Chapter XXIX (2)

“At the death of ‘Iron Bar,’ a very respectable trader, and of the late king Archibongo, I saw the absurdity of these rites carried out to their fullest extent. At ‘Iron Bar’s,’ as I went into the yard, there was a dense crowd gathered round what was supposed to be his grave, which was made in the room where he died, and sunk to a depth of ten or twelve feet, that it might hold all the things put into it for his use in the next world. At the head of his grave a palm oil light was burning with a livid flame, and cast a dim shade over a man who had descended into it for the purpose of arranging his furniture--brass pans, copper rods, mugs, jugs, pots, ewers, tureens, plates, knives, forks, spoons, soap, looking-glasses, and a heap of Manchester cloth, all impaired in their integrity by a slight fracture or a tear. In the evening I visited the place again. The grave was filled up and levelled. Over it was placed a number of mats, on which were squatted a score of women. In all the apartments of the court numbers of the soft sex were in a like position, and kept up the most dismal and dolorous mourning it is possible for the imagination to conceive. I find it out of my power to convey any idea of the sensation it communicated to me. It was not harsh, it was not loud, it was not crying, nor was it shrieking; it bore no resemblance to an Irish wake, or to the squalling of a congregation of cats; but it was a puling, nauseating, melancholy howl, that would have turned my stomach long before it could have affected my brain. Over the grave, and suspended by a string from the roof, was a living cock, tied up by his legs, with its beak pointed downward. There is always a hole left in the side of the grave, through which, from time to time, rum or mimbo is poured for the spirit’s refreshment. With this there are also erected, within the house, or on the public road, or by the river’s side, what are called ‘devil houses,’ of which Iron Bar’s were good specimens. There were three structures of this kind constructed for him; one in the court attached to the house, one outside, and one on the beach, adjoining the canopy, overspread the bamboo roof placed to shelter the table, and over this again was a trio of parasols, two crimson and one blue, of silk material, and white fringe to each. Around the table were three large sofas, and at either end of the roof a pendant glass lamp. But the greatest display was on the table. In the centre was a large mirror, with a huge brass jug behind it; on either side, and covering every spare inch of the table, heaped over each other as high up as an equilibrium could be sustained, were monster jugs, decanters, tumblers, soup tureens, flower vases, bottles and mugs of all shapes and sizes, china and glass articles, as much as would stock a large shop; all being damaged like the articles placed in the graves, perhaps on the supposition that their materiality should be destroyed in order to allow the spirit to escape with them, for the ghostly company they were intended to serve, or perhaps, and more likely, to render them useless to any of the thieving fraternity, who in the practice of their science might stray in the road of these establishments. In another of the ‘devil-houses’ a quantity of cooked meat, cooked plaintain, and the pounded yam called _foo-poo_, were placed in calabashes for the refreshment of himself and those who were to be his fellow-travellers in the world of spirits. It shows clearly that they have a belief in a future existence, because these ‘devil-houses’ are always furnished as profusely as their means will allow, from the conviction that of whatever quality his comforts may have been to the defunct when he was in this world, they will be similar in the next. The houses erected for King Archibongo, to entertain his devil in, were superior in their furniture to those of Iron Bar. That on the beach, particularly, contained a quantity of the productions of native art. The women always go in mourning by painting patterns of deep black on their foreheads, and the men by covering their bodies over with ashes. When the mourning time is over a general smash is made of all the things in the devil house, the house itself is pulled down, and nothing but the wreck of matter left behind. Together with the widows and slaves, who in former times were sacrificed at the death of a gentleman, there were added to the list a number of persons who were accused by the friends of the deceased as being accessory to his death, and obliged to undergo what is called the ‘chop-nut’ test. They cannot believe, or at least they will not try to understand, how natural causes create disease, and attribute them and subsequent death to ‘ijod,’ or witchcraft. Hence a plan is adopted to find out the perpetrator by fixing on a number of persons, and compelling them to take a quantity of a poisonous nut, which is supposed to be innocuous if the accused be innocent, and to be fatal if he be guilty.”

In Madagascar, that dark “country with no God,” the burial rites are on a much more splendid and elaborate scale--at least as regards royalty--than would be expected, considering that the Malagaseys’ belief is that death is the end of all things, and the animated clay called man is of no more account than an empty earthen pitcher as soon as evil passions have ceased to stir it and it lies cold and still.

While Madame Pfieffer was sojourning at the court of Queen Ranavola, her majesty’s brother-in-law, Prince Razakaoatrino gave up the ghost, and was buried. “The death of this grand lord,” says Madame Pfieffer, “will give me an opportunity of seeing a new and interesting rite; for the funeral of such an exalted personage is conducted at Madagascar with the greatest solemnity.” After the body has been washed it is wrapped in a simbus of red silk, often to the number of several hundred, and none of which must cost less than ten piastres, though they generally cost much more. Thus enshrouded, the corpse is placed in a kind of coffin, and lies in state in the principal apartment of the house, under a canopy of red silks. Slaves crouch around it as closely as possible, with their hair hanging loose, and their heads bent down, in token of mourning. Each of them is furnished with a kind of fan to keep off the flies and mosquitoes from the deceased. This strange occupation continues day and night; and as high personages are frequently kept unburied for weeks, these slaves have to be continually relieved by others.

“During the time the corpse is lying under the canopy, envoys come from every caste of the nobility, and from every district of the country, accompanied by long trains of servants and slaves, to present tokens of condolence from themselves and in the names of those by whom they are sent. Each of the envoys brings an offering of money, varying according to his own fortune and the amount of popularity enjoyed by the deceased, from half a dollar to fifty or more. These presents are received by the nearest relation to the dead man, and are devoted to defraying the expenses of the burial, which often come to a very large sum; for besides the large number of simbus to be purchased, a good many oxen must be killed. All visitors and envoys stay until the day of the funeral, and are entertained, as well as their servants and slaves, at the expense of the heirs. When the funeral ceremonies extend over several weeks, and the number of guests is large, it may be easily imagined that a goodly stock of provisions is consumed, especially as the people of Madagascar, masters and servants, are valiant trenchermen when they feed at the cost of another. Thus at the death of the last commander of the army, the father of Prince Raharo, no fewer than fifteen hundred oxen were slain and eaten. But then this man had stood very high in the queen’s favour, and his funeral is recorded as the most splendid in the memory of man. He lay in state for three weeks, and young and old streamed in from the farthest corners of the kingdom to pay him the last honours.

“When the corpse is carried out of the house a few slaughtered oxen must be laid at the door, and the bearers have to step over their bodies. The period of lying in state, and of mourning generally, is fixed by the queen herself. For the prince in question the time was fixed at four days. If he had been a near relation of the queen--a brother or uncle--or one of her particular favourites, he would not have been buried under from ten to fourteen days, and the period of mourning would have extended to twenty or thirty days at least. The body is prevented from becoming offensive by the number of simbus in which it is wrapped.

“We did not follow the funeral procession, but saw it pass. Its extent was very great, and it consisted of nobles, officers, women, mourning women, and slaves in large numbers. From the highest to the lowest all wore their hair loose as a token of mourning; and with this loosened hair they looked so particularly ugly--so horribly hideous--that I had never seen anything like them among the ugliest races of America and India. The women especially, who let their hair grow longer than the men wear it, might have passed for scarecrows or furies.

“In the midst of the procession came the catafalque, borne by more than thirty men. Like the costumes at the court ball, so this catafalque had been copied from some engraving, for its ornamentation was quite European in character, with this one difference, that the machine was hung with red and variegated silk stuffs instead of the customary black cloth. The prince’s hat and other insignia of rank and honour were placed on it, and on both sides marched slaves with clappers to scare away the flies from the catafalque.

“The corpse was conveyed to the estate of the deceased, thirty miles away, to be buried there. The greater number of officers and nobles only escorted it for the first few miles, but many carried their politeness so far as to go the whole distance. In all Madagascar there is no place exclusively set apart for the burial of the dead. Those who possess land are buried on their own estates. The poor are carried to some place that belongs to nobody, and are there frequently thrown under a bush or put into a hollow, no one taking the trouble even to throw a little earth over them.”

“Among the aborigines of Australia,” says a modern traveller, “when an individual dies they carefully avoid mentioning his name; but if compelled to do so they pronounce it in a very low whisper, so faint that they imagine the spirit cannot hear their voice. The body is never buried with the head on, the skulls of the dead being taken away and used as drinking-vessels by the relations of the deceased. Mooloo, the native whom I met near the junction of the lake, parted with his mother’s skull for a small piece of tobacco. Favourite children are put into bags after death, and placed on elevated scaffolds, two or three being frequently enclosed beneath one covering. The bodies of aged women are dragged out by the legs, and either pushed into a hole in the earth or placed in the forked branches of a tree, no attention whatever being paid to their remains. Those of old men are placed upon the elevated tombs and left to rot until the structure falls to pieces; the bones are then gathered up and buried in the nearest patch of soft earth. When a young man dies, or a warrior is slain in battle, his corpse is set up cross-legged upon a platform with his face towards the rising of the sun; the arms are extended by means of sticks, the head is fastened back, and all the apertures of the body are sewn up; the hair is plucked, and the fat of the corpse, which had previously been taken out, is now mixed with red ochre and rubbed all over the body. Fires are then kindled underneath the platform, and the friends and mourners take up their position around it, where they remain about ten days, during the whole of which time the mourners are not allowed to speak; a native is placed on each side of the corpse, whose duty it is to keep off the flies with bunches of emu feathers or small branches of trees. If the body thus operated upon should happen to belong to a warrior slain in fight his weapons are laid across his lap and his limbs are painted in stripes of red and white and yellow. After the body has remained for several weeks on the platform it is taken down and buried, the skull becoming the drinking-cup of the nearest relation. Bodies thus preserved have the appearance of mummies; there is no sign of decay, and the wild dogs will not meddle with them, though they devour all manner of carrion.

“When a friend or an individual belonging to the same tribe sees for the first time one of these bodies thus set up, he approaches it, and commences by abusing the deceased for dying, saying there is plenty of food and that he should have been contented to remain; then after looking at the body intently for some time, he throws his spear and his _wirri_ at it, exclaiming--‘Why did you die?’ or ‘Take that for dying!’”

Mr. Parkyns, the Abyssinian traveller, thus relates his observation of the death and burial custom prevailing in this part of the world.

“A plaintive and melancholy wail which suddenly broke on my ear induced me to return to the square to witness the funeral ceremonies of a young woman who had died on the previous night. The priests and deacons had mustered in strong force, and came fully robed, and their flaring and tawdry ceremonials ill accorded with the mournful ceremony they were about to perform. Some of the priests went into the house where the deceased lay to comfort the bereaved relatives, but the greater number continued outside waving incense and chanting. The corpse, which meantime had been washed and dressed, was brought out on its bier, and the procession formed. On seeing this, the relatives and friends gave vent to their uncontrollable griefs in the most violent and agonizing lamentations. Some frantically grasped the bier, as if they would still retain the beloved object; others gave utterance to the heart’s intense despair by sobs and sighs, by tearing their hair, rending their clothes, and even by dashing their nails into their neck and face till the blood trickled down in copious streams. The most affecting and touching sight was the mother, the old grandmother, and two sisters, who each with some trifling memento of the departed in their hands, ran distractedly about the court, telling every one some story or incident connected with those precious relics of an undying love, which they continually pressed to their lips.

“The prayers being ended, the bier was lifted on the shoulders of the bearers, and preceded by the priests moved towards the grave-yard. Here arrived, after a psalm had been chanted, the fees paid to the priests, and the deceased formally absolved, the friends and relatives are allowed to gaze for the last time on the face of the dead, which is coffined or not, according to the means of the surviving friends. Then another psalm is chanted and the body lowered into the grave.

“The mourners now retire to the house of the deceased, where every morning for a whole week the _lesko_ or waking ceremony is repeated. During this period no fire may be kindled in the house, nor any food prepared; but all the wants of the bereaved must be provided for by the friends and neighbours, who willingly do this, as it is considered a good and meritorious work.”

We have already presented the reader with a coloured picture of the manner in which the Sambo Indian of the Mosquito shore is carried, or rather dragged, to his final resting-place. We will now, with the permission of Mr. Bard, who was an eye-witness of the curious scene, give the details:--

“My friend Hodgson informed me that a funeral was to take place at a settlement a few miles up the river, and volunteered to escort me thither in the pitpan, if Antonio would undertake the business of paddling. The suggestion was very acceptable, and after dinner we set out.

“But we were not alone. We found dozens of pitpans, filled with men and women, starting for the same destination. It is impossible to imagine a more picturesque spectacle than these light and graceful boats, with occupants dressed in the brightest colours, sailing over the placid waters of the river. There was a keen strife among the rowers, who, with shouts and screeches, in which both men and women joined, exerted themselves to the utmost.

“Less than an hour brought us in view of a little collection of huts, grouped on the shore under the shadow of a cluster of palm trees, which from a distance presented a picture of entrancing beauty. A large group of natives had already collected on the shore, and as we came near we heard the monotonous heating of the native drum, relieved by an occasional low and deep blast on a large hollow pipe. In the pauses we distinguished suppressed wails, which contained for a minute or so, and were then followed by dreary music of the drum and pipe.

“On advancing towards the huts and the centre of the group, I found a small pitpan cut in a half, in one part of which, wrapped in cotton cloth, was the dead body of a man of middle age. Around the pitpan were stationed a number of women with palm branches to keep off the flies. Their frizzled hair started from their heads like snakes from the brow of the fabled Gorgon, and they swayed their bodies to and fro, keeping a kind of treadmill step to the measure of the doleful _tum-tum_. With the exception of the men who beat the drum and blew the pipe, these women appeared to be the only persons at all interested in the proceedings. The rest were standing in groups, or squatted at the roots of the palm trees. I was beginning to grow tired of the performance, when, with a suddenness which startled even the women, four men, entirely naked excepting a cloth tied round their loins and daubed over with variously-coloured clays, rushed from the interior of one of the huts, and hastily fastening a piece of rope to the half of the pitpan containing the corpse, dashed away towards the woods, dragging it after them like a sledge. The women with the Gorgon heads, and the men with the drum and trumpet, followed them on the run, each keeping time on his respective instrument. The spectators all hurried after in a confused mass, while a big negro, catching up the remaining half of the pitpan, placed it on his head, and trotted behind the crowd.

“The men bearing the corpse entered the woods, and the mass of spectators jostling each in the narrow path, kept up at the same rapid pace. At the distance of perhaps two hundred yards, there was an open space, covered with low, dark, tangled underbrush, still wet from the rain of the preceding night, and which, although unmarked by any sign, I took to be the burial-place. When I came up, the half of the pitpan containing the body had been put in a shallow trench. The other half was then inverted over it. The Gorgon-headed women threw in their palm-branches, and the painted negroes rapidly filled in the earth. While this was going on, some men were collecting sticks and palm-branches, with which a little hut was hastily built over the grave. In this was placed an earthen vessel, filled with water. The turtle-spear of the dead man was stuck deep in the ground at his head, and a fantastic fellow, with an old musket, discharged three or four rounds over the spot.

“This done, the entire crowd started back in the same manner it had come. No sooner, however, did the painted men reach the village, than, seizing some heavy machetes, they commenced cutting down the palm-trees which stood around the hut that had been occupied by the dead Sambo. It was done silently, in the most hasty manner, and when finished, they ran down to the river and plunged out of sight in the water--a kind of lustration or purifying rite. They remained in the water a few moments, then hurried back to the hut from which they had issued, and disappeared.

“This savage and apparently unmeaning ceremony was explained to me, by Hodgson, as follows:--Death is supposed by the Sambos to result from the influences of a demon, called ‘Wulasha,’ who, ogre-like, feeds upon the bodies of the dead. To rescue the corpse from this fate, it is necessary to lull the demon to sleep, and then steal away the body and bury it, after which it is safe. To this end they bring in the aid of the drowsy drum and droning pipe, and the women go through a slow and soothing dance. Meanwhile, in the recesses of some hut, where they cannot be seen by Wulasha, a certain number of men carefully disguise themselves, so that they may not afterwards be recognized and tormented; and when the demon is supposed to have been lulled to sleep, they seize the moment to bury the body. I could not ascertain any reason for cutting down the palm-trees, except that it had always been practised by their ancestors. As the palm-tree is of slow growth, it has resulted, from this custom, that they have nearly disappeared from some parts of the coast. I could not learn that it was the habit to plant a cocoa-nut tree upon the birth of a child, as in some parts of Africa, where the tree receives a common name with the infant, and the annual rings on its trunk mark his age.

“If the water disappears from the earthen vessel placed on the grave--which, as the ware is porous, it seldom fails to do in the course of a few days--it is taken as evidence that it has been consumed by the dead man, and that he has escaped the maw of Wulasha.”

Last in this melancholy chapter on African funerals comes Dahomey. And having at length arrived at the end of our task, we would once more impress on the reader’s mind that, with very few exceptions, the illustrations of savage life here given are not affairs of the past--they exist _now_, at the present day and hour. At the very moment the reader is perusing our account of Dahoman blood-rule, blood-rule is dominant. Only that so many thousands of miles part the reader from the scene of these atrocities, he might still hear the wail of the victims as he reads. That we are authorised in making these remarks, we will prove to the reader by placing before him the very last report from this horrible country--that furnished to Government by Commodore Wilmot, January, 1863. As already narrated in this book, once a year the whole of the king’s possessions are carried through the town, that the people may see and admire.

It was during the procession of the king’s treasures that the “human sacrifices” came round, after the cowries, cloths, tobacco, and rum had passed, which were to be thrown to the people. A long string of live fowls on poles appeared, followed by goats in baskets, then by a bull, and lastly half-a-dozen men with hands and feet tied, and a cloth fastened in a peculiar way round the head.

A day or two after these processions, the king appeared on the first platform: there were four of these platforms, two large and two small. His father never had more than two, but he endeavours to excel him in everything, and to do as much again as he did. If his father gave one sheep as a present, he gives two. The sides of all these platforms were covered with crimson and other coloured cloths, with curious devices, and figures of alligators, elephants, and snakes; the large ones are in the form of a square, with a neat building of considerable size, also covered over, running along the whole extent of one side. The ascent was by a rough ladder covered over, and the platform itself was neatly floored with dried grass, and perfectly level. Dispersed all over this were chiefs under the king’s umbrellas, sitting down, and at the further end from the entrance the king stood, surrounded by a chosen few of his Amazons. In the centre of this side of the platform was a round tower, about thirty feet high, covered with cloths, bearing similar devices as the other parts. This is a new idea of the king’s, and from the top of this tower the victims are thrown to the people below. When the king is ready, he commences by throwing cowries to the people in bundles, as well as separately. The scramble begins, and the noise occasioned by the men fighting to catch these is very great. Thousands are assembled with nothing on but a waist-clout, and a small bag for the cowries. Sometimes they fight by companies, one company against the other, according to the king’s fancy; and the leaders are mounted on the shoulders of their people. After the cowries, cloths are thrown, occasioning the greatest excitement. While this lasts, the king gives them to understand that if any man is killed, nothing will be done to the man who is the cause of it, as all is supposed to be fair fighting with hands, no weapons being allowed. Then the chiefs are called, and cowries and cloths are given to them. The king begins by throwing away everything himself; then his Amazons take it up for a short time, when the king renews the game and finishes the sport, changing his position from one place to another along the front part of the platform. When all that the king intends throwing away for the day is expended, a short pause ensues, and, by and by, are seen inside the platform the poles with live fowls (all cocks) at the end of them, in procession towards the round tower. Three men mount to the top, and receive, one by one, all these poles, which are precipitated on the people beneath. A large hole has been prepared, and a rough block of wood ready, upon which the necks of the victims are laid, and their heads chopped off, the blood from the body being allowed to fall into the hole. After the fowls come the goats, then the bull, and, lastly, the men, who are tumbled down in the same way. All the blood is mixed together in the hole, and remains exposed with the block till night. The bodies of the men are dragged along by the feet, and maltreated on the way, by being beaten with sticks, hands in some cases cut off, and large pieces cut out of their bodies, which are held up. They are then taken to a deep pit and thrown in. The heads alone are preserved by being boiled, so that the skull may be seen in a state of great perfection. The heads of the human victims killed are first placed in baskets and exposed for a short time. This was carried on for two days. Mr. Wilmot would not witness the slaying of these men on the first day, as he was very close to them, and did not think it right to sanction by his presence such sacrifices. He therefore got up and went into a tent, and when all was over returned to his seat. One of the victims was saved:--

“While sitting in the tent a messenger arrived, saying, ‘The king calls you.’ I went and stood under the platform where he was. Tens of thousands of people were assembled; not a word, not a whisper was heard. I saw one of the victims ready for slaughter on the platform, held by a narrow strip of white cloth under his arms. His face was expressive of the deepest alarm, and much of its blackness had disappeared; there was a whiteness about it most extraordinary. The king said, ‘You have come here as my friend, have witnessed all my customs, have shared goodnaturedly in the distribution of my cowries and cloths; I love you as my friend, and you have shown that an Englishman, like you, can have sympathy with the black man. I now give you your share of the victims, and present you with this man, who from henceforth belongs to you, to do as you like with him, to educate him, take him to England, or anything else you choose.’ The poor fellow was then lowered down, and the white band placed in my hands. The expression of joy in his countenance cannot be described: it said, ‘The bitterness of death, and such a death, is passed, and I cannot comprehend my position.’ Not a sound escaped from his lips, but the eye told what the heart felt; and even the king himself participated in his joy. The chiefs and people cheered me as I passed through them with the late intended victim behind me.”

And now let us describe the burial of a Dahoman king; would it were of the last king of this accursed nation of fanatics and murderers:

On the death of a king, a description of cenotaph, surrounded by iron rails, is erected in the centre of this catacomb. On the top of this they place an earthen coffin, cemented together by the blood of one hundred of the captives taken in the last wars, who are sacrificed on the occasion of the king’s death that they may attend on their sovereign in the next world. The corpse of the king is then deposited in this coffin, with the head resting on the skulls of other conquered kings, and as many relics of royalty, such as the skulls and bones, as can be placed beneath the cenotaph are put there as trophies of the deceased sovereign. When all is arranged, the doors of this subterraneous catacomb are thrown open, and eighty of the female dancers connected with the court, together with fifty soldiers of the royal guard, are compelled to enter. All these are supplied with provisions, and are destined to accompany their sovereign to the land of shades--in other words, they are offered as a living sacrifice to the manes of their departed king; and, strange as it may appear, there is always a sufficient number of volunteers of both sexes who consider it an honour thus to immolate themselves.

The entrance of the catacomb having remained open for three days, to receive the deluded votaries, the prime minister covers the coffin with a black velvet pall, and then divides, between himself, the grandees, and the surviving women, the various presents of jewels and clothes made by the new king to the shade of the departed.

During eighteen moons, or months, the heir acts as regent, governing with two of his ministers in the name of the deceased king. At the expiration of the above period, he convenes the whole court at the palace of Ahome, whence they proceed to the subterraneous tomb, when the coffin is opened, and the skull of the deceased king is taken out. The regent, taking it in his left hand, and holding a hatchet in his right, for the first time proclaims aloud the fact, of which the people are supposed to be ignorant, that the king is dead, and that he has hitherto governed only in his name. The company present, on hearing this, fall prostrate, covering themselves with earth in token of profound grief, which, however, does not continue long; for, laying aside the skull and hatchet, the regent draws a sword from its scabbard, and proclaims himself their king. The people immediately make a loud noise with their rude instruments of music, and dancing and other manifestations of mirth follow.

On this occasion all the grandees of the principal white men, who conduct the _sarames_, or factories, present valuable gifts. This is what is termed the “great custom,” to distinguish it from the six months’ custom. Even on this festive occasion some hundreds are immolated that they may convey to the deceased king the tidings of his successor’s coronation. The blood of the victims being mixed with clay; a kind of large pot, something in the shape of an oven, and perforated with holes, is formed. Into this the skull and bones of the deceased king are put, and it is filled up with silk and other articles. On a certain day he goes to pay a visit to his father’s skull, to which he makes an offering, by pouring in, through the holes, brandy, zumbi, and cowries, the current medium of exchange in the kingdom. The latter are presented in order that the deceased may pay his way in the next world, and not disgrace his successor by getting into debt.

THE END.

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16. HUMOROUS.
17. AMERICAN.
18. MRS. HEMANS.
19. THOMSON.
20. HOOD (2nd Series).

Beeton’s Every Day Handbooks.

Crown 8vo, half-bound, cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

=1.= =Beeton’s Every Day Cookery and Housekeeping Book.=
Comprising Instructions for Mistresses and Servants, and a
Collection of Practical Recipes. With 104 Coloured Plates,
showing the Modern Mode of sending Dishes to Table.

=2.= =Beeton’s Dictionary of Every Day Gardening.= A Popular
Encyclopædia of the Theory and Practice of Horticulture. With
Coloured Plates, made after original Water-Colour Drawings,
copied from Nature.

=3.= =The Manners of Polite Society=; or, Etiquette for Ladies,
Gentlemen, and Families.

The World Library of Standard Books.

_Including many of the acknowledged Masterpieces of Historical and Critical Literature, made more accessible than hitherto to the general reader by publication at a moderate rate._

Crown 8vo, cloth, half-bound, or cloth gilt, 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

=2.= =Hallam’s Europe during the Middle Ages.= By HENRY HALLAM,
Author of “Constitutional History of England.”

=5.= =Smith’s Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth
of Nations.= By ADAM SMITH, LL.D., F.R.A.S.

=8.= =Hume’s Essays=, Literary, Moral, and Political. By DAVID
HUME, the Historian. 558 pages.

=9.= =Montaigne’s Essays.= Containing all the Essays of MICHAEL
the Seigneur de MONTAIGNE. Translated by CHARLES COTTON, Esq.
684 pages.

=11.= =Aikin’s (Lucy) Court and Times of Queen Elizabeth.=

=12.= =Burke’s (Edmund) Choice Pieces.= Speech on the Law of
Libel--Reflections on Revolution in France--On the Sublime and
Beautiful--Abridgment of English History.

=16.= =Locke on Toleration.= 400 pages.

=23.= =Macaulay: Reviews, Essays, and Poems.=

=24.= =Sydney Smith’s Essays=: Social and Political.

=25.= =Lord Bacon: The Proficience and Advancement of Learning=,
the New Atlantis, Historical Sketches, with his Essays, Civil
and Moral.

_Boys’ Illustrated Books._

The Boys’ Favourite Library.

Post 8vo, cloth gilt, gilt edges, 3_s._ 6_d._ each, Illustrated.

=1.= =The Wonders of the World, in Earth, Sea, and Sky.= As
related to his Young Friends by UNCLE JOHN.

=2.= =Fifty Celebrated Men=; Their Lives and Trials, and the
Deeds that made them Famous. Illustrated with numerous Wood
Engravings.

=3.= =The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe=,
of York, Mariner. By DANIEL DEFOE. With a Biographical Sketch
of the Author. Embellished with a great number of Engravings on
Wood.

=4.= =The History of Sandford and Merton.= By THOMAS DAY.
Illustrated with 100 Engravings by the Brothers DALZIEL.

=5.= =A Boy’s Life Aboard Ship=, as it is Told by Himself. Full
of Adventure and Daring Deeds.

=6.= =Life in a Whaler=; or, Perils and Adventures in the
Tropical Seas. By SAILOR CHARLEY.

=7.= =Great Inventors=: The Sources of their Usefulness, and the
Results of their Efforts. Embellished with numerous Engravings.

=8.= =Household Stories.= Collected by the Brothers GRIMM. To
which is added “The Caravan,” an Eastern Tale, by WILLIAM HAUFF.
Profusely Illust. with Wood Engravings from Designs by Eminent
Artists.

=9.= =The Marvels of Nature=; or, Outlines of Creation. By
ELISHA NOYCE. With 400 Engravings by the Brothers DALZIEL.

=10.= =The Boy’s Book of Industrial Information.= By ELISHA
NOYCE. With 365 Engravings by the Brothers DALZIEL.

=11.= =Famous Boys, and How they Became Famous Men.= By the
Author of “Clever Boys.” Numerous Engravings. New Edition.

=12.= =The Triumphs of Perseverance and Enterprise.= By THOMAS
COOPER. Fully Illustrated. New Edition.

=13.= =Edgar’s Crusades and Crusaders.= With numerous
Illustrations. New Edition.

=14.= =The Merchant’s Clerk=; or, Mark Wilton. A Book for Young
Men. By the Rev. C. B. TAYLER, M.A.

=15.= =Sailor Hero=; or, The Frigate and the Lugger. By Captain
F. C. ARMSTRONG. With Illustrations.

=16.= =Cruise of the Daring: A Tale of the Sea.= By Captain F.
C. ARMSTRONG. With Illustrations.

=17.= =Pyrotechny=; or, The Art of Making Fireworks at
little Cost, and with complete Safety and Cleanliness. With
124 Illustrations of Forms and Diagrams for Manufacture and
Exhibition.

=18.= =Mont Blanc, A Boy’s Ascent of.= By ALBERT SMITH.
Illustrated. With Memoir of the Author, by EDMUND YATES.

=19.= =Poe’s Tales of Mystery, Imagination, and Humour.= By
EDGAR ALLAN POE.

=21.= =Boy’s Book of Modern Travel and Adventure=. Illustrated.

=22.= =The Young Marooners.= By F. R. GOULDING. Illustrated.

_Presentation Volumes for Girls._

BOOKS AT THREE-AND-SIXPENCE--_continued_.

The Girls’ Favourite Library.

Price 3_s._ 6_d._ each, Illustrated.

_These are all books which have gained a reputation for combining deep interest and amusement with pleasantly conveyed instruction. They are really “favourites”; books which Girls will read and preserve as indispensable to the Library of the School or the Home._

=1.= =Fifty Celebrated Women=: Their Virtues and Failings, and
the Lessons of their Lives. Illustrated with numerous Engravings
on Wood.

=2.= =Evenings at Home=; or, The Juvenile Budget Opened.
Consisting of a variety of Miscellaneous Pieces, for the
Instruction and Amusement of Young Persons. By Dr. AIKEN and
Mrs. BARBAULD.

=3.= =Fern Leaves from Fanny’s Portfolio.= First and Second
Series, Complete. Beautifully Illustrated with page and other
Engravings.

=4.= =Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress= (from this World to that
which is to Come). A New Edition, with a Memoir. Illustrated
with 100 Engravings by the Brothers DALZIEL.

=5.= =Orange Blossoms.= A Book for all who have worn, are
wearing, or are likely to wear them. Edited by T. S. ARTHUR.
With Illustrations.

=6.= =Julamerk=; or, The Converted Jewess. By the Author of
“Naomi.” With numerous Illustrations.

=7.= =Martyrs of Carthage=; or, The Christian Converts. A Tale
of the Times of Old.

=8.= =Margaret Catchpole=, the Suffolk Girl. By the Rev. R.
COBBOLD.

=9.= =Modern Accomplishments=; or, The March of Intellect. By
CATHERINE SINCLAIR.

=10.= =Mary Bunyan=, the Dreamer’s Blind Daughter. By SALLIE
ROCHESTER FORD.

=11.= =Aunt Jane’s Hero=, and =Stepping Heavenward=. By E.
PRENTISS, Author of “The Flower of the Family.”

=12.= =Faith Gartney’s Girlhood=, and =A Summer in Leslie
Goldthwaite’s Life=. By the Author of “The Gayworthys.”

=13.= =Little Women=, and =Good Wives=. Being Stories for Girls.
By Miss L. M. ALCOTT.

=14.= =The Lamplighter=; or, An Orphan Girl’s Struggles and
Triumphs. By Miss CUMMING. Illustrated.

=15.= =Queechy.= By the Author of “The Wide, Wide World.”

=16.= =The Wide, Wide World.= By Miss WETHERELL. Illustrated.

=17.= =Uncle Tom’s Cabin=; or, Life among the Lowly. By Mrs.
HARRIET BEECHER STOWE. Illustrated.

=18.= =Maternal Counsels to a Daughter.= By Mrs. PULLAN.

=19.= =Mothers of Scripture.= Showing their Influence on their
Sons.

=20.= =The School-Girl in France.= By Miss MCCRINDELL.

_Gift Books for Young People._

BOOKS AT THREE-AND-SIXPENCE--_continued_.

Jules Verne’s Stories.

Crown 8vo, elegant cloth gilt, 3_s._ 6_d._ each. DOUBLE VOLUMES.

=1.= =The Adventures of Captain Hatteras.= Containing The
English at the North Pole, and The Ice Desert. With Six Coloured
Pictures.

=2.= =Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.= First and Second
Series, complete. With Six Coloured Pictures.

=3.= =The Wonderful Travels.= Containing A Journey into the
Interior of the Earth, and Five Weeks in a Balloon. With Six
Coloured Pictures.

=4.= =The Moon Voyage.= Containing From the Earth to the Moon,
and Round the Moon. With Five Coloured Pictures.

=Beeton’s Erckmann-Chatrian Library.= Illustrated, cloth gilt,
gilt edges, 3_s._ 6_d._ each. For List _see_ “Books at 2_s._
6_d._”

=Andersen’s Popular Tales for Children.= With many full-page and
other Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3_s._ 6_d._

=Andersen’s Stories for the Young.= With many full-page and
other Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3_s._ 6_d._

=The Animal Picture Book for Kind Little People.= With large
Coloured Pictures. Folio, cloth, plain, 3_s._ 6_d._

=Aunt Fanny’s Nursery Tales and Rhymes.= With full-page
Illustrations printed in Colours. 4to, cloth gilt, 3_s._ 6_d._

=Aunt Fanny’s Pretty Picture Book.= With full-page Illustrations
printed in Colours. 4to, cloth gilt, 3_s._ 6_d._

=The Book of Animals.= With Nine Coloured Illustrations
by HARRISON WEIR (printed by LEIGHTON Brothers) and other
Engravings. Folio, cloth plain, 3_s._ 6_d._

=Ann and Jane Taylor’s Poetry for Children.= Containing the
Original Poems, Hymns for Infant Minds, and Rhymes for the
Nursery. With many Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3_s._
6_d._

=Sacred Stories for Sunday Hours=; or, Scripture Narratives from
the Old Testament. With Coloured Pictures. Crown 8vo, cloth
gilt, 3_s._ 6_d._

=The Children’s Forget-me-Not.= A Book of Pictures and Stories
for the Young. Royal 4to, cloth gilt, 3_s._ 6_d._

=Webster’s Universal Pronouncing and Defining Dictionary of the
English Language.= Condensed from NOAH WEBSTER’S Large Work,
with numerous Synonyms, carefully discriminated by CHAUNCEY A.
GOODRICH, D.D., Professor In Yale College. To which are added,
WALKER’S KEY to the Pronunciation of Classical and Scriptural
Proper Names, a Vocabulary of Modern Geographical Names,
Phrases and Quotations from the Ancient and Modern Languages,
Abbreviations used in Writing, Printing, &c. 664 pages. Demy
8vo, cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._

=Getting On in the World=; or, Hints on Success in Life. By
WILLIAM MATHEWS. Series I. and II., complete. Crown 8vo, cloth
gilt, 3_s._ 6_d._

=Beeton’s Public Speaker.= Containing the Remarkable Speeches of
the World’s Greatest Orators. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3_s._ 6_d._

_Religious and Moral Gift Books._

The Christian Life Series.

Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, handsome binding, 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

=1.= =The Christian Year.= Thoughts in Verse for the Sundays and
Holy Days throughout the Year. By JOHN KEBLE.

=2.= =Life Thoughts.= By HENRY WARD BEECHER. Red border lines.

=3.= =The Christian Life.= Bible Helps and Counsels for Every
Day throughout the Year. Red border lines.

=4.= =Religion and Science.= A Series of Sunday Lectures on
the Relation of Natural and Revealed Religion; or, The Truths
Revealed in Nature and Scripture. By JOSEPH LE CONTE.

=5.= =The Perfect Life.= By WILLIAM E. CHANNING.

=6.= =Sacred Heroes and Martyrs.= By J. T. HEADLEY. Revised and
Edited by J. W. KIRTON.

BOOKS AT THREE SHILLINGS.

=Golden Childhood for Christmas, 1875.= Beautiful Pictures,
Pretty Stories, Songs for the Little Ones, Fairy Tales, Nursery
Rhymes, with Music for the Piano. With a set of Paper Patterns
for a Complete Dolly’s Outfit. Imperial 16mo, boards, 3_s._

=Merry Sunbeams=: The “Golden Childhood” Annual for Christmas,
1876. With Charming Pictures, Pretty Stories, Fairy Tales,
Children’s Songs with Music, &c. Imperial 16mo, boards, 3_s._

=Golden Childhood.= 1877 Volume. Much Enlarged and Improved.
Imperial 16mo, picture boards, 3_s._

=The Child’s Famous Picture Book.= With many Illustrations.
Folio, cloth gilt or wrapper boards, 3_s._

BOOKS AT TWO SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE.

The Young Ladies’ Library.

Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 2_s._ 6_d._ each.

=1.= =Sunshine and Rain=; or, Blanche Cleveland. By A. E. W.
With Eight full-page Illustrations.

=2.= =Roses and Thorns=; or, Five Tales of the Start in Life.

=3.= =Bible Narratives=; or, Scripture Stories. By the Rev.
FREDERICK CALDER, M.A. Illustrated.

=4.= =Pleasure and Profit=; or, Lessons at Home. With Eight
Illustrations.

=5.= =Country Pleasures=; or, The Carterets. By A. E. R. With
Eight full-page Illustrations.

=6.= =Stories of Courage and Principle=; or, Fit to be a
Duchess. By Mrs. GILLESPIE SMYTH. 8 full-page Illustrations.

=7.= =Who are the Happy Ones?= or, Home Sketches. By the Author
of “Quiet Thoughts for Quiet Hours,” &c. With Eight full-page
Illustrations.

=8.= =The Progress of Character=; or, Cliffethorpe. By H. POWER.
With Eight full-page Illustrations.

=9.= =What can She Do?= By the Rev. E. P. ROE, Author of “From
Jest to Earnest,” &c.

_Entertaining Presentation Volumes._

BOOKS AT TWO-AND-SIXPENCE—<i>continued</i>.

Beeton’s Erckmann-Chatrian Library.

Handsomely bound in cloth gilt, plain edges, 2_s._ 6_d._
Those volumes marked thus (*) are beautifully Illustrated.

=*1.= =Madame Therese.=
=2.= =The Conscript.=
=3.= =The Great Invasion of France.=
=4.= =The Blockade.=
=*5.= =The States-General, 1789.=
=*6.= =The Country in Danger, 1792.=
=7.= =Waterloo.=
=*8.= =The Illustrious Dr. Matheus.=
=*9.= =Stories of the Rhine.=
=*10.= =Friend Fritz.=
=*11.= =The Alsacian Schoolmaster.=
=*12.= =The Polish Jew.=
=13.= =Master Daniel Rock.=
=14.= =War.=
=*15.= =Year One of the Republic, 1793.=
=*16.= =Citizen Buonaparte, 1794–1815.=
=*17.= =Confessions of a Clarionet Player.=
=*18.= =The Campaign in Kabylia.=
=*19.= =The Man Wolf.=
=*20.= =The Wild Huntsman.=

[Beeton’s Library of Humour.

Post 8vo, cloth, price 2_s._ 6_d._ each.

=1.= =The Innocents Abroad=; or, The New Pilgrim’s Progress. By
MARK TWAIN.

=2.= =Bret Harte.= Complete Tales.

=3.= =Out of the Hurly-Burly.= By MAX ADELER. With 400 humorous
Illustrations by A. B. FROST.

=4.= =Artemus Ward: His Book=, and =Among the Mormons=.

=5.= =Hood’s Whims and Oddities.= Illustrated.

=7.= =Lowell’s Biglow Papers= and =Saxe’s Poems=.

=8.= =Back Log Studies=, and =My Summer in a Garden=. By C. D.
WARNER.

=9.= =Riddles and Charades.=

=10.= =American Drolleries.= Containing The Jumping Frog and
Screamers. By MARK TWAIN.

=11.= =Artemus Ward’s Letters to Punch=, and =Mark Twain’s
Practical Jokes=.

=12.= =Funny Stories, and Humorous Poems.= By MARK TWAIN and O.
W. HOLMES.

=13.= =Josh Billings’ Sayings=, and =Major Jack Downing=.

=18.= =Elbow Room.= By the Author of “Out of the Hurly-Burly.”
Humorously Illustrated by A. B. FROST.

=19.= =Helen’s Babies=, and =Other People’s Children=. By JOHN
HABBERTON. With 16 full-page Illustrations.

=20.= =Grown Up Babies, and Other People.= By JOHN HABBERTON.
Illustrated.

_Good Tone Books._

BOOKS AT TWO-AND-SIXPENCE—<i>continued</i>.

The Good Tone Library.

Post 8vo, elegantly bound, cloth gilt, price 2_s._ 6_d._ each.

=1.= =The Prince of the House of David.= By Rev. J. H. INGRAHAM.
New Edition, with Coloured Frontispiece.

=2.= =The Wide, Wide World.= By Miss WETHERELL, Author of
“Queechy,” &c. New Edition, Coloured Frontispiece.

=3.= =Queechy.= By Miss WETHERELL, Author of “The Wide, Wide
World.” New Edition. Coloured Frontispiece.

=4.= =Melbourne House.= By Miss WETHERELL, Author of “Queechy,”
&c. New Edition. With Coloured Frontispiece.

=The Children’s Forget-me-Not.= A Book of Pictures and Stories
for the Young. Royal 4to, boards, handsome floral design, 2_s._
6_d._

=Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress= from this World to that which is
to Come. With a Memoir of the Author by H. W. DULCKEN, Ph.D. 100
page and other Illustrations by THOMAS DALZIEL, engraved by the
Brothers DALZIEL. Cloth, bevelled boards, gilt, 2_s._ 6_d._

=Christian Year (The).= Thoughts in Verse for the Sundays and
Holy Days throughout the Year. By JOHN KEBLE.

=Webster’s Improved Pronouncing Dictionary of the English
Language.= Condensed and Adapted to English Orthography and
Usage, with Additions from various Accredited Sources, by
CHARLES ROBSON. To which are added, Accentuated Lists of
Scriptural, Classical, and Geographical Proper Names. Fcap. 4to,
cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._

=Webster’s Dictionary of Quotations=: A Book of Ready Reference
to all the Familiar Words and Phrases in the English Language.
With a copious Index. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 2_s._ 6_d._

=The Good Shepherd=: or, The Story of Jesus and His Apostles,
for the Young. With Coloured Pictures. Imperial 16mo, cloth
gilt, 2_s._ 6_d._

=Charles Lamb’s Elia and Eliana.= New Edition, with Portraits.
Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._

=The Language and Poetry of Flowers.= With a Complete
Vocabulary, Quotations, Meanings, Flower Language, and a
Collection of Poems illustrating the Nature, Beauty, Sentiments,
Teachings, and Associations of the Floral World, &c. Coloured
Pictures and other Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo, cloth gilt, red
edges, 2_s._ 6_d._

Ward, Lock, & Co.’s 2s. 6d. Novels.

In neat cloth gilt binding, 2_s._ 6_d._ each.

=1.= =The Scottish Chiefs.= By Miss JANE PORTER.

=2.= =Never Again.= By W. S. MAYO.

=3.= =Margaret Catchpole.= By Rev. R. COBBOLD.

=4.= =The Improvisatore.= By HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN.

=5.= =Arthur Bonnicastle.= By J. G. HOLLAND.

=6.= =Margaret.= By SYLVESTER JUDD.

=7.= =Evelina.= By Madame D’ARBLAY.

=8.= =Gambler’s Wife.= By Mrs. GREY.

=9.= =Kiddle-a-Wink=; or, The Three Guests. By the Author of
“Olive Varcoe,” &c.

=10.= =The Berber.= By W. S. MAYO.

=11.= =Barriers Burnt Away.= By Rev. E. P. ROE.

_Useful Works and Children’s Present Books._

BOOKS AT TWO-AND-SIXPENCE—<i>continued</i>.

Beeton’s “All About It” Books.

Now Ready, handsomely bound, price 2_s._ 6_d._ each.

=1.= =All about Cookery=: Being a Dictionary of Every-day
Cookery. By Mrs. ISABELLA BEETON.

=2.= =All about Everything=: Being a Dictionary of Practical
Recipes and Every-day Information. An entirely New Domestic
Cyclopædia, arranged in Alphabetical Order, and usefully
Illustrated.

=3.= =All about Gardening=: Being a Dictionary of Practical
Gardening.

=4.= =All about Country Life=: A Dictionary of Rural Avocations,
and of Knowledge necessary to the Management of the Farm, &c.

=5.= =All about Hard Words=: Being a Dictionary of Every-day
Difficulties in Reading, Writing, &c. &c.

BOOKS AT TWO SHILLINGS.

The Little Pet Series.

Imperial 16mo, half cloth, picture boards, 2_s._; or neat cloth,
2_s._ 6_d._

=1.= =Our Little Pet’s Own Picture Book.= 160 Illustrations.

=2.= =New Comical Nursery Rhymes and Stories= to make Children
Laugh. With numerous Engravings.

=3.= =Pretty Little Lessons for Pretty Little Children.= With
250 Illustrations.

=4.= =Easy Tales and Pleasant Stories for our Young Friends.=
With upwards of 200 Engravings.

=5.= =Bible Sketches from the Old and New Testaments=, adapted
for Juvenile Reading. With about 80 Illustrations.

=6.= =Sacred Readings for Young Children.= Selected from the Old
Testament. With about 60 Illustrations.

=8.= =The Child’s Own Book of Pictures, Tales, and Poetry.= With
numerous Illustrations.

=9.= =Favourite Nursery Rhymes for Nursery Favourites.= With
about 200 Illustrations.

=10.= =Merry Rhymes and Stories for Merry Little Learners.= With
about 90 humorous Illustrations.

=11.= =Little Fanny’s Nursery Picture Book.= Super-royal 16mo.
With Coloured Illustrations.

=The Children’s Picture Annual.= The Story of a United Family,
with their Travels and Adventures at Home and Abroad. By MERCIE
SUNSHINE. With numerous Illustrations. Imperial 16mo, cloth
gilt, 2_s._

_Books for Young Men and Women._

BOOKS AT TWO SHILLINGS--continued

The Friendly Counsel Series.

Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 2_s._; those marked thus (*) extra cloth
gilt, bevelled boards, gilt edges, 2_s._ 6_d._

=*1.= =Timothy Titcomb’s Letters addressed to Young People=,
Single and Married.

=*2.= =Beecher’s (Henry Ward) Lectures to Young Men.=

=*3.= =Getting On in the World=; or, Hints on Success in Life.
By WILLIAM MATHEWS, LL.D. First Series.

=*4.= =Cobbett’s Advice to Young Men, and incidentally to Young
Women.=

=5.= =Christians in Council.= Author of “Stepping Heavenward.”

=6.= =How to Make a Living.= By GEORGE CARY EGGLESTON.