Chapter XXII: Appendix: B (1)

THE PROLOGUE TO THE GRAND ST. GRAAL AND THE BRANDAN LEGEND.

I believe the only parallel to this prologue to be the one furnished by that form of the Brandan legend of which Schröder has printed a German version (Sanct Brandan) at Erlangen, in 1871, from a MS. of the fourteenth century, but the first composition of which he places (p. 15) in the last quarter of the twelfth century. The text in question will be found pp. 51, _et seq._: Brandan, a servant of God, seeks out marvels in rare books, he finds that two paradises were on earth, that another world was situated under this one, so that when it is here night it is day there, and of a fish so big that forests grew on his back, also that the grace of God allowed some respite every Saturday night to the torments of Judas. Angry at all these things he burnt the book. But the voice of God spake to him, "Dear friend Brandan thou hast done wrong, and through thy wrath I see My wonders lost." The holy Christ bade him fare nine years on the ocean, until he see whether these marvels were real or a lie. Thereafter Brandan makes ready a ship to set forth on his travels.

This version was very popular in Germany. Schröder prints a Low German adaptation, and a chap book one, frequently reprinted during the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries. But besides this form there was another, now lost, which can be partially recovered from the allusions to it in the Wartburg Krieg, a German poem of the thirteenth and early fourteenth century, and which is as follows:--An angel brings Brandan a book from heaven: Brandan finds so many incredible things in it that he taxes book and angel with lying, and burns the book. For his unfaith he must wander till he find it. God's grace grants him this at last; an angel gives him the sign of two fires burning, which are the eyes of an ox, upon whose tongue he shall find the book. He hands it to Uranias, who brings it to _Scotland_ (_i.e._, of course Ireland) Schröder, p. 9.

The closeness of the parallel cannot be denied, and it raises many interesting questions, which I can here only allude to. The Isle of Brandan has always been recognized as a Christian variant of the Celtic Tír-na n-Og, the Land of the Shades, Avalon. Schröder has some instructive remarks on this subject, p. 11. The voyage of Brandan may thus be compared with that of Bran, the son of Febal (_supra_, p. 232), both being versions of the wide-spread myth of a mortal's visit to the otherworld. It is not a little remarkable that in the Latin legend, which differs from the German form by the absence of the above-cited prologue, there is an account (missing in the German), of a "conopeus" ("cover" or "canopy,") _cf._ Ducange and Diez, _sub voce_; the old French version translates it by "Pavillon of the colour of silver but harder than marble, and a column therein of clearest crystal." And on the fourth day they find a window and therein a "calix" of the same nature as the "conopeus" and a "patena" of the colour of the column (Schröder, p. 27, and Note 41).

Thus there is a formal connection between the Brandan legend and the Grail romances in the prologue common to two works of each cycle, and there is a likeness of subject-matter between the Brandan legend and the older Celtic traditions which I have assumed to be the basis of the romances. But German literature likewise supplies evidence of a connection between Brandan and Bran. Professor Karl Pearson has referred me to a passage in the Pfaffe Amis, a thirteenth century South German poem, composed by Der Stricker, the hero of which, a prototype of Eulenspiegel, goes through the world gulling and tricking his contemporaries. In a certain town he persuades the good people to entrust to him their money, by telling them that he has in his possession a very precious relic, the head of St. Brandan, which has commanded him to build a cathedral (Lambl's Edition, Leipzig, 1872, p. 32). The preservation of the head of Bran is a special feature in the Mabinogi. I have instanced parallels from Celtic tradition (Branwen, p. 14), and Professor Rhys has since (Hibb. Lect., p. 94) connected the whole with Celtic mythological beliefs. This chance reference in a German poem is the only trace to my knowledge of an earlier legend in which, it may be, Bran and Brandan, the visitor to and the lord of the otherworld, were one and the same person.

It is highly desirable that every form of or allusion to the Brandan legend should be examined afresh, as, perhaps, able to throw fresh light upon the origin and growth of the Grail legend. In Pseudo-Chrestien Perceval's mother goes on a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Brandan.

INDEX I.

DRAMATIS PERSONÆ.

[This Index is to the Summaries contained in Chapter II, and the references are not to page and line, but to Version and Incident. The Versions are distinguished by the following abbreviations:--

Conte du Graal =Co=, Pseudo-Chrestien =PC=, Chrestien =C=, Gautier =G=, Manessier =Ma=, Gerbert =Ge=, Wolfram =W=, Heinrich von dem Türlin =H=, Mabinogi of Peredur =M=, Thornton MS. Sir Perceval =T=, Didot-Perceval =D=, Borron's poem =B=, Queste =Q= (=Q={1} and =Q={2} refer to the different drafts of the romance distinguished p. 83) Grand St. Graal =GG=. With the less important entries, or when the entries are confined to one version, a simple number reference is given. But in the case of the more important personages, notably Perceval, Gawain, and Galahad, an attempt has been made to show the life history, by grouping together references to the same incident from different versions; in this case each incident group is separated from other groups by a long dash ----. Any speciality in the incident presented by a version is bracketed _before_ the reference initial, and, when deemed advisable, reference has been made to allied as well as to similar incidents. This detail, to save space, is, as a rule, given only once, as under Perceval, and not duplicated under other headings, the number reference alone being given in the latter cases. The fullest entry is Perceval, which practically comprises such entries as Fisher King, Grail, Sword, Lance, etc.]

=ABEL= =Q=37, =GG=24.

=ABRIORIS= =G=9.

=ACHEFLOUR= =T=1.

=ADAM= =Q=37, =GG=24.

=ADDANC OF LAKE= =M=16, 19.

=AGARAN= =Q=23.

=AGRESTES= =GG=40.

=AGUIGRENONS= =Co=, _Kingrun_ =W=, anonymous =M=, =C=6, =W=, =M=8.

=ALAINS=, Celidoine's son =GG=43.

=ALAINS= or =ALEIN= (=li Gros= =D=, =Q=, =GG=) =B=12----=Dprol=, 1, 6, 12, =Q=26, =GG=30, 43, 45, 51, 58, 59.

=ALEINE=, Gawain's niece, =D=1.

=ALFASEM= =GG=51, 58.

=AMANGONS= =PC=1, 2, 4.

=AMFORTAS=, see Fisher King.

=AMINADAP= =GG=58.

=ANGHARAD= Law Eurawc, =M=12, 14.

=ANTIKONIE=, see Facile Damsel.

=ARGASTES= =Q=27.

=ARIDES= of Cavalon =Ma=14, 16 (a King of Cavalon mentioned =C=12 corresponds to _Vergulat_ of Askalon in =W=).

=ARTHUR= =PC=2, 3, 5, =C=1, =Dprol=----arrival of Perceval at his court =C=3, =W=, =M=3, =T=4, =Dprol=----=C=6, 9, 10, =W=, =M=9, 10, 11----=M=13, 14----=C=11, =W=, =M=20----=T=7----=C=18, =W=----=G=1, =W=----=G=2, 3, 6, 9, 11, 13, 16, 19, 20, =Ma=10, 16, 23, =Ge=5, =H=, =D=1, 3, 5, 8, 14, 16, =M=25, =Q=3, 5, 13, =GG=33, 45, 48.

=AUGUSTUS CÆSAR= =GG=11.

=AVALON= or =AVARON= =B=12, 13, =D=9.

=BAGOMMEDES= =G=19, 20.

=BANDAMAGUS= =Q=5, 6, 43.

=BANS= =Q=26, =GG=30, 59.

=BEAU MAUVAIS=, le, =G=11, =D=8.

=BEDUERS= =D=2.

=BLAISE= =Dprol=, 14.

=BLANCHEFLEUR= =Co=, Conduiramur =W=, anonymous =M=, _cf._ Lufamour =T=----Perceval's cousin =Co=, =W=----first meeting with Perceval =C=6, =W=, =M=8----second meeting with Perceval =G=10----third meeting =Ma=13-16----third meeting and marriage with Perceval =Ge=8-10, _cf._ =W=.

=BLIHIS= =PC=1 = Blaise?

=BLIHOS BLIHERIS= =PC=2.

=BLIOCADRANS= (of Wales, Perceval's father), =PC=6.

=BORS, BOHORS, BOORT= =Q=1, 3, 13, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, =Ma=18----=Q=35, 48-52.

=BRANDALIS= =G=1, 2.

=BRIOS= =G=16.

=BRONS, BRON=, or =HEBRON=. =B=7, 8, 12, 14, =Dprol=, 6, 16, =GG=41, 42, _cf._ p. 19.

=BRUILLANT= =GG=58 = Urlain =Q=35.

=BRUN DE BRANLANT= =G=1.

=CAIN= =Q=37, =GG=24.

=CAIPHAS= =GG=2, 3.

=CAIUS= =GG=3.

=CALIDES= =Ma=9.

=CALOGRENANT= =Q=33. =CALOGRINANT= =Ma=18----_Calocreant_ in =H=, one of the three Grail-seekers.

=CARAHIES= =G=5.

=CARCHELOIS= =Q=39.

=CARDUEL= =C=3----_Carduel_ of Nantes =G=1.

=CASTRARS= =PC=4.

=CATHELOYS= =GG=58.

=CAVALON= =C=12----=Ma=14, 16.

=CELIDOINE= =GG=22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 39, 59, =Q=26.

=CHANAAN= =GG=45, 47.

=CHESSBOARD CASTLE= =G=7, =D=4, =M=24----=G=14----=G=18, =D=13.

=CHRIST= =B=1-3, 5, 6, 8, 11, =Q=7, 10, 13, 15, 20, 26, 50, =Dprol=, 16, =Ge=15, =GG=1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 21, 23, 30, 37, 41, 45.

=CLAMADEX= =C=6, Clamide =W=, the earl =M=8 = the Sowdane =T=7.

=CLARISSE= =Co= Mons MS. or _Clarissant_ Montpellier MS., ITONJE =W=----=C=18, =G=1, =W=.

=CLAUDIUS= =GG=3.

=CLAUDIUS=, son of Claudas =Q={2}51.

=CORBENIC= =Q=, =GG=, =CORBIÈRE= =Ma=23, =Q=13, 43, 48, =GG=51.

=CORSAPIAS= =GG=22.

=COWARD KNIGHT= =Ma=17, 19.

=CRUDEL= =Q=6, 15, =Ge=15, =GG=36-38.

=DAVID= =Q=37.

=DODINEL= =Ma=14.

=ELIEZER= =Q=27.

=EMPTY SEAT=, see Seat Perillous.

=ENYGEUS=, =ENYSGEUS=, or =ANYSGEUS= =B=7, 8, 11, 12.

=EREC= =D=2.

=ERNOUS= =Q=39.

=ESCORANT= =Q={2}51.

=ESCOS= =GG=47.

=ESPINOGRE= =Ma=5.

=ESTROIS DE GARILES= =Q={2}51.

=ETLYM GLEDDYV COCH= =M=16-18.

=EVALACH.= Evalach li mescouncus =GG=, Eualac =Q= (Anelac 26), Evelac =Ma=, =Ge=. Overcoming Tholomes =GG=6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, =Q=6, 15, 26, =Ma=3, =Ge=15, name changed to _Mordrains_, which see.

=EVE= =Q=37, =GG=24.

=FACILE DAMSEL=, Anonymous =Co=, =H=, =M=, _Antikonie_ =W=, =C=14, =W=, =H=, =M=21.

=FEIREFIZ= =W=.

=FELIX= =GG=3, 11.

=FISHER KING.= Anonymous =Co=, Amfortas =W=, Brons =B=, =D=, Alain =GG=. Anonymous (?), =Q={1}, Pelles =Q={2}. In =M= the Fisher corresponds to Gonemans. In all the French works of the cycle the adjective rich is commonly applied to the Fisher. Splendour of court =PC=1----learned in black art =PC=3----old and sick =Dprol=, First meeting with Perceval =C=7, =W=, =D=11, _cf._ =PC=3, =M=6----=C=8, =W=, _cf._ =D=2, 12----=C=11, =W=, _cf._ =D=15, =M=21----=G=7, 8, 9, 16, 18, 19, 20----Second meeting with Perceval =G=22, =Ma=1-7 or =Ge=1-5, =D=16, _cf._ =M=25----=Ma=10----Third meeting with Perceval =Ma=22, =Ge=22, =W=----Grandfather of Galahad =Q={1}2, 26. See also Maimed King.

Surname given to Brons =B=12, to Alain =GG=43.

Vessel given to him =D=1----commanded to go to the West =D=6.

=FLEGENTYNE= =GG=22, 29, 31, 37, 59.

=GAHMURET= =W=.

=GALAHAD= (GALAAD). _Father_: Lancelot =Q=, =GG=----_Mother_: daughter of King Pelles =Q={1}, =GG=, or Fisher King =Q={2}----Seat Perillous =Q=2----Sword =Q=3----Quest proclaimed =Q=5----Evelac's Shield =Q=6, =GG=50----Devil-inhabited tomb =Q=7, _cf._ =Ge=17----Melians' discomforture =Q=8----Castle of Maidens =Q=9----overcoming of Lancelot and Perceval =Q=11----destined achiever of Quest =Q=13----rescue of Perceval =Q=16----Genealogy =Q=26, =GG=21, 30, 58----likening to a spotless bull =Q=29----overcoming of Gawain =Q=34----stay on ship =Q=35, 36----sword =Q=36----Maimed King =Q={2} 36----capture of Castle Carchelois =Q=39----stag and lions =Q=40, _cf._ =GG=45----castle of the evil custom =Q=41----stay with father =Q=42----healing of Mordrains =Q=44, _cf._ =GG=39----cooling of fountain =Q=45----making white the Cross =GG=40----release of Symeu =Q=46, =GG=49----making whole sword =GG=44----release of Moys =GG=46----five years' wanderings =Q=47----arrival at King Peleur's =Q={1}, Maimed King's =Q={2}, witnessing of Grail and healing of Maimed King =Q=48-50----Sarras, crowning, death =Q=51, 52.

=GALAHAD= (GALAAD) son of Joseph =GG=8, 31, 34----King of Hocelice and ancestor of Urien =GG=49----founding of abbey for Symeu =GG=49.

=GANSGUOTER= =H=.

=GANORT= =GG=33, 35.

=GARALAS= =G=13.

=GAWAIN.= Gauvain =Co=, =Q=, =GG=, Gwalchmai =M=, Gawan =W=, Gawein =H=, Gawayne or Wawayne =T=----of the seed of Joseph of Arimathea =GG=48, Arthur's nephew =Co=, =Q=----conquers Blihos Bliheris =PC=2----allusion to his finding the Grail =PC=3----one of the knights met by Perceval in wood =M=1, =T=2----helps Perceval to disarm Red Knight =T=4----meeting with Perceval after blood-drops incident =C=10, =W=, =M=11----vow to release imprisoned maiden =C=11, =M=20----reproached by Guigambresil =C=12, (Kingrimur) =W=, (anonymous) =M=20----tournament at Tiebaut's =C=13, (Lippaot) =W=, (Leigamar) =H=, _cf._ =D=15, where Perceval is hero but Gawain best knight after him----adventure with the facile damsel =C=14, (Antikonie) =W=, =H=, =M=21----injunction to seek bleeding lance =C=14, =W=, (Grail) =H=----adventure with Griogoras =C=16, (Urjan) =W=, (Lohenis) =H=----meeting with scornful damsel, Orgeuilleuse, arrival at ferryman's =C=16, =W=----Magic Castle =C=17, =W=, _cf._ =GG=51----may not leave castle =C=17----second meeting with Orgueilleuse =C=18, =W=, (Mancipicelle) =H=----Ford Perillous, Guiromelant =C=18, (Gramoflanz) =W=, (Giremelanz) =H=----marriage with Orgueilleuse =W=, (?) =C=18----arrival of Arthur to witness combat with Guiromelant =C=18 continued by =G=1, =W=, =H=----fight with Perceval =W=, _cf._ =T=7----reconciliation with Guiromelant =G=1, =W=, =H=----departure on Grail Quest and winning various talismans =H=----[first arrival at Grail Castle according to Montpellier MS. of =Co=]----Brun de Branlant, Brandalis =G=1 and 2----slaying of unknown knight and Quest to avenge him =G=3----Chapel of Black Hand =G=3----arrival at Grail Castle (first according to Mons MS. of =Co=), half successful =G=3, wholly successful =H=, _cf._ =M=25 found by Peredur at Castle of Talismans, and reference in =Q=51 Welsh version----greetings of country folk =G=3, _cf._ =Ge=3----meeting with his son =G=4----Mount Dolorous Quest =G=19----renewed Grail Quest, reproached for conduct at Fisher King's, slaying of Margon =Ma=10----rescue of Lyonel =Ma=18----rescue by Perceval =Ge=16.

Joins in search for Grail with remainder of Table Round =D={2}, =Q=,
betraying knowledge of Maimed King =Q=5.

Meeting with Ywain, Gheheris and confession to hermit =Q=10.

Meeting with Hector de Mares =Q=29.

Overcoming at Galahad's hand =Q=34.

=GHEHERIES= =Q=10.

=GIFLÈS= =C=11, =G=2.

=GONEMANS= or =GONEMANT= =Co=, Gornumant =Ge=, Gurnemanz =W=, Fisher Uncle =M=, =C=5, =W=, =M=5, uncle to Blanchefleur =C=6, =C=7, =W=, second meeting with Perceval =Ge=8-9, _cf._ =T=6.

=GOON DESERT= =Ma=4.

=GRAIL=, Early History of. Last Supper cup given to Joseph =B=2, 3, 4, =GG=2, =Q=50, =Ma=3----Solace of Joseph =B=5, 6, =GG=2, =D=16, =Ma=3 (Montpellier MS.)----Grail and Fish =B=8, 9 _cf._ =GG=43----Directs Joseph what to do with Alain =B=12, _cf._ =GG=42, confided to Brons =B=14,15, =Dprol= 6, (Alain) =GG=51----=D=6, 10----feeds host =GG=5, =Q=13, also =GG=32----Blinding of Nasciens =GG=16, 21, 23, 30, passage to England 31, =D=6, =Q=6, 13, 15----Crudel =GG=38, =Q=15, =Ge=15----Blinding of Mordrains =GG=38, 39, 42, only feeds the sinless 43, 44, refuses meat to Chanaan and Symeu 47, resting-place, Castle Corbenic =GG=51.

Book of, revealed to hermit =GG=2.

=GRAIL=, Quest of _by Perceval_: first seen at Fisher King's =PC=3, =C=7, =W=, =D=11----properties of =C=8, =W=, =D=12----=C=11, =W=----=C=15, =W=----lights up forest =G=14----=G=21----seen for second time =G=22-=Ma=1-7 or =Ge=1-3, =D=16----heals Hector and Perceval =Ma=20----taken from earth =Ge=6, _cf._ =W=----opposed by witch, =Ge=8, 9----connection with Shield =Ge=13----seen for third time =Ma=23, 24, =Ge=22; _by Gawain_: =H= and =G=3; _by Lancelot_: =Q=12, 22, 43; _by Galahad_: =Q=2, feeds Arthur's court =Q=4, quest proclaimed =Q=5, feeds host =Q=13, =GG=32, denied to Gawain and Hector =Q=29, 30, accomplished =Q=50-52.

=GRAIL-MESSENGER=, see Loathly Damsel.

=GRAMOFLANZ= see Guiromelant.

=GRIOGORAS= =C=16 = Lohenis =H=.

=GUIROMELANT= =Co=, Gramoflanz =W=, Giremelanz =H=, =C=18-=G=1, =W=, =H=.

=HECTOR= (de =MARES= =Q=) =Q=29, 34, 43, =Ma=20.

=HELAIN= =Q=27.

=HELICORAS= =GG=22.

=HELYAB= =GG=2, 8, 34.

=HELYAS= =Q=26 = Ysaies =GG=30, 38.

=HERZELOYDE= =W=.

=HUDEN= =PC=4.

=HURGAINS= or =HURGANET= =D=2, 3.

=JONAANS= =Q=26, =JONANS= =GG=30, =JONAS= =GG=59.

=JOSEPH OF ARIMATHEA.= D'Arymathye =B=, de Arimathie =GG=, d'Abarimathie or d'Arimathie =Q=, de Barimacie =G=, and =Ma= (Montpellier MS.), Josep (without mention of town =Ma=, Mons MS.), de Barismachie =Ge=----care of Christ's body, captivity, solace, release =B=2-7, =GG=2, 3, =D=16, _cf._ =Q=6, =Ma=2----stay in Sarras =GG=4-11, =Q=6, 26, =Ge=15, =Ma=3----=B=7----Passage to England =GG=31, =Q=6----feeding by Grail =GG=32, =Q=13, _cf._ =B=8, 9----Moys =B=11, 12, =Dprol=, _cf._ =GG=41----=B=12-15----=GG=34, 36, =Q=15, =Ge=15----=GG=38, 44, 45, 48, 50--=D=1, 6, 12.

=JOSEPHES=, =JOSEPHE=, =JOSEPHUS=, or =JOSAPHES=, son of Joseph of Arimathea, =GG=2, 5, 9, 10, 11 =Q=6, 13, 14, 16, 17, 31 =Q=6, 13 and 32, 36 =Q=6, 38 =Q=6 and 15, 40, 41 =Q=13 _cf._ =D=6, 42, 43, 45, 46, 49, 50 =Q=6, =Q=50, 51.

=JOSUE= =GG=51, 58.

=KALAFIER= =GG=20, 22.

=KARDEIZ= =W=.

=KAY.= Kex =Co=----=T=2----=C=3, =W=, =M=3----=C=4, =W=, =M=4----=C=6, =C=9----=C=10, =W=, =M=11----=M=14----=T=7----=G=3, 19, =Ma=10, =Ge=21, =D=8----one of the three Grail-questers =H=.

=KLINSCHOR= =W.=

=LABAN= =Q=35 (query variant of Lambar?).

=LABEL= =GG=26.

=LABEL'S DAUGHTER= =GG=28, 29, 37, 39.

=LAMBAR= or =LABRAN= =Q=35, =LAMBOR= =GG=58.

=LANCE= (Spear) =PC=3, 4, =C=7, 8, =M=6, =C=11, 14, 15, =G=3, 22, =Ma=1, 2, 24, =Ge=22, =H=, =D=11, 12, 16, =Q=50, 51, =GG=9, 15, 16.

=LANCELOT=, Lancelot of Lake's grandfather =Q=26, =GG=30, 59.

=LANCELOT.= Galahad's father =Q=, =GG=, =Q=1, 2, 4 (_cf._ =C=11), 5, 11, 12 (_cf._ =C=7 and =G=3), 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 (_cf._ =GG=58) 27, 28, 29, 42, 43, =GG=30, 33, 40, 45, 58, 59, =PC=4.

=LEUCANS= =GG=10.

=LIONEL Q=1, 3, attacks Bors =Q=33, =Ma=18.

=LOATHLY DAMSEL.= Anonymous =Co=, Kundrie =W=, Perceval's cousin =M=, reproaches Perceval =C=11, =W=, =M=20----announces end of Quest, =Ma=23, =M=25.

=LOGRES= =PC=1, =G=3, =Q=12, 35, 47.

=LOHENIS= =H= = Griogoras =C=16.

=LOHERANGRIN= =W=.

=LONGIS= =PC=4, =Ma=2, =D=16.

=LOT= =GG=48.

=LUCES= =GG=48.

=LUFAMOUR= =T=7, _cf._ Blanchefleur.

=MAIDENS' CASTLE= =PC=5, =G=12=a=, =Ge=6----=Q=9.

=MAIMED= or =LAME KING=. Same personage as Fisher King. Designated in this way _only_ =M=, almost entirely so =Q={2} (5, 13, also =Q={1} 36, 39, 47, 50), never so =B=, =D=. =GG=58 applies the designation to Pelleans.

=MANAAL= =GG=58.

=MANCIPICELLE=, see Orgueilleuse.

=MARGON= =Ma=10.

=MARIE LA VENISSIENNE= =GG=3 = Verrine, =B=6, =W=.

=MARPUS= (=WARPUS= =Q=26) =GG=30, 59.

=MEAUX= =GG=11.

=MELIANS=, Galahad's companion =Q=8, 10.

=MELIANS DE LIS= =C=13, =D=15.

=MERLIN= (see p. 64D) =G=20, =Dprol=, 14, 15, =Q=13.

=MORDRAINS= =GG=, Mordains =Q=, _once_ Noodrans =Ma=, _once_ Mordrach =Ge=----Baptism =GG=14, 15, =Q=6, 26, =Ma=3 =Ge=15----=GG=16, 17, vision of descendants 18, =Q=26----=GG=19, 20, stay on island 21, _cf._ =Q=19----=GG=27, =Q=36----=GG=29 Crudel, and blinding by Grail 37, 38, =Q=15, =Ge=15----retires to hermitage =GG=39, =Q=44----his shield =GG=50, =Q=6.

=MORDRED= =GG=45.

=MORDRET= =Ge=6, 7.

=MORGHE LA FÉE= =G=18.

=MORONEUS= =Q={2}26.

=MORS DEL CALAN= =PC=4.

=MOUNT DOLOROUS= =G=19, 20, =Ge=5.

=MOYS=, =MOYSES= (=B=). Seat Perillous =B=10, 11, 12, =Dprol=, 1, =GG=41, 46.

=NASCIENS= =GG=, =Q=, Natiien =Ma=----Baptism =GG=14, =Q=6, 26, =Ma=3----Blinded by Grail =GG=16----=GG=18, 19, 20, 21, 22, turning isle and Solomon's ship, 23-27, =Q=35-37----=GG=28, 29, 30, 32, 33, Crudel 37, 38, (called Seraphe) =Q=15----=GG=39----his tomb =GG=50----death =GG=59----appears as hermit in Arthur's time =Q=4, 5, 6, 29.

=NASCIENS=, son of Celidoine, =GG=39.

=NASCIENS=, grandson of Celidoine =GG=30, 59.

=NICODEMUS= =B=3, 4, 5.

=NOIRONS=, _i.e._, Nero =GG=3.

=ORCANZ= =GG=48.

=ORGUEILLEUSE.= Orguellouse =C=, Orgeluse =W= = Mancipicelle =H=, =C=16----=G=1, =W=, =H=.

=OWAIN= =M=, =EWAYNE= =T=, =YONES= =C=4, =YWAIN= "li aoutres" =Q=6, 9, 10, 29, =GG=49----meets Perceval =M=1, =T=2----helps him =M=3, =C=4.

=PARTINAL= =Ma=5, 8, 21, 22.

=PECORINS= =PC=4.

=PELEUR= =Q={1}5, 47, 48.

=PELLEANS= =GG=58.

=PELLEHEM= =Q={2}35.

=PELLES= =Q={2}1-3, 14, 27, 36, 44, 48, 50, =GG=59.

=PERCEVAL= =Co=, =D=, =Q=, =GG=; PARZIVAL =W=, =H=; PEREDUR =M=; PERCYVELLE =T=.--_Father_: Bliocadrans =PC=; anonymous =Co=, =Q=; Alain =D=; Gahmuret =W=; Evrawe =M=; Percyvelle =T=; Pellehem =Q={2}. _Mother_: Anonymous =Co=, =D=, =Q=, =M=; Herzeloyde =W=; Acheflour (Arthur's sister) =T=----brought up in wood =C=1, =W=, =M=, =T=1----meets knights (5) =C=1, =W=, (3) =M=1, =T=2----leaves mother =C=1, =W=, =D=, =M=1, =T=2----first meeting with lady of tent =C=2, (Ieschute) =W=, =M=2, =T=3----arrival at Arthur's Court =C=3, =W=, =D=, =M=3, =T=4----laughing prophetic damsel =C=3, =W=, dwarves =M=3----slays _red_ knight =C=4, (Ither of Gaheviez) =W=, (colour not specified) =M=3, =T=4----overcomes 16 Knights =M=4----burns witch =T=5----arrival at house of first uncle, Gonemans =C=5, Gurnemanz =W=, Anonymous =M=5, and (different adventure partly corresponding to =Ge=8) =T=6----first arrival at castle of lady love, Blanchefleur =C=5, Conduiramur =W=, Anonymous =M=8, Lufamour =T=7----first arrival at Fisher King's =C=7, =W=, =D=11, =M=6----is reproached by wayside damsel, cousin: (Anonymous) =C=8, (Sigune) =W=, =D=12, foster sister =M=7----second meeting with lady of tent =C=9, =W=, =M=9----overcoming of Sorceresses of Gloucester =M=10----blood drops in the snow =C=10, =W=, =M=11----Adventures with Angharad Law Eurawc; at the castle of the huge grey man; serpent on the gold ring; Mound of Mourning; Addanc of the Lake; Countess of Achievements =M=12-19----reproaches of the loathly damsel =C=11, (Kundrie) =W=, =M=20----Good Friday incident and confession to uncle =C=15, (Trevrezent) =W=, =D=14, =M=22----the Castle of the Horn =G=6----the Castle of the Chessboard =G=7, =D=4, =M=24----meeting with brother of Red Knight =G=8----Ford _amorous_ =G=9, _perillous_ =D=9----second meeting with Blanchefleur =G=10----meeting with Rosette and Le Beau Mauvais =G=11, =D=8----meeting with sister and visit to hermit =G=12, =D=5 and 6----the Castle of Maidens =G=12=a=----meeting with the hound-stealing damsel =G=13, =D=13, =M=24----meeting with the damsel of the white mule =G=14----tournament at Castle Orguellous =G=16 = =D=15 (Melianz de Lis) and =M=19 (?)----Deliverance of knight in tomb =G=17----second visit to the Castle of the Chessboard =G=18, =D=13----delivery of Bagommedes =G=19----arrival at Mount Dolorous =G=20----the Black Hand in the Chapel =G=21----second arrival at Grail Castle =G=22-=Ma=1-7 and =Ge=1, =D=16, (with final overcoming of Sorceresses of Gloucester) =M=25.

Puts on red armour for love of Aleine, accomplishes the feat of the
Seat Perillous, and sets forth on Quest =D=1 and 2.

Slays the red knight, Orgoillous Delandes, =D=3.

Overcomes Black Knight, slays giant and finds mother =T=9.

Perceval and Saigremors =Ma=8----Second visit to Chapel of the Black Hand =Ma=11----the demon horse =Ma=12, =Q=18----Stay on the island =Q=19, and 20, and temptation by damsel 21, =Ma=13----Delivery of Dodinel's lady love =Ma=14----Tribuet =Ma=15----third meeting with Blanchefleur =Ma=16----meeting with coward knight =Ma=17----combat with Hector =Ma=20----slaying of Partinal =Ma=21----third arrival at Grail Castle =Ma=22----learns death of his uncle the Fisher King from loathly damsel =Ma=23, =W=----retires into wilderness =Q=52, =Ma=24----dies =Q=52, goes to Palestine and dies (?) =T=.

Encounter, unknown to either, with Galahad =Q=11. Meeting with recluse
aunt =Q=13.

Assistance at the hands of the Red Knight =Q=16.

Adventure of the ship =Q=33, essay to draw sword =Q=35.

Receives Galahad's sword =Q=41, bears Galahad company for five years
=Q=47----adjusts the sword at the Court of Pelles =Q={2}48.

Breaking of sword at the Gate of Paradise =Ge=2----Blessings of the country folk for putting question =Ge=3----Mending of sword at forge of the serpent =Ge=4----Accomplishment of the feat of the Perillous Seat =Ge=5----adventures at sister's Castle, with Mordret, and at cousin's, Castle of Maidens =Ge=6----encounter with Kex, Gauvain, and Tristan =Ge=7, _cf._ =T=7----meeting with Gornumant =Ge=8 (_cf._ =T=6) and fight with the resuscitating hag----third arrival at Blanchefleur's Castle, marriage =Ge=9----deliverance of maiden, abolition of evil custom, knight on fire =Ge=10-12----obtains the promised shield =G=13----combat with the Dragon King =Ge=14----arrival at abbey and story of Mordrains =Ge=15, =Q=15----the swan-drawn coffin =Ge=16----Devil in tomb =Ge=17, _cf._ =Q=7----deliverance of maiden from fountain =Ge=18----punishment of traitress damsel =Ge=19----combat with giant =Ge=20, _cf._ =T=9----encounters Kex =Ge=21----third arrival at Grail Castle =Ge=22.

=PERCEVAL'S AUNT= =Q=13, 14.

=PERCEVAL'S SISTER=, daughter to Pellehem =Q={2}, =G=12, =D=5-7, =Q=35, 36, 38, 41, 42----_cf._ =M=7.

=PERCEVAL'S UNCLE=, see Gonemans, Fisher King.

=PETRONE= =GG=29.

=PETRUS= =B=8, 12, 13, 14, =PETER= =GG=43, =PIERRON= =GG=45, 47, 48.

=PHILOSOPHINE= =Ge=6, 15.

=PILATE= =B=1, =GG=2, =B=3, 6.

=PRIADAM THE BLACK= =Q=30.

=QUIQUAGRANT= =Ma=5.

=RED KNIGHT.= Slain by Perceval =C=3, 4, =T=1, 5, who takes his arms, and is mistaken for him =C=6, =T=6, transferred to Galahad when latter takes Perceval's place =Q=14, 16----=G=8, 9.

=ROSETTE=, Loathly Maiden, =G=11, =D=8.

=SAIGREMORS= =C=10, =Ma=8, 9, 18, =D=2.

=SARRAQUITE= =GG=13, 16, 22, 28, 29, 59.

=SARRAS= =GG=5, 11, 13, 15, 18, =Ma=3, =Q=26, 41, 50, =GG=30.

=SEAT PERILLOUS= (empty) =B=10, =Dprol=, 1----=Q=2, =GG=41, =Ge=5, =Q=13.

=SERAPHE= =GG=, =Q=, =Ge=, _once_ Salafrès =Ma=----Battle with Tholomes =GG=12, 14, =Q=6, 26, =Ma=3, =Ge=15, renamed _Nasciens_, which see.

=SEVAIN OF MEAUX= =GG=11.

=SOLOMON'S SHIP= =Q=35-38, =GG=24, 27, 30, 58.

=SOLOMON'S SWORD= =Q=35, 38, =GG=27, _cf._ =Q=48.

=SORCERESSES OF GLOUCESTER= =M=10, 25.

=STAG HUNT= =G=7, 8, 16, 18, =D=4, 13, =M=24.

=SWORD= =PC=3, =C=7, 8, =M=6, =G=3, 12, 22, =Ma=5, 22, =Ge=1, 2, 4, 15, 22, =H=, =Q=2, 3, 48, =GG=33, 44, 58. See also Solomon's sword.

=SYMEU= =Q=46, =GG=31, 47, 49.

=THOLOMES= =Q=6, =Ge=15, =GG=11, 12, 14.

=THOLOME CERASTRE= =GG=11.

=TIBERIUS CÆSAR= =GG=3, 11, =Ma=3.

=TITUS= =GG=3.

=TREBUCET= or =TRIBUET= =C=8, =W=, =Ma=15.

=URBAN OF THE BLACK THORN= =D=9, =Co=.

=URLAIN= or =URBAN= =Q=35 = Bruillant =GG=58.

=UTHER PENDRAGON= =GG=9, _cf._ p. 64D.

=VERRINE= =B=6 = Marie la Venissienne =GG=3.

=VESPASIAN= =B=6, =GG=3, 4, =Ma=3, =Q=7.

=WASTE CITY=, King of the, =Ge=8.

=WASTE LAND= =PC=1, (forest) 6, =Q=13, 35, =GG=58.

=YSAIES= =GG=30, 59 = Helyas, =Q=26.

=YWAIN=, see Owain.

INDEX II.

[This Index comprises the whole of the work with exception of the Summaries, for which see Index I. The references are to the pages. The entries apply solely to the page number or page group-number which they immediately precede, and not to all the pages between themselves and the next entry. In the majority of cases a simple number reference is given, and the fuller entries are to those points which the author wishes specially to emphasise.]

Abundia and Herodias, 100.

Adonis, 101.

Alain (son of Brons), 66, 77, 79, 82, 83, 84, 89, 109, 112, 123,
as Fisher King, 208, 210, 218, 222, 245.

Amfortas, Fisher King in Wolfram, 249,
in Wagner's Parsifal, 253-55, 263.

Aminadap, 84.

Arbois de Jubainville, 184-85, 188, 192-93.

Arthur, Arthur saga, Arthurian romance or legend, 108, 114, 116, 117,
Martin's interpretation of, 122-24, 130, 134, 136, 144, 147, 148, 153,
155, 156, 188,
A's waiting, 197-98,
A and Potter Thompson, 198, 205, 218, 219, 221, 222,
popularity of, 228-29,
Celtic character of, 230, 231, 236, 243, 244, 245.

Avalon (Avaron), 77,
punning explanation of, 78,
parallel to the Grail, 122-23 and 188,
with the Magic Castle, 191, 198, 218, 222,
connection with Glastonbury, 223, 248,
parallel with Brandan's isle, 264.

Baldur, 100.

Ban, 83, 84.

Baring-Gould, 98.

Bartsch, 261.

Battle of Magh Rath, 185, 186.

Bergmann's San Grëal, 104.

Bespelled Castle in Celtic tradition, 190-206.

Birch-Hirschfeld, 4, 5, 6, 38, 52, 64_d_, 84,
full analysis of his work, 108-121,
Martin's criticism, 121-23, 124,
objections to his hypothesis, 125-126, 128, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138,
145, 151, 168, 171, 174, 207, 217, 220, 250,
Wolfram and Chrestien, 261-62.

Blaise, 113.

Blanchefleur, 92, 114, 115, 133,
comparison of Chrestien and Mabinogi, 135, 140, 147, 204, 238,
example of sex-relations of the time, 241.

Blood-drops in the snow, 137-38.

Books of Rights and Geasa, 213.

Borron, Robert de, author of the Joseph d'Arimathie, bibliographical
details, 2,
MS. statements respecting, 4-6, 19,
passage of Grail to England, 79-80, 94, 95, 96,
Hucher's views, 105-6,
relation to other versions according to Birch-Hirschfeld, 111-115,
116, 118-20,
Martin's views, 121-124, 125, 131, 171,
secret words, 186, 188,
Fisher King in, 207-9, 220, 221, 222,
his conception, 239,
chastity ideal in, 245, 247, 251, 252.

Bors, 66,
exemplification of spirit of Queste, 239.

Bötticher, Wolfram and Chrestien, 261.

Bran (the Blessed), 108,
and Cernunnos, 211,
connection with conversion of Britain, 218-20, 226,
connection with Brandan legend, 265.

Bran the Son of Febal, 192, 194, 232, 265.

Brandan legend, 264-65.

Branwen (Mabinogi of), 76, 97, 108, 167, 168,
cauldron, 186, 211, 219, 260.

Britain, evangelisation of, 80, 91, 95, 105-106, 107, 124, 218,
connection with the Brons and Joseph legends, 219-24.

Brons, 66, 70, 72, 75, 77,
special form of Early History, 78-79, 80, 81,
two accounts respecting, 82-83, 84, 85, 86, 88,
in the Didot-Perceval, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95, 106, 109, 112, 113, 123,
124, 125, 182,
as Fisher King, 208-11,
as Apostle of Britain, 218-26, 235.

Bruillans, 84.

Brunhild, 232.

Bundling, 135.

Caesarius of Heisterbach, 122.

Campbell, J. F., 102-03, 152, 159-60,
cup of healing, 187, 210.

Campbell,
No. 1 Young King of Easaidh Ruadh, 187;
No. 10 The Three Soldiers, 195-96;
No. 41 The Widow and her Daughters, 187;
No. 47 Mac Iain Direach, 187, 212;
No. 51 The Fair Gruagach, 213;
No. 52 The Knight of the Red Shield, 156-57,
the resuscitating carlin, 166-67;
No. 58 The Rider of Grianaig, 157, 209;
No. 76 Conall Gulban, 167, 187;
No. 82 How the Een was set up, 158, 189;
No. 84 Manus, 189-90;
No. 86 The Daughter of King Under the Waves, 194-95, 246.

Campbell, J. G., Muilearteach, 167.

Catheloys, 84.

Celidoine, 83, 84.

Celtic tradition, origin of or elements in Grail legend, 7,
how affected by placing of versions, 68-69,
opinions of previous investigators, 97-107,
Birch-Hirschfeld, 111-113-14-15-17-20,
Martin, 121-24,
Hertz, 125,
Grail apparently foreign to, 151, 164-65,
Carlin in, 167-69, 170-71, 181, 183-84,
Vessel in, 184-88,
Sword in, 188-90, 191, 195, 197, 199, 208,
origin of legend, 215-18, 223-27,
relation to mediæval romance, 230,
individualism in, 231,
woman in, 231-33,
the supernatural in, 234, 235,
chastity ideal, 247, 248, 251,
transformation of, 255, 265.

Ceridwen, 186, 210-11.

Cernunnos, 211.

Cét mac Magach, 231.

Chanson de Roland, 248.

Charlemagne, Carolingian Saga, 197, 229, 230, 231.

Chastity ideal in the Queste, 243-44,
in later versions, 245-46,
in popular and Celtic tradition, 246-47.

Chessboard Castle, 127-30, 139-41.

Chrestien, bibliographical description, 1, 2,
statements of MSS. respecting, 4, 5, 8, 66, 69, 70, 74, 76, 80, 81,
85, 86, 91, 92, 93, 95,
views of previous investigators, 98-108,
Birch-Hirschfeld, 108-121, 122, 124, 125, 126,
relation to Didot-Perceval, 127-131,
to Mabinogi, 132-145,
nature of model, 145-46,
relation to Sir Perceval, 147-51,
relation to Great Fool, 155-56-58-59, 164, 168,
visit to Grail Castle in, 171-74, 175,
represents mainly feud quest, 180-82, 199, 207, 208, 211, 218,
his ideal, 237-38, 245, 249, 250,
relation to Wolfram, 261-63.

Christian origin of or elements in Grail legend, Christian tradition,
legend, etc.;
as affected by placing of versions, 68, 80, 123, 143, 146, 165,
170-73, 179, 181, 186, 209,
as affected by my hypothesis, 215-18, 220, 224, 226-27,
relation to the talismans, 238-39, 251-52,
influence on the legend as a whole, 255.

Chronological arrangement of versions, 6,
Author's, 95-96,
Zarncke's, 107,
Birch-Hirschfelds', 120-21.

Conall Cearnach, 231.

Conan's delusions, 200.

Conchobor, 192, 231, 233.

Conduiramur, 204,
and Parzival, 249-51.

Connla, 188, 194, 196, 232.

Constituent elements in the romances, 215-16.

Corbenic, 83, 84.

Cormac's visit to the otherworld, 193-94, 234.

Counsels, the, in the romances, 150.

Crestiens, p. 83 = Nasciens, p. 84.

Cuchulainn, 153, 185, 188, 189,
conception of, 192,
_gess_ of, 214,
parallel of legend to mediæval romances, 231-34.

Cumhall, father of Fionn, 158-59.

Curoi mac Daire, 231.

Cynewulf, 221.

Dagda, the, and the cauldron, 184-85, 192.

Deirdre, 137,
and the Sons of Usnech, 233.

Diarmaid, 202,
_gess_ of, 214.

Didot-Perceval, prose sequel to Borron's poem, numbered as C 2, 65, 66,
68, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 82,
the Quest in, 89-91, 92, 93, 94, 96,
Zarncke's opinion of, 107,
Authorship of according to Birch-Hirschfeld, 112-15, 117, 120, 121,
125, 126,
relationship to Conte du Graal, 127-30,
origin of, 131, 138, 139,
stag hunt in, 141-42, 145-46, 172-73, 179, 182, 191, 198-99, 208, 245.

Dietrich Saga, 230.

Domanig, Parzival-Studien, 250.

Duvau, 192.

Dwarves incident in Chrestien and Mabinogi, 134.

Elton, 219.

Emer, wooing of, 232-33.

Encyclopædia Britannica, 126.

England, arrival of Grail in 76-80,
Birch-Hirschfeld 116,
Joseph legend in 221-22.

Enygeus (Brons' wife), 81, 82.

Evangelium Nicodemi, 221-22.

Espinogre, 142.

Expulsion and Return Formula (Aryan), 144, 153-54, 156, 159, 163-64,
190, 210, 225, 256.

Fand, 232.

Faust, 253.

Fenian saga or cycle, sword in, 188-90, 230.

Feud-Quest in the romances and in Celtic tradition, 181-90.

Finn-eges, 209-11, 220.

Fionn (Finn), Fionn-saga, 153-54, 157,
connection with Great Fool and boyhood of Peredur, 158-59, 163-64,
Fionn's enchantment, 186-87,
and sword, 189-90, 195,
in the otherworld, 200-03,
and salmon, 209-11, 214, 220, 224, 231, 234, 256.

Fish, according to Birch-Hirschfeld, 112,
Martin, 123-24, 224.
See also Salmon.

Fisher King, Fisher or Rich Fisher, 77, 78,
as Grail-Keeper, 80-86,
relation the Promised Knight, 87-89, 107, 110, 113, 115,
accounted for by Birch-Hirschfeld, 117, 123, 124, 134, 138, 139, 140,
142, 143, 144, 180, 206,
Author's explanation of, 207-11, 237,
in Wolfram, 249.

Fisher King's daughter, 140-42.

Fisher King's father, 74, 81, 110, 191.

Fitzgerald, 198, 231.

Fomori, 188, 230.

Förster on Peredur, 132.

Frederick II, 122,
in the Kyffhäuser, 196-97.

Frederick I (Barbarossa), 196-97.

Furnivall, 2, 3, 102-03,
estimate of Queste criticised, 242-43.

Gaelic talismans = Grail and lance, 103.

Gaidoz, 219.

Galahad, Galahad Quest, 66, 67, 83-86,
as Promised Knight, 90-94, 102, 104, 106, 108, 109, 113, 131, 149, 226,
comparison with Perceval Quest, 236,
morality of, 240, 245-46, 252, 254.

Gaston Paris on relation between Chrestien and Mabinogi, 132.

Gautier (de Doulens), Pseudo-Gautier, numbered A II., 1-2,
statements respecting in MS., 4,
Berne MS. of, 19, 69-70, 72, 74-75, 76-77, 81, 87, 92-95, 101, 106,
110, 113, 114, 120-21,
relation to Didot-Perceval, 128-30,
to Mabinogi ,133 and 140-44, 145, 146,
visit to Grail Castle in, 171-72,
Gawain Quest in, 174 and 178-79, 182, 189, 199, 237, 246.

Gautier (Walter) de Montbeliart and Borron, 5, 103, 105, 120, 121.

Gawain (Gauvain), 2, 67, 69,
visit to Grail King, 87, 92, 101,
Martin's view of, 122 and 124, 125, 164, 172,
special form of Quest, 176-78, 180, 189, 191,
visit to Magic Castle, 199-200,
in Heinrich, 203-05, 237,
and Orgueilleuse, 240-41, 245, 251, 261-62.

Geasa, 212-14.

Geoffrey of Monmouth, 91, 119, 219, 229.

Gerald (Giraldus Cambrensis), testimony respecting Map's authorship,
117-18, 122.

Gerbert, numbered A IV., 1, 5, 69,
love _motif_ in, 92, 95, 110, 121, 126,
the witch who brings the dead to life in, 165-69, 172, 174-75, 179,
180, 199,
chastity ideal in, 246, 249,
relation to Wolfram, 262-63.

Gervasius of Tilbury, 122, 197.

Glastonbury, Skeat's view, 105,
Zarncke, 107, 220,
and Avalon, 223-25.

Goethe, 253.

Gonemans, 130-34,
and Fisher King, 138, 140,
and the witch, 165-68,
advice to Perceval, 211-12.
See also Gurnemanz.

Goon Desert, 81, 142.

Grail, 66,
hypothetical Christian origin of, 68,
first possessor of, 69-70,
solace of Joseph, 70-72,
connection with Sacrament, 71 and 73,
and Trinity, 72,
properties and effect of, 74-76,
name, 76,
arrival in England, 76-79, 83-84, 89-90, 94, 96, 99, 100-112,
phraseology used by romances in mentioning it, 113, 114-16,
symbol of Christ's body, 117, 120,
symbol of Avalon, 123, 124-26, 136, 140-142,
absence of from Mabinogi and Thornton Sir P., 164,
apparently foreign to Celtic legend, 165, 169,
various forms of visit to castle of, 170-79,
double nature of, 182-83,
parallel to magic vessel of Celtic tradition, 185-96,
and Fionn, 202, 218, 221,
mode of transformation, 224, 245, 247,
in Wolfram, 250-52,
in Wagner, 254-55, 261-63.

Grail (Early History of), two forms, 65-66,
Joseph form, 67,
relation to Christian origin hypothesis, 68, 69,
Brons form, 80, 86,
two forms in French romances, 93-94,
later than Queste, 93, 95-96, 103,
according to Birch-Hirschfeld, 108-21, 151, 208,
origin of, 218 and 224.

Grail (Quest of), two forms, 65-67,
Perceval form, 67,
relation to Celtic origin hypothesis, 68, 69, 80, 83, 86,
object of according to different versions, 88-90,
original form of, 91, 92,
Perceval form older, 93-94, 95-96, 105-06, 109-26, 131, 138,
Mabinogi form of, 139-44, 151,
inconsistency of accounts respecting, 180-81,
two formulas fused in, 181,
constituent elements in, 215-16,
mode of transformation, 220, 237-39, 243, 245, 248, 251, 252.

Grail legend, romance or cycle, origin of according to Birch-Hirschfeld,
120, 159,
Christian element in, 217,
genesis and growth of, 225-27,
popularity of, 228, 230,
development of ethical ideas in, 235 _et seq._, 248,
future of, 259, 265.

Grail-Keeper and Promised Knight, 80-81.

Grail-Messenger and Rosette, 114.
See also Loathly Damsel.

Graine, 214.

Gramoflanz, 193.

Grand St. Graal, numbered E 3, authorship ascribed to Borron, 5,
Helinandus' testimony, 52, 65-67, 70, 72-73, 75-76, 79,
conflicting accounts respecting Promised Knight in, 84-86, 90, 91, 93,
94-96, 99, 102-112, 117,
authorship of, 119-20, 121, 126, 146, 207-08, 219, 220, 247,
prologue of and Brandan legend, 264-65.

Great Fool, lay or tale of the, 101-02, 144,
prose opening, 152-53,
comparison with romances, 154-56,
originality of, 158,
relation to Fionn legend, 159,
Lay, 159-162, 163, 164,
ethical import of, 256-57.

Gregory of Tours and Evangelium Nicodemi, 221.

Greloguevaus, 81.

Grimm, No. 122, Der Krautesel, 195, 197, 198, 204-05, 247.

Gudrun, 233.

Guinevere, 83.

Gurnemanz, 113, 115, 249, 262-63.
See also Gonemans.

Guyot = Kiot, 104.

Gwalchmai, 225-26, 228.
See Gawain.

Gwion and Fionn, 210.

Hahn, J. G. von, 153-54.

Halliwell, 98, 147.

Haunted Castle, 204-05.

Hawker, 244.

Hebron, 108 = Brons, which see.

Hector, 187.

Heinrich von dem Türlin, numbered K, 4,
citation of Chrestien, 6, 69, 91,
Martin's view of, 122, 125,
visit to Grail Castle in, 172-73 and 178,
double origin, 182, 191,
special form of Quest, 198-99 and 203,
parallel with Sleeping Beauty, 203.

Hélie de Borron, 105-06,
testimony of, 118-19, 121.

Helinandus, 52, 95, 103, 121.

Helyas, 83 = Ysaics, 84.

Hennessy, 159.

Henry II, 118-19.

Herodias, 100, 254.

Hertz' views, 124-25.

How the Great Tuairsgeul etc., 212.

Hucher, 2,
attempt to harmonise conflicting accounts in Borron, 82,
statement of views, 105-06,
criticised by Birch-Hirschfeld, 111 and 118, 130,
and cauldron, 184.

Iduna, apples of, 182.

John the Baptist, 100.

Jonaans, 83, 84.

Joseph of Arimathea, Joseph legend, 65-67, 69, 70,
and Grail, 70-73, 74, 77,
and England, 78-80, 81, 82, 84, 88, 89, 90, 93, 94, 99, 100, 104-109,
112-117, 124, 146,
and the Fisher, 208, 218,
Apocryphal legend of, 220-24, 226.

Joseph, Metrical, poem by Robert de Borron, numbered B 2, author of, 5,
65-66, 68, 70-73, 74-76, 77-80,
two accounts in, 81-82, 88, 91, 93-94, 102-103,
relation to Didot-Perceval according to Birch-Hirschfeld, 112-14, 125.

Josephes (son of Joseph), and Veronica, 79, 84-86, 109.

Josue, 66, 84, 85.

Kay, 130.

Keating and the treasures of the Tuatha de Danann, 184.

Kennedy's Fellow with the Goat-skin, 134,
Castle Knock, 159,
Great Fool, 159-61,
Son of Bad Counsel, 199-200,
Fionn's visit to Cuana, 201,
haunted castle tale, 204, 257.

Kiot, 6,
San Marte's view, 99-100, 107-08, 121,
and Wolfram, 261-63.

Klinschor, 253, 263.

Knight Errantry, 229.

Knighthood, prototype of in Celtic tradition, 231.

Knights of the Red Branch, 231.

Knowles' Said and Saiyid, 196.

Koch, Kyffhäuser Sage, 197.

Köhler, 195.

Kundry in Wagner, 254-55, 263.
See Loathly Damsel.

Küpp on Pseudo-Chrestien, 8, 126,
and the branch, 193, 262.

Kynddelw, 219.

Lambar, 83-84, 86, 183.

Lame King, see Maimed King.

Lance, 109,
and Grail legend according to Birch-Hirschfeld, 111, 113, 121.

Lancelot, 83, 84, 108, 110, 112, 118, 119, 123, 172-173, 180, 240, 245.

Latin original of French romances probable, 122.

Liebrecht, 197-98.

Llyr Llediath, 219-20.

Loathly Damsel, 87,
and Rosette, 114,
in Mabinogi and Chrestien, 136,
hero's cousin, 139-41,
double origin of in romances, 205-06,
and Wagner, 254.

Longis, 70.

Luces de Gast, 118-19.

Luces (Lucius), 91, 219.

Lufamour, 147.

Lug Lamhfhada, 184, 189, 192.

Mabinogi of Peredur (generally Mabinogi sometimes Peredur) numbered H 3,
5, 66, 68, 69,
Villemarqué on, 97-98, 89,
Simrock on, 100, 101,
Nash, 102, 104,
Hucher, 106,
lateness of according to Birch-Hirschfeld, 114-115, 125-26,
relation to Conte du Graal, 131-37,
dwarves incident in, 134,
greater delicacy in Blanchefleur incident, 135,
blood drops incident, 137-38,
differences with Chrestien, 138-39,
machinery of Quest in, 139-42,
relation to Manessier, 142-44,
origin and development of, 143-145,
special indebtedness to Chrestien, 145, 146,
relation to Sir Perceval, 148-49,
counsels in, 150,
apparent absence of Grail from, 151,
comparison with Great Fool tale, 154-57,
with Great Fool Lay, 161-62, 164,
with Gerbert's witch incident, 168-69, 171,
visit to Talismans Castle in, 172-73 and 176, 180, 181, 183, 184, 190,
216,
fusion of numerous Celtic tales in, 225-26,
Sex-relations in, 241, 256.

Maidens' Castle, parallels to in Celtic tradition, 191-94.

Maimed or Lame or Sick King, 66, 83-88, 90, 91, 109,
parallel with Arthur, 122,
probable absence from Proto Mabinogi, 145,
belongs to Feud Quest, 198,
parallel to Fionn, 202, 237.

Malory, 236.

Manaal, 84.

Manannan mac Lir, 192-94, 208,
and Bran, 219.

Manessier, numbered A III, 1-2,
date etc., 4-5, 69-71, 73-74, 77, 81, 88, 92, 95, 110, 121, 138,
relation to the Mabinogi, 142-46, 168-69, 171, 175,
disregard of question, 180-82, 199, 245-46.

Manus, 189-90.

Mapes or Map, 5, 104, 105,
not author of Queste or Grand St. Graal according to Birch-Hirschfeld,
117-19.

Martin's views, 121-26,
Kyffhäuser hypothesis criticised, 197, 198,
Wolfram and Gerbert, 262.

Meaux, 120.

Menglad, 232.

Merlin, 92, 114, 124.

Merlin, Borron's poem, 2, 64D, 105, 106, 112-13, 117.

Meyer, Kuno, 209, 233.

Minnedienst, 240-41.

Modred, 122.

Montsalvatch, 66.

Mordrains, 90, 109-10, 120, 173.

Morgan la Fay, 122.

Morvan lez Breiz, 148, 158, 162.

Moys or Moses, 88-90, 106, 109, 112, 116.

Mythic conceptions in the romances, 205.

Nasciens, 76, 83, 85, 120.

Nash, 102.

Nibelungenlied, 230, 234, 248.

Nicodemus, 71.

Noisi, 137, 233.

O'Daly, 159-61, 163.

Odin, 100-01.

O'Donovan, 185, 209, 213.

Oengus of the Brug, 191-92,
and swanmaid, 196.

O'Flanagan, 233.

Ogma, 188.

Oisin, 195, 200,
and Gwion, 210, 232.

O'Kearney, 201.

Orgueilleuse, Celtic character of, 124 and 232,
illustrates mediæval morality, 240-41, 263.

Osiris, 101.

Pagan essence of Grail etc. in the Christianised romances, 238.

Partinal, 81, 88, 142-43.

Parzival, 101, 252-53.
See Perceval and Wolfram.

Paulin-Paris, 5,
explanation of word Grail, 103, 111, 116-17, 119.

Pearson on the Veronica legend, 222,
and St. Brandan, 265.

Peleur, 83.

Pelleans or Pellehem, 83-86, 90.

Pelles, 83-86, 90.

Perceval, Perceval-Quest, type hero of Quest, 66-67, 72, 78,
relation to the Grail-keeper, 80-86, 88-89, 91-92,
oldest hero of Quest, 93, 94, 98, 101, 102-04,
according to Birch-Hirschfeld, 110-119, 125,
in Didot-Perceval and Conte du Graal, 127-31,
in Mabinogi and Conte du Graal, 131-45,
relation to (bespelled) cousin, 139-42,
relation of existing versions to earliest form, 146,
in the Thornton MS. romance, 147-51,
hero of Expulsion and Return Formula, 153-56,
parallel with Highland folk-tales, 157-58,
relation to Twin Brethren folk-tale and dualism in, 162-64, 169,
versions of Quest, 171-76,
visit to the Maidens' Castle, 178-79, 180, 181,
significance of Didot-Perceval form, 182, 187,
and sword, 189,
Castle of Maidens, 191, 195, 199,
parallel with Diarmaid, 202,
possible hero of Haunted Castle form, 204-05,
relation to Fisher, 207,
his silence, 211-14, 226,
superiority to Galahad Quest, 236, 237-38, 240-41, 245, 247, 254, 256,
261-62.
See also Parzival and Peredur.

Perceval's aunt, 79.

Perceval's sister, 83-84, 163.

Perceval's uncle, 78.

Perceval le Gallois, numbered G 3, authorship, 6, 65-66, 69, 104, 121,
126, 246.

Peredur (hero of Mabinogi = Perceval), Peredur-saga, 106,
mother of, 115, 132-36,
parallel to Tom of the Goat-skin, 134,
the sword test, 138,
hero of the stag hunt, 139-42, 143,
original form of saga, 144-45, 153-54, 157, 162, 163, 164, 168-69,
and Fionn, 187 and 203, 220,
fish absent from, 224,
genesis and growth of, 225-227, 228,
Blanchefleur incident in, 241.
See Perceval.

Peronnik l'idiot, 125, 158.

Perseus, 256.

Petrus, 77, 82, 88-90, 106, 109, 112,
connection with Geoffrey conversion legend, 219.

Pfaffe Amis, 265.

Pilate, 65, 70.

Potter Thompson and Arthur, 198, 262.

Potvin, 1, 2, 6,
his views, 104, 174, 177.

Prester John, 100.

Procopius, 191.

Promised or Good Knight, and Grail Keeper, 80-86,
Galahad as, 85-86
work of, 86-91,
qualifications of, 92-93, 107, 109.

Prophecy incident in Grail romances, 156.

Pseudo-Chrestien, 8, 209.

Pseudo-Gautier, numbered AII_a_, 2, 15-16, 70, 72, 74, 77, 79, 81, 95.

Pseudo-Manessier, numbered AIII_a_, 2, 19, 72-73.

Queste del St. Graal, numbered D 2-3, varying redactions distinguished
typographically, 38, 65-67, 72, 75-76, 79,
three drafts of, 83-86, 90-91,
glorification of virginity in, 93, 95, 103, 107,
relation to Grand St. Graal, 108-09,
to Conte du Graal, 110-11, 112, 113,
authorship of, 117-20, 121, 126, 131, 146,
visit to Grail Castle in, 172-73, 180, 183, 186, 207, 218, 220, 222,
224, 226, 236,
ideal of, 238-40 and 243-44,
ideal criticised, 243-44,
merits of, 244-45, 246,
inferiority to Wolfram, 250, 251.

Question, Birch-Hirschfeld's opinion, 171, 180,
belongs to Unspelling Quest, 181-82, 191, 196, 203,
Wolfram's presentment, 249-50.

Red Knight, 147-49, 155-56, 162, 189.

Renan on Celtic poetry, 234-35.

Rhys, 198, 209, 211,
Bran legend, 219-20, 265.

Rich Fisher or King. See Fisher King.

Riseut, 141.

Robert de Borron. See Borron.

Rochat, 19,
his views, 101-02.

Roland, 229, 232.

Roménie, 118.

Rosette, 130, 141.
See Loathly Damsel.

Salmon of Wisdom, 209-10.

San Marte, views, 99-100, 101-02,
and Wolfram, 250-5.

Sarras, 72, 77, 79.

Schröder, Brandan legend, 264-65.

Seat, empty or Perillous, 81-82, 88-90.

Secret words, 73, 89, 179.

Seraphe, 108.

Sex-relations in Middle Ages, 240-42.

Siegfried, 157, 162, 203, 210, 232-33.

Simei, 90.

Simrock, views, 100-101, 103, 132, 134, 164, 251, 261-62.

Skeat, 104.

Skene, 219-20.

Sleep and the Magic Castle myth, 202-03.

Sleeping Beauty, parallel with Heinrich's version, 203,
ethical import of, 258.

Solomon's sword, 84.
See Sword.

Sons of Usnech, 137, 233.

Sorceresses of Gloucester, 101, 139, 156.

Spontaneity of folk tradition, 254, 257-58.

Stag Hunt in Conte du Graal and Mabinogi, 139-40,
in Didot-Perceval, 141,
parallel with Lay of Great Fool, 162.

Steinbach on Sir Perceval, 147-50.

Stephens, 219-20.

Stokes, 188, 200, 233.

Suetonius, 116.

Sword, 113, 142,
belongs more to Feud Quest, 180-82,
found also in Unspelling Quest, 183,
of Lug, 184,
in Celtic myth, 187-90, 198-99.

Taboo and Geasa, 214.

Taliesin, 97, 186,
and Oisin, 210-11.

Templars, 100.

Tennyson, 236, 244.

Tethra, 188.

Thor, Irish parallels to, 200-01.

Thornton MS. Sir Perceval (often simply Sir Perceval), numbered I 4, 66,
68-69, 101-02, 125, 126,
Steinbach's theory of, 147-50,
criticised, 149,
absence of Grail from, 151,
connection with Great Fool tale, 154-58, 162, 164-65,
witch incident, 169, 190, 225.

Tír-na n-Og, 191, 195, 223, 248, 264.

Titurel, 66.

Titus, 107.

Trinity, symbolizing of, 88.

Tuatha de Danann, treasures of, 184-85, 189-92, 223, 230.

Two Brothers tale, 157, 162-63.

Ultonian cycle, 185.

Unspelling Quest, 181,
Celtic parallels to, 190-206, 208.

Urban (Urlain), 83, 84, 183.

Van Santen, 252.

Vanishing of Bespelled Castle, 202-03.

Veronica (Verrine), 79, 116,
Ward's theory, 222.

Vespasian, 107, 116.

Vessel in Celtic myth, 184,
in Ultonian cycle, 185,
in Welsh myth, 186,
in Celtic folk-tales, 187.
See Grail.

Villemarqué, views 97-98, 101, 131, 148.

Virginity, 247.

Wagner, 252-54.

Ward, 220, 222.

Wartburg Krieg and Brandan legend, 264.

William of Malmesbury, 105,
Zarncke's opinion of, 107, 115,
Ward's opinion of, 220.

Windisch, 188, 219.

Witch who brings the dead to life, 165-69.

Wolfram von Eschenbach, numbered F 3, sources, 6, 25-26, 65-67, 69,
and Gerbert, 92, 99-102, 104, 107, 121-25, 150, 157,
brother incident in, 164, 172-73,
branch in, 193,
magician lord, 199,
account of mediæval morality, 240-41, 246,
ideal of, 248-52, 254, 255, 256,
pattern for future growth of legend, 261,
relation to Chrestien, 261-63.

Woman in Celtic tradition, 231-33.

Wülcker, Evangelium Nicodemi, 220-21.

Zarncke, views, 106-07, 115, 132, 220.

HARRISON AND SONS,
PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HER MAJESTY,
ST. MARTIN'S LANE, LONDON.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Fully described by Potvin, VI, lxix, etc.

[2] Potvin, VI, lxxv, etc.

[3] Birch-Hirschfeld: Die Sage vom Gral, 8vo., Leipzig, 1877, p. 81.

[4] Birch-Hirschfeld, p. 89.

[5] Birch-Hirschfeld, p. 110.

[6] Birch-Hirschfeld, p. 232, quoting the colophon of a Paris MS., after Paulin Paris, Cat. des MSS. français, vol. ii, pp. 361, etc.

[7] Birch-Hirschfeld, p. 143.

[8] This prologue is certainly not Chrestien's work; but there is no reason to doubt that it embodies a genuine tradition, and affords valuable hints for a reconstruction of the original form of the story. _Cf._ Otto Küpp in Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie, vol. xvii., No. 1.

[9] Potvin's text, from the Mons MS., is taken as basis.

[10] Several MSS. here intercalate the history of Joseph of Arimathea: Joseph of Barimacie had the dish made; with it he caught the blood running from the Saviour's body as it hung on the Cross, he afterwards begged the body of Pilate; for the devotion showed the Grail he was denounced to the Jews, thrown into prison, delivered thence by the Lord, exiled together with the sister of Nicodemus, who had an image of the Lord. Joseph and his companions came to the promised land, the White Isle, a part of England. There they warred against them of the land. When Joseph was short of food he prayed to the Creator to send him the Grail wherein he had gathered the holy blood, after which to them that sat at table the Grail brought bread and wine and meat in plenty. At his death, Joseph begged the Grail might remain with his seed, and thus it was that no one, of however high condition, might see it save he was of Joseph's blood. The Rich Fisher was of that kin, and so was Greloguevaus, from whom came Perceval.

It is hardly necessary to point out that this must be an interpolation, as if Gauvain had really learnt all there was to be told concerning the Grail, there would have been no point in the reproaches addressed him by the countryfolk. The gist of the episode is that he falls asleep before the tale is all told.

[11] The existence of this fragment shows the necessity of collating all the MSS. of the Conte du Graal and the impossibility of arriving at definite conclusions respecting the growth of the work before this is done. The writer of this version evidently knew nothing of Queste or Grand St. Graal, whilst he had knowledge of Borron's poem, a fact the more remarkable since none of the other poets engaged upon the Conte du Graal knew of Borron, so far, at least, as can be gathered from printed sources. It is hopeless in the present state of knowledge to do more than map out approximately the leading sections of the work.

[12] It is by no means clear to me that Gerbert's portion of the Conte du Graal is an interpolation. I am rather inclined to look upon it as an independent finish. As will be shown later on, it has several features in common with both Mabinogi and Wolfram, features pointing to a common prototype.

[13] In the solitary MS. which gives this version, it follows, as has already been stated, prose versions of Robert de Borron's undoubted poems, "Joseph of Arimathea" and "Merlin."

[14] Birch-Hirschfeld, in his Summary (p. 37, l. 22) or his MS. authority, B.M., xix, E. iii., has transposed the relationships.

[15] And buried it, adds B. H. in his Summary, whether on MS. authority or not I cannot say, but the Welsh translation has--"there was a period of 240 years" (an obvious mistake on the part of the translator) "after the passion of J. C. when Jos. of A. came; he who buried J. C. and drew him down from the cross."

[16] Thus was Evelach called as a Christian, adds B. H. Here W. agrees with Furnivall.

[17] Here Birch-Hirschfeld's Summary agrees with W.

[18] B. H. agrees with W.

[19] According to B. H., the recluse tells him he has fought with his friends, whereupon, ashamed, he hurries off.

[20] B. H. here agrees with W.

[21] B. H. has _five_ candles.

[22] B. H.: "When will the Holy Vessel come to still the pain I feel? Never suffered man as I."

[23] B. H. agrees with W.

[24] B. H. agrees with Furnivall.

[25] B. H., the _ninth_.

[26] B. H., the vision is that of a crowned old man, who with two knights worships the cross.

[27] B. H., Nasciens.

[28] B. H. has all this passage, save that the references to the vision at the cross-ways seem omitted.

[29] B. H., the latter.

[30] B. H., in Chaldee.

[31] B. H., Labran slays Urban.

[32] The 1488 text has Urban.

[33] B. H., Thus was the King wounded, and he was Galahad's grandfather.

[34] It does not appear from B. H.'s Summary whether his text agrees with F. or W.

[35] B. H., seven knights.

[36] B. H., that was the Castle of Corbenic where the Holy Grail was kept.

[37] B. H., the Castle of the Maimed King.

[38] B. H., ten. Obviously a mistake on the part of his text, as the nine with the three Grail questers make up twelve, the number of Christ's disciples.

[39] B. H., three.

[40] B. H. agrees with F.

[41] One cannot see from B. H. whether his text agrees with F. or W.

[42] B. H. agrees with F.

[43] It will be advisable to give here the well-known passage from the chronicle of Helinandus, which has been held by most investigators to be of first-rate importance in determining the date of the Grand St. Graal. The chronicle ends in the year 1204, and must therefore have been finished in that or the following year, and as the passage in question occurs in the earlier portion of the work it may be dated about two years earlier (Birch-Hirschfeld, p. 33). "Hoc tempore (717-719) in Britannia cuidam heremitae demonstrata fuit mirabilis quaedam visio per angelum de Joseph decurione nobili, qui corpus domini deposuit de cruce et de catino illo vel paropside, in quo dominus caenavit cum discipulis suis, de quo ab eodem heremita descripta est historia quae dicitur gradale. Gradalis autem vel gradale gallice dicitur scutella lata et aliquantulum profunda, in qua preciosae dapes divitibus solent apponi gradatim, unus morsellus post alium in diversis ordinibus. Dicitur et vulgari nomine greal, quia grata et acceptabilis est in ea comedenti, tum propter continens, quia forte argentea est vel de alia preciosa materia, tum propter contentum .i. ordinem multiplicem dapium preciosarum. Hanc historiam latine scriptam invenire non potui sed tantum gallice scripta habetur a quibusdem proceribus, nec facile, ut aiunt, tota inveniri potest."

The Grand St. Graal is the only work of the cycle now existing to which Helinandus' words could refer; but it is a question whether he may not have had in view a work from which the Grand St. Graal took over its introduction. Helinandus mentions the punning origin of the word "greal" (_infra_, p. 76), which is only hinted at in the Grand St. Graal, but fully developed elsewhere, _e.g._, in the Didot-Perceval and in Borron's poem.

Another point of great interest raised by this introduction will be found dealt with in Appendix B.

[44] The MS. followed by Furnivall has an illustration, in which Joseph is represented as sitting under the Cross and collecting the blood from the sides and feet in the basin.

[45] MS. reading.

[46] I have not thought it necessary to give a summary of the prose romance Perceval le Gallois. One will be found in Birch-Hirschfeld, pp. 123-134. The version, though offering many interesting features, is too late and unoriginal to be of use in the present investigation.

[47] _Cf._ p. 78 as to this passage.

[48] It is forty-two years, according to D. Queste (p. 119), after the Passion that Joseph comes to Sarras.