Chapter XV: Section 7: Religious Instruction (4)

|ARTISANS, Per Day.
| |AGRICULTURISTS.
| | |OTHER LABOURERS.
| | | |WOMEN.
| | | | |CHILDREN.
| | | | | |WIFE and Four Children.
| | | | | | |SUBSISTENCE.
| | | | | | |
AMERICA:
| | | | | | |
MASSACHUSETTS, p. 683
|First-rate, 2 to 3 dollars, others, 1½ dollars, 6_s._ 9_d._;
|overseers, per year, 1500 to 3500 dollars.
| |Per day, in harvest, 1 to 1½ dollars; per month, with board and
| |lodging, 14 to 18 dollars during summer and autumn (six months,)
| |some all the year; others during the other six months, 10 to 12
| |dollars a month.
| | |Per year, 250 to 300 dollars, i.e. 56_l._ 5_s._ to 67_l._
| | |10_s._
| | | |At factories per week, 2½ to 5 dollars.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |There are very few who do not eat meat,
| | | | | | |poultry, or fish twice or three times a
| | | | | | |day.
| | | | | | |
NEW YORK, p. 158
|Dollar and a half; one-fourth less in winter and dull times.
| |Per month, 1_l._ 10_s._ to 2_l._ 5_s._, with board, washing, and
| |mending; per day, in harvest, 4_s._ 6_d._ with board
| | |3_s._ 6_d._ per day; 44_l._ per year.
| | | |Per day, 1_s._ 6_d._ to 3_s._ 6_d._
| | | | |Early enfranchised
| | | | | |The children quit their parents and shift
| | | | | |for themselves. The wife may earn 1_s._
| | | | | |6_d._ to 3_s._ 6_d._ a day.
| | | | | | |A family united could subsist well on
| | | | | | |their aggregate earnings have tea,
| | | | | | |coffee, and meat twice a day.
| | | | | | |
MEXICO, p. 690
|Double the wages of the agriculturists.
| |1_s._ to 1_s._ 4_d._ per day
| | |. . . .
| | | |Enough for their support.
| | | | |Enough for their support.
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |Most certainly. The common food of
| | | | | | |working people in Mexico is maize or
| | | | | | |Indian corn, prepared either as
| | | | | | |porridge (atole,) or in thin cakes
| | | | | | |(tortillas,) and beans (frijoles,) like
| | | | | | |the white beans so much in use in
| | | | | | |France, with addition of chile, a
| | | | | | |speckle of the hot pepper, of which
| | | | | | |they eat enormous quantities by way of
| | | | | | |seasoning. In the town wheaten bread
| | | | | | |forms a part of the food of the lower
| | | | | | |classes, and meat occasionally.
| | | | | | |
CARTHAGENA DE COLUMBIA, p. 166
|. . . .
| |. . . .
| | |Per day, town, 2_s._, country, 1_s._ to 1_s._ 6_d._; in
| | |year, about 12_l._
| | | |As servants, about one- third a man’s wages.
| | | | |Under 16, as servants, about one-third a man’s
| | | | |wages.
| | | | | |Per year about 50_l._ (supposed to include a
| | | | | |man’s wages, but even then apparently
| | | | | |excessive.)
| | | | | | |Very comfortably; chiefly on animal
| | | | | | |food.
VENEZUELA, p. 163
|. . . .
| |Per day, 1_s._ 6_d._ with usual provisions.
| | |. . . .
| | | |1_s._ 1½_d._ to 1_s._ 6_d._ per day.
| | | | |Under sixteen 1_s._ 1½_d._ to 1_s._ 6_d._ per
| | | | |day.
| | | | | |15_l._ per year.
| | | | | | |Maize cakes, with vegetables and fruit,
| | | | | | |form the chief aliments of the peon and
| | | | | | |his family; and they can with little
| | | | | | |difficulty subsist, if they choose to
| | | | | | |work, on their aggregate earnings.
| | | | | | |
MARANHAM, p. 693
|Per day, 1_s._
| |Generally slaves; where hired they earn about 17_s._ a month,
| |and food.
| | |. . . .
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |The necessaries of life are few, and
| | | | | | |easily obtained.
| | | | | | |
BAHIA, p. 731
|2_s._ per day; 25_l._ per year.
| |. . . .
| | |. . . .
| | | |Women and children,
| | | |nothing
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |
URUGUAY, p. 723
|. . . .
| |Herdsmen, slaves, or guachos, 8 dollars a month, by the year.
| | |. . . .
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |A family may subsist on the labour of
| | | | | | |the husband alone, and have a meal with
| | | | | | |meat three times a day.
| | | | | | |
HAYTI, p. 168
|Per day, from 2_s._ 6_d._ to 3_s._; per year, 38_l._
| |Per day, 7_d._; per year, 9_l._ 10_s._
| | |. . . .
| | | |As servants, from 10_s._ to 20_s._ a month.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |A family can easily subsist on the
| | | | | | |earnings of their parents. Their food
| | | | | | |consists of what are termed “ground
| | | | | | |provisions,” i. e., plantains, sweet
| | | | | | |potatoes, and other vegetables and
| | | | | | |fruits, which if not raised by
| | | | | | |themselves are obtained at a cheap
| | | | | | |rate.
| | | | | | |
EUROPE:
| | | | | | |
NORWAY, p. 698
|Per week, 5_s._ 4_d._ to 7_s._ 2_d._, with food and lodging and
|tools.
| |Per day, 3_d._ to 5½_d._, with food.
| | |Per day, in or near Christiania, summer, 10½_d._; winter,
| | |8½_d._; per year, 11_l._ 10_s._ 9_d._
| | | |Per week, summer, and occasionally in winter, 3_s._
| | | |6_d._
| | | | |Per week, above 14, and under 16, 17_d._
| | | | | |Per year, about 6_l._ 4_s._ 3_d._
| | | | | | |Except in illness, it can subsist on
| | | | | | |its aggregate earnings. The labourers
| | | | | | |live on very simple food: salt
| | | | | | |herrings, oatmeal porridge, potatoes,
| | | | | | |coarse oatmeal bread, may-be twice a
| | | | | | |week a piece of bacon or salt beef, and
| | | | | | |along the coast, and the rivers and
| | | | | | |lakes, on fresh fish. Corn brandy is in
| | | | | | |general use.
| | | | | | |
SWEDEN:
STOCKHOLM (Mr. Bloomfield’s Return), p. 374
|Per day, during nine months, 1_s._ 7_d._; winter, indoors, 1_s._
|7_d._ nearly; outdoors, nothing.
| |Per day, skilled, 7_d._ to 8_d._, unskilled, 3_d._ to 4_d._;
| |average the year, about 11_l._
| | |. . . .
| | | |Per day, as agriculturists, in summer, 4_d._
| | | | |Per day, as agriculturists, in summer, 2_d._
| | | | | |Per year, as agriculturists:
| | | | | | £. _s._
| | | | | | Wife 5 0
| | | | | | Boy of 14 2 10
| | | | | | Children of 11 and 8 1 0
| | | | | | ----
| | | | | | £8 10
| | | | | |As artisans:
| | | | | | £. _s._
| | | | | | Wife 8 0
| | | | | | Boy of 14 4 10
| | | | | | Children of 11 and 8 2 0
| | | | | | -----
| | | | | | £14 10
| | | | | | |It could subsist. The agriculturists in
| | | | | | |the southern provinces on potatoes and
| | | | | | |salt fish, in the northern, on porridge
| | | | | | |and rye bread; the artisans on better
| | | | | | |food than the agriculturists, with
| | | | | | |coffee, and occasionally fresh meat.
| | | | | | |
Count Forsell’s Statement, p. 380
|The support of a cottager’s household, consisting of husband, wife,
|and three children, in the middle part of Sweden, costs yearly about
|146⅔_r.d._, according to the prices of last year; the husband being
|occupied during the whole year, and his wife having enough to do with
|the care of her children, so that neither she nor her husband can
|calculate on any additional earnings.
|
|The labourer receives 2½ barrels of rye, or in money 16_r.d._
|32_sk._; 1 barrel of corn, 5_r.d._ 16_sk._; half barrel of pease,
|3_r.d._ 16_sk._; half ditto of malt, 2_r.d._ 32_sk._; 2 ditto
|potatoes, 2_r.d._; 1½ lb. salt, 32_sk._; 4 lbs. herrings, 2_r.d._
|16_sk._; 1 lb. of butter, 4_r.d._ 16_sk._; 3 lbs. of hops, 1_r.d._;
|1½ pint of sweet milk per day, 10_r.d._ 16_sk._; 3 pints of sour milk
|during the summer, 4_r.d._ 16_sk._; 9 gallons of bränvin (a kind of
|whiskey), 5_r.d._ 16_sk._; lodging and fuel, 16_r.d._ 32_sk._; annual
|wages in money, 44_r.d._; earnest, 3_r.d._ 16_sk._; contributions,
|3_r.d._ 16_sk._; sundries, 6_r.d._ 34_sk._; total banco, 146_r.d._
|32_sk._ That is, on an average, 29_r.d._ 16_sk._ annually for every
|individual; and daily, 3_sk._ 10½_rst._
|
|On a gentleman’s estate in the neighbourhood of Stockholm, the
|following was given last year: Annual pay in money, 33_r.d._ 16_sk._;
|¼ barrel of wheat, 2_r.d._ 32_sk._; 4 barrels of rye, 24_r.d._; 2
|barrels of corn, 9_r.d._ 16_sk._; 2 ditto potatoes, 2_r.d._; 10 heads
|of white cabbage, 32_sk._; ½ barrel of herrings, 4_r.d._ 32_sk._; 1
|lb. salt, 21 _sk._; 2 lbs. of meat, 2_r.d._; 1 lb. of bacon, 2_r.d._
|32_sk._; 1 lb. of hops, 16_sk._; 2 pairs of shoes, 3_r.d._ 16_sk._;
|sweet milk, 10_r.d._; sundry expenses, 5_r.d._; lodging, wood,
|earnest, taxes, 25_r.d._; equal to 123_r.d._ 21_sk._ Were that sum
|divided among five persons, 25_r.d._ 29_sk._ would accrue to each;
|and daily, 3_sk._ 3_rst._
|
|The household of a cottager belonging to this estate, about 10
|English miles from Stockholm, was bound, according to a written
|contract, for 10 years to perform the following labour for the estate
|or landowner; namely,
|
| _r.d._ _sk._
|208 days’ work for a man, at 21_sk._ 6_rst._ 93 8
| 40 ditto for a woman at 10_sk._ 8_rst._ 8 42
| 14 journeys to Stockholm, 1_r.d._ 14 0
|To mow and get in 14 acres of meadow 10 32
|To cut down and carry home 5 sawn timbers 2 32
|Ditto ... ditto ... 4 fathoms of firewood 5 16
|Ditto ... ditto ... 100 pairs of stakes 2 0
|To put out fishing-lines 3 0
|To keep in order a portion of the main road 2 0
|Ditto ... ditto ... bye-road 6 0
|To spin for wages 2 0
|To gather berries 0 32
|Sundry accidental jobs 3 0
| --------
| Total _r.d._ banco 143 18
| |
| |In Stockholm, a poor mechanic’s household, consisting of
| |husband, wife, and four children, can hardly be supported on
| |less than 546_r.d._ banco annually, as follows:
| |
| | _R.d._
| |Bread, meal, salad, potatoes and other vegetables 120
| |Meat, butter, cheese, herrings and other fish 176
| |Milk, beer, bränvin (or whiskey) 26
| |Candles, coals, wood 24
| |Clothes 60
| |Rent and furniture 50
| |Taxes, medicines, and sundries 24
| | ----
| | Total _R.d._ 546
| |
| |Hence will be seen that the master of such a family must earn
| |daily, during the whole year, nearly 2_r.d._ banco, and
| |consequently no masons, carpenters, smiths, &c. can be included
| |in this class. If the husband, wife, or children are sick for
| |any length of time, the state of such a family is far more
| |deplorable than that of the agricultural peasantry of Sweden.
| |
|_Note._--146⅔_rds._ = 11_l._
| 1 lb. = 20 lbs. English.
| 1 dollar = 48 skillings.
| 1 skilling = 1½ farthing.
|A dollar therefore is worth 72 farthings, or 1_s._ 6_d._
| | | | | | |
GOTTENBURGH (Consul’s Return), p. 386
|Per day, 1_s._ 6_d._ to 2_s._
| |Per day, 6_d._ to 9_d._; per year, 7_l._ 13_s._ (Few such
| |labourers).
| | |Per day, 10_d._ to 1_s._
| | | |In towns, per week, summer, 6_s._ to 9_s._; winter,
| | | |4_s._ to 6_s._ (This seems too large).
| | | | |Under 16, in harvest, per day, 2_d._ to 3_d._
| | | | | |Per year, about 3_l._
| | | | | | |Yes; on the following food, viz., 11
| | | | | | |bushels of rye, cost 1_l._ 5_s._;
| | | | | | |4¾ bushels of barley, 8_s._; 4¾
| | | | | | |ditto of peas, 5_s._; 4¾ ditto of
| | | | | | |malt, 4_s._; 9½ ditto of potatoes,
| | | | | | |3_s._ 2_d._; 19 lbs. of salt, 1_s._; 75
| | | | | | |lbs. of herrings, 3_s._ 6_d._; 19 lbs.
| | | | | | |of butter, 6_s._ 6_d._; 3 lbs. of hops,
| | | | | | |1_s._; 19 lbs. of stockfish, 2_s._
| | | | | | |3_d._; 19 lbs. of pork, 4_s._ 6_d._;
| | | | | | |half a cow, 15_s._; about three pints
| | | | | | |of sweet milk daily, 15_s._ 2_d._; and
| | | | | | |six pints of sour milk, in summer,
| | | | | | |daily, 6_s._ 6_d._; 42 bottles of
| | | | | | |potatoe brandy, 8_s._ 3_d._; lodging
| | | | | | |and wood, 1_l._ 5_s._; taxes, 5_s._;
| | | | | | |sundries, 10_s._ Wages, about 3_l._
| | | | | | |10_s._, or in the whole, say, 10_l._
| | | | | | |18_s._ 10_d._ The above statement
| | | | | | |applies to a small farmer; reduce it
| | | | | | |about one-third, and it may apply to a
| | | | | | |common (married) labourer in the
| | | | | | |country.
| | | | | | |
RUSSIA:
General Return, p. 334
|(No distinction of classes given). The pay of labourers varies in
|different parts of Russia. In Georgia, it is 3½_d._ per day, which
|is the lowest; in St. Petersburg, it is 1_s._ 3_d._ per day, which is
|the highest.
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |It would subsist. On rye bread, buck
| | | | | | |wheat, and sour cabbage soup, well
| | | | | | |seasoned with salt, and occasionally
| | | | | | |a little lard.
| | | | | | |
ARCHANGEL Return, p. 338
|Summer, 10_d._, winter, 8_d._; often doubled. } Per Year: 18_l._
| |Summer, 8_d._, winter, 6_d._; often doubled. } to 30_l._
| | |...
| | | |...
| | | | |...
| | | | | |Per year, 10_l._ to 15_l._ (This is supposed
| | | | | |to be the meaning of the answers to queries
| | | | | |6 and 7).
| | | | | | |Decidedly yes. Their food consists of
| | | | | | |fish, rye bread, gruel, kvas,
| | | | | | |occasionally meat and turnips. A great
| | | | | | |deal of tea is also drunk by the
| | | | | | |peasants of this neighbourhood.
| | | | | | |
COURLAND Return, p. 341
|Per day, skilled, 3_s._ to 4_s._; unskilled, 1_s._ 6_d._ to 2_s._
| |Paid by land for subsistence.
| | |Per day, summer, 1_s._; winter, few pence less.
| | | |Per week, summer, 3_s._ 6_d._; winter, 2_s._ 6_d._
| | | | |Per week, under 16, summer, 3_s._, winter 2_s._
| | | | | |Per year, 30_l._ to 35_l._, (supposed to
| | | | | |include man’s earnings).
| | | | | | |They can subsist on the aggregate
| | | | | | |earnings, in most cases, however, but
| | | | | | |needy; on bread, potatoes, salted fish,
| | | | | | |&c., seldom beef.
| | | | | | |
DENMARK:
COPENHAGEN Return, p. 267
|One-third more than agriculturists.
| |Per day, 6_d._ to 8_d._ (with, in harvest, provisions of poor
| |quality); per year, 15_l._ (Sunday nearly a day of work).
| | |. . . .
| | | |Per day, 4_d._, all the year.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |Man, wife, and four children, working on the
| | | | | |Sundays, about 12_s._ a week.
| | | | | | |It is frequently done. The food
| | | | | | |wholesome rye bread, bad milk, cheese,
| | | | | | |shocking butter, coffee (as it is
| | | | | | |called), profusion of tobacco and
| | | | | | |snuff, and too much spirits, which are
| | | | | | |unfortunately cheap and very bad.
| | | | | | |
ELSINORE Return, p. 296
|No subdivision. Per day, summer, 9_d._ to 10_d._, or 6_d._ to 7_d._
|with food: winter, 6_d._ to 7_d._, or 4_d._ to 5_d._ with food; per
|year, 12_l._ to 15_l._
| | | |Summer, four months, 2_s._ 6_d._ to 3_s._ per week;
| | | |winter, 8 months, 1_s._ 6_d._ to 2_s._ a week.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |Per year, about 6_l._
| | | | | | |With prudence and economy, which,
| | | | | | |however, are no characteristics of the
| | | | | | |peasantry of this country, I doubt not
| | | | | | |it might be done. Their principal food
| | | | | | |consists of rye bread, groats,
| | | | | | |potatoes, coffee, butter, cheese, and
| | | | | | |milk, in which articles a family
| | | | | | |consisting of man, wife, and three
| | | | | | |children, would expend about 15_l._ per
| | | | | | |annum in this neighbourhood; in other
| | | | | | |parts of the country they fare worse.
| | | | | | |Food is cheap.
| | | | | | |
Further statement, by Cons. Macgregor, p. 299
|Per week, with food, 4_s._ 6_d._ to 6_s._ 9_d._; without food, 11_s._
|to 11_s._ 6_d._ In manufactories, per week, male, 4_s._ 6_d._ to
|12_s._; female, 4_s._ 6_d._ to 5_s._; children above 14, 3_s._ 6_d._
|to 4_s._, or under 14, 1_s._ 9_d._ to 2_s._ 3_d._; ropemakers, 1_s._
|9_d._ to 2_s._ 3_d._ per day.
| |Per year, with food and lodging, males, 4_l._ to 5_l._; females,
| |3_l._ 10_s._ to 3_l._ 15_s._; boys, 2_l._ 10_s._ to 3_l._ 15_s._
| | |Per day, in towns, 1_s._ to 1_s._ 6_d._ Agriculture, males,
| | |6_d._ to 10_d._; females, 5_d._ to 7_d._; with food,
| | |one-half less.
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |
HANSEATIC TOWNS:
BREMEN, p. 413
|No subdivision. Per day, in the country, summer, 1_s._, winter,
|9_d._; per year, 17_l._ 10_s._ to 22_l._ In towns, about 25 per cent.
|higher; per year, 17_l._ 10_s._ to 25_l._
| | | |Per day, country, summer, 6_d._; winter, 4_d._, town,
| | | |4_d._
| | | | |Per week, from 12 to 16, in tobacco
| | | | |manufactories, 3_s._ 6_d._
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |Can very well support itself. They can
| | | | | | |subsist upon potatoes, beans, buck
| | | | | | |wheat or grits, and rye bread, and
| | | | | | |twice a week meat or bacon.
| | | | | | |
LUBECK, p. 415
|Per week, 7_s._ to 14_s._, or if constantly employed, and with board
|and lodging, 2_s._ 4_d._ to 4_s._; per year, 30_l._
| |Per day, summer, 9_d._; winter, 7_d._; harvest, 1_s._ Per year,
| |12_l._
| | |Per day, in the town, 14_d._; per year, 18_l._
| | | |Town, 7_d._ a day; country, in harvest, 7_d._ a day.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |Even comfortably, on the usual food of
| | | | | | |the poorer classes here, namely, coarse
| | | | | | |rye bread, potatoes, bacon, fat or
| | | | | | |dripping, milk, porridge made of peas,
| | | | | | |groats or peeled barley, herrings or
| | | | | | |other cheap fish, butter and lard, but
| | | | | | |very seldom meat. Greatest luxury, a
| | | | | | |cup of coffee in the morning.
| | | | | | |
MECKLENBURG, p. 422
|Per week, in towns, 7_s._ to 10_s._ 6_d._, and free boarding. In the
|country, about two-thirds.
| |Per week, in country, 3_s._ 6_d._, a dwelling, garden, and
| |pasture for a cow and two sheep in summer, and provender for
| |them in winter.
| | |Per week, in towns, 5_s._ 3_d._ to 7_s._
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |Could subsist on good sound food, and
| | | | | | |occasionally meat.
| | | | | | |
DANTZIG, p. 465
|Per day, summer, 13½_d._; winter, 23_d._
| |Per day, summer, 4⅔_d._ to 7_d._; winter, 3½_d._ to
| |4⅔_d._, besides a dwelling, either free of, or at a small rent,
| |pasture for a cow in summer, and a small load of hay in winter,
| |and fuel.
| | |Per day, summer, country, 8¼_d._ to 11¾_d._; town,
| | |8½_d._ to 16_d._ Winter, country, 4¾_d._ to 7_d._;
| | |town, 7_d._ to 12_d._ Yearly, country, 8_l._ 10_s._ to
| | |9_l._; town, 10_l._ to 10_l._ 10_s._
| | | |Per day, country, summer, 3½_d._ to 4⅔_d._;
| | | |winter, 2½_d._, to 3_d._ Towns, 4⅔_d._ to 7_d._
| | | | |Per day, from 12 to 16, country, 2⅓_d._ to
| | | | |3_d._; towns, about 2½_d._
| | | | | |Per year, country, woman, 3_l._ 15_s._; boy,
| | | | | |12 to 16, 3_l._ Towns, women, 4_l._ 10_s._;
| | | | | |boy, 12 to 16, 3_l._
| | | | | | |Very well; living in the country on rye
| | | | | | |bread, potatoes, and other vegetables,
| | | | | | |fruit, food of wheat, flour, lard,
| | | | | | |milk, meat once or twice weekly, and
| | | | | | |fish; but chiefly on rye bread and
| | | | | | |potatoes.
| | | | | | |
SAXONY, p. 481
|The average amount of wages is not more than 9_d._ a day.
| | | |A woman can earn on an average 3_d._ daily, a child,
| | | |1_d._
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |Parents with four children, with
| | | | | | |management, abstemiousness and
| | | | | | |diligence, can earn their livelihood.
| | | | | | |
WURTEMBERG
(Mr. Wellesley’s Return), p. 510
|Per week, in towns, 1 to 2½ _fl._, fed and lodged. In villages,
|20_kr._ to 1 _fl._, fed and lodged.
|
|_Note._--1 _fl._ is equal to 60_kr._,
|or to 20_d._ sterling.
| |Per year, with food and lodging, in towns, 50 to 60 _fl._; in
| |villages, 20 to 40 _fl._; without food and lodging, 150 _fl._,
| |but with food and wood under market price in winter.
| | |. . . .
| | | |Per week, 42 _kr._ to 1_fl._ 30 _kr._; in
| | | |manufactures, 1 _fl._ 40 _kr._ to 2 _fl._ 30 _kr._
| | | | |Per week, 20 to 40 _kr._; in manufactures, 1
| | | | |_fl._ 12 _kr._ to 2 _fl._
| | | | | |Per year, from 40 to 50 _fl._ The children
| | | | | |too much in school to earn much (supposed to
| | | | | |include man’s wages.)
| | | | | | |They could. In the morning, soup and
| | | | | | |potatoes and bread; dinner, vegetables
| | | | | | |or pudding; between dinner and supper,
| | | | | | |bread; supper, potatoes and milk or
| | | | | | |soup; once or twice a week, meat.
| | | | | | |
Government Return, p. 525
|_A_) A grown-up female--
|
| _a_) By spinning and ordinary knitting can seldom gain more than 4,
|6, or 8 _kr._ daily; by finer knitting, embroidery, lace-making, and
|other such female work, which are paid by the piece, can seldom gain
|more than from 10 to 25 _kr._ one day with another.
|
| _b_) A sempstress receives, in the country, in small places, from 4
|to 6 _kr._, in larger places and towns, from 12 to 15 _kr._; in the
|capital, a dress-maker, an ironer, a plaiter, from 24, 36 to 48 _kr._
|daily, besides board.
|
| _c_) A washerwoman or charwoman receives in the country only 8, 10,
|12, 15 to 18 _kr._; in the capital, 36 _kr._ daily, with board; or
|without board, from 1 _fl._ to 1 _fl._ 12 _kr._
|
| _d_) A maid servant receives, in money and money’s worth, annually,
|besides board, in the country only 16, 18, 20, to 24 _fl._; in the
|capital, 24, 30, 36 to 40 _fl._; to which, according to
|circumstances, vails are to be added, especially in the capital.
|
|_B_) A male adult receives, namely--
|
| _a_) A journeyman workman--
|
| _aa_) In the country, with the shoemakers and tailors, 20, 24, to
|30 _kr._; with the bakers, 48 _kr._ to 1 _fl._; with the smiths, 48
|_kr._ to 1 _fl._ 12 _kr._; with calendrers and tanners, 48 _kr._ to 2
|_fl._ weekly, with board; a journeyman carpenter or bricklayer, from
|30 to 36 kr. daily, with bread and something to drink.
|
| _bb_) In the capital, with board, from 1 _fl._ 12 _kr._ to 2
|_fl._ 42 _kr._ weekly; without board, 36 _kr._ to 1_fl._ daily; on
|Sunday, nothing.
|
| _b_) A man servant receives, in the country, 20, 30, 36, to 40
|_fl._; in the capital, 50 to 60 _fl._ and more per annum, with board.
|
| _c_) A farmer’s labourer or other day labourer in the country, 12,
|15, 18, 20, to 24 _kr._ daily, with board, or, instead of the latter,
|10 or 12 _kr._ in money; in the capital, in winter, from 24 to 30
|_kr._; in summer, from 36 to 48 kr. for everything.
|
| _d_) A wood-cleaver can gain daily in all only from 20 to 24, and
|at the most, 30 _kr._
|
|All these rates of wages rise or fall according as the work requires
|more or less dexterity or exertion, as the individual workman is more
|or less distinguished by skill, strength, or diligence, as the
|scarcity and the supply of workmen is greater or less, as the days
|are longer or shorter, &c.
| | | | | | |
BAVARIA, p. 556
|. . . .
| |Good labourers, 8_d._ per day; generally provisions at harvest
| |time. There are very few day labourers in the country.
| | |In towns, from 8_d._ to 16_d._ a day.
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |
FRANKFORT, p. 567
|Per day, summer, 1_s._ 4_d._ to 1_s._ 6_d._; winter, 2_d._ less;
|2_d._ a day extra for drink-money. Per year, 14_l._ to 28_l._
| |. . . .
| | |Per day, 10_d._ to 1_s._
| | | |Per day, 8_d._ to 1_s._ 4_d._
| | | | |Per day, under 16, 2_d._ to 4_d._
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |Yes. Meat twice a week; soup,
| | | | | | |vegetables, potatoes, bread, coffee
| | | | | | |and beer daily.
| | | | | | |
HOLLAND
(General Return), p. 585
|Not classified. From 150 to 225 florins, or from 12_l._ 10_s._ to
|18_l._
| | | |15_s._ a year.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |From 20 to 30 florins, (from 1_l._ 13_s._
| | | | | |4_d._ to 2_l._ 10_s_.)
| | | | | | |They could subsist thereon, and live
| | | | | | |upon bread, principally rye, cheese,
| | | | | | |potatoes, vegetables, beans and pork,
| | | | | | |buttermilk, with buck wheat, meal, &c.
| | | | | | |
AMSTERDAM Return, p. 586
|Per day, summer, 1_s._ 6_d._ to 2_s._ 8_d._; winter, 1_s._ 3_d._ to
|2_s._ 8_d._ Shoemakers and tailors, from 8_s._ 4_d._ to 20_s._ per
|week.
| |. . . .
| | |. . . .
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |
HAARLEM, p. 587
|Per week, summer, 4_s._ 4_d._ to 10_s._ 10_d._; winter, one-fourth
|less. Weavers, from 10_s._ to 13_s._ 4_d._
| |. . . .
| | |. . . .
| | | |Per week, summer, 4_s._ 4_d._ to 5_s._; winter,
| | | |one-fourth less.
| | | | |Per week, summer, 8_d._ to 3_s._; winter,
| | | | |one-fourth less.
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |
NORTH HOLLAND, p. 587
|Per week, 3_s._ 4_d._ to 15_s._; firewood free.
| |Per year, 3_l._ 6_s._ 8_d._ to 8_l._ 6_s._ 8_d._, with board and
| |lodging.
| | |Per day, first class, 20_d._
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |
VRIESLAND and GRONINGEN, p. 587
|Per week, 2_s._ 6_d._ to 10_s._
| |Per year, 3_l._ 6_s._ 8_d._ to 8_l._ 6_s._ 8_d._ with board and
| |lodging. Per day, summer, 10_d._ to 20_d._; winter, 8_d._ to
| |1_s._
| | |. . . .
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |
BELGIUM:
BOOM, p. 634
|Per year, brickmakers, summer, 10_l._ 16_s._ 8_d._; winter, 3_l._
|10_s._ 10½_d._; total p’ year, 14_l._ 7_s._ 6½_d._
| |Per year, farming labourers, summer, 4_l._ 14_s._ 6_d._; winter,
| |1_l._ 19_s._ 4½_d._; total, 6_l._ 13_s._ 10½_d._, with food.
| | |Per week, waterman, 5_s._ 8¾_d._, with food.
| | | |Per week, in the brick manufacture, summer, 3_s._
| | | |1½_d._
| | | | |Per week, under 16, summer, 2_s._ 9½_d._
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |Such family can subsist by their
| | | | | | |earnings only, bread, potatoes, and
| | | | | | |milk.
| | | | | | |
OSTEND, p. 639
|Per day, skilled, summer, 1_s._ 2_d._ to 1_s._ 5_d._; winter, 10_d._
|to 1_s._ 2_d._ Yearly, 20_l._ in a town. Unskilled, summer, 7_d._ to
|1_s._; winter, 5½_d._ to 8_d._
| |Per day, summer, 1_s._; winter, 10½_d._; when boarded,
| |5½_d._ is deducted. Yearly, 14_l._
| | |. . . .
| | | |Per day, in towns, 10½_d._, with food, 1_s._ 5_d._
| | | |without. In the country, summer, 8½_d._, winter,
| | | |7½_d._, without food; summer, 4¼_d._, winter,
| | | |3½_d._, with food.
| | | | |Per day, of 11, summer, 1½_d._ and food; winter
| | | | |nothing.
| | | | | |Yearly, women and two eldest children, food
| | | | | |in summer, and from 6_l._ 8_s._ to 7_l._
| | | | | |4_s._ in the year; the third child its food.
| | | | | | |It can, in the towns, eating only
| | | | | | |potatoes and rye bread; the father
| | | | | | |being an unskilled artisan, and the
| | | | | | |towns possessing no manufacture. In the
| | | | | | |country, the same family would consume
| | | | | | |a little butter, some vegetables, and
| | | | | | |perhaps sometimes a piece of pork.
| | | | | | |
GAESBECK pp. 7, 8
|. . . .
| |Per day, summer and winter, 6_d._ with beer, and sometimes
| |coffee and bread and butter, of the value of 1_d._ more.
| |Occasional labourers, 1_d._ more.
| | |. . . .
| | | |Per day, 6_d._ in summer, and 5_d._ in winter, without
| | | |food.
| | | | |Same as a woman.
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |Rye bread, cheese, butter or fat,
| | | | | | |bacon, vegetables, coffee, and very
| | | | | | |weak beer.
| | | | | | |
FRANCE:
HAVRE, p. 181
|Labourers (not stated of what description) per day, town, 2_s._;
|country, summer, 1_s._ 6_d._; winter, 1_s._ 2_d._
| | | |Per day, 10_d._ with food.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |Families do subsist, and are
| | | | | | |respectable upon these earnings. Their
| | | | | | |food is bread, a few vegetables, and
| | | | | | |cider; never animal food, or very
| | | | | | |rarely. Coffee and treacle are also
| | | | | | |used.
| | | | | | |
BRITTANY, p. 726
|Per day, summer and winter, 15_d._ per year 18_l._
| |Per day, summer, 10_d._; winter, 7_d._ per year, 11_l._
| | |. . . .
| | | |Per day, as artisans, 5_d._ to 7_d._; as
| | | |agriculturists, 3_d._
| | | | |Per day, as artisans, 2½_d._; as agriculturists,
| | | | |during at other times very little.
| | | | | |Per year, as artisans, 10_l._; as
| | | | | |agriculturists, 8_l._
| | | | | | |Artisans.--Yes; bread and a small
| | | | | | |quantity of meat (perhaps 5 lbs. a
| | | | | | |week), vegetables and fish, which are
| | | | | | |very cheap. Agriculturists.--Yes; the
| | | | | | |principal articles of food are buck
| | | | | | |wheat made into porridge and cakes,
| | | | | | |barley bread, potatoes, cabbages, and
| | | | | | |about 6 lbs. of pork weekly. A little
| | | | | | |grease for the cabbage soup, which is
| | | | | | |poured on barley bread.
| | | | | | |
LA LOIRE INFERIEURE, p. 176
|Per day, summer and winter, 1_s._ 8_d._ to 2_s._ 6_d._ Per year
|26_l._ 10_s._, in Nantes.
| |Per day, summer and winter, 7½_d._ to 10_d._ Per year, 12_l._
| |to 12_l._ 10_s._ If lodged and boarded, from 5_l._ to 8_l._
| |6_s._ 8_d._
| | |Per day, summer and winter, 1_s._ ½_d._ to 1_s._ 3_d._ Per
| | | year, 13_l._--_s._ 5_d._ to 15_l._ 12_s._ 6_d._ in Nantes.
| | | |Per day, summer and winter, 4_d._ to 8_d._ in the
| | | |country, 6_d._ to 10_d._ in towns.
| | | | |Per day, summer and winter, 3_d._ to 6_d._, under
| | | | |16, in Nantes.
| | | | | |Per year, in Nantes, sometimes from 15_l._
| | | | | |to 16_l._ 13_s._ 4_d._; in the country
| | | | | |considerably less.
| | | | | | |If the father obtains constant
| | | | | | |employment and applies the whole of his
| | | | | | |earnings to the support of his family,
| | | | | | |and his wife and children are enabled
| | | | | | |to add 200 or 300 francs thereto, he
| | | | | | |may have in his power to buy a little
| | | | | | |bacon or other meat now and then, and
| | | | | | |maintain his family without assistance
| | | | | | |from the bureau de bienfaisance, but
| | | | | | |that allows only 70 francs to provide
| | | | | | |fuel and clothes for the whole family,
| | | | | | |after the hire of a room. The bread and
| | | | | | |vegetables had been paid for out of the
| | | | | | |father’s wages.
| | | | | | |
BOURDEAUX, p. 235
|Per day, 1_s._ 7½_d._ to 2_s._ 5_d._
| |Daily labourer, 1_s._ 4½_d._
| |Yearly labourer:
| | Money £17 0
| | Other advantages, 4 12
| | ------
| | Annual inc. £21 12
| | |. . . .
| | | |Per week, 3_s._ 4½_d._; in harvest, 4_s._ 2½_d._;
| | | |in the vine districts, except during harvest, 2_s._
| | | |10_d._
| | | | | |Per year, 12_l._
| | | | | | |Certainly. The food varies in different
| | | | | | |districts. Throughout the district
| | | | | | |called Landes (heath) occupying alone
| | | | | | |one-third of this department, the food
| | | | | | |consists in rye bread, soup made of
| | | | | | |millet, cakes made of Indian corn, now
| | | | | | |and then some salt provision and
| | | | | | |vegetables, rarely if ever butchers’
| | | | | | |meat; their drink water, which for the
| | | | | | |most part is stagnant.
| | | | | | |
BAYONNE, p. 261
|Per day, average workmen, 1_s._ 3_d._ to 1_s._ 6_d._; best workmen,
|2_s._ 6_d._ to 3_s._
| |Per day, town and country, 1_s._ Very few in the country.
| | | |. . . .
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |The food of the proprietor or working
| | | | | | |farmer chiefly consists of vegetable
| | | | | | |soups, potatoes, salt fish, pork,
| | | | | | |bacon, &c., &c., seldom or ever
| | | | | | |butchers’ meat, and invariably Indian
| | | | | | |corn bread, home-baked.
| | | | | | |
MARSEILLES, p. 188
|Labourers (of what description not stated) per day, 15_d._ to 18_d._;
|by the year, 7_l._ to 8_l._, with board and lodging; 16_l._ to 20_l._
|without board and lodging.
| | | |Per day, 7_d._ to 9_d._, all the year.
| | | | |Per day, aged 11 and under 16, same as woman;
| | | | |under 11, nothing.
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |They could subsist on the aggregate
| | | | | | |earnings of the father, mother, and
| | | | | | |children. Their food is generally
| | | | | | |composed of vegetables, bread, and
| | | | | | |farinaceous substances made into soup,
| | | | | | |&c.; and meat soup or bouillie probably
| | | | | | |once a week.
| | | | | | |
PIEDMONT, pp. 657, 658
|From 1_s._ 8_d._ to 4_s._ 2_d._ The first sum forming the wages of a
|carpenter or mason, the second those of a clever goldsmith.
| |Per day, summer 10_d._ to 12_d._; winter 6_d._ to 7½_d._;
| |intermediate seasons, 7½_d._ to 10_d._ Per Year, 8_l._ to
| |12_l._ The piece labourer obtains about 20 or 30 per cent. more
| |than the day labourer. Almost every family earns from 1_l._
| |13_s._ 4_d._ to 2_l._ 8_s._ 4_d._ by breeding silk-worms.
| | |Something more than those of the country.
| | | |During eight months, 2_s._ 6_d._ a week; other four
| | | |months (winter) 1_s._ 8_d._ per week, at most.
| | | | |Per day, 5_d._ in silk-mills; little other
| | | | |employment.
| | | | | |Per year, inclusive of produce of
| | | | | |silk-worms, rather less than 10_l._ to
| | | | | |12_l._
| | | | | | |I think it can, but on the simplest and
| | | | | | |coarsest food; no meat, little wine,
| | | | | | |and twice as much maize flour as wheat
| | | | | | |flour. And with all possible economy,
| | | | | | |if there has been a bad harvest, and
| | | | | | |consequently dear provisions, he must
| | | | | | |apply to the charity of his neighbours
| | | | | | |or of the inhabitants of his parish.
| | | | | | |If his character is good, he cannot
| | | | | | |fail of obtaining it.
| | | | | | |
GENOA, p. 660
|In fine manufactures, from 25_l._ to 28_l._ a year; in ordinary
|manufactures, from 16_l._ to 20_l._ a year.
| |. . . .
| | |From 12_l._ to 14_l._ a year, without food.
| | | |A little.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |
SAVOY, p. 661
|. . . .
| |Per day, 15_d._ in summer; 12_d._ or 10_d._ in winter, without
| |food, or 6_d._ with food, and a pint of wine.
| | |. . . .
| | | |One-third of a man’s earnings.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |
PORTUGAL, p. 642
|. . . .
| |In the cultivation of the vine and in the vintage, from 1_s._
| |6_d._ to 2_s._ 6_d._ per day, with food.
| | |. . . .
| | | |In harvest, from 3½_d._ to 6_d._ per day, with coarse
| | | |food.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |Salt fish, vegetable soup with oil or
| | | | | | |lard, and bread made of maize.
| | | | | | |
THE AZORES, p. 645
|Per day, skilful, 15_d._ to 20_d._
| |Per day, 6_d._ to 8_d._; or yearly, 6_l._ to 8_l._, with
| |breakfast and dinner on certain occasions, such as harvest,
| |vintage, hoeing corn, or cutting wood on the mountains.
| | |. . . .
| | | |Children under 16; field to 5_d._ per day; boys from
| | | |10 to 14, 3_d._ to 4_d._ per day; boys from 7 to 10,
| | | |2_d._ to 3_d._ per day.
| | | | | |If employed for 250 days, 13_l._ 10_s._
| | | | | | |With the above earnings they may
| | | | | | |subsist pretty well with sufficiency
| | | | | | |of Indian corn, bread, vegetables,
| | | | | | |potatoes, and fruit; seldom any meat,
| | | | | | |but in the summer time fish, when
| | | | | | |abundant, such as mackerel, sardinhas,
| | | | | | |smelts, bonitas, abacore, and dolphin.
| | | | | | |
THE CANARY ISLANDS, p. 687
|Per Day, 3_s._
| |Per day, 14_d._ to 18_d._
| | |. . . .
| | | |Per day, as sempstresses, at Santa Cruz, 6_d._ with
| | | |food; 10_d._ without.
| | | | |. . . .
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |They are satisfied with the commonest
| | | | | | |food and their other wants are very
| | | | | | |limited from the nature of the climate.
| | | | | | |
GREECE, p. 666 (General Return)
|Labourers not distinguished. Per day, 17_d._, without food; per year,
|18_l._ 1_s._ 2_d._
| | | |Children under 16, per week, 4_s._ 9½_d._
| | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |. . . .
| | | | | | |
PATRAS, p. 668
|Per day, 1_s._ 6_d._ to 2_s._ 3_d._
| |Per day, summer, 1_s._ 2½ _d._, winter, 11_d._ without food;
| |per year, 12_l._; with food and shoes, per month, 9_s._
| |N.B. Only 248 working days.
| | |. . . .
| | | |Children under 16, per day, in harvest, 6_d._;
| | | |something less in winter.
| | | | | |23_l._ (supposed to include the man’s
| | | | | |wages.)
| | | | | | |They do so, living temperately, as
| | | | | | |these persons almost all do, using both
| | | | | | |maize and wheaten bread, olives, pulse,
| | | | | | |vegetables, salt fish, and occasionally
| | | | | | |meat on great festivals. Their usual
| | | | | | |drink is water, but the men take wine
| | | | | | |also moderately.
| | | | | | |
EUROPEAN TURKEY, p. 671
|Near Towns: Skilled, per month, 1_l._ with provisions; 1_l._ 10_s._
|without provisions; unskilled summer, per month, 9_s._ with
|provisions; 1_l._ without provisions; winter, one-third less.
|
|Distant from Towns, a little more than half. Common labourer, near
|towns, per year, about 18_l._; in other districts, about 8_l._
|
|Wages of artisans, about double those of common labourers.
| | | |Per week, spinners and weavers, and in the field,
| | | |2_s._
| | | | |Under 16, apprenticed labourers and shepherds,
| | | | |about half as much as women.
| | | | | |Wife, 4_l._; eldest child, 2_l._; together
| | | | | |6_l._; (the children under 14 being employed
| | | | | |at home.)
| | | | | | |Such a family can subsist on their
| | | | | | |aggregate earnings. Their food
| | | | | | |principally consists of bread, rice,
| | | | | | |greens, dried beans and peas, olives
| | | | | | |and onions, and meat about once a week.
| | | | | | |

[Sidenote: English Statistics.]

The answers to the following eight purely statistical questions may also be compared with the results respecting England and Wales, obtained by the Enumeration of 1831.

14. The proportion of annual deaths to the whole population?

15. The proportion of annual births to the whole population?

16. The proportion of annual marriages to the whole population?

17. The average number of children to a marriage?

18. Proportion of legitimate to illegitimate births?

19. The proportion of children that die before the end of their 1st year?

20. Proportion of children that die before the end of their 10th year?

21. Proportion of children that die before the end of their 18th year?

The average annual proportion, since 1820, of births and deaths, to the whole population of England and Wales, is thus stated by Mr. Rickman:

Deaths 1 in 49[22]
Births 1 in 28[23]

The average annual proportion during five years preceding 1831, of marriages to the whole population of England and Wales, is stated by Mr. Rickman to be 1 to 128[24].

The average annual proportion in England and Wales, during ten years preceding 1831, of births to marriages, to be 441 to 100[25].

The proportion in England and Wales, in the year 1830, of legitimate to illegitimate births, to be 19 to 1[26].

The proportion in England and Wales of deaths of persons under 1 year to the whole number of deaths during 18 years, ending in 1830, to be 778,803 out of 3,938,496, or 1 in 5¹⁄₁₇, or more nearly 1 in 5²⁄₃₅.

The proportion of deaths under the age of 10 years to be 1,524,937 out of 3,938,496, or 1 in 2⅗, or more nearly 1 in 2²⁹⁄₅₀.

The proportion of deaths under the age of 18 years to be 1,703,941 out of 3,938,496, or 1 in 2⅓, or more nearly 1 in 2⁵³⁄₁₇₀[27].

[22] Preface to Enumeration Abstract, p. 25.

[23] Ib., p. 44, 25.

[24] Ib., p. 34.

[25] Ib., p. 45.

[26] Preface to Enumeration Abstract, p. 44.

[27] Ib., p. 36.

The following is an Abstract of the Foreign Returns contained in this Appendix. Those marked thus (*) appear to have been derived from enumeration; the others to depend on estimation.

DIGEST OF ANSWERS.