Chapter I: Front Matter

BAKER STUDIES IN BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY

TELL EL AMARNA
AND
THE BIBLE

by
Charles F. Pfeiffer

BAKER BOOK HOUSE
Grand Rapids, Michigan

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 62-20014

Copyright, 1963, by
Baker Book House Company

ISBN: 0-8010-7002-3

_Fourth printing, April 1980_

PHOTOLITHOPRINTED BY CUSHING-MALLOY, INC.
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
1980

CONTENTS

I. Discoveries at Amarna 9

II. The Restless Pharaoh 16

III. The Horizon of Aton 26

IV. Atonism 31

V. The Hymn to the Aton 38

VI. The Affairs of Empire 44

VII. Trade and Commerce During the Amarna Age 55

VIII. The Art of Amarna 58

IX. The End of an Era 62

X. Amarna and the Bible 67

Illustrations

Map of Ancient Egypt 8 Amarna Tablets 11 Courtesy, British Museum Map of Akhetaton, the City of Akhenaton 15 Commemorative Scarab of Amenhotep III 18 Courtesy, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, 1935 Amenhotep III 18 Courtesy, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Akhenaton and Nofretete 21 Courtesy, The Brooklyn Museum Seated Figure of Akhenaton 22 Courtesy, the Louvre Seated Figure of Akhenaton (detail) 22 Courtesy, The Oriental Institute, University of Chicago A Princess at Akhetaton 24 Courtesy, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Princess Manyet-aton 24 Courtesy, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Theodore M. Davies, 1907 King Tutankhamon 25 Courtesy, The Oriental Institute, University of Chicago The Estate of a Nobleman 29 Courtesy, The Oriental Institute, University of Chicago Hapi, God of the Nile 32 Courtesy, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston The Beneficent Aton 35 Courtesy, The Egyptian Expedition, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Akhenaton Worshiping Aton 37 Courtesy, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Amarna Style Head 59 Courtesy, The Oriental Institute, University of Chicago Queen Nofretete 59 Courtesy, The Oriental Institute, University of Chicago The Throne of Tutankhamon 63 Courtesy, The Cairo Museum Tutankhamon and His God 63 Courtesy, The Louvre Horemhab 65 Courtesy, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Everit Macy, 1923