Chapter II: Achæis

ETHNOLOGY OF THE GREEK RACES.

SECT. I.

_Scope of the Inquiry._

Preliminary objection of Mr. Grote stated 93
Synopsis of national and tribal names to be examined 96

SECT. II.

_On the Pelasgians, and cognate races._

The Pelasgians 100
Pelasgic Argos 101
Dodona 106
Thessaly and the Southern Islands 109
Epithets for Pelasgians 113
Use of this name in the singular 114
The Pelasgians and Larissa 115
The Arcadians Pelasgian 119
Why προσέληνοι 121
The Arcadians afterwards the Swiss of Greece 122
The Graians or Greeks 123
Ceres and the Pelasgians 124
The Iaones or Ionians 127
The Athenians in the Catalogue 129
The Catalogue, vv. 546-9 129
The same, vv. 550, 132
The same, vv. 553-5 135
Review of the Homeric evidence as to the Athenians 137
Their relations with Minerva 140
Post-Homeric evidence of the Pelasgianism of Attica 145
The Pelasgians related to Egypt 148
The Egyptians semi-fabulous to Homer 151
Their Pelasgian resemblances, in Homer and otherwise 153
The Greeks of the Iliad why never termed Pelasgian 156
The Θρῇκες and Θρῃίκιοι 158
The Caucones and Leleges 161

SECT. III.

_The Pelasgians: and certain States naturalized or
akin to Greece._

Minos in Homer 166
His origin 167
His place in the nether world 168
The power of Crete 169
Two of the five races apparently Pelasgian 170
The tradition of Deucalion 172
The extent of the Minoan Empire 175
Evidence of Post-Homeric tradition 176
Circumstantial evidence 178
The Lycians 181
Their points of connection with Greece 183
Elements of the population 185
Cyprus 188
Inhabitants probably Pelasgian 190
No other name competes with the Pelasgian as designating
the first inhabitants of Greece 193
The Pelasgians were the base or _substratum_ of the
Greek nation 194
Post-Homeric testimony respecting them 195
K. O. Müller’s Summary 200
The Pelasgian language 203
The Pelasgian route into Greece 205
Probably twofold 206
Route of the Helli 208
Peloponnesus the old centre of power 209
Derivation of the Pelasgian name 211

SECT. IV.

_On the Phœnicians and the Outer Geography of
the Odyssey._

Tokens of the Phœnicians in Greece 216
Limits of Homer’s Inner or Greek Geography 217
And Greek Navigation 219
His Outer Geography Phœnician 221
The traditions connected therewith also Phœnician 223
Minos the Ὀλοόφρων 225
Commercial aptitude of the modern Greeks 227
The Homeric Mouth of Ocean 228
The two Geographical reports are blended into one 228
The Siceli and Sicania 229
Their site is probably on the Bruttian Coast 231
The Epirus of Homer 234
The Thesprotians in Homer 235
The Cadmeans in Homer 239
Period from which they date 240
Conclusions respecting them 244

SECT. V.

_On the Catalogue._

The Greek Catalogue, properly an Array or Review 245
The Preface 246
The List 247
The principle of arrangement 249
The distribution in chief 250
The sub-distribution 251
Proofs of historic aim 255
Genealogies of the Catalogue 256
The Epilogue 259
The Trojan Catalogue 261

SECT. VI.

_On the Hellenes of Homer._

The word Hellas the key to this inquiry 264
List of passages where used 265
Some of them admit the narrow sense 266
Some refuse it 268
None require it 272
Hellenes in Il. ii. 684 274
Panhellenes in Il. ii. 530 277
Cephallenes in Il. ii. 631 and elsewhere 278
The Helli or Selli 279
Selli of the Scholiast of Aristophanes 280

SECT. VII.

_On the respective contributions of the Pelasgian and
Hellenic factors to the compound of the Greek nation._

Contributions to Mythology 285
Correspondences with Rome and Troy 287
The Pelasgian religion less imaginative 289
Their ritual development fuller 290
Order of Priests in Homer not Hellenic 293
Contributions to language 294
Classes of words which agree 298
Classes which differ 301
Evidence from names of persons 307
General rules of discrimination 309
Names of the Pelasgian class 311
Names of the Hellenic class 317
Contributions to political ideas 320
To martial ideas 320
Corporal education and Games 322
Music and Song 329
Supposed Pelasgianism of the Troic age 331
The traditions of Hunting 332
The practice of Navigation 336
Summary of the case 338
States especially Hellic or Pelasgic 342

SECT. VIII.

_On the three greater Homeric appellatives._

Modes of formation for names of peoples 346
The three greater appellatives not synonymous 348
Proofs of their distinctive use 350
The Argive Juno, Argive Helen 353
The Danaans of Homer 355
Epithets of the three appellatives 356
The Danaan name dynastic 359
Compared with the Cadmean name 361
Epoch of the dynasty 363
Post-Homeric tradition 366
Application of the name Argos 368
Achaic and Iasian Argos 373
The phrase μέσον Ἄργος 378
The Apian land 379
Summary of geographical conclusions 380
Etymology of the word Argos 381
Its connection with ἔργον 384
The etymology tested by kindred words 388
The Danaan Argeians of Od. viii. 578 391
The Argive Juno 392
Transition to Achæans 393
Relation of Argeian and Pelasgian names 396
The etymology illustrated 397
Different extent of Ἀργεῖοι and Ἄργος 401
Propositions as to the Achæan name 402
Particulars of its use 403
Signs of its leaning to the aristocracy 406
Mode of its application in Ithaca 411
Its local sense in Thessaly 416
In Crete 417
In Pylos 418
In Eastern Peloponnesus 419
Force of the name Παναχαιοὶ 420
The Æolid and Æolian names 423
The Heraclids in Homer 425
The descent of the Æolids 427
The earliest Hellenic thrones in Greece 429
The Danaan and Argive names used nationally in
poetry only 431
Summary of the evidence 433
Later literary history of the three great appellatives 436
Their value as primitive History 437

SECT. IX.

_On the Homeric title of ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν._

Difference between Epithets and Titles 440
Examples of Homeric titles 443
The Βασιλεὺς of Homer 443
Common interpretations of the ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν 443
Some particulars of its use in Homer 446
How far connected with metrical convenience 447
The κρείων and the ποιμὴν λαῶν 448
Arguments for a specific meaning in ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν 450
Persons to whom the title is applied 453
Persons to whom it might have been applied 455
Associations of reverence with it 456
It may indicate patriarchal chieftaincy 459
Presumptions of this in the case of Agamemnon 461
Propositions respecting his extraction and station 463
Arguments against his Hellenic descent considered 465
Connection of Tantalus with Greece and with Pelops 466
As to the seat of his power 470
Homeric notices of Pelops 471
The Achæans rose with him 472
They came from Thessaly 474
The Dorians appropriate the Pelopid succession 477
Protest against the popular tradition of the Hellenidæ 480
Which, however, bears witness to the connection
with Thessaly 481
Case of Agamemnon summed up 482
The cases of Anchises and Æneas 484
Presumptive evidence as to Anchises 486
Presumptive evidence as to Æneas 486
Evidence from the Dardanid genealogy 489
From the horses of Tros 490
Evidence summed up 491
Signs of kin between Trojans and Greeks 492
Signs connected with the Hellic name 496
The Hellespont of Homer 497
The gift of Echepolus Anchisiades 499
Twofold bond, Hellic as well as Pelasgic 499
Case of Augeias stated 500
Notes of connection between Elis and the North 502
Relation of Augeias to the name Ephyre 504
Cluster of apparently cognate names 505
The race of Φῆρες 509
Common root of all these names 510
Probable signification of Ἐφύρη 513
Places bearing the name Ἐφύρη 515
Summary of the evidence for Augeias 519
Case of Euphetes 520
The site of his Ephyre 521
Case of Eumelus 526
The ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν is descended from Jupiter 529
The four notes of the ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν 531
Negative proofs 532
Persons with the four notes but without the title 536
Its disappearance with Homer 538
Signs in the Iliad of political disorganization 539
More extensively in the Odyssey 542
General significancy of the title ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν 543

SECT. X.

_On the connection of the Hellenes and Achæans
with the East._

The Achæan name has no mark of a Greek origin 545
Means for pursuing the inquiry 546
The two groups of Indo-European languages 547
Corresponding distinction of races 548
Province of Fars or Persia proper 549
Ascendancy of the Persians 550
Relation of the Germani to the Celts 551
And to the Hellenes 552
The Persian tribe of Γερμάνιοι 554
The Homeric traces of the Persian name 555
The Achæan name in Persia 556
Its probable etymology 557
The Persians according to Herodotus 558
The comparison as to religious belief 561
As to ritual, and other resemblances 563
Evidence of the Behistun inscription 565
The organization established by Darius 566
Presumptions from the term Βασιλεύς 567
Hellenic traits in modern Persia 568
The Eelliats 571
Media a probable source of the Pelasgi 571

ADDENDA 573

STUDIES ON HOMER AND THE HOMERIC AGE.