Chapter II: Part 2

Often a medium-sized bowl, usually hemispherical in shape, is to be seen on the tea table, and it is most likely a slop bowl or basin. According to advertisements these bowls and basins were available in silver, pewter, and ceramic.[64] Before a teacup was replenished, the remaining tea and dregs were emptied into the slop bowl. Then the cup might be rinsed with hot water and the rinsing water discarded in the bowl. The slop basin may also have been the receptacle for the mote or foreign particles--then inherent in tea but now extracted by mechanical means--that had to be skimmed off the beverage in the cup. In England this was probably done with a small utensil known to present day collectors as a mote spoon or mote skimmer. Although the exact purpose of these spoons remains unsettled, it seems likely that they were used with tea. It has been suggested that the perforated bowl of the spoon was used for skimming foreign particles off the tea in the cup and the tapering spike-end stem to clear the clogged-up strainer of the teapot spout. The almost complete absence of American-made mote spoons suggests that these particular utensils were seldom used here. Possibly the "skimmer" advertised in 1727 with other silver tea pieces was such a spoon.[65] No doubt, tea strainers (fig. 21) were also used to insure clear tea. The tea dregs might then be discarded in the slop bowl or left in the strainer and the strainer rested on the bowl. However, only a few contemporary American advertisements and inventories have been found which mention tea strainers.[66] Punch strainers, though generally larger in size, seem to have doubled as tea strainers in some households. The 1757 inventory of Charles Brockwell of Boston includes a punch strainer which is listed not with the wine glasses and other pieces associated with punch but with the tea items: "1 Small Do. [china] Milk Pot 1 Tea Pot 6 Cups & 3 Saucers & 1 Punch Strainer."[67] Presumably, the strainer had last been used for tea.

The teapot was, of course, the very center of the social custom of drinking tea; so, it usually was found in the center of the tray or table. At first, only teapots of Oriental origin imported with the cargos of tea were available, for the teapot had been unknown to Europeans before the introduction of the beverage. However, as tea gained acceptance as a social drink and the demand for equipage increased, local craftsmen were stimulated to produce wares that could compete with the Chinese imports. Teapots based on Chinese models and often decorated with Chinese motifs were fashioned in ceramic and silver. No doubt many an 18th-century hostess desired a silver teapot to grace her table and add an elegant air to the tea ceremony. A lottery offering one must have raised many a hope, especially if, as an advertisement of 1727 announced, the "highest Prize consists of an Eight Square Tea-Pot," as well as "six Tea-Spoons, Skimmer and Tongs." By the end of the century "an elegant silver tea-pot with an ornamental lid, resembling a Pine-apple" would have been the wish of a fashion-conscious hostess. Less expensive than silver, but just as stylish according to the merchants' advertisements were "newest fashion teapots" of pewter or, in the late 18th century, Britannia metal teapots. The latest mode in ceramic ware also was to be found upon the tea table. In the mid-18th century it was "English brown China Tea-Pots of Sorts, with a rais'd Flower" (probably the ceramic with a deep, rich brown glaze known today as Jackfield-type ware), "black," "green and Tortois" (a pottery glazed with varigated colors in imitation of tortoise shell), and "Enameled Stone" teapots. At the time of the American Revolution, teaware imports included "Egyptian, Etruscan, embossed red China, agate, green, black, colliflower, white, and blue and white stone enamelled, striped, fluted, pierced and plain Queen's ware tea pots."[68]

Sometimes the teapot, whether ceramic, pewter, or silver, was placed upon a dish or small, tile-like stand with feet. These teapot stands served as insulation by protecting the surface of the table or tray from the damaging heat of the teapot. Stands often were included in tea sets but also were sold individually, such as the "Pencil'd China ... tea pot stands," advertised in 1775, and the "teapot stands" of "best London plated ware" imported in 1797.[69] The stands must have been especially useful when silver equipage was set on a bare table top; many of the silver teapots of elliptical shape with a flat base, so popular in the latter part of the 18th century, had matching stands raised on short legs to protect the table from the expanse of hot metal. On occasion the teapot was placed on a spirit lamp or burner to keep the beverage warm.

In most instances it was the hot water kettle that sat upon a spirit lamp or burner rather than a teapot. Kettles were usually related to the form of contemporary teapots, but differed in having a swing handle on top and a large, rather flat base that could be placed over the flame. Advertisements mention teakettles of copper, pewter, brass, and silver, some "with lamps and stands."[70] The actual making of tea was part of the ceremony and was usually done by the hostess at the tea table. This necessitated a ready supply of boiling water close at hand to properly infuse the tea and, as Ferdinand Bayard reported, it also "weakens the tea or serves to clean up the cups."[71] Thus, the kettle and burner on their own individual table or stand were placed within easy reach of the tea table. According to 18th-century pictures the kettle was an important part of the tea setting, but it seldom appeared on the tea table. Special stands for kettles generally were made in the same form as the tea tables, though smaller in scale (fig. 14). The square stands often had a slide on which to place the teapot when the hot water was poured into it.

Both pictures and advertisements reveal that by the 1770's the tea urn was a new form appearing at teatime in place of the hot water kettle. Contrary to its name, the tea urn seldom held tea. These large silver or silver-plated vessels, some of which looked like vases with domed covers, usually had two handles on the shoulders and a spout with a tap in the front near the bottom. "Ponty pool, japanned, crimson, and gold-striped Roman tea urns" imported from Europe were among the fashionable teawares advertised at the end of the 18th century.[72] The urn might be placed on a stand of its own near the table or on the tray or table in the midst of the other equipage as it is in the painting titled _The Honeymoon_ (fig. 9). Wherever placed, it signified the newest mode in teatime furnishings. One Baltimorean, O. H. Williams, in a letter dated April 12, 1786, to a close friend, enthusiastically explained that "Tea & Coffee Urns plated (mine are but partially plated and are extremely neat) are the genteelest things of the sort used now at any House & tables inferior to the first fortunes."[73]

The tea canister (fig. 22), a storage container for the dry tea leaves, was yet another piece of equipment to be found on the table or tray. Ceramic canisters of blue and white, and red and gold, could be purchased to match other tea furnishings of the same ware, and silver tea canisters often were fashioned to harmonize with the silver teapots of the period. Individual canisters were produced, as well as canisters in sets of two or three. A set of canisters usually was kept in the box in which it came, a case known as a tea chest or tea caddy, such as the "elegant assortment of Tea-caddies, with one, two and three canisters" advertised in 1796.[74] Canister tops if dome-shaped were used to measure out the tea and transfer it to the teapot. Otherwise, small, short-handled spoons with broad, shallow bowls known as caddy spoons and caddy ladles were used. However handled, the tea could have been any one of the numerous kinds available in the 18th century. Although Hyson, Soughong, and Congo, the names inscribed on the canister in figure 22, may have been favored, there were many other types of tea, as the following advertisement from the _Boston News-Letter_ of September 16, 1736, indicates:[75]

To be Sold ... at the Three Sugar Loaves, and Cannister ...
very choice Teas, viz: Bohea Tea from 22 s. to 28 s. per Pound,
Congou Tea, 34 s. Pekoe Tea, 50 s. per Pound, Green Tea from 20
s. to 30 s. per Pound, fine Imperial Tea from 40 s. to 60 s.
per Pound.

In the 18th century tea drinking was an established social custom with a recognized etiquette and distinctive equipage as we know from the pictures and writings of the period. At teatime men and women gathered to pursue leisurely conversations and enjoy the sociability of the home.

A study of _An English Family at Tea_ (frontispiece) will summarize the etiquette and equipage of the ritual--

On the floor near the table is a caddy with the top open, showing one canister of a pair. The mistress of the house, seated at the tea table, is measuring out dry tea leaves from the other canister into its lid. Members of the family stand or sit about the square tea table while they observe this first step in the ceremony. A maidservant stands ready with the hot water kettle to pour the boiling water over the leaves once they are in the teapot. In the background is the tripod kettle stand with a lamp, where the kettle will be placed until needed to rinse the cups or dilute the tea.

Not seen in this detail of the painting is the entry of a male servant who is carrying a tall silver pot, which may have contained chocolate or coffee. These two other social beverages of the 18th century were served in cups of a deep cylindrical shape, like the three seen on the end of the table. The shallow, bowl-shaped, handleless teacups and the saucers are arranged in a neat row along one side of the table. The teapot rests on a square tile-like stand or dish that protects the table from the heat. Nearby is a bowl to receive tea dregs, a pot for cream or milk, and a sugar bowl.

The teatime ritual has begun.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF PICTURES CONSULTED

1700 ca.

_Portrait Group of Gentlemen and a Child._ Believed to be
English or Dutch. Reproduced in Ralph Edwards, _Early
Conversation Pictures from the Middle Ages to about 1730_,
London, 1954, p. 117, no. 73.

1710 ca.

_The Tea-Table._ English. Reproduced in _The Connoisseur
Period Guides: The Stuart Period, 1603-1714_, edited by Ralph
Edwards and L. G. G. Ramsey, New York, 1957, p. 30.

1720 ca.

_A Family Taking Tea._ English. Reproduced in Edwards, _Early
Conversation Pictures_, p. 132, no. 95.

_Two Ladies and a Gentleman at Tea._ Attributed to Nicolaas
Verkolje, Dutch. Reproduced in Edwards, _Early Conversation
Pictures_, p. 96, no. 42.

_An English Family at Tea_ (frontispiece). Joseph Van
Aken(?). Reproduced in Percy Macquoid and Ralph Edwards, _The
Dictionary of English Furniture_, revised and enlarged by
Ralph Edwards, London, 1954, vol. 1, p. 10, fig. 16.

1725 ca.

_Tea Party in the Time of George I_ (fig. 5). English.
Reproduced in _Antiques_, November 1955, vol. 68, p. vi
following p. 460.

1730 ca.

_The Assembly at Wanstead House._ By William Hogarth,
English. Reproduced in Edwards, _Early Conversation
Pictures_, p. 125, no. 87.

_Family._ By William Hogarth, English. Reproduced in R. H.
Wilenski, _English Painting_, London, 1933, pl. 11a.

_Family Group_ (fig. 1). By Gawen Hamilton, English.
Reproduced in _Antiques_, March 1953, vol. 63, p. 270.

_A Family Party._ By William Hogarth, English. Reproduced in
_English Conversation Pictures of the Eighteenth and Early
Nineteenth Century_, edited by G. C. Williamson, London,
1931, pl. 10.

1730

_Susanna Truax_ (fig. 2). American. Reproduced in _Art in
America_, May 1954, vol. 42, p. 101.

_The Wollaston Family._ By William Hogarth, English.
Reproduced in Edwards, _Early Conversation Pictures_, p. 126,
no. 88.

1731

Painting on lobed, square delft tea tray. Dutch. Reproduced
in C. H. De Jonge, _Oud-Nederlandsche Majolica en Delftsch
Aardewerk_, Amsterdam, 1947, p. 241, fig. 209.

1732

_A Tea Party at the Countess of Portland's._ By Charles
Philips, English. Reproduced in Edwards, _Early Conversation
Pictures_, p. 132, no. 94.

_Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, with His Family._ By
Gawen Hamilton, English. Reproduced in Edwards, _Early
Conversation Pictures_, p. 130, no. 92.

1735 ca.

_The Western Family._ By William Hogarth, English. Reproduced
in Sacheverell Sitwell, _Conversation Pieces_, New York,
1937, no. 14.

1736 ca.

_The Strode Family._ By William Hogarth, English. Reproduced
in Oliver Brackett, _English Furniture Illustrated_, New
York, 1950, p. 168, pl. 140.

1740 ca.

_The Carter Family._ By Joseph Highmore, English. Reproduced
in _Connoisseur_, Christmas 1934, vol. 94, p. xlv
(advertisement).

1743

Painting on lobed, circular Bristol delft tea tray. English.
Reproduced in F. H. Garner, _English Delftware_, New York,
1948, pl. 54.

1744 ca.

_Burkat Shudi and His Family._ English. Reproduced in Philip
James, _Early Keyboard Instruments from Their Beginnings to
the Year 1820_, New York, 1930, pl. 48.

1744

_Shortly after Marriage_, from _Marriage a la Mode_ series.
By William Hogarth, English. Reproduced in _Masterpieces of
English Painting_, Chicago, 1946, pl. 3.

1745 ca.

_The Gascoigne Family._ By Francis Hayman, English.
Reproduced in _Apollo_, October 1957, vol. 66, p. vii
(advertisement).

1750 ca.

_Mr. and Mrs. Hill in Their Drawing Room._ By Arthur Devis,
English. Reproduced in _The Antique Collector_, June 1957,
vol. 28, p. 100.

1760 ca.

_The Honeymoon_ (fig. 9). By John Collett, English.
Photograph courtesy of Frick Art Reference Library, New York.

1765 ca.

_Paul Revere._ By John Singleton Copley, American. Reproduced
in John Marshall Phillips, _American Silver_, New York, 1949,
frontispiece.

1770 ca.

_Lord Willoughby and Family._ By John Zoffany, English.
Reproduced in Lady Victoria Manners and Dr. G. C. Williamson,
_John Zoffany, R. A._, London, 1920, plate preceding p. 153.

_Mr. and Mrs. Garrick at Tea._ By John Zoffany, English.
Reproduced in Manners and Williamson, _John Zoffany, R. A._,
plate facing p. 142.

_Sir John Hopkins and Family._ By John Zoffany, English.
Reproduced in Manners and Williamson, _John Zoffany, R. A._,
second plate following p. 18.

_The Squire's Tea._ By Benjamin Wilson, English. Reproduced
in _Antiques_, October 1951, vol. 60, p. 310.

1775

_A Society of Patriotic Ladies_ (fig. 3). Engraving published
by R. Sayer and J. Bennet, London. Print and Photograph
Division, Library of Congress.

1777

_The Old Maid_ (fig. 14). English. Print and Photograph
Division, Library of Congress.

1780 ca.

_The Tea Party._ By William Hamilton, English. Reproduced in
_Art in America_, May 1954, vol. 42, p. 91 (advertisement).

1782

_Conversazioni_ (fig. 4). By W. H. Bunbury, English. Print
and Photograph Division, Library of Congress.

1785 ca.

_The Auriol Family_ [_in India_]. By John Zoffany, English.
Reproduced in Manners and Williamson, _John Zoffany, R. A._,
plate facing p. 110.

1786

_Dr. Johnson Takes Tea at Boswell's House._ By Thomas
Rowlandson, English. Reproduced in Charles Cooper, _The
English Table in History and Literature_, London, 1929, plate
facing p. 150.

1790 ca.

_Black Monday or the Departure for School._ Engraved by J.
Jones after Bigg, English. Reproduced in _Antiques_,
September 1953, vol. 64, p. 163 (advertisement).

1792

_Tea at the Pantheon._ By Edward Edwards, English. Reproduced
in William Harrison Ukers, _The Romance of Tea_, New York,
1936, plate facing p. 214.

1806

_Mrs. Calmes_ (fig. 15). By G. Frymeier, American. Reproduced
in _Antiques_, November 1950, vol. 58, p. 392.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

FOOTNOTES

Footnote 1:

Claude C. Robin, _New Travels through North America: in a Series of
Letters ... in the Year 1781_, Boston, 1784, p. 23.

Footnote 2:

_Mercurius Politicus_, September 23-30, 1658.

Footnote 3:

Edward Wenham, "Tea and Tea Things in England," _Antiques_, October
1948, vol. 54, p. 264.

Footnote 4:

Samuel Sewall, _Diary of Samuel Sewall, 1674-1729_, reprinted in
_Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society_, 1879, ser. 5,
vol. 6, p. 253.

Footnote 5:

John Marshall Phillips, _American Silver_, New York, 1949, p. 76.

Footnote 6:

Jacques Pierre Brissot de Warville, _New Travels in the United States
of America Performed in 1788_, London, 1794, p. 80.

Footnote 7:

Peter Kalm, _The America of 1750. Peter Kalm's Travels in North
America_, edited and translated by Adolph B. Benson, New York, 1937,
vol. 1, p. 346, vol. 2, p. 605.

Footnote 8:

Baron Cromot du Bourg, "Journal de mon Séjour en Amérique," _Magazine
of American History_ (1880-1881), quoted in Charles H. Sherrill,
_French Memories of Eighteenth-Century America_, New York, 1915, p.
155.

Footnote 9:

Marquis de Chastellux, _Voyages de M. le Marquis de Chastellux dans
l'Amérique Septentrionale_, Paris, 1788, quoted in Sherrill, _op.
cit._ (footnote 8), p. 190.

Footnote 10:

Kalm, _op. cit._ (footnote 7), vol. 1, p. 195.

Footnote 11:

Israel Acrelius, _A History of New Sweden; or, The Settlements on the
River Delaware_, translated and edited by William M. Reynolds,
Philadelphia, 1874, p. 158.

Footnote 12:

Letter from M. Jacquelin, York, Virginia, to John Norton, London,
August 14, 1769. In, _John Norton and Sons, Merchants of London and
Virginia, Being the Papers from Their Counting House for the Years
1750 to 1795_, edited by Frances Norton Mason, Richmond, 1937, p. 103.

Footnote 13:

Letter from Gilbert Barkly to directors of the East India Company,
May 26, 1773. _Tea Leaves: Being a Collection of Letters and
Documents ..._, edited by Francis S. Drake, Boston, 1884, p. 200.

Footnote 14:

Philip Vickers Fithian, _Journal and Letters of Philip Vickers
Fithian, 1773-1774; a Plantation Tutor of the Old Dominion_, edited
by Hunter Dickinson Farish, Williamsburg, 1957, pp. 110, 195-196.

Footnote 15:

R. T. H. Halsey and Charles O. Cornelius, _A Handbook of the American
Wing_, New York, 1924, pp. 111-112.

Footnote 16:

Léon Chotteau, _Les Français en Amérique_, Paris, 1876, quoted in
Sherrill, _op. cit._ (footnote 8), p. 96.

Footnote 17:

Médéric Louis Elie Moreau de Saint-Méry, _Moreau de St. Méry's
American Journey_, translated and edited by Kenneth Roberts and Anna
M. Roberts, Garden City, 1947, p. 266.

Footnote 18:

Claude Blanchard, _The Journal of Claude Blanchard, Commissary of the
French Auxiliary Army Sent to the United States During the American
Revolution, 1780-1783_, translated by William Duane and edited by
Thomas Balch, Albany, 1876, pp. 41, 49.

Footnote 19:

Moreau de Saint-Méry, _op. cit._ (footnote 17), p. 266.

Footnote 20:

François, Marquis de Barbé-Marbois, _Our Revolutionary Forefathers.
The Letters of François, Marquis de Barbé-Marbois During His
Residence in the United States as Secretary of the French Legation
1779-1785_, translated and edited by Eugene Parker Chase, New York,
1929, p. 123.

Footnote 21:

Nancy Shippen, _Nancy Shippen, Her Journal Book_, edited by Ethel
Armes, Philadelphia, 1935, pp. 167, 229, 243.

Footnote 22:

Chastellux, _op. cit._ (footnote 9), quoted in Sherrill, _op. cit._
(footnote 8), p. 40.

Footnote 23:

Eliza Southgate Bowne, _A Girl's Life Eighty Years Ago. Selections
from the Letters of Eliza Southgate Bowne_, edited by Clarence Cook,
New York, 1887, p. 207.

Footnote 24:

Shippen, _op. cit._ (footnote 21), p. 167.

Footnote 25:

Prince de Broglie, "Journal du Voyage," _Mélanges de la Société des
Bibliophiles Français_, Paris, 1903, quoted in Sherrill, _op. cit._
(footnote 8), p. 13.

Footnote 26:

Comte de Ségur, _Mémoires, ou Souvenires et Anecdotes_, Paris, 1826,
quoted in Sherrill, _op. cit._ (footnote 8), p. 78.

Footnote 27:

Shippen, _op. cit._ (footnote 21), p. 175.

Footnote 28:

Kalm, _op. cit._ (footnote 7), vol. 2, p. 677; Moreau de Saint-Méry,
_op. cit._ (footnote 17), p. 286.

Footnote 29:

Shippen, _op. cit._ (footnote 21), p. 248.

Footnote 30:

François Jean, Marquis de Chastellux, _Travels in North America in
the Years 1780-81-82_, New York, 1827, p. 114.

Footnote 31:

Ferdinand Marie Bayard, _Travels of a Frenchman in Maryland and
Virginia, with a Description of Philadelphia and Baltimore in 1791_,
translated and edited by Ben C. McCary, Ann Arbor, 1950, p. 48.

Footnote 32:

Mrs. Anne Grant, _Memoirs of an American Lady, with Sketches of
Manners and Scenery in America, as They Existed Previous to the
Revolution_, New York, 1846, p. 54.

Footnote 33:

Kalm, _op. cit._ (footnote 7), vol. 2, p. 611.

Footnote 34:

Barbé-Marbois, _op. cit._ (footnote 20), p. 123.

Footnote 35:

Blanchard, _op. cit._ (footnote 18), p. 78.

Footnote 36:

Ferdinand M. Bayard, _Voyage dans l'Intérieur des Etats-Unis_, Paris,
1797, quoted in Sherrill, _op. cit._ (footnote 8), p. 93.

Footnote 37:

Claude Victor Marie, Prince de Broglie, "Narrative of the Prince de
Broglie," translated by E. W. Balch in _Magazine of American
History_, April 1877, vol. I, p. 233.

Footnote 38:

Bayard, _op. cit._ (footnote 36), quoted in Sherrill, _op. cit._
(footnote 8), p. 93.

Footnote 39:

Brissot de Warville, _op. cit._ (footnote 6), p. 129.

Footnote 40:

Suffolk County [Massachusetts] Probate Court Record Books
(hereinafter cited as Suffolk County Record Books), vol. 53, p. 444,
inventory of Mrs. Hannah Pemberton, Boston, June 22, 1758; vol. 39,
p. 185, inventory of Joseph Blake, Boston, September 18, 1746. Among
other inventories in Suffolk County Record Books listing tea tables
with tea equipment thereon were those of Sendal Williams, Boston,
March 13, 1747 (vol. 43, p. 407); Revd. Dr. Benja. Colman, Boston,
September 1, 1747 (vol. 40, p. 266); Mr. Nathl. Cunningham, February
6, 1748 (vol. 42, p. 156); Joseph Snelling, Boston, December 8, 1748
(vol. 42, p. 60); Eliza. Chaunay, Boston, May 28, 1757 (vol. 52, p.
382); Gillam Tailer, Boston, October 18, 1757 (vol. 52, p. 817); Jon.
Skimmer, Boston, October 30, 1778 (vol. 77, p. 565).

Footnote 41:

Bayard, _op. cit._ (footnote 31), p. 47.

Footnote 42:

Letter from [Louis Guillaume] Otto [to Nancy Shippen], undated,
Shippen Papers, box 6, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress. The
letter is dated about 1780 by Ethel Armes, _op. cit._ (footnote 21),
p. 8.

Footnote 43:

Jacob Hiltzheimer, _Extracts from the Diary of Jacob Hiltzheimer of
Philadelphia, 1765-1798_, edited by Jacob Cox Parsons, Philadelphia,
1893, p. 94.

Footnote 44:

Fithian, _op. cit._ (footnote 14), p. 193.

Footnote 45:

Benjamin Franklin, letter to Mrs. Deborah Franklin, dated February
19, 1758, London. _The Writings of Benjamin Franklin_, edited by
Albert Henry Smyth, New York, 1905, vol. 3, p. 432.

Footnote 46:

Bayard, _op. cit._ (footnote 36), quoted in Sherrill, _op. cit._
(footnote 8), p. 93.

Footnote 47:

_Boston Gazette_, April 25, 1737; _Boston News-Letter_, June 24,
1762; _The New-York Gazette_, January 8, 1799. These and other
newspaper references have been taken variously from the following
sources: George Francis Dow, _The Arts and Crafts in New England,
1704-1775_, Topsfield, Massachusetts, 1927; Rita Susswein Gottesman,
_The Arts and Crafts in New York, 1726-1776_, New York, 1938, and
_The Arts and Crafts in New York, 1777-1799_, New York, 1954; and
Alfred Coxe Prime, _The Arts and Crafts in Philadelphia, Maryland,
and South Carolina, 1721-1785_, Topsfield, Massachusetts, 1929.

Footnote 48:

Suffolk County Record Books, vol. 39, p. 499, inventory of James
Pemberton, Boston, April 8, 1747.

Footnote 49:

_Boston News-Letter_, November 28, 1771.

Footnote 50:

Shippen, _op. cit._ (footnote 21), p. 215.

Footnote 51:

_Boston News-Letter_, October 4, 1750; _Maryland Journal_, November
20, 1781.

Footnote 52:

Robin, _op. cit._ (footnote 1), p. 23.

Footnote 53:

W. Stephen Thomas, "Major Samuel Shaw and the Cincinnati Porcelain,"
_Antiques_, May 1935, vol. 27, p. 178. The letter and tea set are
exhibited at Deerfield, Massachusetts, by the Heritage Foundation.

Footnote 54:

Fithian, _op. cit._ (footnote 14), p. 133.

Footnote 55:

Kalm, _op. cit._ (footnote 7), vol. 1, p. 191.

Footnote 56:

C. F. Volney, _Tableau du Climat et du Sol des Etats-Unis_, Paris,
1803, quoted in Sherrill, _op. cit._ (footnote 8), p. 95.

Footnote 57:

_Boston News-Letter_, March 24, 1774, November 18, 1742, and April 4,
1771; _New-York Journal_, August 3, 1775.

Footnote 58:

_New-York Gazette_, April 3, 1727; _Boston Gazette_, June 4, 1759;
_Boston News-Letter_, January 9, 1772; _Maryland Gazette_, May 13,
1773; _Pennsylvania Journal_, December 15, 1763.

Footnote 59:

Kalm, _op. cit._ (footnote 7), vol. 1, p. 347.

Footnote 60:

_Boston News-Letter_, April 4, 1771, November 18, 1742, and January
9, 1772; _New-York Gazette_, February 14, 1757; _Pennsylvania
Gazette_, January 25, 1759; _Rivington's New York Gazeteer_, January
13, 1774; _New-York Journal_, August 3, 1775; _Boston Gazette_,
September 11, 1758; _New-York Daily Advertiser_, January 21, 1797.

Footnote 61:

Moreau de Saint-Méry, _op. cit._ (footnote 17), p. 38.

Footnote 62:

_New-York Gazette_, February 14, 1757; _Boston Gazette_, May 14,
1764; _Maryland Gazette_, January 4, 1759; _New-York Journal_, August
3, 1775; _Pennsylvania Gazette_, July 6, 1772, and October 31, 1781;
_Boston News-Letter_, April 4, 1771, and January 9, 1772; _New-York
Daily Advertiser_, January 21, 1797.

Footnote 63:

_New-York Mercury_, October 30, 1758; _Pennsylvania Journal_, April
25, 1765; _Boston News-Letter_, January 17, 1745; _New-York Gazette_,
December 6, 1771.

Footnote 64:

_Pennsylvania Gazette_, January 25, 1759; _Pennsylvania Journal_,
April 25, 1765; _Independent Journal_ [New York], July 23, 1785.

Footnote 65:

_New-York Gazette_, April 3, 1727.

Footnote 66:

_Maryland Gazette_, January 4, 1759; _Pennsylvania Chronicle_,
January 29, 1770; Suffolk County Record Books, vol. 52, p. 324,
inventory of John Procter, May 13, 1757.

Footnote 67:

Suffolk County Record Books, vol. 52, p. 327, inventory of Revd.
Charles Brockwell, May 13, 1757.

Footnote 68:

Quotations variously from _New-York Gazette_, April 3, 1727, August
2, 1762; _Commercial Advertiser_ [New York], Oct. 10, 1797; _Boston
Gazette_, July 26, 1756; _New-York Daily Advertiser_, May 7, 1793;
_Boston News-Letter_, October 18, 1750; _Pennsylvania Evening Post_,
July 11, 1776.

Footnote 69:

_New-York Journal_, August 3, 1775; _New-York Daily Advertiser_,
January 21, 1797.

Footnote 70:

_Pennsylvania Packet_, May 29, 1775; _American Weekly Mercury_
[Philadelphia], January 1736; _Boston Gazette_, May 3, 1751, and
September 11, 1758; _Pennsylvania Journal_, August 1, 1771.

Footnote 71:

Bayard, _op. cit._ (footnote 36), quoted in Sherrill, _op. cit._
(footnote 8), p. 92.

Footnote 72:

_New-York Daily Advertiser_, May 7, 1793.

Footnote 73:

Letter from O[tho] Holland Williams to Dr. Philip Thomas, April 12,
1786, Williams Papers, vol. 4, letter no. 320. Manuscript, Maryland
Historical Society, Baltimore, Maryland.

Footnote 74:

_Boston News-Letter_, April 4, 1771; _Pennsylvania Gazette_, October
31, 1781; _Minerva, & Mercantile Evening Advertiser_ [New York],
August 4, 1796.

Footnote 75:

_Boston News-Letter_, September 16, 1736.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington 25, D.C.--Price 40 cents

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1961

---------------------

Transcriber's note:

1. The footnotes, originally printed at the bottom of pages, were moved to
the back of the book.

2. Spacing within some citations was made more consistent. Except for
that, and the cases mentioned below, this book retains the spelling
and punctuation of the original:

a. The title "Comte de Ségur" was mentioned twice, once spelled
"Segur." This was changed "Ségur" for consistency.