Chapter II: Part II: , The Era of Steam, Iron and Steel,” by Sir George C. V

Holmes, K.C.V.O., C.B. (1906); “The Clyde Passenger Steamer: Its Rise and Progress,” by Captain James Williamson (1904); “The History of American Steam Navigation,” by John H. Morrison (1903); “The History of North Atlantic Steam Navigation,” by Henry Fry (1896); “The American Merchant Marine,” by W. L. Martin (1902); “The Atlantic Ferry: Its Ships, Men, and Working,” by Arthur J. Maginnis (London, 1893); “Ocean Liners of the World,” by W. Bellows (1896); “Life of Robert Napier,” by James Napier (1904); “Handbook on Marine Engines and Boilers,” by Sir G. C. V. Holmes (1889); “The Royal Yacht Squadron,” by Montague Guest and W. B. Boulton (1903); “The Rise and Progress of Steam Navigation,” by W. J. Millar (1881); “Practical Shipbuilding,” by A. Campbell Holms; “The Boy’s Book of Steamships,” by J. R. Howden (1908); “The Steam Turbine,” by R. M. Neilson (1903); “Our Ocean Railways, or Ocean Steam Navigation,” by A. Macdonald (1893); “Life of R. Fulton and a History of Steam Navigation,” by T. Wallace Knox (1887); “Life on the Mississippi,” by Mark Twain; “American Notes,” by Charles Dickens; “The Orient Line Guide,” by W. J. Loftie (1901); “The History of the Holyhead Railway Boat Service,” by Clement E. Stretton (1901); the “Catalogue of the Naval and Marine Engineering Collection in the Science Division of the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington” (1899); “Catalogue of the Mechanical Engineering Collection in the Science Division” of the above (1907); “The Progress of German Shipbuilding” (1909); “Leibnizens und Huygens Briefwechsel mit Papin,” by G. W. Von Leibnitz (1881); “British Shipbuilding,” by A. L. Ayre (1910); “Lloyd’s Calendar.” In addition to the above, I have laid myself under obligation to a number of articles which have appeared at one time and another in the newspapers and periodicals within the last century, and especially to certain contributions in the _Century Magazine_, the _Yachting Monthly_, the _Engineer_ and in _Engineering_. For the rest, I have relied on material which I have myself collected, as well as on much valuable matter which has been courteously supplied to me by the various shipbuilding firms and steamship lines.

My thanks are also due for the courteous permission which has been given to reproduce photographs of many of the steamships seen within these pages. To the authorities at South Kensington I am indebted for the privilege of reproducing a number of the exhibits in the Victoria and Albert Museum. I wish also to thank the City of Dublin Steam Packet Company for permission to reproduce the _Royal William_; Mr. James Napier for the illustration of the _British Queen_; the Cunard Steamship Company for the various photographs of many of their fleet; also the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company, Messrs. Ismay, Imrie and Co., Messrs. Anderson, Anderson and Co., the American Line, the Norddeutscher Lloyd Company, the Liverpool Steam Towing and Lighterage Company, Messrs. L. Smit and Co., the Ymuiden Tug Company, Messrs. Lobnitz and Co., Renfrew, the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board, Liverpool, Sir W. G. Armstrong, Whitworth and Co., Messrs. William Doxford and Sons, Sir Raylton Dixon and Co., Messrs. Cochrane and Sons, Selby, the Fall River Line, Messrs. A. and J. Inglis, Messrs. Thos. Rhodes and Co., the Caledon Shipbuilding and Engineering Co., Messrs. Camper and Nicholson, Messrs. Cammell, Laird and Co., the Great Western Railway Company, the London and North Western Railway Company, the London and South Western Railway Company, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway Company, Messrs. Harland and Wolff, and Messrs. C. A. Parsons and Co. To the Right Hon. the Earl of Stanhope, to the New Jersey Historical Society, and also to the proprietors of the _Century Magazine_ I wish to return thanks for being allowed to reproduce certain illustrations connected with Fulton’s early experiments in steam navigation, and to the _Yachting Monthly_ for permission to reproduce the diagrams of steam yachts and lifeboats.

Finally, I have to apologise if through any cause it should be found that in spite of extreme carefulness errrors should have found their way into this narrative. The nature of the subject is necessarily such that to have erred herein would have been easy, but I have been at great pains to prevent such a possibility occurring.

E. KEBLE CHATTERTON.

_June, 1910._

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE
1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. THE EVOLUTION OF MECHANICALLY-PROPELLED CRAFT 12

3. THE EARLY PASSENGER STEAMSHIPS 63

4. THE INAUGURATION OF THE LINER 104

5. THE LINER IN HER TRANSITION STATE 145

6. THE COMING OF THE TWIN-SCREW STEAMSHIP 165

7. THE MODERN MAMMOTH STEAMSHIP 183

8. SMALLER OCEAN CARRIERS AND CROSS-CHANNEL STEAMERS 215

9. STEAMSHIPS FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES 233

10. THE STEAM YACHT 266

11. THE BUILDING OF THE STEAMSHIP 282

12. THE SAFETY AND LUXURY OF THE PASSENGER 297

13. SOME STEAMSHIP PROBLEMS 309

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

_Page_
The “Olympic” _Frontispiece_

Hero’s Steam Apparatus 18

Jonathan Hulls’ Steam Tug Boat 30

The Marquis de Jouffroy’s Steamboat 40

Patrick Miller’s Double-hulled Paddle-boat 42

Symington’s First Marine Engine 42

Outline of Fitch’s First Boat 45

The “Charlotte Dundas” 46

The “Clermont” in 1807 46

Fulton’s design for a Steamboat submitted to the Commission
appointed by Napoleon in 1803 51

Fulton’s First Plans for Steam Navigation 57

Fulton’s design of Original Apparatus for determining the
Resistance of Paddles for the propulsion of the “Clermont,”
dated 1806 64

The Reconstructed “Clermont” at the Hudson-Fulton Celebrations,
1909 70

Paddle-wheel of the Reconstructed “Clermont” 70

Fulton’s Preliminary Study for the Engine of the “Clermont” 75

Fulton’s plans of a later Steamboat than the “Clermont-North-
River,” showing application of the square side connecting
rod Engine 77

The “Comet” 78

Engine of the “Comet” 78

S.S. “Elizabeth” (1815) 84

Russian Passenger Steamer (1817) 84

The “Prinzessin Charlotte” (1816) 90

The “Savannah” (1819) 90

The “James Watt” (1821) 94

Side-Lever Engines of the “Ruby” (1836) 94

The “Sirius” (1838) 96

The “Royal William” (1838) 96

The “Great Western” (1838) 100

Paddle-wheel of the “Great Western” 100

The “British Queen” (1839) 102

The “Britannia,” the First Atlantic Liner (1840) 102

The “Teviot” and “Clyde” (1841) 110

Side-lever Engine 110

Launch of the “Forth” (1841) 112

The “William Fawcett” and H.M.S. “Queen” (1829) 112

Designs for Screw Propellers prior to 1850 118

The “Robert F. Stockton” (1838) 120

The “Archimedes” (1839) 120

Stern of the “Archimedes” 122

The “Novelty” (1839) 122

The “Great Britain” (1843) 126

Propeller of the “Great Britain” 126

Engines of the “Great Britain” 128

Engines of the “Helen McGregor” 128

The “Scotia” (1862) 130

The “Pacific” (1853) 130

Maudslay’s Oscillating Engine. 132

Engines of the “Candia” 132

The “Victoria” (1852) 134

The “Himalaya” (1853) 134

Coasting Cargo Steamer (1855) 134

The “Great Eastern” (1858) 138

Paddle Engines of the “Great Eastern” 140

Screw Engines of the “Great Eastern” 140

The “City of Paris” (1866) 148

The “Russia” (1867) 148

The “Oceanic” (1870) 152

The “Britannic” (1874) 154

The “Servia” (1881) 154

The “Umbria” (1884) 158

The “Orient” (1879) 158

The “Austral” (1881) 162

The “Victoria” (1887) 162

The “Majestic” (1889) 162

The “City of Paris” (1893) (now the “Philadelphia”) 166

The “Ophir” (1891) 166

The “Lucania” (1893) 170

The “Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse” (1897) 174

The “Oceanic” (1899) 176

The “Cedric” 176

The “Celtic” 178

The “Kaiser Wilhelm II.” 180

Giovanni Branca’s Steam Engine (1629) 184

The Blades of a Parsons Turbine 185

The Parsons Turbine 186

The “Carmania” (1905) 188

Lower half of the fixed portion of one of the “Carmania’s”
Turbines 188

A Study in Comparisons: the “Magnetic” and “Baltic” 192

The “Mauretania” when completing at Wallsend-on-Tyne 198

Stern of the “Mauretania” 200

The “Lusitania” 202

The “Adriatic” 206

The “George Washington” 208

The “Berlin” 208

The “Laurentic” on the Stocks 210

The “Mooltan” 216

The Starting Platform in the Engine Room of the “Mooltan” 218

The “Balmoral Castle” 220

The “Cambria” (1848) 222

Engines of the “Leinster” (1860) 222

The “Atalanta” (1841) 226

The “Lyons” (1856) 226

The “Empress” leaving Dover Harbour 226

The Ocean Tug “Blackcock” 234

The Passenger Tender “Sir Francis Drake” 234

The 7,000 ton Floating Dry-dock under tow by the “Roode Zee”
and “Zwarte Zee” 236

The Salvage Tug “Admiral de Ruyter” 238

The New York Harbour and River Tug Boat “Edmund Moran” 238

The Paddle-Tug “Dromedary” 240

The Bucket Dredger “Peluse” 240

The Suction Dredger “Leviathan” 242

The “Vigilant” 242

The Telegraph Steamer “Monarch” 244

Deck View of the Telegraph Ship “Faraday” 244

The “Silverlip” 246

Section of Modern Oil-tank Steamer 246

The Turret-ship “Inland” 248

Midship Section of a Turret-ship 248

Cantilever Framed Ship 250

The North Sea Trawler “Orontes” 252

The Steam Trawler “Notre Dame des Dunes” 252

Hydraulic Lifeboat 255

A Screw Lifeboat 257

The “Inez Clarke” 258

The “Natchez” and the “Eclipse” (1855) 258

The “Empire” 258

The “Commonwealth” 262

Beam Engine of an American River Steamer 262

The “City of Cleveland” 264

An American “Whale-back” Steamer 264

Typical Steam Yacht of about 1890 271

A Steam Yacht of To-day 275

The Russian Imperial Yacht “Livadia” 276

The Royal Yacht “Victoria and Albert” 278

The Royal Yacht “Alexandra” 278

The S.Y. “Sagitta” 280

The S.Y. “Triad” 280

“Flush-decked” Type 283

“Three Island” Type 283

“Top-gallant Forecastle” Type 284

“Top-gallant Forecastle” Type, with raised quarter-deck 284

Early “Well-deck” Type 284

“Well-deck” Type 285

“Spar-deck” Type 285

“Awning-deck” Type 286

“Shade-deck” Type 286

The Building of the “Mauretania” (showing floor and part of
frames) 286

The “George Washington” in course of Construction 288

Bows of the “Berlin” in course of Construction 290

The “Berlin” just before her Launch 290

Stern frame of the “Titanic,” February 9, 1910 292

The Shelter Deck of the “Orsova” in course of Construction 292_a_

One of the Decks of the “Lusitania” in course of Construction 292_a_

Launch of the “Araguaya” 294

Launch of a Turret-Ship 294

The “Suevic” ashore off the Lizard 296

The Stern Part of the “Suevic” awaiting the New Bow at
Southampton 296_a_

The New Bow of the “Suevic” at entrance to Dock 296_a_

Charles Dickens’s State-room on the “Britannia” 298

The Veranda Café of the “Lusitania” 300

First Class Dining Saloon of the “Adriatic” 300

Dining Saloon of the S.Y. “Liberty” 302

Gymnasium of the S.Y. “Liberty” 302

The Marconi Room on a Cunard Liner 306

STEAMSHIPS AND THEIR STORY