Summary Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River, in 1820

Chapter XLVII: Appendix: 1. Indian Language (6)

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In 1802 or 3, the smallpox made its appearance among the Indians residing at the Sault Ste. Marie, but did not extend to the bands west from that place. The disease was introduced by a voyager, in the employ of the Northwest Fur Company, who had just returned from Montreal; and although all communication with him was prohibited, an Indian imprudently having made him a visit, was infected with and transmitted the disease to others of the band. When once communicated, it raged with great violence, and of a large band scarcely one of those then at the village survived, and the unburied bones still remain, marking the situation they occupied. From this band the infection was communicated to a band residing upon St. Joseph's Island, and many died of it; but the surgeon of the military post then there, succeeded, by judicious and early measures, in checking it before the infection became general.

In 1824, the smallpox again made its appearance among the Indians at the Sault Ste. Marie. It was communicated by a voyager to the Indians upon Drummond's Island, Lake Huron; and through them several families at Sault Ste. Marie became infected. Of those belonging to the latter place, more than twenty in number, only two escaped. The disease is represented to have been extremely fatal to the Indians at Drummond's Island.

Since 1824, the smallpox is not known to have appeared among the Indians at the Sault Ste. Marie, nor among the Chippewas north or west from that place. But the Indians of these bands still tremble at the bare name of a disease which (next to the compounds of alcohol) has been one of the greatest scourges that has ever overtaken them since their first communication with the whites. The disease, when once communicated to a band of Indians, rages with a violence wholly unknown to the civilized man. The Indian, guided by present feeling, adopts a course of treatment (if indeed it deserves that appellation) which not unfrequently arms the disease with new power. An attack is but a warning to the poor and helpless patient to prepare for death, which will almost assuredly soon follow. His situation under these circumstances is truly deplorable; for while in a state that even, with proper advice, he would of himself recover, he adds fresh fuel to the flame which is already consuming him, under the delusive hope of gaining relief. The intoxicating draught (when it is within his reach) is not among the last remedies to which he resorts, to produce a lethargy from which he is never to recover. Were the friends of the sick man, even under these circumstances, enabled to attend him, his sufferings might be, at least, somewhat mitigated; but they too are, perhaps, in a similar situation, and themselves without even a single person to minister to their wants. Death comes to the poor invalid, and, perhaps, even as a welcome guest, to rid him of his suffering.

By a comparison of the number of Indians vaccinated upon the borders of Lake Superior with the actual population, it will be seen that the proportion who have passed through the vaccine disease is so great as to secure them against any general prevalence of the smallpox; and perhaps it is sufficient to prevent the introduction of the disease to the bands beyond, through this channel. But in the Folle Avoine country it is not so. Of the large bands of Indians residing in that section of country, only a small fraction have been vaccinated; while of other bands, not a single person has passed through the disease.

Their local situation undoubtedly renders it of the first importance that the benefits of vaccination should be extended to them. Their situation may be said to render them a connecting link between the southern and northwestern bands of Chippewas; and while on the south they are liable to receive the virus of the smallpox from the whites and Indians, the passage of the disease through them to their more northern brethren would only be prevented by their remaining, at that time, completely separated. Every motive of humanity towards the suffering Indian, would lead to extend to him this protection against a disease he holds in constant dread, and of which he knows, by sad experience, the fatal effects. The protection he will prize highly, and will give in return the only boon a destitute man is capable of giving; the deep-felt gratitude of an overflowing heart.

I have the honour to be,
Very respectfully, sir,
Your obedient servant,
DOUGLASS HOUGHTON.

HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT, ESQ.,
_U. S. Ind. Agt., Sault de Ste. Marie._

4. TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHY.

IX.

ASTRONOMICAL AND BAROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS.

1. _A Table of Geographical Positions on the Mississippi River at Low
Water, observed in 1836._[275] By J. N. NICOLLET.

[275] Com. Doc. No. 237.

-------------------------------------------+-------------------+---------
|ESTIMATED DISTANCES|
| BY WATER. |Altitudes
PLACES OF OBSERVATION. +---------+---------+above the
|From | From the| Gulf of
|place to | Gulf of | Mexico.
|place. | Mexico. | [276]
-------------------------------------------+---------+---------+---------
Mouths of the Mississippi-- | _Miles._| _Miles._| _Feet._
| | |
{ The old Balize of the | | |
Northeast { French and pilot-house, | ... | ... | ...
pass { Light-house at the entrance | ... | ... | ...
| | |
South pass--light-house at the entrance | ... | ... | ...
| | |
{ The new Balize and pilot-house| | |
Southwest { on the east bayou | ... | ... | ...
pass { The new light-house, completed| | |
{ January, 1840 | ... | ... | ...
| | |
New Orleans Cathedral and level of its | | |
front pavement | 104 | 104 | 10.5
| | |
NOTE.--Level of the Mississippi above } | | |
the Gulf of Mexico, 0.5 foot. } | | |
Greatest depth of the Mississippi } | | |
at low water, 113 feet. } | ... | ... |
Range between high and low water, } | | |
13 feet. } | | |
| | |
Red River, north end of the island, | | |
opposite the mouth | 236 | 340 | 76
| | |
Natchez, light-house | 66 | 406 | 86
general level of the city | ... | ... | 264
| | |
NOTE.--Range between high and low water, | | |
in 1835, 52 feet | | |
| | |
Yazoo River, the mouth | 128 | 534 | ...
| | |
White River, Montgomery's Landing, one | | |
mile above the mouth | 220 | 754 | 202
| | |
New Madrid, Missouri | 361 | 1,115 | ...
| | |
Ohio River, north side of the mouth | 101 | 1,216 | 824
| | |
Cape Girardeau | 41 | 1,257 | ...
| | |
St. Genevieve, Catholic church, and level | | |
of its pavement | 73 | 1,330 | 372
| | |
St. Louis, garden of the Cathedral | 60 | 1,390 | 382
| | |
Illinois River, the mouth | 36 | 1,426 | ...
| | |
Moingonan River (Des Moines River), a | | |
small island at the mouth | 168 | 1,594 | 444
| | |
Montrose, or old Fort Des Moines, the | | |
mouth of the creek | 15 | 1,609 | 470
| | |
Flint River, the mouth, above Burlington | 30 | 1,639 | 486
| | |
Maskudeng, the middle mouth of the slough | 39 | 1,678 | 505
| | |
Rock Island, a quarter of a mile above | | |
Davenport's residence | 44 | 1,722 | 528
| | |
Head of the Upper Rapids, below Port Biron | | |
and Parkhurst | 15 | 1,737 | 554
| | |
Prairie du Chien (Kipi-saging), American | | |
Fur Company's house | 195 | 1,932 | 642
| | |
Summit of bluff on the eastern side of | | |
Prairie du Chien | ... | ... | 1,010
| | |
Cap-à-l'ail, the summit--height above the | | |
Mississipi, 335 feet | 32 | 1,964 | 1,013
| | |
Upper Iowa River, island at the mouth | 14 | 1,978 | ...
| | |
Hokah River (Root River), the mouth | 23 | 2,001 | ...
| | |
Praire à la Crosse River, the mouth | 3 | 2,004 | ...
| | |
Sappah River, or Black River opposite the | | |
old mouth | 31 | 2,035 | 683
| | |
Top of mountain on right bank, opposite | | |
the old mouth | ... | ... | 1,214
| | |
Dividing ridge between Sappah River and | | |
Prairie à la Crosse River, 6 miles | | |
east of Mississippi | ... | ... | 1,103

[276] The numbers in this column refer to the surface of the water in
the Mississippi at the point mentioned, except when otherwise
specially expressed.

-------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------
| | WEST OF
| | GREENWICH.
PLACES OF OBSERVATION. |North |
|latitudes. +-----------
| |Longitudes
| | in time.
-------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------
Mouths of the Mississippi-- | ° ´ ´´ | _h. m. s._
| |
{ The old Balize of the | |
Northeast { French and pilot-house, | 29 7 15.3| 5 56 18.44
pass { Light-house at the entrance | 29 8 32.8| 5 56 5.52
| |
South pass--light-house at the entrance | 28 59 42.3| 5 56 29.40
| |
{ The new Balize and pilot-house| |
Southwest { on the east bayou | 28 59 49.5| 5 57 15.88
pass { The new light-house, completed| |
{ January, 1840 | 28 58 50 | 5 57 25.80
| |
New Orleans Cathedral and level of its | |
front pavement | 29 57 23 | 5 59 56
| |
NOTE.--Level of the Mississippi above } | |
the Gulf of Mexico, 0.5 foot. } | |
Greatest depth of the Mississippi } | |
at low water, 113 feet. } | .. | ..
Range between high and low water, } | |
13 feet. } | |
| |
Red River, north end of the island, | |
opposite the mouth | 31 2 25 | 6 6 45
| |
Natchez, light-house | 31 33 37 | 6 5 53.5
general level of the city | |
| |
NOTE.--Range between high and low water, | |
in 1835, 52 feet | |
| |
Yazoo River, the mouth | 32 28 00 | 6 3 58
| |
White River, Montgomery's Landing, one | |
mile above the mouth | 33 57 20| 6 1 47
| |
New Madrid, Missouri | 36 34 30| 5 57 49
| |
Ohio River, north side of the mouth | 37 00 25| 5 56 10
| |
Cape Girardeau | 37 18 39| 5 57 8
| |
St. Genevieve, Catholic church, and level | |
of its pavement | 37 59 47| 6 0 44.7
| |
St. Louis, garden of the Cathedral | 38 37 28| 6 1 2.6
| |
Illinois River, the mouth | 38 58 12| ...
| |
Moingonan River (Des Moines River), a | |
small island at the mouth | 40 21 43| 6 6 10
| |
Montrose, or old Fort Des Moines, the | |
mouth of the creek | 40 30 34| 6 6 4
| |
Flint River, the mouth, above Burlington | 40 52 56| ...
| |
Maskudeng, the middle mouth of the slough | 41 14 47| 6 5 26
| |
Rock Island, a quarter of a mile above | |
Davenport's residence | 41 31 50| ...
| |
Head of the Upper Rapids, below Port Biron | |
and Parkhurst | 41 36 8| 6 1 56
| |
Prairie du Chien (Kipi-saging), American | |
Fur Company's house | 43 3 6| 6 4 37.3
| |
Summit of bluff on the eastern side of | |
Prairie du Chien | |
| |
Cap-à-l'ail, the summit--height above the | |
Mississipi, 335 feet | ... | ...
| |
Upper Iowa River, island at the mouth | 43 29 26| 6 4 40
| |
Hokah River (Root River), the mouth | 43 47 00| 6 4 46
| |
Praire à la Crosse River, the mouth | 43 49 00| 6 4 56
| |
Sappah River, or Black River opposite the | |
old mouth | 43 57 14| 6 5 36
| |
Top of mountain on right bank, opposite | |
the old mouth | ... | ...
| |
Dividing ridge between Sappah River and | |
Prairie à la Crosse River, 6 miles | |
east of Mississippi | ... | ...

-------------------------------------------+------------+------------
|WEST OF |
|GREENWICH. |
PLACES OF OBSERVATION. | |Authorities,
+-----------+ &c.
|Longitudes |
| in arc. |
-------------------------------------------+-----------+------------
Mouths of the Mississippi-- | ° ´ ´´ |
| |
{ The old Balize of the | | Captain A.
Northeast { French and pilot-house, | 89 4 36.6| Talcott.
pass { Light-house at the entrance | 89 1 22.9| do.
| |
South pass--light-house at the entrance | 89 7 27.1| do.
| |
{ The new Balize and pilot-house| |
Southwest { on the east bayou | 89 18 58.2| do.
pass { The new light-house, completed| |
{ January, 1840 | 89 21 27 | do.
| |
New Orleans Cathedral and level of its | |
front pavement | 89 59 4 |
| |
NOTE.--Level of the Mississippi above } | |
the Gulf of Mexico, 0.5 foot. } | |
Greatest depth of the Mississippi } | |
at low water, 113 feet. } | ... |Albert Stein,
Range between high and low water, } | | C. E.
13 feet. } | |
| |
Red River, north end of the island, | |
opposite the mouth | 91 41 15 | Nicollet.
| |
Natchez, light-house | 91 28 22.5| do.
general level of the city | |
| |
NOTE.--Range between high and low water, | |
in 1835, 52 feet | |
| |
Yazoo River, the mouth | 90 59 30 | Ferrer.
| |
White River, Montgomery's Landing, one | |
mile above the mouth | 90 26 45 |Nicollet.
| |
New Madrid, Missouri | 89 27 15 |Ferrer.
| |
Ohio River, north side of the mouth | 89 2 30 |Ferrer's
| | longitude.
| |
Cape Girardeau | 89 17 00 |Long's 1st
| | expedition.
| |
St. Genevieve, Catholic church, and level | |
of its pavement | 90 11 10 |Nicollet.
| |
St. Louis, garden of the Cathedral | 90 15 39 | do.
| |
Illinois River, the mouth | ... |Long's 1st
| | expedition.
| |
Moingonan River (Des Moines River), a | |
small island at the mouth | 91 32 30 |Nicollet.
| |
Montrose, or old Fort Des Moines, the | |
mouth of the creek | 91 31 00 | do.
| |
Flint River, the mouth, above Burlington | ... | do.
| |
Maskudeng, the middle mouth of the slough | 91 21 30 | do.
| |
Rock Island, a quarter of a mile above | |
Davenport's residence | ... | do.
| |
Head of the Upper Rapids, below Port Biron | |
and Parkhurst | 90 29 00 | do.
| |
Prairie du Chien (Kipi-saging), American | |
Fur Company's house | 91 9 19.5| do.
| |
Summit of bluff on the eastern side of | |
Prairie du Chien | |
| |
Cap-à-l'ail, the summit--height above the | |
Mississipi, 335 feet | ... | do.
| |
Upper Iowa River, island at the mouth | 91 10 00 | do.
| |
Hokah River (Root River), the mouth | 91 11 30 | do.
| |
Praire à la Crosse River, the mouth | 91 14 00 | do.
| |
Sappah River, or Black River opposite the | |
old mouth | 91 24 00 | do.
| |
Top of mountain on right bank, opposite | |
the old mouth | ... | do.
| |
Dividing ridge between Sappah River and | |
Prairie à la Crosse River, 6 miles | |
east of Mississippi | ... | do.

TABLE OF GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS--CONTINUED.
MISSISSIPPI RIVER AT LOW WATER.

-------------------------------------------+-------------------+---------
|ESTIMATED DISTANCES|
| BY WATER. |Altitudes
PLACES OF OBSERVATION. +---------+---------+above the
|From | From the| Gulf of
|place to | Gulf of | Mexico.
|place. | Mexico. |
-------------------------------------------+---------+---------+---------
Mountain Island, or _Montagne qui trempe à_|_Miles._ |_Miles._ | _Feet._
_l'Eau_ of the French | 7 | 2,042 | ...
Miniskah River, or White-water River | 27 | 2,069 | ...
Wazi-oju River, or Pinewood River | | |
(_Rivière aux Embarras_ of the French) | 1 | 2,070 | ...
At Roque's, two and a half miles below | | |
Chippeway River | 14 | 2,084 | ...
Clear Water River, the mouth, northwest | | |
corner of Lake Pepin | ... | ... | ...
Reminicha (_Montagne la Grange_ of the | | |
French), upper end of Lake Pepin | 31 | 2,115 | 714
Top of Reminicha | ... | ... | 1,036
La Hontan River, the mouth (Cannon River | | |
of the Americans, Canoe River of the | | |
French) | 3 | 2,118 | ...
St. Croix River, the mouth | 32 | 2,150 | 729
Upland on the banks of the Mississippi | | |
and Lake St. Croix | ... | ... | 866
St. Peter's, the mouth | 42 | 2,192 | 744
General level of the plateau on which Fort | | |
Snelling and the Indian agency stand | ... | ... | 850
Pilot Knob, the top | ... | ... | 1,006
Falls of St. Anthony, United States Cottage| 8 | 2,200 | 856
Ishkode-wabo River, or Rum River, the mouth| 19 | 2,219 | ...
Karishon River (Sioux), or Undeg River | | |
(Chippewas), | | |
Crow River of the Americans | 10 | 2,229 | ...
St. Francis River, Wicha-niwa River of the | | |
Sioux | 9 | 2,238 | ...
Migadiwin Creek, or War Creek, the mouth | 18 | 2,256 | ...
Kawakomik River, or Clear-Water River, the | | |
mouth | 24 | 2,280 | ...
Round Island, at the lower end of Osakis | | |
Rapids | ... | ... | ...
Osakis River, the mouth | 22 | 2,302 | ...
Watab River, the mouth | 3 | 2,305 | ...
Pekushino River, the mouth | 18 | 2,323 | ...
Wabezi River, or Swan River, a half mile | | |
above the mouth | 18 | 2,341 | 1,098
Omoshkos River, or Elk River, the mouth | 10 | 2,351 | ...
Nokay's River, the mouth | 18 | 2,369 | ...
Kagi-wigwan River, the mouth (_Aile de | | |
Corbeau River_ of the French, Crow-Wing | | |
River of the Americans) | 12 | 2,381 | 1,130
Nagadjika River, opposite the mouth | 18 | 2,399 | ...
Pine River, the mouth | 30 | 2,429 | 1,176
Willow River, the mouth | 65 | 2,494 | ...
Sandy Lake River, the mouth | 32 | 2,526 | 1,253
Swan River, the mouth | 38 | 2,564 | 1,290
Kabikons, or Little Falls, the head of the | | |
falls | 63 | 2,627 | 1,840
Wanomon River, or Vermilion River, the | | |
mouth | 21 | 2,648 | ...
Eagle Nest savannah (_Marais aux Nids | | |
d'Aigle_ of the French) | 16 | 2,664 | ...
Leach Lake River, the mouth | 11 | 2,675 | 1,356
Lake Cass, the old trading-house on a | | |
tongue of land near the entrance of the | | |
Mississippi | 80 | 2,755 | 1,402
Pemidji Lake, or Lake Travers, the entrance| | |
of the Mississippi | 45 | 2,800 | 1,456
Itasca Lake, Schoolcraft's Island | 90 | 2,890 | 1,575
Utmost sources of the Mississippi, at the | | |
summit of the Hauteurs de Terre, or | | |
dividing ridge, between the Mississippi | | |
and Red River of the North | 6 | 2,896 | 1,680

TABLE OF GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS--CONTINUED.
REGIONS OF THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI.

-------------------------------+---------+----------+-----------
| | | WEST OF
|Altitudes| | GREENWICH.
PLACES OF OBSERVATION. |above the|North |
| Gulf of |latitudes.+-----------
| Mexico. | |Longitudes
| | | in time.
-------------------------------+---------+----------+-----------
Gayashk River, or Little Gull | _Feet._ | ° ´ ´´ |_h. m. s._
River, the mouth | 1,131 | 46 18 50 | 6 17 44
Gayashk Lake, or Little Gull | | |
Lake, end of Long Point | 1,152 | 46 24 28 | 6 17 30
Kadicomeg Lake, or White-Fish | | |
Lake, the entrance of Pine | | |
River | 1,192 | 46 40 25 | 6 16 10
Lake Chanché, southwest end | ... | 46 46 35 | ...
Lake Eccleston, northwest end | ... | 46 57 00 | ...
Leech Lake, Otter-tail Point | 1,380 | 47 11 40 | 6 17 20
Leech Lake, the bay opposite | | |
Otter-tail Point | ... | 47 7 22 | 6 17 28
Kabekonang River, the junction | | |
of the upper fork, near the | | |
next-mentioned portage | 1,406 | 47 16 00 | ...
Portage from Kabekonang River | | |
to La Place River, near the | | |
west end | 1,540 | 47 15 00 | ...
Assawa Lake, below the south | | |
end | 1,532 | 47 12 10 | 6 19 40
Highest ridge on the portage | | |
between Assawa Lake and | | |
Itasca Lake | 1,695 | ... | ...
Cleared pine camp, on Leech | | |
Lake River | ... | 47 18 00 | 6 16 00

5. SCENERY.

(a) _Scenery of Lake Superior._ By HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT.

Few portions of America can vie in scenic attractions with this interior sea. Its size alone gives it all the elements of grandeur; but these have been heightened by the mountain masses which nature has piled along its shores. In some places, these masses consist of vast walls, of coarse gray, or drab-colored sandstone, placed horizontally, until they have attained many hundred feet in height above the water. The action of such an immense liquid area, forced against these crumbling walls by tempests, has caused wide and deep arches to be worn into the solid structure, at their base, into which the billows roll, with a noise resembling low-pealing thunder. By this means, large areas of the impending mass are at length undermined and precipitated into the lake, leaving the split and rent parts, from which they have separated, standing like huge misshapen turrets and battlements. Such is the varied coast, called the Pictured Rocks.

At other points of the coast, volcanic forces have operated, lifting up these level strata into positions nearly vertical, and leaving them to stand, like the leaves of a vast open book. At the same time, the volcanic rocks sent up from below, have risen in high mountains, with ancient gaping craters. Such is the condition of the disturbed stratification at the Porcupine Mountains.

The basin and bed of this lake act like a vast geological mortar, in which the masses of broken and fallen stones are whirled about and ground down, till all the softer ones, such as the sandstones, are brought into the state of pure yellow sand. This sand is driven ashore by the waves, where it is shoved up in long wreaths, and dried by the sun. The winds now take it up, and spread it inland, or pile it immediately along the coast, where it presents itself in mountain masses. Such are the great sand dunes of the Grande Sables.

There are yet other theatres of action for this sublime mass of inland waters, where the lake has manifested, perhaps, still more strongly, its abrasive powers. The whole force of its waters, under the impulse of a northwest tempest, is directed against prominent portions of the shore, which consist of black and hard volcanic rocks. Solid as these are, the waves have found an entrance in veins of spar, or minerals of softer texture, and have thus been led on their devastating course inland, tearing up large fields of amygdaloid, or other rock; or, left portions of them standing in rugged knobs, or promontories. Such are the east and west coasts of the great peninsula of Keweena, which have recently become the theatre of mining operations.

When the visitor to these remote and boundless waters comes to see this wide and varied scene of complicated geological disturbances and scenic magnificence, he is absorbed in wonder and astonishment. The eye, once introduced to this panorama of waters, is never done looking and admiring. Scene after scene, cliff after cliff, island after island, and vista after vista are presented. One day's scenes of the traveller are but the prelude to another; and when weeks, and even months, have been spent in picturesque rambles along its shores, he has only to ascend some of its streams, and go inland a few miles, to find falls, and cascades, and cataracts of the most beautiful or magnificent character. Go where he will, there is something to attract him. Beneath his feet are pebbles of agates; the water is of the most crystalline purity. The sky is filled, at sunset with the most gorgeous piles of clouds. The air itself is of the purest and most inspiring kind. To visit such a scene is to draw health from its purest sources, and while the eye revels in intellectual delights, the soul is filled with the liveliest symbols of God, and the most striking evidences of his creative power.

(b) _Letters of Mr. M. Woolsey._ _Southern Literary Messenger_, 1836.
Oneöta, p. 322.

These spirited and graphic letters are unavoidably excluded. The evidence they bear to the purity of principle, justness of taste, and excellence of character of a young man, now no more, ought to preserve his name from oblivion. He accompanied me in 1831, as a volunteer, in a leisure moment, an admirer of nature, seeking health.

INDEX.

A bear trapped, 98
A box of minerals stolen, 40
A granitical formation on Lake Superior, 88
A long fast, 126
A new philological principle in languages, 455
A phenomenon, 103
A precinct of Indian orgies, 115
A sub-expedition to Sandy Lake, 112
A war-party surprised, 552
Account of sub-explorations of Green Bay, 210
Acipenser oxyrinchus, 95
Acipenser spatularia, 163
Advance of Lake Superior to the Rocky Mountains, 109
African and Indian marriages, 108
Agaric mineral, 60
Agate, 87
Agglutinative properties of the Indian pronoun, 502
Aggregate fall of the Mississippi below Sandy Lake, 150;
commencement of the calcareous rocks, 150
Algoma, 107
Algonquin language justly applauded, 122
Algonac, 50
Allenoga River, 250
Allen's Lake, 263
Aluminous minerals, 354
American Indian policy, 546
American antiquities, 166
Amygdaloid, 90
An Indian breakfast, 253
An Indian grave with hieroglyphics, 88
An Indian nonplused in the woods, 97
An Indian salute, 120
Analysis of Lake Superior copper at Utrecht, 364
Anodonta corpulenta, 516
Announcement of return of expedition, of 1820, 279
Antique markings on the pinus resinosa, 552
Antique notices of the lake mineralogy, 295
Antiquities, 157;
first notice of in 1766, 165
Apparent tide in the Baltic, 191
Appearance of dune sand at Point aux Barques, 54
Appendix No. 2, 449
Apricots in bloom on the 22d of April, 41
Arched rock, 61
Argillaceous stratum of Detroit, 307
Argillite, 111
Artesian borings for water, 51
Art of the wounded duck, 249
Arts and manufactures of the Chippewas and Ottowas, 70
Ascent of the Assowa River, 235
Asphaltum and naphtha, 196
Assassination of Owen Keveny, 69
Assowa Lake, 239
Atmospheric heat 28th June, 96
Aux Sables Indians, 55

Bark letter in pictographic characters, 433
Barometrical height of Cass Lake, 139
Barytic minerals, 357
Basin of Lake Michigan, 335
Basin of Lake Superior, 318
Bat in wood, 396
Beltrami, 227
Birch Lake, 263
Birds inhabiting the region of Pakagama Falls, 130
Birds of Lake Superior, 104
Birds of the Wisconsin Valley, 181
Bituminous minerals, 358
Bivalve shells, 415
Black River, 103
Boatswain to Com. Perry in 1813, 194
Botany, 408
Boulders on the shores of Lake St. Clair, 49
Boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin, 103
Breadth of the Mississippi at Sandy Lake, 124
Brigham's residence at Blue Mound, 568
Brulé summit, 273
Buckshot gravel, 62
Buffalo hunt, 146

Cabotian Mountains, 110
Calcareous minerals, 350
Canadian canoe-song, 189
Canoe-race, 48
Capt. Douglass, 210
Capt. Jouett, 269
Capture and massacre of the garrison of old Mackinac, 63
Carnage River, 248
Carnelian, 87
Carver's Cave, 159
Carver's travels, 21
Cass, his official report, 280
Cass Lake, 130
Cass Lake basin, 328
Cass on Indian hieroglyphics, 430
Cassville, Wisconsin, 169
Chagoimegon, 105
Chalcedony and calcareous spar, 54
Charles Stokes, Esq., his geological memoir, 315
Charlevoix's visit to America, 20
Character and value of Dubuque's lead mines, 172
Character of the bison, 147
Character of the Canadian voyageur, 124
Cheboigan, its etymology, 213
Chenos, a masked coast, 73
Chicago, etymology of name, population, and greatness, 198
Chief Guelle Plat, 255
Chippewa character of the Kekeewin, 154
Chippewa dance, 87
Chippewa term of salutation, 84
Chippewa village, 94
Cinnamon-colored radiated quartz, 163
Claimants to mine lands, 365
Clinton River, 49
Club fungus partially fossilized, 204
Coal in Western New York, 391
Coast of boulders, 215
Col. Croghan's attack at Fort Holmes in 1814, 64
Col. Pierce, 58
Coluber æstivus, 50
Combustibles, 536
Commercial value of copper, 372
Conchology, 178
Connection with Blackhawk's plans disclaimed, 272
Cooper's description of shells, 515
Copper-bearing trap-dykes, 89
Copper boulder, its size, 97
Copper-head snake, 238
Copper ores of Mineral Point, 567
Cormorant, 130
Corn ripens at St. Peter's Valley, 153
Cornu-ammonis; a fossiliferous coast, 56
Corregonus albus, 260
Cost of lake transportation, 376
Council at Cass Lake, 251
Council at Sandy Lake, 226
Council at St. Peter's agency, 269
Council at the ultimate point of the first expedition, 133
Council with Indians;
their hostility, 78;
they raise the British flag, 79
Crow-wing River, 145
Crystals of iron pyrites, 196
Cupreous formation, 324
Cup-shaped concavities, 61

Dacota, or Nadownsie Indians, 158
Danger escaped, 566
Date and circumstance of Pike's visit to Sandy Lake, 117
Date of Prairie du Chien, 167
Date of the battle of Badaxe, 269
Date of Wisconsin as a territorial name, 176
De Witt Clinton offers the use of his library, 23
Dead scaffolded, 122
Defect of postal facilities, at Mackinac, 65
Depth of the Detroit clay beds, 51
Derogative inflections of the Indian noun, 476
Descent of Itasca River, 246
Description of the Indian canoe, 47
Desiderata of discovery, 227
Detroit completely burnt down in 1805, 44
Detroit first founded in 1701, 45
Difficulty of studying the Indian tongues, 441
Difficulty of the descent of the Brulé, 273
Diluvial elevations, 385
Diminutive forms of the Odjibwa noun, 474
Discover native copper, 90
Discovery of Itasca Lake, 573
Distance from Lake Superior to Lake Pepin, 544
Distance from St. Peter's to the gulf, 153;
elevation of the country, 153
Distances travelled in the expedition of 1831, 544
Dr. McDonnell's letter, 439
Dr. Mitchell's summary of discoveries, 416
Drift-stratum, 115, 322
Dubuque City, 170
Du Ponceau's prize essay, 453

Earliest date of Winnebago history, 194
Earthy compounds, 534
Elementary structure of the Algonquin language, 442
Elk Island, 216
Elk River, its latitude, 147
Elevation of Lake Superior, 107
Elevation of the cliff of La Grange, 162
Elevation of the country at the Savanna Portage, 120
Encampment at St. Mary's, 76
Ephemeral insects, 167
Epoch of the deposit of St. Mary's sandstone, 539
Epochs of geological action proved by fossils, 400
Era of Pontiac's hostile movements, 62
Era of the discovery of the St. Lawrence, 121
Erismatolite, 103
Erratic block stratum, 53
Erratic block and drift stratum, 61
Essay on the Odjibwa substantive, 453
Establishment of a military post at St. Peter's, 152
Etymology, 116
Etymology of Manitowakie, 195
Etymology of Minnesota, 156
Etymology of Namikong, 85
Etymology of Pawating, 81
Etymology of Rum River, 150
Etymology of the word Konamik, 186
Etymology of the word Michilimackinac, 70
Etymology of the word Mississippi, 140
Etymology of the word Wisconsin, 179
Etymology of Waganukizzie, 207
Evidences of ancient Indian cultivation, 59
Evidences of diluvial action, 318
Explorations recommended, 285
Extensive and fertile bow-shaped area, 135

Fallacious appearance of a tide in Green Bay, 191
Fallacious information of the Indians, respecting the lead mines, 180
Falls and precipices, 110
Falls of St. Croix, 270
Falls of the Montreal River, 103
Federation group of islands of Lake Superior, 105, 321
Feud between the Sioux and Chippewas, 545
Final embarkation at Grosse Point, 49
Final separation of the party at Fort Dearborn, 197
First lake vessel built by La Salle, 212
First steamboat visits Michilimackinac in 1819, 212
Flat Rock Point, organic remains, 55
Flock of pigeons drowned in storms, 195
Flora of Lake Michigan, 206
Fluor spar, 353
Fond du Lac, 184
Fondness of the Indians for melons, 170
Forest-trees, 143
Forest-trees buried by oceanic drift, 51
Fort Holmes, when dismantled, 64
Fort Howard, 190
Fort Niagara built, 62
Fossil fauna of the West, 199
Fossil wood, 386
Foundation of old Mackinac, 62
Fox chief Aquoqua, 171
Fox River Valley, 184
Fox Village, 169
Freshwater conchology, 188
Freshwater shells of the Fox and Wisconsin, 416
Friendship of Wawetum, 67
Friendly act of the daughter of Wabojeeg, 80
Frogs inclosed in stone, 386
Fringillia vespertina, or Schoolcraft's grosbec, 515
Further discussion of the Odjibwa substantive, 470

Galena, 174
Generalizations on the Mississippi River, 139
Geographical data of the portage from Lake Superior to the St. Croix
and Chippewa Rivers, 540
Geological deductions, 300
Geological memoranda, 119
Geological monuments, 332
Geology of Mackinac, 66
Geological outlines of the Lake Superior coast, 109
Geological phenomena, 245
Geology, 261
Glacial action, 216
Globe of sandstone from a geological pocket-hole, 316
Grammatical structure of sentences in the Odjibwa, 495
Granite Point, 88
Granular gypsum in sandstone, 86
Graphic granite, 84
Gratiot's Grove, 564
Grauwackke, 111
Grauwackke of Iron River, 321
Grave of Dubuque, 174
Gray wolf, 149, 166
Great copper boulder on Lake Superior, 294
Great sand dunes, 85
Green Bay City, 191
Group of the Manatouline Islands, 74
Grosbec--new species, 515
Gypsum, 65, 313

Habits of the anas canadensis, 234
Helix, 515
Hennepin, 151
Henry Inman, 23
Herds of buffalo east of the Mississippi, 432
High value of the Lake Superior copper mines urged on Congress, 368
Highest platform mound on the Mississippi, 157
Highlands of Sauble, 310
Historical data respecting Dubuque's mines, 174
Historical data respecting the smallpox, 578
Historical facts, 150
History of Green Bay, 190
History of the Chippewas, 121
History of the Fox Indians, 175
Hochungara, or Winnebagoes, 181
Holcus fragrans, 157
Houghton's analysis of the lake copper, 527
Houghton's plants, 519
How possessives are formed in the Chippewa, 461
Human skull in the solid part of a living tree, 396
Huron coast line, 309
Huttonian theory, 405
Hystrix, 73

Ice formed on the 19th of July, 127
Illigan Lake, 264
Image stone, 231
Importance of vaccination to Indians, 581
Impression of a trilobite in quartz, 66
Indian altar, 55
Indian birch-bark letter, 433
Indian boundary, 149
Indian chief Red Thunder, 158
Indian chief Red Wing, 163
Indian corn-dance, 160
Indian council, 99
Indian council at the mouth of the Crow-wing, 267
Indian dwarf, 178
Indian language, 453
Indian myth of Itasca, stanzas on, 243
Indian oratory, 256
Indian queen, 254
Indian summer, 428
Indian superstition respecting mines, 374
Indian symbol for a man, 113
Indian term for geologist, 90
Indian trait, 151
Indian translation of an expression, 144
Indian tribes visited in 1831, 540
Indian women engage in mining, 173
Indian women gathering rice, 130
Indians turn mineralogists, 90
Inquiries respecting the history of the Indians, 438
Inter-European amalgamation, 77
Intrepid act of Gen. Cass, 80
Iron sand, 106
Irving's Lake, 230
Island of ancient Indian sepulchre, 194
Itasca Lake, 246

James Riley, 78
Jargon of the northwest, 234
John Johnston, Esq., 80
Journey from Albany to Geneva, 41
Journey in a sleigh across the Highlands, 40

Kabamappa accuses the Sioux of treachery, 548
Kaginogumaug, or Longwater Lake, 261
Kakabika Falls, 247
Kakala, its probable meaning, 187
Kalamazoo, 203
Kubba-Kunna, 234

La Hontan's apocryphal discovery on Long River, 19
Lac Plè, 263
Lac Traverse, 229
Lac Vieux Desert, 263
Lacustrine clay-flats of Lake St. Clair, 49
Lake action, 318
Lake Audrusia, 228
Lake Chetac, 543
Lake Douglass, 265
Lake drift, 323
Lake Pepin, 163, 332
Lake St. Clair, 216
Landscape of Michilimackinac, 71
Last year the bison is seen east of the Mississippi, 148
Latitude of Mackinac, 64
Lead mines at Dubuque, 168, 333
Leading events in the life of Gen. Macomb, 72
Leaf River of the Crow-wing, 266
Learn the state of the Sauc war, 269
Leech Lake, 259
Leech Lake River, 129; etymology, 129
Left Hand River, 108
Legal claim to the mine tract, 174
Length of the Mississippi, 245
Letter to Nathaniel H. Carter, Esq., 409
Level of Lake Erie above tide-water, 43
Limits of the cervus sylvestris, 515
Line of discovery above Cass Lake, 244
List of latitudes and longitudes, 289
List of quadrupeds and birds observed, 413
Little Crow chief, 157
Little Vermilion Lake, 262
Localities of minerals and rock strata, 211
Locality of freshwater shells, 167
Long Prairie River, 266
Longitudinal phenomena, 109
Lt. Col. Fowle, notice of, 168
Lupus Americanus, 56
Lyceum of Natural History, New York, extract from its annals, 532

M. Woolsey, 588
Mackinac limestone, 312
Magnesian minerals, 356
Magnitude of Lake Michigan, 202
Marquette's discovery of the Mississippi, 17
Mass of native copper, on the shores of Winnebago Lake, 185
Massachusetts Island, 105
Mean temperature at the sources of the Upper Mississippi River, 123;
party for the ultimate discovery of this river, 123
Mean temperature of St. Peter's Valley, 154
Mean velocity of current of Mississippi River, 126
Metallic masses, 100
Metallic minerals, 340
Meteorological journal kept at Chicago, 424
Meteorology, 418
Metoswa rapids, 229
Metunna Rapids, 266
Micaceous oxide of iron, 111
Michigan--its population at various periods, 46
Michilimackinac, 57, 311
Michilimackinac first becomes a capital for the fur trade, 68;
J. J. Astor occupies it in 1816, 68
Miera, or Walk-in-the-water, 212
Milwaukie, its etymology, population, and resources, 196
Mine of Peosta, 171
Mineral character of Lake Superior, 100
Mineralogy and geology, 292
Mineralogy of the Northwest, 534
Miners' mode of classifying ore, 564
Mississippi first crossed by primary rocks, 147
Mississippi from the influx of the Missouri, 138
Mistake respecting American antiquities, 157
Mode of converting a noun to a verb in the Odjibwa, 481
Mollusks, 127
Montruille an object of pity, 131
Mozojeed, a chief of energy, 550
Mr. Monroe's message of 7th December, 1822, 363
Mr. Schoolcraft's Report on the Copper Mines of Lake Superior, 292
Mukkundwa Indians, ethnological sketch, 258
Murder of Gov. Semple, 255
Muskego River, 104
My first portage; what is "a piece," 90
Mythologic notion, 99

Naiwa rapids, 236
Native salt and native copper, 155
Native silver, and its ores, 531
Natural history, 515
Nebeesh Island and Rapids, 75
Neenaba, a partisan chief, 554
New localities of copper, 375
New seat for Hygeia and the Muses, 60
New species in conchology, 417
Nicollet's table of geographical positions, 582
Noble reply of an Algonquin chief, 63
Noble view, 83
Number in the Chippewa, 457
Number, value, &c. of the copper mines of Lake Superior, 363

Objects of governmental policy, 558
Oblations to the dead, 123
Observe the buffalo, 146
Odjibwa animate and inanimate adjectives, 490
Odjibwa compound words, 483
Odjibwa numerals, 501
Odjibwamong, 82
Offering food to the dead, 123
Official report of Gen. Cass, 280
Okunzhewug, a chieftainess, murdered, 550
Old English Copper-mining Company, 296
Old Mackinac, its date, 208
Onzig River, 84
Ores and metals, 536
Organic impressions, 313
Organization of the expedition of 1832, 223
Origin of the Indian race, 439
Ornithology, 130
Ortho-cerite limestone, 74
Ottowa Lake, 542

Pakagama Falls, 127
Palæontological rocks, 330
Palaozoic sandstone, 539
Peace Rock, 149
Pelican, 177
Perch or Assawa Lake, 362
Period of the first military occupation of old Mackinac, 64
Petrified leaf, with a sketch, 206
Pewabik River, 102
Physical Character of the Crow-wing River, 267
Physical characters of the Mississippi, 133
Pictographic device, 148
Pictographic Indian inscription, 113
Pictographic mode of communicating ideas, 430
Pictured rocks, 86
Pike's Bay, 251
Pipe-stone, or opwagunite, 155
Planorbis, 515
Planorbis companulatus, 246
Plants collected by Dr. Houghton, 519
Plastic clay of St. Clair flats, 308
Plateau of lakes and marshes, 128
Polydon, 416
Polyganum, 124
Population and statistics of Mackinac in 1820, 64
Population of Detroit in 1820, 45
Population of Leech Lake, 260
Population of Ottowas, 203
Porcupine Mountains, 91, 323
Porphyry and conglomerate boulders, 317
Portage to the sources of Crow-wing River, 260
Positive and negative forms of speech, in the Odjibwa, 497
Potatoes vegetate in pure pebbles, 62
Pouched rat, 156
Practicability of working the Superior mines of copper and iron, 370;
advantages of transportation, 371
Preliminary incidents at Washington, 39
Preliminary Report of Exploring Expedition of 1832, 573
Primary forks of the Mississippi, 232;
country disposed in plateaux, 233
Principles of the Odjibwa noun-adjective, 489
Produce of the copper mines of the world, 379
Pseudomorphous forms, 314
Pseudostoma pinetorum, 156
Pusabika River, 102

Quartz geodes, 334
Quartzite rock, 127
Queen Anne's Lake, 280
Question of prepositions, 471

Racine, 197
Rapid glances at the geology of Western New York, 381
Rapids of the Mississippi above Sandy Lake, 125
Rattlesnake of the Wisconsin Hills, 181
Reach Detroit, after a passage of 62 hours, 44
Reach Itasca Lake, its outline, 241
Reach Lake Superior, 274
Rebus nutkanus, 129
Reciprocal death in a combat, 201
Red Banks, 194
Red jasper in quantity, 58
Red oxide of iron, 155
Red sandstone, 91
Red sandstone of Lake Superior, 316
Register of temperature in the United States, 426
Reorganization of the first expedition at Chicago, 200
Report of Dr. Houghton on the copper of Lake Superior, 526
Report of Mr. Schoolcraft to the Senate on the mineral lands of Lake
Superior, 362
Residents of Chicago in 1820, 197
Return of expedition of 1820 to Detroit, 217;
summary notice of, 217
Return to Sandy Lake, 142
Returns of the Cornwall and Devon copper mines, 378
Rifle shooting, 83
Rise of waters in the lakes, 214
River St. Croix, 162
Robert de la Salle, 17
Rosa parviflora, 144
Ruins of Fort St. Joseph, built in 1795, 75
Rule of euphony in the Algonquin language, 444;
active and passive voices, 446;
philosophical mode of denoting number, 445

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Summary Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River, in 1820Chapter XLVII: Appendix: 1. Indian Language (6)

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