Chapter IV: Introduction: Historical Sketch--Classification of the Subject

Purposes and Qualities of Instruments--Workmanship--Metals--
Aluminium--Framing--Tools--Axes of Instruments--Soldering--
Finishing--Bronzing--Lacquering--Graduating--Engraving--Style--
Glass-Work--Woodwork--Lubrication--Preservation of Instruments--
Packing 1

CHAPTER II.

THE TELESCOPE AS A PART OF A SURVEYING INSTRUMENT:--General
Description--Qualities--Optical Principles--Refraction
of Glass--Limit of Refraction--Reflection--Prisms--Lenses,
Convex and Concave--Aberration--Formation of Images--Dispersion--
Achromatism--Curvature of Lenses--Telescopes--Eye-pieces--Powers--
Dynameter--Construction of the Telescope--Diaphragm--Webs--Lines--
Points--Parallax--Examination and Adjustment 24

CHAPTER III.

THE MAGNETIC COMPASS AS A PART OF A SURVEYING INSTRUMENT OR
SEPARATELY:--Broad and Edge-bar Needles--Manufacture of the
Needle--Magnetisation--Suspension--Dip and Adjustment--Lifting--
Inclination--Declination--Variation--Correction--Compass-Boxes--
Description of Compasses--Ring Compasses--Trough Compasses--
Prismatic Compasses--Stand--Surveying with Compass--Pocket
Compasses 59

CHAPTER IV.

LEVELS:--Methods of Ascertaining--Level Tubes--Manufacture--
Curvature--Sensitiveness--Testing--Reading--Circular Levels--
Surveyors' Levels--Y-Levels--Parallel Plates--Adjustments of
Y-Levels--Suggested Improvements--Dumpy Levels--Tripod Stands--
Adjustment of Dumpy--Collimator--Improvements in Dumpy Levels--
Tribrach Head--Diaphragms--Cushing's Levels--Cooke's Levels--Cheap
Forms of Level--Hand Levels--Reflecting Levels--Water Levels 85

CHAPTER V.

LEVELLING STAVES:--Construction--Various Readings Discussed--
Sopwith's--Field's--Strange's--Stanley's New Metrical--Simple
Construction--Mining Staff--Papering Levelling Staves--
Preservation--Packing Pads--Staff Plate--Staff Level--Practice of
Levelling--Index of Bubble--Lamp--Curvature Corrections--Station
Pegs--Refinement of Levelling--Levelling Books 148

CHAPTER VI.

DIVISION OF THE CIRCLE AND METHODS EMPLOYED IN TAKING ANGLES:--
Dividing Engine--Surfaces for Graduation--Vernier--Various
Sections--Reading Microscopes--Shades--Micrometers--Clamp and
Tangent Motions--of Limbs--of Axes--Use and Wear--Difference of
Hypotenuse and Base 175

CHAPTER VII.

THEODOLITES:--Constructive Details of 5-inch and 6-inch Transits--
Special Additional Parts--Old Form with Four Screws--Improved
Form--Additional Parts--Plummets--Striding Level--Lamp--
Adjustments over a Point--Solar Attachment--Photographic
Attachment 214

CHAPTER VIII.

SPECIALTIES IN MODERN FORMS OF TRANSIT:--Theodolites for General
Surveying--Railway Work--Exploring 246

CHAPTER IX.

PLAIN THEODOLITES IN WHICH THE TRANSIT PRINCIPLE IS NOT
EMPLOYED:--The Plain Theodolite--Improved Construction--Everest's
Simple--Adjustments and Examination of Theodolites 267

CHAPTER X.

LARGE THEODOLITES USED ONLY FOR GEODETIC SURVEYS:--Stanley's
10- and 12-inch--14-inch Altazimuth--Col. Strange's 36-inch
Theodolite 293

CHAPTER XI.

MINING SURVEY INSTRUMENTS:--Circumferentors--Plain Miner's Dial--
Sights--Tripod Stand--Adjustments--Henderson's Dial--Lean's
Dial--Adjustments--Hedley's Dials--Additional Telescope--Improved
Hedley--Tribrach and Ball Adjustment--Reflectors--Continental
Forms--_Théodolite Souterrain_--Tripod Tables--Stanley's Mining
Theodolite--Pastorelli's and Hoffmann's Adjustable Tripod Heads--
Mining Transit Theodolites--Stanley's Prismatic Mining Compass--
Hanging Dial--Hanging Clinometer--Semi-circumferentor--Mining
Lamps 307

CHAPTER XII.

INSTRUMENTS TO MEASURE SUBTENSE OR TANGENTIAL ANGLES TO ASCERTAIN
DISTANCES:--Historical Notes of the Method--Principles Involved--
Stadia Measurements, Direct and by the Ordinary Telescope--
Corrections for Refraction of the Object Glass--Stanley's Subtense
Diaphragm--Anallatic Telescope of Porro--Tacheometers--Stadia--
Omnimeter--Field book--Bakewell's Subtense Arrangement 355

CHAPTER XIII.

INSTRUMENTS CONSTRUCTED ESPECIALLY FOR FACILITY OF TAKING
INCLINATIONS:--Inclinometer Theodolite--Gradiometer--Clinometers:
Abney's--Troughton's--De Lisle's--Stanley's--Barker's--Burnier's--
Watkin's--Clinometer Sights--Rule Clinometer--Road Tracer 389

CHAPTER XIV.

INSTRUMENTS OF REFLECTION:--Octant or Quadrant--Reflecting
Circle--Sextant--Principle--Parallax--Construction--Examination--
Adjustment--Artificial Horizon--Sounding Sextant--Box-Sextant--
Supplementary Arc--Improvements upon this--Optical Square--Optical
Cross--Apomecometer 422

CHAPTER XV.

GRAPHIC SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES CONNECTED
THEREWITH:--Plane Tables--Alidades--Telescopic Arrangements--
Subtense Measurements--Various Devices for Holding the Paper--
Continuous Papers--Adjustment of Tripod Heads--Method
of Using--Edgeworth's Stadiometer--Sketching Protractor--Sketching
Case--Camera Lucida, etc. 472

CHAPTER XVI.

INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING LAND AND CIVIL WORKS DIRECTLY:--Chains--
Various Tellers--Standard Chains--Arrows--Drop Arrows--Vice for
Adjusting Chain--Caink's Rule for Inclines--Steel Bands--Wire Land
Measures--Linen Tapes--Offset Rods--Pine Standard Rods--Rods with
Iron Core--Beam Compass Rods--Coincidence Measurements--
Compensated Rods--Base Line Apparatus--Coast Survey Lines--
Perambulator--Pedometer--Passometer--Sounding Chains--Sounding
Lines--Telemeters--Hand Rods--Rules 490

CHAPTER XVII.

STATIONS OF OBSERVATION:--Pickets--False Picket--Permanent
Stations--Referring Object--Heliotrope--Heliostat--Heliograph
Signalling--Morse Alphabet--Night Lights--Oil Lanterns--Magnesium
Light 533

CHAPTER XVIII.

MEASUREMENT OF ALTITUDES BY DIFFERENCES OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE:--
Historical Note--Mercurial Barometer--Construction--Operation--
Aneroid Barometer--Construction--Various Improvements--Hypsometer 548

CHAPTER XIX.

MISCELLANEOUS SURVEYORS' AND ENGINEERS' INSTRUMENTS, APPLIANCES,
AND ACCESSORIES:--Cross Staff--Mechanics' Levels--Boning Rods--
Footner's Railway Gauge--Girth Strap for Timber Measurement--Girth
Tapes--Timber Marker--Slashing Knife--Bill-Hook--Reconnoitring
Glass--Telescope--Sun Spectacles--Whistles--Pioneer Tools--Sketch
Block Book--Camera--Geological Tools--Wealemefna--Opisometer--
Boucher's Calculator--Slide Rules--Fuller's Calculator--Engineers'
Pocket-Books--Chronometer--Outfits 573

INDEX 601

SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS.