Chapter XII: Introduction (10)

For our present purpose, suffice it to quote the account given in a popular treatise on metallurgy, published at the time when Bessemer was in the midst of his experiments. "Wrought iron," it says, "or soft iron, may contain no carbon; and if perfectly pure, would contain none, nor indeed any other impurity. This is a state to be desired and aimed at, but it has never yet been perfectly attained in practice. The best as well as the commonest foreign irons always contain more or less carbon.... Carbon may exist in iron in the ratio of 65 parts to 10,000 without assuming the properties of steel. If the proportion be greater than that, and anywhere between the limits of 65 parts of carbon to 10,000 parts of iron and 2 parts of carbon to 100 of iron, the alloy assumes the properties of steel. In cast iron the carbon exceeds 2 per cent, but in appearance and properties it differs widely from the hardest steel. These properties, although we quote them, are somewhat doubtful; and the chemical constitution of these three substances may, perhaps, be regarded as still undetermined." Now, in the Bessemer converter the carbon was almost entirely consumed. In the small gun just described,[25] there were only 14 parts of carbon for 1,000,000 parts of iron. Bessemer's next difficulty was to carburize his pure iron, and thus to make it into steel. "The wrought iron," says Mr. I. L. Bell, "as well as the steel made according to Sir Henry Bessemer's original plan, though a purer specimen of metal was never heard of except in the laboratory, was simply worthless. In this difficulty, a ray of scientific truth, brought to light one hundred years before, came to the rescue. Bergmann was one of the earliest philosophers who discarded all theory, and introduced into chemistry that process of analysis which is the indispensable antecedent of scientific system. This Swedish experimenter had ascertained the existence of manganese in the iron of that country, and connected its presence with suitability for steel purposes." Manganese is a kind of iron exceptionally rich in carbon, and also exceptionally free from other impurities. Berzelius, Rinman, Karsten, Berthier, and other metallurgists had before now discussed its effect when combined with ordinary iron; and the French were so well aware that ferro-manganese ores were superior for steel-making purposes that they gave them the name of _mines d'acier_. So Bessemer, after many experiments, discovered a method whereby, with the use of ferro-manganese, he could make what is known as mild steel. The process of manufacture, when described by Sir Henry Bessemer at Cheltenham in 1856,[26] was so nearly complete, that only two important additions were made afterwards. One was the introduction of the ferro-manganese for the purpose of imparting to his pure liquid iron the properties of "mild steel." The other was an improvement in the mechanical apparatus. He found that when the air had been blown into the iron till all the carbon was expelled, the continuance of "the blow" afterward consumed the iron at a very rapid rate, and a great loss of iron thus took place. It was therefore necessary to cease blowing at a particular moment. At first he saw no practical way by which he could prevent the metal going into the air-holes in the bottom of the vessel below the level of the liquid mass, so as to stop them up immediately on ceasing to force the air through them; for if he withdrew the pressure of air, the whole apparatus would be destroyed for a time. Here, again, his inventive genius found a remedy. He had the converter holding the molten iron mounted on an axis, which enabled him at any moment he liked to turn it round and to bring the holes above the level of the metal; whenever this was done the process of conversion or combustion ceased of itself, and the apparatus had only to be turned back again in order to resume the operation. This turning on an axis of a furnace weighing eleven tons, and containing five tons of liquid metal, at a temperature scarcely approachable, was a system entirely different from anything that had preceded it; for it he took out what he considered one of his most important patents, "and," he says, "I am vain enough to believe that so long as my process lasts, the motion of the vessel containing the fluid on its axis will be retained as an absolute necessity for any form which the process may take at any future time." The patent for this invention was taken out about four years after his original patent for the converter.

Uncle Fritz showed them a picture of this gigantic kettle, which holds this mass of molten metal and yet turns so easily.

"But," said Helen, "you have a model of it here, Uncle Fritz." And she pointed to her Uncle Fritz's inkstand, which is something the shape of a fat beet-root, with the point turned up to receive the ink. Uncle Fritz nodded his approval. These inkstands, which turn over on a little brazen axis, were probably first made by some one who had seen the great eleven-ton converters.

Uncle Fritz showed the children the picture in the "Practical Magazine," and they spent some time together in looking over the pages of the volume for 1876.

The Bessemer process was now perfect. Nearly four years had elapsed since its conception and first application; and in addition to the necessary labor and anxiety he had experienced, no less than £20,000 had been expended in making experiments that were necessary to complete its success. It only remained to bring the process into general use.

* * * * *

The young people asked quite eagerly whether they could see the processes of "conversion" anywhere, and were glad to be told that Bessemer steel is made in many parts of America. One of their young friends, who was educated at the "Technology," is in charge of a department at Steelton, in Pennsylvania, and they have all written letters to him.

The American steel-makers have a great variety of ores to choose from, and they have found it possible, by using different ores, to avoid the difficulties which Mr. Bessemer first met in using the ores of England.

And so far are the processes now simplified, that in many American establishments the molten iron is received liquid from the blast furnaces, and does not have to be reduced a second time in a cupola furnace, as was the iron used by Mr. Bessemer. There is no cooling, in such establishments, between the ore and the finished steel.

XIV.

THE LAST MEETING.

GOODYEAR.

When the day for the next meeting came, Uncle Fritz had a large collection of books and magazines in the little rolling racks and tables where such things are kept. But no one of them was opened.

No. The young people appeared in great strength, all at the same moment, and notified him that he was to put on his hat and his light overcoat, and go with them on what they called the first "Alp" of the season. For there is a pretence in the little company that they are an Alpine Club, and that for eight months of the year it is their duty to climb the highest mountains near Boston.

Now, the very highest of these peaks is the summit hill of the Blue Hills, to which indeed Massachusetts owes its name. For "Matta" in the Algonquin tongue meant "great," and "Chuset" meant "a hill." And a woman who was living on a little hummock near Squantum, just before Winthrop and the rest landed, was the sacred Sachem of the Massachusetts Indians. Hence the name of Mattachusetts Bay; and then, by euphony or bad spelling, or both, Massachusetts.

Uncle Fritz obeyed the rabble rout, as he is apt to do. He retired for a minute to put on heavier shoes, and, when he reappeared, he took the seat of honor in the leading omnibus. And a very merry expedition they had to the summit, where, as the accurate Fergus told them, they were six hundred feet above the level of the sea. There was but little wood, and they were able to lie and sit in a large group on the ground just on the lee side of the hill, where they could look off on the endless sea.

"Whom should you have told us about, had it rained?" said Mabel Fordyce.

"Oh! you were to have had your choice. There are still left many inventors. I had looked at Mr. Parton's Life of Goodyear, and the very curious brief prepared for the court about his patents. Half of you would not be here to-day but for that ingenious and long-suffering man."

"Should not I have come?" said Gertrude, incredulously.

"Surely not," said Uncle Fritz, laughing. "I saw your water-proof in your shawl-strap. I know your mamma well enough to know that you would never have been permitted to come so far from home without that ægis, or without those trig, pretty overshoes. You owe waterproof and overshoes both to the steady perseverance of Goodyear and to the loyal help of his wife and daughters. Some day you must read Mr. Webster's eulogy on him and them. Indeed, he is the American Palissy. You hear a good deal of woman's rights; but, really, modern women had no rights worth speaking of till Mr. Goodyear enabled them to go out-doors in all weathers.

"I meant we should have an afternoon with the Goodyears. Then I meant that you should know, Gertrude, where that slice of bread came from."

"Well," said she, "I do not know much, but I do know that. It came out of the bread-box."

"Very good," said the Colonel, laughing. "But somebody put it into the bread-box. And it is quite as well that you should know who put it in. American girls and American boys ought to know that men's prayer for 'Daily Bread' is answered more and more largely every year. They ought to know why. Well, the great reason is that reaping and binding after the reapers, nay, that sowing the corn, and every process between sowing and harvest, has been wellnigh perfected by the American inventors. So I had wanted to give a day or two to reapers and binders, and the other machinery of harvesting. Indeed, if our winter had been as long as poor Captain Greely's was, and if you had met me every week, we should have had a new invention for each one. Here are the telephone and the telegraph. Here is the use of the electric light. Here is the sewing-machine, with all its nice details, like the button-hole maker. Nay, every button is made by its own machinery. Here are carpets one quarter cheaper than they were only four years ago; cotton cloths made more by machinery and less by hand labor; nay, they tell us that the cotton is to be picked by a machine before long.

"But these are things you must work up for yourselves. You are on a good track now, and have learned some of the principles of such study.

"Go to the originals whenever you can. Read what you understand, and fall back on what you did not understand at first, so as to try it again."

"Do you not think that all the great things have been invented, Uncle Fritz?"

This was John Angier's rather melancholy question.

"Not a bit of it, my boy. Certainly not for as keen eyes as yours and as handy hands. Let me tell you what I heard President Dawson say. He is President of McGill University, and is counted one of the first physical philosophers in America.

"He said this in substance: 'What will future times say of us, the men of the end of the nineteenth century? They will say, "What was the ban on those men, what numbed them or held them still, as if in fear? Why did they not apply in daily life their own great discoveries of the central laws of Nature? They were able to work out principles. Why could they not embody them in useful inventions? They discovered the Ocean of Truth, but they stood frightened on its shore. They found the great principles of science, and for their application they seem to have been satisfied when they had built the steam-engine, had devised the telegraph, the telephone, the phonograph, and when they had set the electric light a blazing."'

"You see, John, that he thinks there is enough more for you and the rest to invent and to discover."

Then Uncle Fritz took from his ulster pocket Mr. Parton's volume of biographical sketches.

"It is all very fine for you, Miss Alice," he said, "to lie there on your waterproof, and to be sure that even mamma will not scold when you go home. But take the book, and read, and see who has wept and who has starved that you might lie there."

And Alice read the passages he had marked for her.

The difficulty of all this may be inferred when we state that at the present time it takes an intelligent man a year to learn how to conduct the process with certainty, though he is provided, from the start, with the best implements and appliances which twenty years' experience has suggested. And poor Goodyear had now reduced himself, not merely to poverty, but to isolation. No friend of his could conceal his impatience when he heard him pronounce the word "India-rubber." Business-men recoiled from the name of it. He tells us that two entire years passed, after he had made his discovery, before he had convinced one human being of its value. Now, too, his experiments could no longer be carried on with a few pounds of India-rubber, a quart of turpentine, a phial of aquafortis, and a little lampblack. He wanted the means of producing a high, uniform, and controllable degree of heat,--a matter of much greater difficulty than he anticipated. We catch brief glimpses of him at this time in the volumes of testimony. We see him waiting for his wife to draw the loaves from her oven, that he might put into it a batch of India-rubber to bake, and watching it all the evening, far into the night, to see what effect was produced by one hour's, two hours', three hours', six hours' baking. We see him boiling it in his wife's saucepans, suspending it before the nose of her teakettle, and hanging it from the handle of that vessel to within an inch of the boiling water. We see him roasting it in the ashes and in hot sand, toasting it before a slow fire and before a quick fire, cooking it for one hour and for twenty-four hours, changing the proportions of his compound and mixing them in different ways. No success rewarded him while he employed only domestic utensils. Occasionally, it is true, he produced a small piece of perfectly vulcanized India-rubber; but upon subjecting other pieces to precisely the same process, they would blister or char.

Then we see him resorting to the shops and factories in the neighborhood of Woburn, asking the privilege of using an oven after working hours, or of hanging a piece of India-rubber in the "man-hole" of the boiler. The foremen testify that he was a great plague to them, and smeared their works with his sticky compound; but though they regarded him as little better than a troublesome lunatic, they all appear to have helped him very willingly. He frankly confesses that he lived at this time on charity; for although _he_ felt confident of being able to repay the small sums which pity for his family enabled him to borrow, his neighbors who lent him the money were as far as possible from expecting payment. Pretending to lend, they meant to give. One would pay his butcher's bill or his milk-bill; another would send in a barrel of flour; another would take in payment some articles of the old stock of India-rubber; and some of the farmers allowed his children to gather sticks in their fields to heat his hillocks of sand containing masses of sulphurized India-rubber. If the people of New England were not the most "neighborly" people in the world, his family must have starved, or he must have given up his experiments. But, with all the generosity of his neighbors, his children were often sick, hungry, and cold, without medicine, food, or fuel. One witness testifies: "I found, in 1839, that they had not fuel to burn nor food to eat, and did not know where to get a morsel of food from one day to another, unless it was sent in to them." We can neither justify nor condemn their father. Imagine Columbus within sight of the new world, and his obstinate crew declaring it was only a mirage, and refusing to row him ashore. Never was mortal man surer that he had a fortune in his hand, than Charles Goodyear was when he would take a piece of scorched and dingy India-rubber from his pocket and expound its marvellous properties to a group of incredulous villagers. Sure also was he that he was just upon the point of a practicable success. Give him but an oven and would he not turn you out fire-proof and cold-proof India-rubber, as fast as a baker can produce loaves of bread? Nor was it merely the hope of deliverance from his pecuniary straits that urged him on. In all the records of his career, we perceive traces of something nobler than this. His health being always infirm, he was haunted with the dread of dying before he had reached a point in his discoveries where other men, influenced by ordinary motives, could render them available.

By the time that he had exhausted the patience of the foremen of the works near Woburn, he had come to the conclusion that an oven was the proper means of applying heat to his compound. An oven he forthwith determined to build. Having obtained the use of a corner of a factory yard, his aged father, two of his brothers, his little son, and himself sallied forth, with pickaxe and shovels, to begin the work; and when they had done all that unskilled labor could effect towards it, he induced a mason to complete it, and paid him in brick-layers' aprons made of aquafortized India-rubber. This first oven was a tantalizing failure. The heat was neither uniform nor controllable. Some of the pieces of India-rubber would come out so perfectly "cured" as to demonstrate the utility of his discovery; but others, prepared in precisely the same manner, as far as he could discern, were spoiled, either by blistering or charring. He was puzzled and distressed beyond description; and no single voice consoled or encouraged him. Out of the first piece of cloth which he succeeded in vulcanizing he had a coat made for himself, which was not an ornamental garment in its best estate; but, to prove to the unbelievers that it would stand fire, he brought it so often in contact with hot stoves, that at last it presented an exceedingly dingy appearance. His coat did not impress the public favorably, and it served to confirm the opinion that he was laboring under a mania.

In the midst of his first disheartening experiments with sulphur, he had an opportunity of escaping at once from his troubles. A house in Paris made him an advantageous offer for the use of his aquafortis process. From the abyss of his misery the honest man promptly replied, that that process, valuable as it was, was about to be superseded by a new method, which he was then perfecting, and as soon as he had developed it sufficiently he should be glad to close with their offers. Can we wonder that his neighbors thought him mad?

It was just after declining the French proposal that he endured his worst extremity of want and humiliation. It was in the winter of 1839-40; one of those long and terrible snowstorms for which New England is noted, had been raging for many hours, and he awoke one morning to find his little cottage half buried in snow, the storm still continuing, and in his house not an atom of fuel nor a morsel of food. His children were very young, and he was himself sick and feeble. The charity of his neighbors was exhausted, and he had not the courage to face their reproaches. As he looked out of the window upon the dreary and tumultuous scene,--"fit emblem of his condition," he remarks,--he called to mind that a few days before, an acquaintance, a mere acquaintance, who lived some miles off, had given him upon the road a more friendly greeting than he was then accustomed to receive. It had cheered his heart as he trudged sadly by, and it now returned vividly to his mind. To this gentleman he determined to apply for relief, if he could reach his house. Terrible was his struggle with the wind and the deep drifts. Often he was ready to faint with fatigue, sickness, and hunger, and he would be obliged to sit down upon a bank of snow to rest. He reached the house and told his story, not omitting the oft-told tale of his new discovery,--that mine of wealth, if only he could procure the means of working it. The eager eloquence of the inventor was seconded by the gaunt and yellow face of the man. His generous acquaintance entertained him cordially, and lent him a sum of money, which not only carried his family through the worst of the winter, but enabled him to continue his experiments on a small scale. O. B. Coolidge, of Woburn, was the name of this benefactor.

On another occasion, when he was in the most urgent need of materials, he looked about his house to see if there was left one relic of better days upon which a little money could be borrowed. There was nothing but his children's school-books,--the last things from which a New Englander is willing to part. There was no other resource. He gathered them up, and sold them for five dollars, with which he laid in a fresh stock of gum and sulphur, and kept on experimenting.

Alice and Hester looked over the rest of the story while the others packed up the wrecks of the picnic and prepared to go down the hill. Then they joined Uncle Fritz in the advance, and thanked him very seriously for what he had shown them.

"Such a story as that," said Hester, "is worth more than anything about cut-offs or valves."

"I think so too," said he.

"I should like," said the girl, "to write to those children of his a letter to thank them for what they have done, and what he did for me, and a million girls like me."

"It would be a good thing to do," said he, "and I think I can put you in the way."

"And I do hope," said Alice, eagerly, "that if we are ever tested in that way we shall bear the test."

"Dear Uncle Fritz, if we cannot invent a flying-machine, and have not learned how to close up rivets this winter, we have learned at least how to bear each other's burdens."

FOOTNOTES:

[1] These are the quinqueremes, fastened together, of the other account.

[2] The estimates of a talent vary somewhat, but ten talents made about seven hundred pounds.

[3] Quoted in Fabricius's Greek fragments.

[4] Encyclopædia Americana: art. "Roger Bacon."

[5] See "Stories of Adventure."

[6] As St. James says, "The wisdom from above is _first_ pure."

[7] Joseph Droz, born in 1773. His essay was published in 1806, and had come to its fourth edition in 1825.

[8] The first-steam-engines were devised in order to supply some motor for the pumps which were necessary, all over England, to keep the mines free from water. The locomotive engine, as will be seen later, owes its birth to the efforts of colliery engineers to find some means of drawing coal better than the horse-power generally in use.

[9] John Robison, at this time a student at Glasgow College, and afterwards Professor of Natural Philosophy at Edinburgh. He was at one time Master of the Marine Cadet Academy at Cronstadt.

[10] The principal men of Glasgow were the importers of tobacco from Virginia.

[11] Earl Stanhope, among other projects, had conceived "the hope of being able to apply the steam-engine to navigation by the aid of a peculiar apparatus modelled after the foot of an aquatic fowl." Fulton, on being consulted by the Earl, doubted the feasibility, and suggested the very means which he afterward made successful upon the Hudson.

[12] Symington was an engineer who had been carrying out some experiments of Miller of Dalswinton in regard to the practicability of steam navigation.

[13] Who subsequently made charge that Fulton, having seen his steamboat and made copious notes thereon, had thus been able to make his boat upon the Hudson.

[14] This was in the course of the War of 1812.

[15] Fulton died Feb. 24, 1815; he was born in 1765.

[16] Killingworth is a town some seven or eight miles north of Newcastle, in Northumberland. George Stephenson was at this time the engine-wright of the colliery. It may be said here that the principal use for which the early locomotive engines and railroads were designed was to convey coal from the pit to a market. It was not till the success of the mining and quarrying railways led to the building of the Liverpool and Manchester Road, between two great cities, that the value of the railroad for the transfer of passengers was recognized.

[17] It had been generally the opinion that cog-wheels must be used which should fit into cogs in the rail. Otherwise it was imagined the wheels would revolve without proceeding.

[18] "The private risk is the public benefit."

[19] It had a sort of resemblance to a grasshopper, caused by the angle at which the piston and cylinder were placed.

[20] Mr. Henry Booth, secretary to the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, suggested to Mr. Stephenson the idea of a multitubular boiler.

[21] This letter is dated Nov. 24, 1793.

[22] This was in 1812, twenty years after the invention of the gin. The saving in 1885 is enormously greater.

[23] Napoleon III., under whose protection Bessemer had been experimenting in projectiles when his attention was turned to the manufacture of iron.

[24] In Grüner's text-book on steel, he says: "In its properties, as well as in its manufacture, steel is comprised between the limits of cast and wrought iron. It cannot even be said where steel begins or ends. It is a series which begins with the most impure black pig iron, and ends with the softest and purest wrought iron. [Karsten stated this in these words in 1823.] Cast-iron passes into hard steel in becoming malleable (natural steel for wire-mills, the 'Wildstahl' of the Germans); and steel, properly so called, passes into iron, giving in succession mild steel, steel of the nature of iron, steely iron, and granular iron."

[25] A small cannon cast by Sir Henry, the description of which we have omitted.

[26] Immediately after his first successful experiment at St. Pancras, described above.

INDEX.

Abel, Professor, 275, 278

Althorp, Lord, 268

Anderson, 246

Archimedes, 18, 20

Bacon, Roger, 37

Barlow, Joel, 179

Baxter House, 277

Beccaria, 114

Bell, I. L., 280

Benvenuto Cellini, 58

Bernard Palissy, 82

Berthier, 281

Berzelius, 281

Bessemer, Andrew, 262

Bessemer, Sir Henry, 259

Bessemer and Catherwood, 263

Black, Dr., 165

Blue Hills, Mass., 284

Bossuet, 183

Boulton, Matthew, 171, 181

Bourbon, Constable, 63

Braithwaite and Ericsson, 212

Brandreth, 212

Bridgewater Foundry, 249, 255

Brunel, Isambert, 178

Bungy, Friar, 41

Burstall, 212, 216

Carriage, Sailing, 141

Car of Neptune, 189

Caslon, Henry, 263

Cellini, Benvenuto, 58

Chaise, One-wheeled, 144

Charles IX. of France, 96

Cheltenham, 281

Church, Benjamin, 174

Circle, The Square of, 22

Clement VII., 62

Condensation, 159

Conductors of Electricity, 105

Constable Bourbon, shot, 63

Coolidge, O. B., 292

Court of Chancery, N. Y., 189

Dalibard, 108

Darwin, Dr., 135

Dawson, President, 286

De Foe, Daniel, 99

Devonport, 252

Didot, Finnin, 263

Dixon, John, 205

Droz, François Xavier Joseph, 102

Edgeworth, Richard Lovell, 119

Edison's Laboratory, 51

Electricity, 103

Elkingtons, 263

Engines, Early Steam, 149

Euclid, 20

Evans, Oliver, 175

Experiment, The Great, 111

Field, Joshua, 249

Fitch, John, 177, 190

"Firework," The, 155

Francis I., 71

Franklin, Benjamin, 97, 177, 237

Fulton, Robert, 173

Gig, One-wheeled, 145

Glasses, Musical, 115-117

Gold Paint, 270

Goodyear, Charles, 285

Greene, Mrs. General, 227, 229

Grüner, 279

Gun Factories, 275

Hackworth, Timothy, 212

Hammerfield, 257

Harmonica, 113

Hart's Recollections, 161

Hartop, Annie (Mrs. Bessemer), 250

Helton Railway, 203

Hiero, 21

Hitchin, 264

Hooke, Dr. Robert, 137

Hulls, Jonathan, 176

Jack the Darter, 142

Jay, John, 220

Jefferson, Thomas, 233

Jouffroy, Marquis de, 176

Karsten, 281

Keramics, 82

Killingworth Colliery, 195

Latent Heat, 157

Lightning, 107

Livingston, Chancellor, 178

Mackintosh, James, 173

Maclaughlan, Robert, 246

Manchester, 249

Marcellus attacks Syracuse, 26

Massachusetts, Derivation of Name, 284

Maudsley, Henry, 247

Middleton Colliery Railway, 203

Miller, Phineas, 231

Minie, Commander, 273

Musical Glasses, 115

Napoleon I., 175

Napoleon III., 274

Nasmyth, James, 238

Newcomen Engine, 150, 167, 169

Nuremburg, 271

Palissy the Potter, 82

Papin, Denis, 176

Patricroft, 256

Périer, 176

Persley, Sir Charles, 266

Plombières, 180

Pope Clement VII., 62

Potter, Humphrey, 152

Practical Magazine, 282

Quincy, 194

Rastrick and Walker, 217

Ravensworth, Lord, 195

Renard and Krebs, 174

Resolution Book, 101

Rinman, 281

Robespierre, Max, 261

Robison, 154, 165

Roebuck, Dr., 171

Roger Bacon, 37

Roosevelt, Nicholas, 178

Royal Academy, 265

Royal Gun Factories, 275

Rumsey, James, 177

St. Pancras, 274

St. Petersburg, 192, 253

Savery, 176

Scottish Society of Arts, 246

Sharp Conductors, 105

Somerset House, 265

Sounds and Signals, 139

Stanhope, Earl, 179

Stamp Office, English, 266

Steam-Engines, Early, 149

Stephenson, George, 193

Stephenson, Robert, 208

Stevens, John, 178

Stevens, Robert L., 192

Sweden, 254

Symington, 180, 182

Syracuse, Siege of, 25

Telegraph, Edgeworth's, 124

Telegraph, English, 133

Telegraph, Irish, 127

Telegraph, Home, 139

Telegraphs, 125, 126

Tellograph, 137

Thirteen Virtues, 100

Travelling Engine, 195

Ugolini, Giorgio, 65

Virgil, 53

Walker and Rastrick, 217

Walking-machine, 140

Watt, James, 146

Whistler, Major G. W., 254

Whitney, Eli, 219

Wilmot, Col. Eardley, 275

Wood, Nicholas, 213

Woolwich Arsenal, 275

Wylam and Killingworth Railway, 203

Zonara, 32

University Press: John Wilson & Son, Cambridge.

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"It has all the characteristics of its brilliant
author,--unflagging entertainment, helpfulness, suggestive,
practical hints, and a contagious vitality that sets one's blood
tingling. Whoever has read 'Ten Times One is Ten' will know just
what we mean. We predict that the new volume, as being a more
charming story, will have quite as great a parish of readers. The
gist of the book is to show how possible it is for the best
spirits of a community, through wise organization, to form
themselves into a lever by means of which the whole tone of the
social status may be elevated, and the good and highest happiness
of the helpless many be attained through the self-denying
exertions of the powerful few."--_Southern Churchman._

=THE INGHAM PAPERS.= 16mo. $1.25.

"But it is not alone for their wit and ingenuity we prize Mr.
Hale's stories, but for the serious thought, the moral, or
practical suggestion underlying all of them. They are not written
simply to amuse, but have a graver purpose. Of the stories in the
present volume, the best to out thinking is 'The Rag Man and Rag
Woman.'"--_Boston Transcript._

=HOW TO DO IT.= 16mo. $1.00.

"Good sense, very practical suggestions, telling illustrations (in
words), lively fancy, and delightful humor combine to make Mr.
Hale's hints exceedingly taking and stimulating, and we do not see
how either sex can fail, after reading his pages, to know How to
Talk, How to Write, How to Read, How to go into Society, and How
to Travel. These, with Life at School, Life in Vacation, Life
Alone, Habits in Church, Life with Children, Life with your
Elders, Habits of Reading, and Getting Ready, are the several
topics of the more than as many chapters, and make the volume one
which should find its way to the hands of every boy and girl. To
this end we would like to see it in every Sabbath-school library
in the land."--_Congregationalist._

=CRUSOE IN NEW YORK=, and other Stories. 16mo. $1.00.

"If one desires something unique, full of wit, a veiled sarcasm
that is rich in the extreme, it will all be found in this charming
little book. The air of perfect sincerity with which they are
told, the diction, reminding one of 'The Vicar of Wakefield,' and
the ludicrous improbability of the tales, give them a power rarely
met with in 'short stories.' There is many a lesson to be learned
from the quiet little volume."

=THE MAN WITHOUT A COUNTRY=, and other Tales. 16mo. $1.25.

"A collection of those strange, amusing, and fascinating stories,
which, in their simplicity of narrative, minute detail, allusion
to passing occurrences, and thorough _naturalness_, make us almost
feel that the difference between truth and fiction is not worth
mentioning. Mr. Hale is the prince of story-tellers; and the
marvel is that his practical brain can have such a vein of
frolicsome fancy and quaint humor running through it. It will
pay any one to _think_ while reading these."--_Universalist
Quarterly._

=WORKINGMEN'S HOMES.= Illustrated. 16mo. $1.00.

"Mr. Hale has a concern, as the Friends say, that laboring men
should have better homes than they usually find in the great
cities. He believes all the great charities of the cities fail to
overtake their task, because the working men are always slipping
down to lower degrees of discomfort, unhealthiness, and vice by
the depressing influences surrounding their homes. He writes
racily and earnestly, and with rare literary
excellence."--_Presbyterian._

=TEN TIMES ONE IS TEN=: The Possible Reformation. A new edition, in two parts. Part I. The Story. Part II. Harry Wadsworth and Wadsworth Clubs. 16mo. $1.00.

HARRY WADSWORTH'S MOTTO.

"To look up and not down;
To look forward and not back;
To look out and not in; and
To lend a hand.

"The four rules are over my writing-desk and in my heart. Every
school boy and girl of age to understand it should have this
story, and, if I was rich enough, should have it."--_Extract from
a letter by an unknown correspondent._

=MRS. MERRIAM'S SCHOLARS.= A Story of the "Original Ten." 16mo. $1.00.

"It is almost inevitable that such a book as 'Ten Times One is
Ten' should suggest others in the same line of thought; and Mr.
Hale begins in 'Mrs. Merriam's Scholars' to take up a few of what
he terms the 'dropped stitches' of the narrative. The story is
exceedingly simple, so far as concerns its essentials, and carries
the reader forward with an interest in its motive which Mr. Hale
seldom fails to impart to his writings.... The two already
published should be in every Sunday-school library, and, indeed,
wherever they will be likely to fall into the hands of
appreciative readers."

=HIS LEVEL BEST.= 16mo. $1.25.

"We like Mr. Hale's style. He is fresh, frank, pungent,
straightforward, and pointed. The first story is the one that
gives the book its title, and it is related in a dignified
manner, showing peculiar genius and humorous talent. The
contents are, 'His Level Best,' 'The Brick Moon,' 'Water
Talk,' 'Mouse and Lion,' 'The Modern Sinbad,' 'A Tale of a
Salamander.'"--_Philadelphia Exchange._

=GONE TO TEXAS=; or, The Wonderful Adventures of a Pullman. 16mo. $1.00.

"There are few books of travel which combine in a romance of true
love so many touches of the real life of many people, in glimpses
of happy homes, in pictures of scenery and sunset, as the
beautiful panorama unrolled before us from the windows of this
Pullman car. The book is crisp and bright, and has a pleasant
flavor; and whatever is lovely in the spirit of its author, or of
good report in his name, one may look here and find promise of
both fulfilled."--_Exchange._

=WHAT CAREER?= or, The Choice of a Vocation and the Use of Time. 16mo. $1.25.

"'What Career?' is a book which will do anybody good to read;
especially is it a profitable book for young men to 'read, mark,
and inwardly digest.' Mr. Hale seems to know what young men need,
and here he gives them the result of his large experience and
careful observation. A list of the subjects treated in this little
volume will sufficiently indicate its scope: (1) The Leaders Lead;
(2) The Specialties; (3) Noblesse Oblige; (4) The Mind's Maximum;
(5) A Theological Seminary; (6) Character; (7) Responsibilities of
Young Men; (8) Study Outside School; (9) The Training of Men; (10)
Exercise."--_Watchman._

=UPS AND DOWNS.= An Every-Day Novel. 16mo. $1.50.

"This book is certainly very enjoyable. It delineates American
life so graphically that we feel as if Mr. Hale must have seen
every rood of ground he describes, and must have known personally
every character he so cleverly depicts. In his hearty fellowship
with young people lies his great power. The story is permeated
with a spirit of glad-heartedness and elasticity which in this
hurried, anxious, money-making age it is most refreshing to meet
with in any one out of his teens; and the author's sympathy with,
and respect for, the little romances of his young friends is most
fraternal."--_New Church Magazine._

=SEVEN SPANISH CITIES=, and the Way to Them. 16mo. $1.25.

"The Rev. E. E. Hale's 'Spanish Cities' is in the author's most
lively style, full of fun, with touches of romance, glimpses of
history, allusions to Oriental literature, earnest talk about
religion, consideration of Spanish politics, and a rapid, running
description of everything that observant eyes could possibly see.
Mr. Hale makes Spain more attractive and more amusing than any
other traveller has done, and he lavishes upon her epigram and
wit."--_Boston Advertiser._

=CHRISTMAS EVE AND CHRISTMAS DAY.= Ten Stories. 16mo. $1.25.

"Many an eye has moistened, and many a heart grown kindlier with
Christmas thoughts over 'Daily Bread,' and some of the lesser
stars which now shine in the same galaxy; and the volume which
contains them will carry on their humane ministry to many a future
Christmas time."--_Christian Register._

=IN HIS NAME.= A Story of the Waldenses, Seven Hundred Years ago. Square 18mo. Paper, 30 cents; cloth, $1.00.

"A touching, almost a thrilling, tale is this by E. E. Hale, in
its pathetic simplicity and its deep meaning. It is a story of the
Waldenses in the days when Richard Coeur de Lion and his
splendid following wended their way to the Crusades, and when the
name of Christ inspired men who dwelt in palaces, and men who
sheltered themselves in the forests of France. 'In his Name' was
the 'Open Sesame' to the hearts of such as these, and it is to
illustrate the power of this almost magical phrase that the story
is written. That it is charmingly written, follows from its
authorship. There is in fact no little book that we have seen of
late that offers so much of so pleasant reading in such little
space, and conveys so apt and pertinent a lesson of pure
religion."--_N. Y. Commercial Advertiser._

"The very loveliest Christmas story ever written. It has the ring
of an old Troubadour in it."

=A SUMMER VACATION.= 16mo. 50 cents.

"After Mr. Hale's return from Europe he preached to his people
four sermons concerning his European experience. At the request of
'some who heard them,' Mr. Hale has allowed these sermons to be
published with this title. They are full of vigorous thought, wide
philanthropy, and practical suggestions, and will be read with
interest by all classes."--_Boston Transcript._

_Sold everywhere. Mailed, post-paid, on receipt of price, by the
Publishers_,

ROBERTS BROTHERS, BOSTON.