Chapter I: Introduction: xv

CHAPTER

I. THE STUDY OF TREES IN WINTER 3

Trunk and branches. Stems and twigs. Leaf-scars.
Bundle-scars. Buds.

II. THE HORSECHESTNUT 15

The Horsechestnut. The Ohio Buckeye.

III. THE MAPLES 21

Sugar or Rock Maple. Red or Swamp Maple.
White or Silver Maple. Striped Maple or Moosewood.
Ash-leaved Maple or Box Elder. Norway
Maple. Sycamore Maple.

IV. THE ASHES 35

The White or American Ash. Red or Downy Ash.
Black Ash. European Ash.

V. THE WALNUTS AND HICKORIES 45

Butternut. Black Walnut. Shagbark or Shellbark
Hickory. Mockernut or Whiteheart Hickory.
Bitternut Hickory. Pignut Hickory.

VI. THE BIRCHES, HOP HORNBEAM, AND HORNBEAM 59

Canoe, Paper, or White Birch. American, Gray,
or White Birch. Black or Sweet Birch. Yellow
Birch. Red or River Birch. Dwarf Birch.
European White Birch. Hop Hornbeam, Ironwood.
Hornbeam, Blue Beech.

VII. THE BEECH, CHESTNUT, AND OAKS 77

American Beech. European Beech. Chestnut
Oak. White Oak. Swamp White Oak. Mossy-cup,
Overcup, or Bur Oak. Chestnut or Rock
Chestnut Oak. Dwarf Chestnut Oak. Post or
Rough Oak. Black Oak. Red Oak. Pin Oak.
Scrub Oak.

VIII. THE ELMS AND THE HACKBERRY 101

American or White Elm. Slippery or Red Elm.
Cork or Rock Elm. English Elm. Scotch,
Dutch, or Wych Elm. Hackberry, Sugarberry,
Nettle tree.

IX. THE BUTTONWOOD, THE TUPELO, AND THE
MULBERRIES 117

Buttonwood, Sycamore, or Plane tree. Tupelo,
Pepperidge, Sour Gum tree. Flowering Cornel,
Flowering Dogwood. Red Mulberry. White
Mulberry.

X. THE LOCUSTS, THE YELLOWWOOD, AND THE
KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE 129

Common Locust. Honey Locust. Yellowwood.
Kentucky Coffee tree. Laburnum. Judas tree.

XI. THE LINDENS, THE LIQUIDAMBER, AND THE
SASSAFRAS 141

Linden, Basswood. European Linden. Liquidamber,
Sweet Gum. Hamamelis. Sassafras.

XII. THE MAGNOLIA AND TULIP TREE, THE CATALPA,
THE AILANTHUS, AND THE ARALIA 153

Swamp Magnolia, Sweet Bay. Umbrella tree.
Cucumber tree. Tulip tree. Catalpa. Ailanthus,
Tree of Heaven. Angelica tree, Hercules’
Club.

XIII. THE APPLE TREE, PEAR TREE, MOUNTAIN ASH,
CHERRY TREE, AND THE SHAD BUSH 167

Common Apple tree. Common Pear tree. Mountain
Ash, or Rowan tree. Wild Black Cherry.
Choke Cherry. Pin Cherry. Peach tree. Shad
Bush. Service Berry, June Berry.

XIV. THE WILLOWS AND POPLARS 177

White Willow. Weeping Willow. Black Willow.
Aspen, American Aspen. Large-toothed Aspen.
Balm of Gilead, Balsam Poplar. Cottonwood,
Necklace, or Carolina Poplar. Lombardy Poplar.
White Poplar.

XV. THE LARCH 187

American Larch. Tamarack or Hackmatack.
European Larch.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

Swamp White Oak. _Quercus platanoides_ _Frontispiece_

Cross section of a tree. (Colored plate) 4

Horsechestnut. _Æsculus hippocastanum_ 14

Horsechestnut shoot 16

Section of a Horsechestnut bud. (Colored plate) 18

The Maples. (Colored plate) 20

Sugar Maple. _Acer saccharum_ 22

Trunk of a young Sugar Maple 23

Red Maple. _Acer rubrum_ 24

Trunk of a young Red Maple 25

Silver Maple. _Acer saccharinum_ 26

Moosewood Maple. _Acer pennsylvanicum_ 28

Norway Maple. _Acer platanoides_ 30

Sycamore Maple. _Acer pseudo-platanus_ 32

The Ashes. (Colored plate) 34

American Ash. _Fraxinus americana_ 36

Walnuts and Hickories. (Colored plate) 44

Butternut. _Juglans cinerea_ 46

Trunk of a Butternut 47

Black Walnut. _Juglans nigra_ 48

Trunk of a Black Walnut 49

Shagbark Hickory. _Hicoria ovata_ 50

Trunks of Shagbark Hickories 51

Mockernut Hickory. _Hicoria alba_ 52

Bitternut Hickory. _Hicoria minima_ 54

Pignut Hickory. _Hicoria glabra_ 56

Canoe Birch. _Betula papyrifera_ 58

Gray Birches. _Betula populifolia_ 60

Black Birch. _Betula lenta_ 62

Yellow Birch. _Betula lutea_ 64

Red Birch. _Betula nigra_ 66

European White Birch. _Betula alba_ 68

Hop Hornbeam. _Ostrya virginiana_ 70

Hornbeams. _Carpinus caroliniana_ 72

The Beech and Chestnut. (Colored plate) 76

Beech trees. _Fagus americana_ 78

Trunk of a young Beech 80

Chestnut. _Castanea dentata_ 82

The Oaks. (Colored plate) 83

White Oak. _Quercus alba_ 84

Trunk of a White Oak 86

Mossy-cup Oak. _Quercus macrocarpa_ 88

A young Post Oak. _Quercus minor_ 90

Black Oak. _Quercus velutina_ 92

Red Oak. _Quercus rubra_ 94

Trunk of a Red Oak 96

Pin Oak. _Quercus palustris_ 98

The American and Slippery Elms. (Colored plate) 100

American Elm. _Ulmus americana_ 102

Young Cork Elm. _Ulmus racemosa_ 106

English Elms. _Ulmus campestris_ 108

Scotch Elm. _Ulmus montana_ 110

Hackberry. _Celtis occidentalis_ 112

Buttonwood stem and bud. (Colored plate) 116

Buttonwood. _Platanus occidentalis_ 118

Trunk of a Buttonwood 119

Tupelo. _Nyssa sylvatica_ 120

Red Mulberry. _Morus rubra_ 122

White Mulberry. _Morus alba_ 124

The Locusts. (Colored plate) 128

Common Locust trees. _Robinia pseud-acacia_ 130

Honey Locust. _Gleditsia triacanthos_ 132

Kentucky Coffee tree. _Gymnocladus dioicus_ 134

Linden, Liquidamber, and Sassafras. (Colored plate) 140

American Linden. _Tilia americana_ 142

Liquidamber. _Liquidambar styraciflua_ 144

Sassafras. _Sassafras sassafras_ 146

Trunk of a Sassafras 148

Magnolia and Tulip tree. (Colored plate) 152

Tulip tree. _Liriodendron tulipifera_ 156

Catalpa. _Catalpa speciosa_ 158

Ailanthus. _Ailanthus glandulosa_ 160

Hercules’ Club. _Aralia spinosa_ 162

Mountain Ash. _Pyrus americana_ 166

A young Black Cherry tree. _Prunus serotina_ 170

White Willows. _Salix alba_ 176

Aspens. _Populus tremuloides_ 180

American Larch. _Larix americana_ 186

European Larch. _Larix europæa_ 188