lightning fire,
Whence dearely she with death bought her desire.
But faire _Alcmena_ better match did make,
Ioying his loue in likenesse more entire;
Three nights in one, they say, that for her sake
He then did put, her[1143] pleasures lenger to partake.

Twise was he seene in soaring Eagles shape, xxxiv
And with wide wings to beat the buxome ayre,
Once, when he with _Asterie_ did scape,
Againe, when as the _Troiane_ boy so faire
He snatcht from _Ida_ hill, and with him bare:
Wondrous delight it was, there to behould,
How the rude Shepheards after him did stare,
Trembling through feare, least down he fallen should,[1144]
And often to him calling, to take surer hould.

In _Satyres_ shape _Antiopa_ he snatcht: xxxv
And like a fire, when he _Aegin’_ assayd:
A shepheard, when _Mnemosyne_ he catcht:
And like a Serpent to the _Thracian_ mayd.
Whiles thus on earth great _Ioue_ these pageaunts playd,
The winged boy did thrust into his throne,
And scoffing, thus vnto his mother sayd,
Lo now the heauens obey to me alone,
And take me for their _Ioue_, whiles _Ioue_ to earth is gone.

And thou, faire _Phœbus_, in thy colours bright xxxvi
Wast there enwouen, and the sad distresse,
In which that boy thee plonged, for despight,
That thou bewray’dst his mothers wantonnesse,
When she with _Mars_ was meynt in ioyfulnesse:
For thy he thrild thee with a leaden dart,
To loue faire _Daphne_, which thee loued lesse:
Lesse she thee lou’d, then was thy iust desart,
Yet was thy loue her death, and her death was thy smart.

So louedst thou the lusty _Hyacinct_, xxxvii
So louedst thou the faire _Coronis_ deare:
Yet both are of thy haplesse hand extinct,
Yet both in flowres do liue, and loue thee beare[1145],
The one a Paunce, the other a sweet breare[1146]:
For griefe whereof, ye mote haue liuely seene
The God himselfe rending his golden heare,
And breaking quite his gyrlond[1147] euer greene,
With other signes of sorrow and impatient teene.

Both for those two, and for his owne deare sonne, xxxviii
The sonne of _Climene_ he did repent,
Who bold to guide the charet of the Sunne,
Himselfe in thousand peeces fondly rent,
And all the world with flashing fier brent;
So like, that all the walles did seeme to flame.
Yet cruell _Cupid_, not herewith content,
Forst him eftsoones to follow other game,
And loue a Shepheards daughter for his dearest Dame.

He loued _Isse_ for his dearest Dame, xxxix
And for her sake her cattell fed a while,
And for her sake a cowheard vile became,
The seruant of _Admetus_ cowheard vile,
Whiles that from heauen he suffered exile.
Long were to tell each[1148] other louely fit,
Now like a Lyon, hunting after spoile,
Now like a Stag[1149], now like a faulcon flit:
All which in that faire arras was most liuely writ.

Next vnto him was _Neptune_ pictured, xl
In his diuine resemblance wondrous lyke:
His face was rugged, and his hoarie hed
Dropped with brackish deaw; his three-forkt Pyke
He stearnly shooke, and therewith fierce did stryke
The raging billowes, that on euery syde
They trembling stood, and made a long broad dyke,
That his swift charet might haue passage wyde,
Which foure great _Hippodames_ did draw in temewise tyde.

His sea-horses did seeme to snort amayne, xli
And from their nosethrilles blow the brynie streame,
That made the sparckling waues to smoke agayne,
And flame with gold, but the white fomy creame,
Did shine with siluer, and shoot forth his beame.
The God himselfe did pensiue seeme and sad,
And hong adowne his head, as he did dreame:
For priuy loue his brest empierced had,
Ne ought but deare _Bisaltis_ ay could make him glad.

He loued eke _Iphimedia_ deare, xlii
And _Aeolus_ faire daughter _Arne_ hight,
For whom he turnd him selfe into a Steare,
And fed on fodder, to beguile her sight.
Also to win _Deucalions_ daughter bright,
He[1150] turnd him selfe into a Dolphin fayre;
And like a winged horse he tooke his flight,
To snaky[1151]-locke _Medusa_ to repayre,
On whom he got faire _Pegasus_, that flitteth in the ayre.

Next _Saturne_ was, (but who would euer weene, xliii
That sullein _Saturne_ euer weend to loue?
Yet loue is sullein, and _Saturnlike_ seene,
As he did for _Erigone_ it proue,[1152])
That to a _Centaure_ did him selfe transmoue.
So proou’d it eke that gracious God of wine,
When for to compasse _Philliras_ hard loue,
He turnd himselfe into a fruitfull vine,
And into her faire bosome made his grapes decline.

Long were to tell the amorous assayes, xliv
And gentle pangues, with which he maked meeke
The mighty _Mars_, to learne his wanton playes:
How oft for _Venus_, and how often eek
For many other Nymphes he sore did shreek,
With womanish teares, and with vnwarlike smarts,
Priuily moystening his horrid cheek.
There was he painted full of burning darts,
And many wide woundes launched through his inner[1153] parts.[1154]

Ne did he spare (so cruell was the Elfe) xlv
His owne deare mother, (ah why should he so?[1155])
Ne did he spare sometime to pricke himselfe,
That he might tast the sweet consuming woe,
Which he had wrought to many others moe.
But to declare the mournfull Tragedyes,
And spoiles, wherewith he all the ground did strow,
More eath to number, with how many eyes
High heauen beholds sad louers nightly theeueryes.

Kings Queenes, Lords Ladies, Knights and Damzels gent xlvi
Were heap’d together with the vulgar sort,
And mingled with the raskall rablement,
Without respect of person or of port,
To shew Dan _Cupids_ powre and great effort:
And round about a border was entrayld,
Of broken bowes and arrowes shiuered short,
And a long bloudy riuer through them rayld,
So liuely and so like, that liuing sence it fayld.

And at the vpper end of that faire rowme, xlvii
There was an Altar built of pretious stone,
Of passing valew, and of great renowme,
On which there stood an Image all alone,
Of massy gold, which with his owne light shone;
And wings it had with sundry colours dight,
More sundry colours, then the proud _Pauone_
Beares in his boasted fan, or _Iris_ bright,
When her discolourd bow she spreds through heauen bright[1156].

Blindfold he was, and in his cruell fist xlviii
A mortall bow and arrowes keene did hold,
With which he shot at randon, when him list,
Some headed with sad lead, some with pure gold;
(Ah man beware, how thou those darts behold)
A wounded Dragon vnder him did ly,
Whose hideous tayle his left foot did enfold[1157],
And with a shaft was shot through either eye,
That no man forth might draw, ne no man remedye.

And vnderneath his feet was written thus, xlix
_Vnto the Victor of the Gods this bee_:
And all the people in that ample hous
Did to that image bow their humble knee,
And oft committed fowle Idolatree.
That wondrous sight faire _Britomart_ amazed,
Ne seeing could her wonder satisfie,
But euermore[1158] and more vpon it gazed,
The whiles the passing brightnes her fraile sences dazed.

Tho as she backward cast her busie eye, l
To search each secret of that goodly sted,[1159]
Ouer the dore thus written she did spye
_Be bold_: she oft and oft it ouer-red,
Yet could not find what sence it figured:
But what so were therein or writ or ment,
She was no whit thereby discouraged
From prosecuting of her first intent,
But forward with bold steps into the next roome went.

Much fairer, then the former, was that roome, li
And richlier by many partes arayd:
For not with arras made in painefull loome,
But with pure gold it all was ouerlayd,
Wrought with wilde Antickes, which their follies playd,
In the rich metall, as they liuing were:
A thousand monstrous formes therein were made,
Such as false loue doth oft vpon him weare,[1160]
For loue in thousand monstrous formes doth oft appeare.

And all about, the glistring walles were hong lii
With warlike spoiles, and with victorious prayes,
Of mighty Conquerours and Captaines strong,
Which were whilome captiued in their dayes
To cruell loue, and wrought their owne decayes:
Their swerds[1161] and speres were broke, and hauberques rent;
And their proud girlonds of tryumphant bayes
Troden in dust with fury insolent,
To shew the victors might and mercilesse intent.

The warlike Mayde beholding earnestly liii
The goodly ordinance of this rich place,
Did greatly wonder,[1162] ne could satisfie
Her greedy eyes with gazing a long space,
But more she meruaild that no footings trace,
Nor wight appear’d, but wastefull emptinesse,
And solemne silence ouer all that place:
Straunge thing it seem’d, that none was to possesse
So rich purueyance, ne them keepe with carefulnesse.

And as she lookt about, she did behold, liv
How ouer that same dore was likewise writ,
_Be bold, be bold_, and euery where _Be bold_,
That much she muz’d, yet could not construe it
By any ridling skill, or commune wit.
At last she spyde at that roomes vpper end,
Another yron dore, on which was writ,
_Be not too bold_; whereto though she did bend
Her earnest mind, yet wist not what it might intend.

Thus she there[1163] waited vntill euentyde, lv
Yet liuing creature none she saw appeare:
And now sad shadowes gan the world to hyde,
From mortall vew, and wrap in darkenesse dreare;
Yet nould she d’off her weary armes, for feare
Of secret daunger, ne let sleepe oppresse
Her heauy eyes with natures burdein deare,
But drew her selfe aside in sickernesse,
And her welpointed weapons did about her dresse.

FOOTNOTES:

[1120] ii 3 golding _1590_, _1596_

[1121] iii 3 espide _1609_

[1122] iv 4 that I did euer] all, that I euer _1590_

[1123] 9 him did] did him _1590_

[1124] vii 6 off,] of _1590_

[1125] ix 6 hast, thou Lord, _1590_, _1596_

[1126] xi 1 cruell’ _1609_

[1127] xii 1 singulfes _1590_, _1596_

[1128] xiv 1 cenceiued _1596_

[1129] xv 6 At] And _1596_

[1130] xix 9 death] life _conj. Jortin_

[1131] xx 6 for wandred _1596_

[1132] xxii 8 th’Earthes] the Earthes _1590_

[1133] the which] which _1590_

[1134] xxiii 3 dempt. _1590_

[1135] 5 is _om. 1596_

[1136] xxiv 2 languishing; _1596_

[1137] xxv 7 Pearceth _1609_

[1138] xxvi 7 with _om. 1596_: and his _1609_

[1139] xxvii 7 entred] decked _1590_

[1140] 8 formost _1609_

[1141] xxviii 8 Like] Like to _1590_

[1142] 9 Throgh _1609_

[1143] xxxiii 9 her] his _1609_

[1144] xxxiv 8 should _1590_, _1596_

[1145] xxxvii 4 beare] breare _1590_

[1146] 5 breare] beare _1590_

[1147] 8 garlond _1590_

[1148] xxxix 6 each] his _1590_

[1149] 8 Stag _conj. Jortin_: Hag _1590 &c._

[1150] xlii 6 Her _1609_

[1151] 8 snaly _1596_

[1152] xliii 4 proue.] _1596_

[1153] xliv 9 inner] inward _1609_

[1154] parts, _1596_

[1155] xlv 2 so! _1596_

[1156] xlvii 9 heauens hight _conj. Church_

[1157] xlviii 7 ensold _1596_

[1158] xlix 8 euer more _1609_

[1159] l 2 sted _1590_, _1596_

[1160] li 8 weare? _1596_

[1161] lii 6 swords _1609_

[1162] liii 3 wonder _1596_

_Cant. XII._

_The maske of Cupid, and th’enchaunted
Chamber are displayd.
Whence Britomart redeemes faire
Amoret, through charmes decayd._
]

Tho when as chearelesse Night ycouered had i
Faire heauen with an vniuersall cloud,
That euery wight dismayd with darknesse sad,
In silence and in sleepe themselues did shroud,
She heard a shrilling Trompet sound aloud,
Signe of nigh battell, or got victory;
Nought therewith daunted was her courage proud,
But rather stird to cruell enmity,
Expecting euer, when some foe she might descry.

With that, an hideous storme of winde arose, ii
With dreadfull thunder and lightning atwixt,
And an earth-quake, as if it streight would lose
The worlds foundations from his centre fixt;
A direfull stench of smoke and sulphure mixt
Ensewd, whose noyance fild the fearefull sted,
From the fourth houre of night vntill the sixt;
Yet the bold _Britonesse_ was nought ydred,
Though much emmou’d, but stedfast still perseuered.

All suddenly a stormy whirlwind blew iii
Throughout the house, that clapped euery dore,
With which that yron wicket open flew,
As it with mightie leuers had bene tore:
And forth issewd, as on the ready flore
Of some Theatre, a graue personage,
That in his hand a branch of laurell bore,
With comely haueour and count’nance sage,
Yclad in costly garments, fit for tragicke Stage.

Proceeding to the midst, he still did stand, iv
As if in mind he somewhat had to say,
And to the vulgar beckning with his hand,
In signe of silence, as to heare a play,
By liuely actions he gan bewray
Some argument of matter passioned;
Which doen, he backe retyred soft away,
And passing by, his name discouered,
Ease, on his robe in golden letters cyphered.

The noble Mayd, still standing all this vewd, v
And merueild at his strange intendiment;
With that a ioyous fellowship issewd
Of Minstrals, making goodly meriment,
With wanton Bardes, and Rymers impudent,
All which together sung full chearefully
A lay of loues delight, with sweet concent[1164]:
After whom marcht a iolly company,
In manner of a maske, enranged orderly.

The whiles a most delitious harmony, vi
In full straunge notes was sweetly heard to sound,
That the rare sweetnesse of the melody
The feeble senses wholly did confound,
And the fraile soule in deepe delight nigh dround:
And when it ceast, shrill trompets loud did bray,
That their report did farre away rebound,
And when they ceast, it gan againe to play,
The whiles the maskers marched forth in trim aray.

The first was _Fancy_, like a louely boy, vii
Of rare aspect, and beautie without peare;
Matchable either[1165] to that ympe of _Troy_,
Whom _Ioue_ did loue, and chose his cup to beare,
Or that same daintie lad, which was so deare
To great _Alcides_, that when as he dyde,
He wailed womanlike with many a teare,
And euery wood,[1166] and euery valley wyde
He fild with _Hylas_ name; the Nymphes eke _Hylas_ cryde.

His garment neither[1167] was of silke nor say, viii
But painted plumes, in goodly order dight,
Like as the sunburnt _Indians_ do aray
Their tawney bodies, in their proudest plight:
As those same plumes, so seemd he vaine and light,
That by his gate might easily appeare;
For still he far’d as dauncing in delight,
And in his hand a windy fan did beare,
That in the idle aire he mou’d still here and there.

And him beside marcht amorous _Desyre_, ix
Who seemd of riper yeares, then th’other Swaine,
Yet was that other[1168] swayne this elders syre,
And gaue him being, commune to them twaine:
His garment was disguised very vaine,
And his embrodered Bonet sat awry;
Twixt both his hands few sparkes he close did straine,
Which still he blew, and kindled busily,
That soone they life conceiu’d, and forth in flames did fly.

Next after him went _Doubt_, who was yclad x
In a discolour’d cote, of straunge disguyse,
That at his backe a brode Capuccio had,
And sleeues dependant _Albanese_-wyse:
He lookt askew with his mistrustfull eyes,
And nicely trode, as thornes lay in his way,
Or that the flore to shrinke he did auyse,
And on a broken reed he still did stay
His feeble steps, which shrunke, when hard theron he lay.

With him went _Daunger_, cloth’d[1169] in ragged weed, xi
Made of Beares skin, that him more dreadfull made,
Yet his owne face was dreadfull, ne did need
Straunge horrour, to deforme his griesly shade;
A net in th’one hand, and a rustie blade
In th’other was, this Mischiefe, that Mishap;
With th’one his foes he threatned to inuade,
With th’other he his friends ment to enwrap:
For whom he could not kill, he practizd to entrap.

Next him was _Feare_, all arm’d from top to toe, xii
Yet thought himselfe not safe enough thereby,
But feard each shadow mouing to and[1170] fro,
And his owne armes when glittering he did spy,
Or clashing heard, he fast away did fly,
As ashes pale of hew, and wingyheeld[1171];
And euermore on daunger fixt his eye,
Gainst whom he alwaies bent a brasen shield,
Which his right hand vnarmed fearefully did wield.

With him went _Hope_ in rancke, a handsome Mayd, xiii
Of chearefull looke and louely to behold;
In silken samite she was light arayd,
And her faire lockes were wouen vp in gold;
She alway smyld, and in her hand did hold
An holy water Sprinckle, dipt in deowe,
With which she sprinckled fauours manifold,
On whom she list, and did great liking sheowe,
Great liking vnto many, but true loue to feowe.

And after them _Dissemblance_, and _Suspect_ xiv
Marcht in one rancke, yet an vnequall paire:
For she was gentle, and of milde aspect,
Courteous to all, and seeming debonaire,
Goodly adorned, and exceeding faire:
Yet was that all but painted, and purloynd,
And her bright browes were deckt with borrowed haire:
Her deedes were forged, and her words false coynd,
And alwaies in her hand two clewes of silke she twynd.

But he was foule, ill fauoured, and grim, xv
Vnder his eyebrowes looking still askaunce;
And euer as _Dissemblance_ laught on him,
He lowrd on her with daungerous eyeglaunce;
Shewing his nature in his countenance;
His rolling eyes did neuer rest in place,
But walkt each where, for feare of hid mischaunce,
Holding a lattice still before his face,
Through which he still did peepe, as forward he did pace.

Next him went _Griefe_, and _Fury_ matcht yfere; xvi
_Griefe_ all in sable sorrowfully clad,
Downe hanging his dull head, with heauy chere,
Yet inly being more, then seeming sad:
A paire of Pincers in his hand he had,
With which he pinched people to the hart,
That from thenceforth a wretched life they lad,
In wilfull languor and consuming smart,
Dying each day with inward wounds of dolours dart.

But _Fury_ was full ill appareiled xvii
In rags, that naked nigh she did appeare,
With ghastly lookes and dreadfull drerihed;
For from her backe her garments she did teare,
And from her head oft rent her snarled heare:
In her right hand a firebrand she did tosse[1172]
About her head, still roming here and there;
As a dismayed Deare in chace embost,
Forgetfull of his safety, hath his right way lost.

After them went _Displeasure_ and _Pleasance_, xviii
He looking lompish and full sullein sad,
And hanging downe his heauy countenance;
She chearefull fresh and full of ioyance glad,
As if no sorrow she ne felt ne drad[1173];
That euill matched paire they seemd to bee:
An angry Waspe th’one in a viall had
Th’other in hers an hony-lady[1174] Bee;
Thus marched these sixe couples forth in faire degree.

After all these there marcht a most faire Dame, xix
Led of two grysie villeins, th’one _Despight_,
The other cleped _Cruelty_ by name:
She dolefull Lady, like a dreary Spright,
Cald by strong charmes out of eternall night,
Had deathes owne image figurd in her face,
Full of sad signes, fearefull to liuing sight;
Yet in that horror shewd a seemely grace,
And with her feeble feet did moue a comely pace.

Her brest all naked, as net iuory, xx
Without adorne of gold or siluer bright,
Wherewith the Craftesman wonts it beautify,
Of her dew honour was despoyled quight,
And a wide wound therein (O ruefull sight)
Entrenched deepe with knife accursed keene,
Yet freshly bleeding forth her fainting spright,
(The worke of cruell hand) was to be seene,
That dyde in sanguine red her skin all snowy cleene.

At that wide orifice her trembling hart xxi
Was drawne forth, and in siluer basin layd,
Quite through transfixed with a deadly dart,
And in her bloud yet steeming fresh embayd:
And those two villeins, which her steps vpstayd,
When her weake feete could scarcely her sustaine,
And fading[1175] vitall powers gan to fade,
Her forward still[1176] with torture did constraine,
And euermore encreased her consuming paine.

Next after her the winged God himselfe xxii
Came riding on a Lion rauenous,
Taught to obay the menage of that Elfe,
That man and beast with powre imperious
Subdeweth to his kingdome[1177] tyrannous:
His blindfold eyes he bad a while vnbind,
That his proud spoyle of that same dolorous
Faire Dame he might behold in perfect kind;
Which seene, he much reioyced in his cruell mind.

Of which full proud, himselfe vp rearing hye, xxiii
He looked round about with sterne disdaine;
And did suruay his goodly company:
And marshalling the euill ordered traine,
With that the darts which his right hand did[1178] straine,
Full dreadfully he shooke that all did quake,
And clapt on hie his coulourd winges twaine,
That all his many it affraide did make:
Tho blinding him againe, his way he forth did take.

Behinde him was _Reproch_, _Repentance_, _Shame_; xxiv
_Reproch_ the first, _Shame_ next, _Repent_ behind:
_Repentance_ feeble, sorrowfull, and lame:
_Reproch_ despightfull, carelesse, and vnkind;
_Shame_ most ill fauourd, bestiall, and blind:
_Shame_ lowrd, _Repentance_ sigh’d, _Reproch_ did scould;
_Reproch_ sharpe stings, _Repentance_ whips entwind,
_Shame_ burning brond-yrons in her hand did hold:
All three to each vnlike, yet all made in one mould.

And after them a rude confused rout xxv
Of persons flockt, whose names is hard to read:
Emongst them was sterne _Strife_, and _Anger_ stout,
Vnquiet _Care_, and fond _Vnthriftihead_,
Lewd _Losse of Time_, and _Sorrow_ seeming dead,
Inconstant _Chaunge_, and false _Disloyaltie_,
Consuming _Riotise_, and guilty _Dread_
Of heauenly vengeance, faint _Infirmitie_,
Vile _Pouertie_, and lastly _Death_ with infamie.

There were full many moe like maladies, xxvi
Whose names and natures I note readen well;
So many moe, as there be phantasies
In wauering wemens wit, that none can tell,
Or paines in loue, or punishments in hell;
All[1179] which disguized marcht in masking wise,
About the chamber with that[1180] Damozell,
And then returned, hauing marched thrise,
Into the inner roome, from whence they first did rise.

So soone as they were in, the dore streight way xxvii
Fast locked, driuen with that stormy blast,
Which first it opened; and bore all away[1181].
Then the braue Maid, which all this while was plast[1182]
In secret shade, and saw both first and last,
Issewed forth, and went vnto the dore,
To enter in, but found it locked fast:
It vaine she thought with rigorous vprore
For to efforce, when charmes had closed it afore.

Where force might not auaile, there[1183] sleights and art xxviii
She cast to vse, both fit for hard emprize;
For thy from that same roome not to depart
Till morrow next, she did her selfe auize,
When that same Maske againe should forth arize.
The morrow next appeard with ioyous cheare,
Calling men to their daily exercize,
Then she, as morrow fresh, her selfe did reare
Out of her secret stand, that day for to out weare.

All that day she outwore in wandering, xxix
And gazing on that Chambers ornament,
Till that againe the second euening
Her couered with her sable vestiment,
Wherewith the worlds faire beautie she hath blent:
Then when the second watch was almost past,
That brasen dore flew open, and in went
Bold _Britomart_, as she had late forecast,
Neither of idle shewes[1184], nor of false charmes aghast.

So soone as she was entred, round about xxx
She cast her eies, to see what was become
Of all those persons, which she saw without:
But lo, they streight were vanisht all and some,
Ne liuing wight she saw in all that roome,
Saue that same woefull Ladie, both whose hands
Were bounden fast, that did her ill become,
And her small wast girt round with yron bands,
Vnto a brasen pillour, by the which she stands.

And her before the vile Enchaunter sate, xxxi
Figuring straunge characters of his art,
With liuing bloud he those characters wrate[1185],
Dreadfully dropping from her dying hart,
Seeming transfixed with a cruell dart,
And all perforce to make her him to loue.
Ah who can loue the worker of her smart?
A thousand charmes he formerly did proue;
Yet thousand charmes could not her stedfast heart remoue.

Soone as that virgin knight he saw in place, xxxii
His wicked bookes in hast he ouerthrew,
Not caring his long labours to deface,
And fiercely ronning to that Lady trew,
A murdrous knife out of his pocket drew,
The which he thought, for villeinous despight,
In her tormented bodie to embrew:
But the stout Damzell to him leaping light,
His cursed hand withheld, and maistered his might.

From her, to whom his fury first he ment, xxxiii
The wicked weapon rashly he did wrest,
And turning to her selfe[1186] his fell intent,
Vnwares it strooke into her snowie chest,
That little drops empurpled her faire brest.
Exceeding wroth therewith the virgin grew,
Albe the wound were nothing deepe imprest,
And fiercely forth her mortall blade she drew,
To giue him the reward for such vile outrage dew.

So mightily she smote him, that to ground xxxiv
He fell halfe dead; next stroke him should haue slaine,
Had not the Lady, which by him stood bound,
Dernely vnto her[1187] called to abstaine,
From doing him to dy. For else her paine
Should be remedilesse, sith none but hee,
Which wrought it, could the same recure againe.
Therewith she stayd her hand, loth stayd to bee;
For life she him enuyde, and long’d reuenge to see.

And to him said, Thou wicked man, whose meed xxxv
For so huge mischiefe, and vile villany
Is death, or if that ought do death exceed,
Be sure, that nought may saue thee from to dy,
But if that thou this Dame doe presently
Restore vnto her health, and former state;
This doe and liue, else die vndoubtedly.
He glad of life, that lookt for death but late,
Did yield himselfe right willing to prolong his date.

And rising vp, gan streight to ouerlooke xxxvi
Those cursed leaues, his charmes backe to reuerse;
Full dreadfull things out of that balefull booke
He red, and measur’d many a sad verse,
That horror gan the virgins hart to perse,
And her faire locks vp stared stiffe on end,
Hearing him those same bloudy lines reherse;
And all the while he red, she did extend
Her sword high ouer him, if ought he did offend.

Anon she gan perceiue the house to quake, xxxvii
And all the dores to rattle round about;
Yet all that did not her dismaied make,
Nor slacke her threatfull hand for daungers dout,
But still with stedfast eye and courage stout
Abode, to weet what end would come of all.
At last that mightie chaine, which round about
Her tender waste was wound, adowne gan fall,
And that great brasen pillour broke in peeces small.

The cruell steele, which thrild her dying hart, xxxviii
Fell softly forth, as of his owne accord,
And the wyde wound, which lately did dispart
Her bleeding brest, and riuen bowels gor’d,
Was closed vp, as it had not bene bor’d[1188],
And euery part to safety full sound,
As she were neuer hurt, was soone restor’d:
Tho when she felt her selfe to be vnbound,
And perfect hole, prostrate she fell vnto the ground.

Before faire _Britomart_, she fell prostrate, xxxix
Saying, Ah noble knight, what worthy meed
Can wretched Lady, quit from wofull state,
Yield you in liew of this your gratious deed?
Your vertue selfe her owne reward shall breed,
Euen immortall praise, and glory wyde,
Which I your vassall, by your prowesse freed,
Shall through the world make to be notifyde,
And goodly well aduance, that goodly well was tryde.

But _Britomart_ vprearing her from ground, xl
Said, Gentle Dame, reward enough I weene
For many labours more, then I haue found,
This, that in safety now I haue you seene,
And meane of your deliuerance haue beene:
Henceforth faire Lady comfort to you take,
And put away remembrance of late teene;
In stead thereof know, that your louing Make,
Hath no lesse griefe endured for your gentle sake.

She much was cheard to heare him mentiond, xli
Whom of all liuing wights she loued best.
Then laid the noble Championesse strong hond
Vpon th’enchaunter, which had her distrest
So sore, and with foule outrages opprest:
With that great chaine, wherewith not long ygo
He bound that pitteous Lady prisoner, now relest,
Himselfe she bound, more worthy to be so,
And captiue with her led to wretchednesse and wo.

Returning backe, those goodly roomes, which erst xlii
She[1189] saw so rich and royally arayd,
Now vanisht vtterly, and cleane subuerst
She[1190] found, and all their glory quite decayd,
That sight of such a chaunge her[1191] much dismayd.
Thence forth descending to that perlous Porch,
Those dreadfull flames she also found delayd,
And quenched quite, like a consumed torch,
That erst all entrers wont so cruelly to scorch.

More easie issew now, then entrance late xliii
She found: for now that fained dreadfull flame,
Which chokt the porch of that enchaunted gate,
And passage bard to all, that thither came,
Was vanisht quite, as it were not the same,
And gaue her leaue at pleasure forth to passe.
Th’Enchaunter selfe, which all that fraud did frame,
To haue efforst the loue of that faire lasse,
Seeing his worke now wasted deepe engrieued was.

But when the victoresse arriued there, xliv
Where late she left the pensife[1192] _Scudamore_,
With her owne trusty Squire, both full of feare,
Neither of them she found where she them lore:
Thereat her noble hart was stonisht sore;
But most faire _Amoret_, whose gentle spright
Now gan to feede on hope, which she before
Conceiued had, to see her owne deare knight,
Being thereof beguyld was fild with new affright.

But he sad man, when he had long in drede xlv
Awayted there for _Britomarts_ returne,
Yet saw her not nor signe of her good speed,
His expectation to despaire did turne,
Misdeeming sure that her those flames did burne;
And therefore gan aduize with her old Squire,
Who her[1193] deare nourslings losse no lesse did mourne,
Thence to depart for further aide t’enquire:
Where let them wend at will, whilest here I doe respire.

_Stanzas xliii-xlv were first inserted in the 1596 quarto, displacing the following stanzas which concluded Book III in the first edition._

At last she came vnto the place, where late
She left Sir _Scudamour_ in great distresse,
Twixt dolour and despight halfe desperate,
Of his loues succour, of his owne redresse,
And of the hardie _Britomarts_ successe:
There on the cold earth him now thrown she found,
In wilfull anguish, and dead heauinesse,
And to him cald; whose voices knowen sound
Soone as he heard, himself he reared light from ground.

There did he see, that most on earth him ioyd,
His dearest loue, the comfort of his dayes,
Whose too long absence him had sore annoyd,
And wearied his life with dull delayes:
Straight he vpstarted from the loathed layes,
And to her ran with hasty egernesse,
Like as a Deare, that greedily embayes
In the coole soile, after long thirstinesse,
Which he in chace endured hath, now nigh breathlesse.

Lightly he clipt her twixt his armes twaine,
And streightly did embrace her body bright,
Her body, late the prison of sad paine,
Now the sweet lodge of loue and deare delight:
But she faire Lady ouercommen quight
Of huge affection, did in pleasure melt,
And in sweete rauishment pourd out her spright:
No word they spake, nor earthly thing they felt,
But like two senceles stocks in long embracement dwelt.

Had ye them seene, ye would haue surely thought,
That they had beene that faire _Hermaphrodite_,
Which that rich _Romane_ of white marble wrought,
And in his costly Bath causd to bee site:
So seemd those two, as growne together quite,
That _Britomart_ halfe enuying their blesse,
Was much empassiond in her gentle sprite,
And to her selfe oft wisht like happinesse,
In vaine she wisht, that fate n’ould let her yet possesse.

Thus doe those louers with sweet counteruayle,
Each other of loues bitter fruit despoile.
But now my teme begins to faint and fayle,
All woxen weary of their iournall toyle:
Therefore I will their sweatie yokes assoyle
At this same furrowes end, till a new day:
And ye faire Swayns, after your long turmoyle,
Now cease your worke, and at your pleasure play;
Now cease your worke; to morrow is an holy day.

FOOTNOTES:

[1163] lv 1 she there] there she _1609_

[1164] v 7 consent _1596_

[1165] vii 3 ether _1590_

[1166] 8 wood,] word, _1590_

[1167] viii 1 nether _1590_

[1168] ix 3 other] others _1590_, _1596_

[1169] xi 1 cloth’ _1596_

[1170] xii 3 and] or _1590_

[1171] 6 winged heeld _1590_

[1172] xvii 6 a fierbrand she tost _conj. Church_

[1173] xviii 5 dread _1590_

[1174] 8 hony-laden _Morris_

[1175] xxi 7 fading] failing _conj. Church_

[1176] 8 still] skill _1590_

[1177] xxii 5 knigdome _1596_

[1178] xxiii 5 right did _1590_, _1596_: _corr. F. E._

[1179] xxvi 6 All] And _1596_, _1609_

[1180] 7 with that] by the _1590_

[1181] xxvii 3 and bore all away] nothing did remayne _1590_

[1182] 4 plast, _1590_, _1596_

[1183] xxviii 1 there] their _1590_, _1596_

[1184] xxix 9 showes _1590_

[1185] xxxi 3 wrote _1609_

[1186] xxxiii 3 her selfe] the next _1590_

[1187] xxxiv 4 her] him _1590_, _1596_

[1188] xxxviii 5 bor’d] sor’d _1590_

[1189] xlii 2 She] He _1590_

[1190] 4 She] He _1590_: _corr. F. E._

[1191] 5 her] him _1590_: _corr. F. E._

[1192] xliv 2 pensiue _1609_

[1193] xlv 7 Who with her _1596_

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD
BY VIVIAN RIDLER
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

* * * * *

Transcriber’s note

Minor punctuation and formatting errors have been changed without notice. The following Printer errors have been changed.

CHANGED FROM TO

Page 96 “dar’d hisdreaded powre” “dar’d his dreaded powre” Page 105 “A uefull spectacle” “A ruefull spectacle” Page 123 “Dame _Cælia_ men did her” “Dame _Cœlia_ men did her” Page 129 “by wise Patience” “by wise _Patience_” Page 163 “Vnto his Farie Queene” “Vnto his Faerie Queene” Page 191 “too litle,th’other” “too litle, th’other” Page 206 “honorable deed, 1” “honorable deed, i” Page 214 “Wrath, gelosie, griefe” “Wrath, gealosie, griefe” Footnote “[612] Arg. 1 _Merih_,” “[612] Arg. 1 _Merth_,” Footnote “[688] liv 8 th’| the” “[688] liv 8 th’] the” Page 284 “dispainted all within,” “dispainted all within, l” Page 287 “words and sound, 1” “words and sound, i” Page 369 “and then thus fearefuily” “and then thus fearefully” Page 426 “Faire _Crysogone_ in” “Faire _Chrysogone_ in” Page 445 “she did raunge, 1” “she did raunge, l” Page 452 “faire a wight, xli” “faire a wight, xii” Page 459 “glory be thy mee’,” “glory be thy meed” Footnote “[1081] 7 demeanure _160_” “[1081] 7 demeanure _1609_”

All other inconsistencies are as in the original.