Chapter I: Front Matter

STANDARD METHODS
FOR THE
EXAMINATION
OF
WATER AND SEWAGE

_FOURTH EDITION_

Revised by committees of the American Public Health Association,
American Chemical Society, and referees of the Association of Official
Agricultural Chemists

AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION
169 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE
BOSTON
1920

_Copyright, 1917 and 1920_

_By the American Public Health Association_

------------------------------------------------------------------------

CONTENTS.

PAGE
PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION vii

COLLECTION OF SAMPLES 1
QUANTITY OF WATER REQUIRED FOR ANALYSIS 1
BOTTLES 1
TIME INTERVAL BETWEEN COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 2
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES 3

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 4
TEMPERATURE 4
TURBIDITY 4
TURBIDITY STANDARD 4
PLATINUM WIRE METHOD 5
TURBIDIMETRIC METHOD 7
COEFFICIENT OF FINENESS 8
COLOR 9
COMPARISON WITH PLATINUM-COBALT STANDARDS 9
COMPARISON WITH GLASS DISKS 10
COMPARISON WITH NESSLER STANDARDS 10
LOVIBOND TINTOMETER 11
ODOR 12
COLD ODOR 12
HOT ODOR 12
EXPRESSION OF RESULTS 12

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION 14
EXPRESSION OF RESULTS 14
FORMS OF NITROGEN 15
AMMONIA NITROGEN 15
DETERMINATION BY DISTILLATION 15
MEASUREMENT OF AMMONIA NITROGEN 16
COMPARISON WITH AMMONIA STANDARDS 16
COMPARISON WITH PERMANENT STANDARDS 17
MODIFICATION FOR SEWAGE 18
DETERMINATION BY DIRECT NESSLERIZATION 19
ALBUMINOID NITROGEN 20
ORGANIC NITROGEN 21
NITRITE NITROGEN 22
NITRATE NITROGEN 23
PHENOLDISULFONIC ACID METHOD 23
REDUCTION METHOD 24
TOTAL NITROGEN 25
OXYGEN CONSUMED 25
RECOMMENDED METHOD 26
OTHER METHODS 27
RESIDUE ON EVAPORATION 29
TOTAL RESIDUE 29
FIXED RESIDUE AND LOSS ON IGNITION 29
SUSPENDED MATTER 30
DETERMINATION WITH GOOCH CRUCIBLE 30
DETERMINATION BY FILTRATION 30
DETERMINATION OF VOLUME 30
FIXED RESIDUE AND LOSS ON IGNITION 30
HARDNESS 30
TOTAL HARDNESS BY CALCULATION 31
TOTAL HARDNESS BY SOAP METHOD 31
TOTAL HARDNESS BY SODA REAGENT METHOD 34
TEMPORARY HARDNESS BY TITRATION WITH ACID 34
NON-CARBONATE HARDNESS BY SODA REAGENT METHOD 34
NON-CARBONATE HARDNESS BY SOAP METHOD 35
ALKALINITY 35
PROCEDURE WITH PHENOLPHTHALEIN 36
PROCEDURE WITH METHYL ORANGE 37
PROCEDURE WITH LACMOID 37
PROCEDURE WITH ERYTHROSINE 37
BICARBONATE 37
NORMAL CARBONATE 38
HYDROXIDE 38
ALKALI CARBONATES 39
ACIDITY 39
TOTAL ACIDITY 40
FREE CARBON DIOXIDE 40
FREE MINERAL ACIDS 41
MINERAL ACIDS AND SULFATES OF IRON AND ALUMINIUM 41
CHLORIDE 41
IRON 43
TOTAL IRON 44
COLORIMETRIC METHOD 44
COMPARISON WITH IRON STANDARDS 45
COMPARISON WITH PERMANENT STANDARDS 46
VOLUMETRIC METHOD 46
DISSOLVED IRON 47
SUSPENDED IRON 47
FERROUS IRON 47
FERRIC IRON 48
MANGANESE 48
PERSULFATE METHOD 48
BISMUTHATE METHOD 49
LEAD, ZINC, COPPER, AND TIN 50
LEAD 51
ZINC 52
COPPER 53
TIN 54
MINERAL ANALYSIS 56
RESIDUE ON EVAPORATION 56
ALKALINITY AND ACIDITY 56
CHLORIDE 56
NITRATE NITROGEN 56
SEPARATION OF SILICA, IRON, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, AND
MAGNESIUM 56
SILICA 56
IRON AND ALUMINIUM 57
CALCIUM 57
MAGNESIUM 57
SEPARATION OF SULFATE, SODIUM, AND POTASSIUM 58
SULFATE 58
SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND LITHIUM 58
POTASSIUM 59
LITHIUM 60
BROMINE, IODINE, ARSENIC, AND BORIC ACID 61
BROMINE AND IODINE 61
ARSENIC 63
BORIC ACID 63
HYDROGEN SULFIDE 63
CHLORINE 64
DISSOLVED OXYGEN 65
ETHER-SOLUBLE MATTER 69
RELATIVE STABILITY OF EFFLUENTS 69
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND OF SEWAGES AND EFFLUENTS 71
RELATIVE STABILITY METHOD 71
SODIUM NITRATE METHOD 72

ANALYSIS OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AND MUD DEPOSITS 73
COLLECTION OF SAMPLE 73
REACTION 73
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 74
MOISTURE 74
VOLATILE AND FIXED MATTER 74
TOTAL ORGANIC NITROGEN 74
ETHER-SOLUBLE MATTER 75
FERROUS SULFIDE 76
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND 76

ANALYSIS OF CHEMICALS 77
REAGENTS 77
SULFATE OF ALUMINIUM 78
INSOLUBLE MATTER 78
OXIDES OF ALUMINIUM AND IRON 78
TOTAL IRON 79
FERRIC IRON 79
FERROUS IRON 80
BASICITY RATIO 80
LIME 80
SULFATE OF IRON 81
INSOLUBLE MATTER 81
IRON AS FERROUS SULFATE 81
ACIDITY 81
SODA ASH 82
INSOLUBLE MATTER 82
AVAILABLE ALKALI 82

CHEMICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 82

MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION 89
MICROSCOPICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 91

BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION 92
APPARATUS 92
SAMPLE BOTTLES 92
PIPETTES 92
DILUTION BOTTLES 92
PETRI DISHES 92
FERMENTATION TUBES 92
MATERIALS 93
WATER 93
MEAT EXTRACT 93
PEPTONE 93
SUGARS 93
AGAR 93
GELATIN 93
LITMUS 93
GENERAL CHEMICALS 93
METHODS 93
PREPARATION OF CULTURE MEDIA 93
TITRATION 93
STERILIZATION 94
NUTRIENT BROTH 95
SUGAR BROTHS 95
NUTRIENT GELATIN 95
NUTRIENT AGAR 96
LITMUS OR AZOLITMIN SOLUTION 96
LITMUS-LACTOSE-AGAR 97
ENDO’S MEDIUM 97
COLLECTION OF SAMPLE 98
STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF SAMPLE 98
DILUTIONS 98
PLATING 99
INCUBATION 99
COUNTING 99
THE TEST FOR THE PRESENCE OF MEMBERS OF THE B. COLI GROUP 100
PRESUMPTIVE TEST 100
PARTIALLY CONFIRMED TEST 101
COMPLETED TEST 102
APPLICATION OF THESE TESTS 102
EXPRESSION OF RESULTS 103
SUMMARY OF THESE TESTS 104
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 106
DIFFERENTIATION OF FECAL FROM NON-FECAL MEMBERS OF THE B.
COLI GROUP 106
METHYL RED TEST 107
VOGES-PROSKAUER TEST 108
ROUTINE PROCEDURE FOR BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION 108
BACTERIOLOGICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 110

INDEX 113