Chapter XII: The Ten Religions and Christianity (2)

RAWLINSON (GEORGE). Herodotus.

Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World. London. 1862-1868.

Manual of Ancient History. New York: Harper and Brothers. 1871. (Assyria, Egypt, Greece, Rome, etc.)

RENAN (J. E.). Articles in the Revue des Deux Mondes.

Études d'Histoire religieuse. Paris, 1857. Translated by O. B. Frothingham. New York. 1864.

Histoire générale et systèmes comparés des langues Sémitiques. Paris. 1863.

Revue Archéologique. Paris (containing the principal articles of De Rougé on Egypt).

RHODE (J. G.). Die heilige Sage und Religions-System der alten Baktrer, Meder und Perser. Frankfurt am Main. 1820.

RITTER (CARL). The Comparative Geography of Palestine and the Sinaitic Peninsula. Translated by William L. Gage. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1866. (Judasa.)

Ritual of the Buddhist Priesthood. (In Miscellaneous Oriental Translations.) Oriental Translation Fund. 1834.

RIXNER (T. A.). Haudbuch der Geschichte der Philosophic. (3 vols.) 1829.

RODWELL (Rev. I. M.). The Coran, translated from the Arabic. The Suras, arranged in Chronological Order. London. 1861.

RÖTH (EDUARD). Die Ägyptische und die Zoroastrische Glaubenslehre. Mannheim. 1846.

SALVADOR (J.). Histoire des Institutions de Moise. Paris. 1862. (Judæa.)

SAINT-HILAIRE (J. BARTHÉLEMY). Mahomet et le Coran. Paris. 1865. (Islam.)

Le Bouddha et sa religion. Paris. 1860. (Buddhism.)

SALE (GEORGE). The Koran, with preliminary Dissertations. Philadelphia. 1833. (Islam.)

Sánkhya Káriká, The, translated by Colebrooke and Wilson. Oriental Translation Fund. 1837. (India.)

SCHLAGINTWEIT (EMIL). Buddhism in Thibet. Leipzig and London. 1863.

SCHLEICHER (AUGUST). Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der Indo-Germanischen Sprachen. Weimar. 1866.

SCHWENCK (KONRAD). Die Mythologie der Römer. Frankfurt am Main. 1846. (Rome.)

Die Mythologie der Ægypter. Frankfurt am Main. 1846. (Egypt.)

SMITH (WILLIAM). Dictionary of the Bible. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co. 1860. (Judæa.)

SMITH (Lieut.-Col. C. H.). Natural History of the Human Species.

SPIEGEL (F.). Avesta, die heiligen schriften der parsen. Vienna. 1860, 1863. (Persia.)

Eran, das Land zwischen dem Indus und Tigris.

Commentar uber das Avesta. Leipzig. 1864. (Persia.)

SPRENGER (Dr. A.). Das Leben und die Lehre des Mohammed. Berlin. 1861. (Islam.)

STANLEY (ARTHUR P.). Lectures on the History of the Jewish Church. New York: Scribner. 1863. (Judæa.)

STEVENSON (Rev. J.) Translation of the Sanhita of the Sama-Veda. Oriental Translation Fund. 1842. (India.)

TACITUS, The Works of. (Rome and Germany.)

THORPE (BENJAMIN). Northern Mythology. London. 1851. (Scandinavia.)

TOWNLEY (JAMES). The Reasons of the Laws of Moses. London. 1827.

TURNOUR (Hon. GEO.). The Maháwanso, with an introductory Essay on Páli-Buddhistic Literature, in 2 vols. Ceylon. 1837.

TZSCHIRNER (H. G.). Der Fall der Heidenthums.

UPHAM (EDWARD). Sacred and Historical Books of Ceylon. 3 vols. 1833.

URQUHART (D.). The Spirit of the East. 2 vols. London. 1839.

VAMBÉRY. Travels in Turkistan.

WASSILJEW (W.). Der Buddhismus, seine Dogmen, Geschichte, und Literatur. St. Petersburg. 1860.

WEBER (ALBRECHT). Indische Skizzen. Berlin. 1857. (Buddhism.)

WEIL (Dr. G.). Mohammed der Prophet, sein Leben und seine Lehre. Stuttgart. 1843.

WELCKER (F. G.). Griechische Götterlehre. 3 Banden. Göttingen. 1857.

WESTCOTT (B. A.). Introduction to the Study of the Gospels. Boston. 1862.

WESTERGAARD (N. L.). Ueber Buddha's Todesjahr. Breslau. 1862.

WHEELER (J. TALBOYS). History of India from the Earliest Times. London. 1869.

WILKINS (CHARLES). The Bhagvat-Gheeta. London. 1785.

WILKINSON (Sir J. GARDNER). The Ancient Egyptians. London: Murray. 1854. 5 vols. 8vo. (Egypt.)

WILLIAMS (MONIER). Sakoontala, or the Lost Ring. Hertford. 1856.

WILSON (ANDREW). The ever-victorious Army. Edinburgh. 1868. (China.)

WILSON (HORACE HAYMAN). Select Works of. London. 1861. Containing Essays on the Religion of the Hindoos. 2 vols. Essays on Sanskrit Literature. 3 vols. Vischnu Purana. 3 vols. 1861-1866.

Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindoos. 3 vols. 1827.

Rig-Veda-Sanhita. Translated from the original Sanskrit. 4 vols. London. 1850-1866.

WINDISCHMANN (FRIEDRICH). Ursagen des Arischen Volker. Munich. 1853.

Zoroastriche Studien. 1863. Über das Bunddehesch.

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. Leipzig. Commenced 1847.

ZELLER (E.). The Stoics. Epicureans, and Sceptics (English translation). London. 1870.

Index of Subjects Treated in this Work.

A.

Abraham, source of Hebrew monotheism, 403.
" his inspiration, 403.
" his worship of the Most High God, 404.
" his native home at the source of the Tigris, 405.
" his historic character and events of his life, 406.
" his relation to Melchisedek, 406.
" character of his faith, 408.
" his monotheism imperfect, 408.
Adam of Bremen, his account of Northern Christians, 394.
Æschylus, big religious character, 284.
Anschar, missionary to the Swedes, 393.
Antoninus, M. Aurelius, his religious character, 344.
Apollo Belvedere, in the Vatican, 289.
Arabs, the, and Arabia, 452.
" without a history till the time of Mohammed, 452.
Aristotle, his view of God, 296.
Artemis, or Diana as represented by the sculptors, 290.
Aryana-Vaêjo, a region of delight, 184.
" its climate changes to cold, 185.
" supposed to be in Central Asia, 186.
Aryans, the, in Central Asia, 85.
" consist of seven races, 86.
" their name mentioned in Manu, in the Avesta, and by Herodotus, 87.
" their original home, 87.
" their mode of life, 88.
" they arrive in India, 89.
Atonement, Christian, in its early form, influenced by Egyptian thought,
255.
" in its scholastic form, derived from Roman law, 352.
Augurs, their duties, 337.
Avesta, discovered by Duperron, 179.

B.

Baldur, his character described, 378.
" death of, the story, 373.
Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean of modern Europe, 359.
Bona Dea, the good goddess, 330.
Bragi, the Scandinavian Apollo, 380.
Brahma, chief deity in the Laws of Manu, 125.
" his worship has entirely disappeared, 128.
Brahmanism, a difficult study, 81.
" no individual founder, 81.
" is a one-sided spiritualism, 83.
" passes into pantheism, 84.
" becomes idolatry, 85.
Buddha, his early tendency to devotion, 148.
" not a proper name, but an official title, 148.
" his birthplace In India, 148.
" his different names (note), 148.
" his father, a prince of the solar race, 148.
" his early tendency to devotion, 148.
" he arrives at Nirvana, 149.
" devotes himself to teaching, 150.
" dies at the age of eighty years, 150.
" period of his death, 150.
Buddhism, Protestantism of the East, 139.
" resemblance of its customs to those of the Romish Church, 139.
" its worship of relics very ancient, 140.
" its singular and beautiful architecture, 140.
" its shrines for relics, 141.
" its rock-cut temples and monasteries, 141.
" cannot have been copied from Catholicism, 141.
" its interior resemblance to Protestantism, 142.
" its respect for human freedom and human rights, 143.
" its belief in the capacity of the human intellect, 144.
" its monastic character, 144.
" its expulsion from India, 145.
" the religion of the Mongol nations, 146.
" its scriptures and their discovery, 147.
Buddhists, their general councils, 151.
" their missionaries and missionary spirit, 151.
" their leading doctrines, 153.
" their idea of human development and progress, 154.
" their four great truths, 155.
" their moral commandments, 156.
" their system rational and humane, 156.
" their toleration, 157.
" their benevolence and hospitality, 158.
" their worship and ritual, 159.
" their doctrines of Karma and Nirvana, 161.
" good and evil of their system, 164.
" their doctrine of transmigration, 167.
" how far their teaching resembles Christianity, 167.
Bundehesch, opinion of Windischmann concerning it, 194.
" doctrinal system of, 195.
Burlingame, Anson, his mission, 70.

C.

Carthaginians, their language a form of Hebrew, 400.
Catholic religious, three, 18.
" " teach the unity of God, 18.
" " which have failed of universality, 19.
Ceres, Liber, Flora, and Pomona, rural deities, 330.
Chaldees of Ur, same as modern Curds, 405.
Chandragupta, contemporary of Alexander, 86.
Cherubim, its derivation from the Sphinx, 252.
Chinese civilization, its peculiarities, 32.
" " prose of Asia, 32.
" " its antiquity, 33.
" " its grotesque character, 36.
Chinese empire, its size, 33.
" history commences, 34.
" language, 34.
" wall and canals, 34.
" artesian wells, 34.
" inoculation, bronze money, mariner's compass, gunpowder, 35.
" art of printing, and libraries, 35.
" people possess freedom (note), 37.
" government based on education, 38.
" monarchy a family, 38.
" government a literary aristocracy, 38.
" civil-service examinations, 39.
" public boards and their duties, 42.
" viceroys, or governors of provinces, 42.
" agriculture carried to perfection, 43.
" "Kings," or sacred books, 47.
" philosophy in its later developments, 52.
" doctrine of the grand extreme, 52.
" doctrine of Yang and Yin, or the positive and negative essences,
52.
" doctrine of holy men, 53.
" people, their amiable character, 59.
" " described by Lieutenant Forbes, 59.
" " described by Du Halde, 60.
" " described by Meadows, 60.
" " treatment of woman, 61.
Christian apologists, their errors, 4.
" " have regarded most religions as human inventions, 4.
" " have considered them as debasing superstitions, 4.
Christianity adapted to the Northern races, 395.
" a pleroma, or fulness of life, 492.
" an inclusive system, not exclusive, 493.
" summary of its relation to other religions, 494.
" a religion of progress, 507.
" a religion of universal unity, 508.
" has the power of continued progress, 29.
" in its various developments,29.
" meets the positive and negative side:
of Brahmanism, 24.
of Buddhism, 25.
of Confucius, 26.
of Zoroaster, 26.
of Egypt, 27.
of Greece, 28.
Cicero, his work "De Natura Deorum," 341.
" on the speech of Cæsar, 342.
Circumcision, its origin and extent, 251.
Cleanthes, the Stoic, his hymn, 285.
Comparative Philology, its discoveries, 86.
" Theology either analytical or synthetical, 2.
" " its relation to Comparative Geography, 2.
" " its relation to human progress, 2.
" " must do justice to all religions, 3.
" " is still in its infancy, 3.
" " is a science, 3.
" " will furnish new evidence to the truth of
Christianity, 13.
" " will show Christianity to be a catholic religion,
adapted to all races, 15.
" " will show Christianity to be all-sided, 21.
" " will show Christianity capable of progress, 29.
" " in its probable results, 30.
Confucius, his birth and ancestors, 44, 45.
" his influence, 44, 45.
" events of his life, 45, 46.
" edits the sacred books, or Kings, 47.
" his own writings, 47.
" his Table-Talk, extracts from, 48, 49.
" had a large organ of veneration, 50.
" had great energy and persistency, 51.
" his books distributed by tract societies, 51.
" one thousand six hundred and sixty temples erected to his
memory, 51.
" defects in his doctrine, 58.
" his system compared with Christianity, 59.
" good influence of his teachings, 58.
Conversion of the German races to Christianity, 390.
Cudworth and the Platonists have defended the Greek philosophers, 5.

D.

David, his life and epoch in human history, 422. " his great military successes, 422. " his prudence and sagacity in affairs, 423. " a man of genius, poet, musician, 425. " Book of Psalms a record of his life, 425. " his Psalms often rise to the level of Christianity, 426. Decay of the Roman religion, 339. Denmark and Norway converted to Christianity, 392. Devil, the, in Old and New Testament, 498. Divination, Cicero speaks concerning, 339-341. Doctrinal influence of the Egyptian religion on Christianity, 258. Downfall of German heathenism, 391. Druids and Scalds, 355. Duad, the, in all religions, 396. Dualism or monotheism the doctrine of the Avesta, 203. " of the Scandinavian system, 384. " in Christianity, 496. Duperron, Anquetil, his zeal for science, 178. " " discovers the Avesta in India, 179

E.

Ecclesiastes, a wonderful description of utter despair, 435.
Eddas, the, chief source of our knowledge of the early Scandinavians, 363.
" elder, or poetic, described, 364.
" its author, Sæmund, 364.
" prose, by Snorro Sturteson, 369.
" " its contents, 369.
" " its account of creation, 370.
" " its account of the gods and giants, 371.
" " story of Baldur, 372.
" " adventures of Thor, 374.
" " consummation of all things, 375.
Egyptian chronology, its uncertainty, 231.
" " opinions of Egyptologists concerning, 231, 232.
" " point of contact with that of the Hebrews, 233.
Egyptian civilization, its extent, 209.
" architecture, its characteristics, 209.
" knowledge of arts, 210.
" love for making records, 210.
" mural paintings in tombs, 210.
" sphinxes discovered by Marietta, 210.
" mummies, their anatomy, 237.
" religion, its influence on Judaism, 250
" " its influence on Christianity, 253.
" " its triads, 254.
Egyptians, ancient, their great interest in religion, 214.
" their gods on the oldest monuments, 215.
" lived in order to worship, 215.
" number of their festivals, 216.
" their priests, 217.
" their doctrine of immortality, 218.
" their ritual of the dead, 219.
" their funeral ceremonies, 220.
" their domestic and social virtues, 221.
" specimen of their hymns, 222, 223.
" mysterious character of their theology, 223.
" sources of our knowledge concerning, 224.
" modern works upon (note), 225.
" their doctrine of transmigration (note), 226.
" their animal worship, 227.
" their tendency to nature-worship, 229.
" their origin, 230-236.
Epictetus, his view of religion, 343.
Epicureans, believed in God, but not in religion, 297.
Essential idea of Brahmanism, 21.
" " of Buddhism, 21.
" " of Confucius, 22.
" " of Zoroaster, 22.
" " of Egypt, 23.
" " of Greece, 24.
Ethnic religions, defined, 15.
" " most religions are such, 15.
" " related to ethnology, 15.
" " limited to races, 17.
Euripides, his tragedy anti-religious, 285.

F.

Faunus, an old Italian god, 330. Fenrir, the wolf, how he was fastened, 382. Feudal system, its essential character, 391. Flamens, priests of particular deities, 336. Fontus, god of fountains, 328. Frey, and his daughter Freyja, 379.

G.

Geiger, Swedish history quoted, 357.
Genius, a Roman god, 329.
German races essentially Protestant, 395.
German tribes converted by Arian missionaries, 506.
Gods of Egypt, the three orders of, 239.
" " " names of the first order, 239.
" " " character of the first order, 240.
" " " significant of the divine unity, 242.
" " " second order of, their human qualities, 243.
" " " third order of, the Osiris group, 242.
Gods of Greece before Homer, 270.
" " " oldest were the Uranids, 270.
" " " second race of, the Titans, 271.
" " " third race of, the Olympians, 271.
" " " the oldest were gods of the elements, 272.
" " " worshipped by the Dorians, were Apollo and Artemis, 274.
" " " local distribution of, 275.
" " " first symbolical, afterward personal, 276.
" " " in Hesiod and Homer, 277.
" " " poetic character of, 279.
" " " in Homer very human beings, 280.
" " " as described by the lyric poets, 283.
" " " as described by the tragedians, 284.
" " " as unfolded by the artists, 286.
" " " as seen in the works of Phidias, 287.
" " " as described by the philosophers, 291.
" " " how related to Christianity, 310.
Gods of the Vedas are the evil spirits of the Avesta, 202.
Greece, its physical geography, 259.
" its mountains, climate, and soil, 260.
" its language akin to Sanskrit, 261.
" its people an Aryan race, 262.
" first inhabited by the Pelasgians, 262.
" afterward received the Dorians, 264.
" influenced powerfully by Egypt, 265.
Greek mysteries, derived from Asia and Egypt, 302.
" " gods of belong to the underworld, 302.
" " alien to the Greek mind, 303.
" " Eleusinian, in honor of Ceres, 305.
" " in honor of Bacchus, derived from India, 305.
" " Orphic, and their doctrines, 306.
" religion, an essentially human religion, 266.
" " its gods, men and women, 267.
" " has no founder or restorer or priesthood, 267.
" " its gods evolved, not emanations, 268.
" " its freedom and hilarity, 269.
" " as viewed by Paul, 308.
" " as regarded by the early Christian fathers, 312.
" " and philosophy, a preparation for Christianity, 313.
" worship, sacrifices, prayers, and festivals, 297.
" " in early times, 298.
" " had numerous festivals, 299.
" " connected with augurs and oracles, 300.
Gylfi, deluding of, in the Edda, 369.

H.

Haruspices, derived from Etruria, 338.
Havamal, or proverbs of the Scandinavians, 366.
Heathen religions must contain more truth than error, 6.
" " cannot have been human inventions, 6.
" " must contain some revolution from God, 8.
" " how viewed by Christ and his apostles, 9.
" " how treated by Paul at Athens, 10.
" " how regarded by the early apologists, 12.
Heimdall, warder of the gods, 380.
Herder, his description of David, 425.
Hesiod, his account of the three groups of gods, 270.
Hindoo Epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata, 128.
" " they refer to the time succeeding the Vedic age, 128.
" " composed before the time of Buddhism, 129.
Hindoos, antagonisms of their character, 82.
" acute in speculations, but superstitious, 82.
" unite luxury and asceticism, 82.
" tend to idealism and religious spiritualism, 83.
" their doctrine of Maya, 84.
Hindoo year, calendar of, 132.
" " begins in April, a sacred month, 132.
Holy of Holies, in the Egyptian and Jewish temples, 252.
Homer his description of the gods, 280.
Horace, his view of religion, 346.
Hyksôs, constitute the middle monarchy, 232.
" expelled from Egypt after five hundred years, 233.
" Hebrews in Egypt during their ascendency, 234, 235.
" or Shepherd Kings in Egypt, 213.
" a Semitic people from Asia, 232.
" conquered Lower Egypt B.C. 2000, 233.
Hyndla, song of, extracts from, 366.

I.

Icelanders converted to Christianity, 394. Incarnation, the fundamental doctrine of Christianity, 28. India, always a land of mystery, 81. " overrun by conquerors, 81. Infinite and finite elements in Brahmanism and Christianity, 137. Injustice done to ethnic religions, 4. Inspiration, its origin in the intuitive faculty, 439. Isis and Osiris, their legend, from Plutarch, 244. " " " explanations of their myth, 246. " " " identified with the first and second order, 248.

J.

Janus, one of the oldest of Roman gods, 322.
" presided over beginnings and endings, 322.
" invoked before other gods, 322.
" his temple open in war, closed in peace, 322.
" believed by Creuzer to have an Indian origin, 323.
" has his chief feast in January, 323.
" a Sabine god on Mount Janiculum, 323.
Jews, a Semitic race, 399.
Job, its grandeur of thought and expression, 438.
Jones, Sir William, his life and works, 78.
" progress since his time, 80.
Judaism, a preparation for Christianity, 444.
" monotheistic after the captivity, 444.
" influenced by Greek philosophy, 444.
" its process of development, 445.
" at first childlike and narrow, 446.
" the seed of Christianity, 446.
Juno, queen of heaven, and female Jupiter, 324.
" goddess of womanhood, 324.
" her chief feast the Matronalia in March, 324.
" her month of June favorable for wedlock, 325.
Jupiter, derived his name from the Sanskrit, 324.
" had many temples in Rome, 324.
" god of the weather, of storm, of lightning, 324.

K.

"Kings," Chinese, names and number, 47.
" teach a personal God, 57.
" republished by Confucius, 47.

L.

Language of Ancient Egypt, 236. Lao-tse, founder of Tao-ism, 50, 52. " called a dragon by Confucius, 51. " three forms of his doctrine, 54. Lares, gods of home, 328. Loki, the god of cunning, 381. Lower Egypt, gods worshipped in, 248. Lucretius, his view of religion, 343. Luna, the moon, a Sabine deity, 327. Lustrations, or great acts of atonement, 338.

M.

Magna Mater, a foreign worship at Rome, 330.
Maine, his work on ancient law quoted, 351.
Mann, laws of, when written, 100.
" account of Creation, 101.
" dignity of the Brahmans, 103.
" importance of the Gayatari, 104.
" account of the twice-born man, 105.
" description of ascetic duties, 106.
" the anchorite described, 107.
" duties of the ruler described, 109.
" crimes and penalties described, 110.
" the law of castes described, 110.
" penance and expiation described, 110.
" respect for cows enjoined, 111.
" transmigration and final beatitude, 112.
Maritime character of the Scandinavians, 361.
Mars, originally an agricultural god, 330.
Materialism in Christian doctrines, derived from Egypt, 256.
Mater Matuta, Latin goddess of the dawn (note), 325, 327.
Melchisedek, king of justice and king of peace, 407.
Minerva, her name derived from an Etruscan word, 325.
goddess of mental activity, 325.
one of the three deities of the capitol, 325.
Missionary work of Christianity, why checked, 506.
Moabite inscription in the Hebrew dialect, 400.
Mohammed, recent works concerning, 448.
" lives of, by Muir, Sprenger, Weil, and others, 449.
" essays on his life by Babador, 450.
" prophecies of, in the Old Testament, 451.
" lived a private life for forty years, 454.
" his early religious tendencies, 454.
" his inspirations, 454.
" his biography in the Koran, 455.
" his mother's death, 456.
" his first converts, 457.
" protected by his tribe, 458.
" his temporary relapse, 460.
" and his followers persecuted, 461.
" his first teaching a modified Judaism, 463.
" his departure to Medina with his followers, 464.
" change in his character after the Hegira, 465.
" in his last ten years a political leader, 467.
" Goethe's view of his character, 468.
" his cruel treatment of the Jews, 469.
" his numerous wives, 470.
" his death and character, 471.
Mohammedanism, its special interest, 448.
" its essential doctrine the absolute unity of God, 472.
" its teaching concerning the Bible and Koran, 472.
" does not recognize human brotherhood, 473.
" among the Turks, its character, 473.
" promotes religious feeling, 474.
" inspires courage and resignation, 474.
" in Palestine, described by Miss Rogers, 475.
" in Central Arabia, described by Mr. Palgrave, 478.
" in Central Asia, described by M. Vambéry, 477.
" in Persia, described by Count Gobmeau, 477.
" in Egypt, described by Mr. Lane, 477.
" in Turkey, described by Mr. MacFarlane, 478, 484.
" in Northern Africa, described by Barth and Blerzey, 477,
485.
" its character given by M. Renan, 485.
" its monotheism lower than that of Judaism and Christianity, 481.
" does not convert the Aryan races, 500.
" pure from Polytheism, 502.
" has a tendency to catholicity, 503.
" a relapse to a lower stand point, 483.
" summary of its good and evil influence, 484.
Monotheism (or Dualism), the doctrine of the Avesta, 203.
Montesquieu quoted, 357.
Moses, his historic character, 409.
" described by Strabo (note), 410.
" his natural genius and temperament, 411.
" his seventy and tenderness, 412.
" his sense of justice embodied in law, 412.
" his object to teach the holiness of God, 413.
" defects of his character, 413.
" character of his monotheism, 414.
" his monotheism described by Stanley (note), 414.
" his anthropomorphic view of God, 415.
" his acquaintance with Egyptian learning, 416.
" nature of his inspiration, 417.
" political freedom secured to the Jews by his law, 418.
" object of his ceremonial law, 420.
Mythology of Scandinavia and that of Zoroaster compared, 384.

N.

Names of our week-days Scandinavian, 358. Neptunus, origin of the name, 328. Nestorian inscription in China, 71-78. Njord, ruler of the winds, 378. Northern and Southern Europe compared, 359. Northmen in France, Spain, Italy, and Greece, 389. Number of Christians in the world, 146. " of Buddhists in the world, 146. " of Jews in the world, 146. " of Mohammedans in the world, 146. " of Brahmans, 146. Nyaya, system of philosophy, assumes three principles, 122. " system of philosophy, described by Banerjea, 123.

O.

Odin, or All-father, eldest of the Æsir, 377.
" corresponds to Ormazd, 385.
" his festival in the spring, 386.
Opa, goddess of the harvest, 330.

P.

Pales, a rural god, 330.
Palestine, or the land of the Philistines, 397.
" resembles Greece and Switzerland, 397.
" its mountainous character, 397.
" a small country, 398.
" its mountains and valleys, 399.
Palgrave, note giving an extract from his book, 486.
Papacy, mediæval, good done by it, 350.
" a reproduction of the Roman state religion, 350.
Parsî religion, its influence on Judaism, 205.
" " its influence on Christianity, 204.
" " teaches a kingdom of heaven, 207.
" " still continues in Persia and India, 208.
Parthenon, the, temple of Minerva, described, 290.
Penates, gods of home, 328.
Persepolis, ruins of the palace of Xerxes at, 170.
" inscriptions of Darius and Xerxes at, 170.
" tombs of the kings of Persia at, 174.
Pharisees, Sadducets, and Essenei, 444.
Phidias, his statue of Jupiter described, 288.
Philistines, probably Pelasgi from Crete, 421.
Philosophy, early Greek, 291.
" Greek, in Asia Minor, 291.
" in Italy, 292.
Phœnicians, their language a form of Hebrew, 400.
Plato harmonizes realism and idealism, 293.
" his philosophy completes that of Socrates, 294.
" his method that of transcendentalism, 294.
" his idea of God pure and high, 295.
" Christian element in, 295.
Pliny, the elder, his view of religion, 345.
Present work, an essay, or attempt, 1.
" " companson of religions its object, 1.
Prophecy, a modification of inspiration, 438.
Prophets of the Old Testament, men of action, 440.
" politicians and constitutional lawyers, 440.
" preferred the moral law to ceremonial, 441.
" described by Dean Stanley, 441.
" their inspiration came through a common human faculty, 442.
" their predictions not always realized, 443.
" their foresight of Christianity, 443.
" developed Judaism to its highest point, 443.
Proverbs, Book of, in the Edda, 365.
Pontiffs, their authority, 336.
Positivism, its law of progress examined, 489.
Puranas, the, much read by the common people, 130.
" devoted to the worship of Vischnu, 131.
" extol the power of penances, 132.
" ideas those of the epics, 132.
" their philosophy that of the Sunkhya, 132.

R.

Ramses II. a powerful king B.C. 1400, 233.
" supposed to be the same as Sesostris, 234.
" birth of Moses during his reign, 335.
Recognition of God in nature, best element of Egyptian religion, 257.
Relation of the religion of the Avesta to the Vedas, 201.
Results of the survey of ten religions, 489.
" in regard to their resemblance and difference, 490.
Resemblance of the Roman Catholic ceremonies to those of Pagan Rome, 350.
Roman calendar, described, 332.
Roman Catholic Church, teaches an exclusive spiritualism, 143.
" " " is eminently a sacrificial system, 143.
" " " its monastic system an included Protestantism, 145.
Roman deities adopted from Greece, 326.
" " manufactured by the pontiffs, 326.
" " representing the powers of nature, 327.
" " representing human relations, 328.
" " presiding over rural occupations, 330.
" " derived from the Etruscans, 327.
" empire gave to Christianity its outward form (note), 350.
" " united the several states of Europe, 350.
" law, its influence on Western theology, 351.
" legal notions transferred to theology, 352.
" mind, wanting in spontaneity, 316.
" " serious, practical, hard, 316.
" religion, an established church, 317.
" " regarded chiefly external conduct, 317.
" " tolerant of questions of opinion, 317.
" " not a mere copy from Greece, 318.
" " described by Hegel, 318.
" " described by Cicero, 317-319.
" " described by Mommsen, 319.
" " a polytheism, with monotheism behind it, 320.
" " deified all events, 321.
Romans, as a race, whence derived, 319.
" " belong to the Aryan family, 319.
" " composed of Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans, 320.
" " related to the Pelasgi and Celts, 320.
" their oldest deities, Latin, Sabine, and Etruscan, 320.
Roman sepulchral monuments, their tone, 346.
Roman thought and Roman religion opposed, 342.
Roman worship, very elaborate and minute, 331.
" " full of festivals, 331.
" " distinguished between things sacred and profane, 331.
" " a yoke on the public life of the Romans, 334.
" " directed by the College of Pontiffs, 334.
" " chief seat in the Via Sacra, 335.
" " governed by etiquette, 335.
" " originally free from idolatry, 336.
" " acted like a charm, 340.
Rome, ancient, its legacy to Christianity, 353.
Runes, Odin's song of, in the Edda, 368.

S.

Salii, ancient priests of Mars, 336.
Sánkhya philosophy, 114.
" founded on two principles, 120.
" considered atheistic, 120.
" the basis of Buddhism, 121.
" a very ancient system, 122.
Saturnus, Saturn, god of planting, 330.
Scandinavia, consisting of what regions, 358.
" surrounded by the sea, 358.
" its adaptation to the Teutonic race, 359.
" formerly inhabited by the Cimbri, 360.
" the home of the Northmen, 361.
Scandinavian religion, a system of dualism, 362.
" " war its essential idea, 362.
" " its virtues, truth, justice, courage, 362.
Scandinavians, their early history, 355.
" described by Cæsar, 355.
" described by Tacitus, 356.
" a branch of the great German family, 357.
" their language, the Norse and its derivatives, 357.
" our inheritance from, 358.
" their manners and institutious, 387.
" their respect for women, 388.
" their Scalds, or bards, 388.
" their maritime expeditions, 389.
Sea-Kings of Norway, their discoveries, 361.
Seat of the Scandinavian race, 355.
Secrecy, the evil in Egyptian religion, 257.
Semitic races, their character and exploits, 399.
" " great navigators and discoverers, 399.
" " identity of their languages, 400.
" " nations of which they consist, 399.
" " their religion and gods, 401.
" " their tendency to monotheism, 402.
Seneca, his view of religion, 343, 344.
Serapis, the same as Osiris-Apis, 257.
Sibylline books, derived from Greece, 336.
Siculi, supposed to be Kelte (note), 320.
Silvanus, god of the woods, 330.
Siva, does not appear in the Vedas, 125.
" worshipped with Brahma and Vischnu at the present time, 127.
" worshipped in the Puranas, 132.
" girls worship him with flowers, 132.
" his wife Doorga, festival of, 134.
" men swing on hooks in honor of, 135.
Solomon, and the relapse of Judaism, 428.
" a less interesting character than David, 429.
" his unscrupulous policy, 429.
" the splendor and power of his reign, 430.
" his alliances with Egypt, Phoenicia, and Arabia, 341.
" his temple described, 432.
" his Book of Proverbs and its character, 433.
" account of his last days, 434.
" his scepticism described in Ecclesiastes, 435.
Socrates, his character and work, 293.
Sol, the sun, a Sabine deity, 327.
Soma plant of the Veda, the Haŏma, 202.
Sophocles, the most devout of the Greek tragedians, 284.
Spiritualism, in Brahmanism and Christianity, 136.
Stoics, as described by Zeller, 296.

T.

Tacitus, the spirit of his writings, 346. Tae-Ping (or Ti-Ping) insurrection, its origin, 62. " " its leader the heavenly prince, 62. " " essentially a religious movement, 64. " " based on the Bible, 65. Tae-Pings (or Ti-Pings), their prayers, 65. " their public religious exercises, 66. " their moral reforms, 68. " put down by British intervention, 68. " worshipped one God, and believed in Jesus, 69. Talmud, the, extracts from, 445. Tao-te-king, its doctrines described, 54. " resembles the system of Hegel, 54. " its doctrine of opposites, 55. " its resemblance to Buddhism, 55. " its tendency to magic, 56. Tellus, the earth, a Roman god, 330. Tempestates, the tempests, worshipped at Rome, 327. Terminus, an old Italian god, 330. Three classes of Roman gods, 325. Tiberinus, or father Tiber, a Roman god, 328. Things, or popular assemblies of the Scandinavians, 358. Thor, his character and prowess, 377. " his famous mallet, 378. " his journey to Jotunheim, 374. " his fight with the Midgard serpent, 376. Triad, the Hindoo, its origin, 124. " compared with other Triads, 124. Trinity, Christian, derived from Egypt, 255. Trinity the, its meaning in Christianity, 500. Truths and errors of the different systems, 21. Tyr, the Scandinavian war god, 379. " how he lost his hand, 380, 383.

U.

Ulphilas, the Arian, first Christian teacher of the Germans, 390.
" his translation of the Bible into Gothic tongue, 390.

V.

Vedanta philosophy assumes a single principle, 116.
" " knows no substance but God, 119.
" " described by Chunder Dutt, 118.
" " souls absorbed in God, 119.
Vedas, the, when written, 89-99.
" their chief gods, 89-99.
" traces of monotheism in, 90.
" some hymns given, 91, 92, 93, 95.
Vedic literature, divided into four periods, 95.
" " contains Chhandas, Mantras, Brâhmans, Upanishads, Sûtras,
and Vedângas, 96.
" " at first not committed to writing, 97.
Venus, an early Latin or gabine goddess, 325.
Vertumnus, god of gardens, 330.
Vesta, goddess of the hearth, 328.
Vestal Virgins, their duties, 337.
Vischnu, mentioned in the Rig-Veda as Sun-God, 125.
" his Avatars, 126.
" one of the Triad, 126.
" incarnate as Juggernaut, 133.
" worshipped as Krishna, 134, 135.
" worshipped in the Puranas, 132.
Völuspa, or wisdom of Vala, extracts from, 364.
Vulcanus, an Italian deity, 328.

W.

Wahhabee, revival in Arabia, described by Palgrave, 478. Wedding ring, in Egypt and Christendom, 253. Welcker, his opinion of the substance of Greek religion, 286. Works on Scandinavian religion (note), 362. Worship of the Scandinavians, 385.

Z.

Zend Avesta, a collection of hymns, prayers, and thanksgivings, 187.
" " extracts from the Gathas, 188.
" " extract from the Khordah Avesta, 189.
" " hymn to the star Tistrya, 190.
" " hymn to Mithra, 190.
" " a confession of sin, 191.
Zoroaster, mentioned by Plato, Diodorus, and other classic writers, 175.
" account of him by Herodotus, 175.
" account of him by Plutarch, 176.
" inquiry as to his epoch, 180.
" resided in Bactria, 181.
" spirit of his religion, 182.
" he continually appears in the Avesta, 186.
" oppressed with the sight of evil, 184.

The End.

Footnotes

[1] It is one of the sagacious remarks of Goethe, that "the eighteenth century tended to analysis, but the nineteenth will deal with synthesis."

[2] Professor Cocker's work on "Christianity and Creek Philosophy," should also be mentioned.

[3] James Foster has a sermon on "The Advantages of a Revelation," in which he declares that, at the time of Christ's coming, "just notions of God were, in general, erased from the minds of men. His worship was debased and polluted, and scarce any traces could be discerned of the genuine and immutable religion of nature."

[4] John Locke, in his "Reasonableness of Christianity," says that when Christ came "men had given themselves up into the hands of their priests, to fill their heads with false notions of the Deity, and their worship with foolish rites, as they pleased; and what dread or craft once began, devotion soon made sacred, and religion immutable." "In this state of darkness and ignorance of the true God, vice and superstition held the world." Quotations of this sort might be indefinitely multiplied. See an article by the present writer, in the "Christian Examiner," March, 1857.

[5] Mosheim's Church History, Vol. I. Chap. I.

[6] Neander, Church History, Vol. I. p. 540 (Am. ed.).

[7] Essays and Reviews, Article VI.

[8] In this respect the type has changed.

[9] The actual depth reached in the St. Louis well, before the enterprise was abandoned, was 3,843½ feet on August 9, 1869. This well was bored for the use of the St. Louis County Insane Asylum, at the public expense. It was commenced March 31, 1866, under the direction of Mr. Charles H. Atkeson. At the depth of 1,222 feet the water became saltish, then sulphury. The temperature of the water, at the bottom of the well, was 105°F. Toward the end of the work it seemed as if the limit of the strength of wood and iron had been reached. The poles often broke at points two or three thousand feet down. "Annual Report (1870) of the Superintendent of the St. Louis County Insane Asylum."

[10] Andrew Wilson ("The Ever-Victorious Army, Blackwood, 1868") says that "the Chinese people stand unsurpassed, and probably unequalled, in regard to the possession of freedom and self-government." He denies that infanticide is common in China. "Indeed," says he, "there is nothing a Chinaman dreads so much as to die childless. Every Chinaman desires to have as large a family as possible; and the labors of female children are very profitable."

[11] Quoted by Mr. Meadows, who warrants the correctness of the account. "The Chinese and their Rebellions," p. 404.

[12] Dr. Legge thus arranges the Sacred Books of China, or the Chinese Classics:--

A. The Five _King_. [_King_ means a web of cloth, or the warp which
keeps the threads in their place.]

(a) _Yih-King_. (Changes.)
(b) _Shoo-King_. (History.)
(c) _She-King_. (Odes.)
(d) _Le-Ke-King_. (Rites.)
(e) _Ch'un-Ts'eu_. (Spring and Autumn. Annals from B.C. 721 to 480.)

B. The Four Books.

(a) _Lun-Yu_. (Analects, or Table-Talk of Confucius.)
(b) _Ta-Hio_. (Great Learning. Written by _Tsang-Sin_, a disciple
of Confucius.)
(c) _Chung-Yung_ (or Doctrine of the Mean), ascribed to _Kung-Keih_,
the grandson of Confucius.
(d) Works of _Mencius_.

After the death of Confucius there was a period in which the Sacred Books were much corrupted, down to the _Han_ dynasty (B.C. 201 to A.D. 24), which collected, edited, and revised them: since which time they have been watched with the greatest care.

"The evidence is complete that the Classical Books of China have come down from at least a century before our era, substantially the same as we have them at present."--_Legge_, Vol. I. Chap. 1. § 2.

The Four Books have been translated into French, German, and English. Dr. Marshman translated the Lun-Yu. Mr. Collie afterward published at Calcutta the Four Books. But within a few years the labors of previous sinologues have been almost superseded by Dr. Legge's splendid work, still in process of publication. We have, as yet, only the volumes containing the Four Books of Confucius and his successors, and a portion of the Kings. Dr. Legge's work is in Chinese and English, with copious notes and extracts from many Chinese commentators. In his notes, and his preliminary dissertations, he endeavors to do justice to Confucius and his doctrines. Perhaps he does not fully succeed in this, but it is evident that he respects the Chinese sage, and is never willingly unfair to him. If to the books above mentioned be added the works, of Pauthier, Stanislas Julien, Mohl, and other French sinologues, and the German works on the same subject we have a sufficient apparatus for the study of Chinese thought.

[13] "On the top of his head was a remarkable formation, in consequence of which he was named Kew."--Legge, Vol. I. Chap. VI. (note).

[14] Meadows, "The Chinese and their Rebellions," p. 332.

[15] Meadows, p. 342.

[16] "Le Tao-te-king, le livre de la voie et de la vertu, composé dans, la vie siècle avant l'ère Chrétienne, par le philosophe Lao-tseu, traduit par Stanislas Julien. Paris, 1842."

[17] "Le livre des Récompenses et des Peines. Julien, 1835."

[18] "Seyn and Nichte ist Dasselbe." Hegel.

[19] "The meek shall inherit the earth."

[20] See "La Magie et l'Astrologie, par Alfred Maury."

[21] Was it some pale reflection of this Oriental philosophy which took form in the ode of Horace, "Integer vitæ" (i. 22), in which he describes the portentous wolf which fled from him?

[22] Meadows, p. 28.

[23] Meadows, p. 18.

[24] Ti-Ping Tien-Kwoh; The History of the Ti-Ping Revolution, by Lin-Le, special agent of the Ti-Ping General-in-Chief, &c. Davy and Son, London, 1866. Vol. 1. p. 806.

Mr. Andrew Wilson, author of "The Ever-Victorious Army" (Blackwood, 1868), speaks with much contempt of Lin-Le's book. In a note (page 389) he brings, certain charges against the author. Mr. Wilson's book is written to glorify Gordon, Wood, and others, who accepted roving commissions against the Ti-Pings; and of course he takes their view of the insurrection. The accusations he brings against Lin-Le, even if correct, do not detract from the apparent accuracy of that writer's story, nor from the weight of his arguments.

[25] Ibid., Vol. I. p. 315. These forms are given, says the writer, partly from memory.

[26] Hong-Kong Gazette, October 12, 1855.

[27] Intervention and Non-Intervention, by A. G. Stapleton.

[28] Official Papers of the Chinese Legation. Berlin: T. Calvary & Co., Oberwasser Square. 1870.

[29] From Hue's "Christianity in China."

[30] Now usually written Sákoontalá or Sákuntalá.

[31] To avoid multiplying footnotes, we refer here to the chief sources on which we rely in this chapter. _C. Lassen_, Indische Altherthumskunde; _Max Müller_, History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature (and other works); _J. Muir_, Sanskrit Texts; _Pictet_, Les Origines Indo-Européennes; _Sir William Jones_, Works, 13 vols.; _Vivian de Saint-Martin,_ Etude, &c., and articles in the Revue Germanique; _Monier Williams_, Sakoontalá (a new translation), the Rámayána, and the Mahá Bhárata; _Horace Hayman Wilson_, Works (containing the Vischnu Purana, &c.); _Burnouf_, Essai sur la Vêda, Le Bhagavata Purana; _Stephenson_, the Sanhita of the Sama Veda; _Ampère_, La Science en Orient; _Bunsen_, Gott in der Geschichte; _Shea_ and _Troyer_, The Dabistan; _Hardwick_, Christ and other Masters; _J. Talboys Wheeler_, History of India from the Earliest Times; Works published by the Oriental Translation Fund; _Max Duncker_, Die Geschichte der Arier; _Rammohun Roy_, The Veds; _Mullens,_ Hindoo Philosophy.

[32] "The soul knows no persons."--EMERSON.

[33] All Indian dates older than 300 B.C. are uncertain. The reasons for this one are given carefully and in full by Pictet.

[34] Our English word _daughter_, together with the Greek θυγἀτηρ, the Zend _dughdar_, the Persian _docktar_, &c., corresponds with the Sanskrit _duhitar_, which means both daughter and milkmaid.

[35] _Hatchet_, in Sanskrit _takshani_, in Zend _tasha_, in Persian _tosh_, Greek τόχος, Irish _tuagh_, Old German _deksa_, Polish _tasalc_, Russian _tesaku._ And what is remarkable, the root _tak_ appears in the name of the hatchet in the languages of the South Sea Islanders and the North American Indians.

[36] M. Vivien de Saint-Martin has determined more precisely than has been done before the primitive country of the Aryans, and the route followed by them in penetrating into India. They descended through Cabul to the Punjaub, having previously reached Cabul from the region between the Jaxartes and the Oxus.

[37] The Rig-Veda distinguishes the Aryans from the Dasjus. Mr. Muir quotes a multitude of texts in which Indra is called upon to protect the former and slay the latter.

[38] Agni, whence Ignis, in Latin.

[39] See Talboys Wheeler, "History of India."

[40] Müller's Ancient Sanskrit Literature, page 569. He adds the following remarks: "There is nothing to prove that this hymn is of a particularly ancient date. On the contrary, there are expressions in it which seem to belong to a later age. But even if we assign the lowest possible date to this and similar hymns certain it is that they existed during the Mantra period, and before the composition of the Brâhmanas. For, to spite of all the indications of a modern date, I see no possibility how we could account for the allusions to it which occur in the Brâhmanas, or for its presence in the Sanhitâs, unless we admit that this poem formed part of the final collection of the Rig-veda-Sanhitâ, the work of the Mantra period."

[41] Max Müller translates "breathed, breathless by itself; other than it nothing since has been."

[42] Max Müller says, "Love fell upon it."

[43] Müller, Sanskrit Lit., p. 546.

[44] Müller, Sanskrit Lit., p. 552.

[45] Ibid., p. 553.

[46] That heat was "a form of motion" was thus early discovered.

[47] It is the opinion of Maine ("Ancient Law") and other eminent scholars, that this code was never fully accepted or enforced in India, and remained always an ideal of the perfect Brahmanic state.

[48] See Vivien de Saint-Martin, Revue Germanique, July 16, 1862. The Sarasvati is highly praised in the Rig-Veda. Talboys Wheeler, II. 429.

[49] Max Müller, Sanskrit Lit., p. 425.

[50] Institutes of Hindu Law, or the Ordinances of Manu, according to the Gloss of Calluca, Calcutta, 1796, §§ 5, 6, 7, 8.

[51] See translation of the Sanhita of the Sama-Veda, by the Rev. J. Stevenson. London, 1842.

[52] Max Müller, "Chips," Vol. I. p. 107.

[53] Geschichte der Arier, Buch V. § 8.

[54] Lassen, I. 830.

[55] Laws of Manu (XII. 50) speaks of "the two principles of nature in the philosophy of Kapila."

[56] Duncker, as above.

[57] Müller, Ancient Sanskrit Literature, p. 102.

[58] Colebrooke, Miscellaneous Essays, I. 349.

[59] Lassen, I. 834.

[60] Colebrooke, I. 350, 352.

[61] Duncker, I. 204 (third edition, 1867).

[62] The Sánkhya-Káriká, translated by Colebrooke. Oxford, 1837.

[63] Essay on the Vedanta, by Chunder Dutt. Calcutta, 1854.

[64] Colebrooke, I. 262.

[65] The Religious Aspects of Hindu Philosophy: A Prize Essay, by Joseph Mullens, p. 43. London, 1860. See also Dialogues on the Hindu Philosophy, by Rev. K. M. Banerjea. London, 1861.

[66] Mullens, p. 44.

[67] Duncker, I. 205. He refers to Manu, II. 160.

[68] The Bhagavat-Gita, an episode in the Maha-Bharata, in an authority with the Vedantists.

[69] Burnouf, Introduction à l'Histoire du Buddhisme Indien, I. 511, 520. He says that Sukya-Muni began his career with the ideas of the Sánkhya philosophy, namely, absence of God; multiplicity and eternity of human souls; an eternal plastic nature; transmigration; and Nirvana, or deliverance by knowledge.

[70] Cours de l'Histoire de Philosophie, I. 200 (Paris, 1829); quoted by Hardwick, I. 211.

[71] Karika, 8. "It is owing to the subtilty of Nature ... that it is not apprehended by the senses."

[72] Karika, 19.

[73] Karika, 58, 62, 63, 68.

[74] Quoted from the Lalita Vistara in Dialogues on the Hindu Philosophy. By Rev. R. M. Banerjea. London: Williams and Nordgate, 1861.

[75] Muir, Sanskrit Texts, Part IV. p. 253.

[76] Journal Am. Orient. Soc., III. 318.

[77] Even in the grammatical forms of the Sanskrit verb, this threefold tendency of thought is indicated. It has an active, passive, and middle voice (like that of the cognate Greek), and the reflex action of its middle voice corresponds to the Restorer or Preserver.

[78] See Colebrooke, Lassen, &c.

[79] Lassen, I. 838; II. 446.

[80] See Muir, Sanskrit Texts, Part IV. p. 136.

[81] Lassen, Ind. Alterthum, I. 357.

[82] Max Müller, Sanskrit Lit., 37.

[83] Ibid., p. 46.

[84] Ind. Alterthum, I. 483-499. Müller, Sanskrit Lit., 62, _note_.

[85] As of the Atheist in the Ramayana, Javali, who advises Rama to disobey his dead father's commands, on the ground that the dead are nothing.

[86] Preface to the Vischnu Purana, translated by Horace Hayman Wilson. London, 1864.

[87] Duncker, Geschichte, &c., II. 318.

[88] Preface to his English translation of the Vischnu Purana.

[89] Translated by E. Burnouf into French.

[90] The Ramayana, &c., by Monier Williams Baden Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford.

[91] Preface to the translation of the Vischnu Purana, by H. H. Wilson.

[92] Kesson, "The Cross and the Dragon" (London, 1854), quoted by Hardwick.

[93] See Note to Chap. II. on the Nestorian inscription in China.

[94] Illustrated Handbook of Architecture, p. 67.

[95] Hardy, Eastern Monachism, p. 224. Fergusson, p. 9.

[96] Fergusson, p. 10. Cunningham, Bhilsa Topes of India.

[97] Upham, Sacred and Historical Books of Ceylon.

[98] Here are a few of the guesses:--

Cunningham, _Bhilsa Topes_.
Christians 270 millions.
Buddhist 222 "

Hassel, _Penny Cyclopædia_.
Christians 120 millions.
Jews 4 "
Mohammedans 252 "
Brahmans 111 "
Buddhists 315 "

Johnston, _Physical Atlas_.
Christians 301 millions.
Jews 5 "
Brahmans 133 "
Mohammedans 110 "
Buddhists 245 "

Perkins, _Johnson's American Atlas_.
Christians 369 millions.
Mohammedans 160 "
Jews 6 "
Buddhists 320 "

_New American Cyclopædia_.
Buddhists 290 millions.

And Professor Newmann estimates the number of Buddhists at 369 millions.

[99] Le Bouddha et sa Religion. Par J. Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire.--Eastern Monachism. By Spence Hardy.--Burnouf, Introduction, etc.--Koeppen, Die Religion des Buddha.

[100] The works from which this chapter has been mostly drawn are these:--Introduction à l'Histoire du Buddhisme indien. Par E. Burnouf. (Paris, 1844) Le Bouddha et sa Religion. Par J. Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire. (Paris, 1860.) Eastern Monachism. By R. Spence Hardy. (London, 1850.) A Manual of Buddhism in its Modern Development. By R. Spence Hardy. (London, 1853.) Die Religion des Buddha. Von Karl F. Koeppen. (Berlin, 1857.) Indische Alterthumskunde. Von Christian Lassen. (Bonn, 1852.) Der Buddhismus, Seine Dogmen, Geschichte, und Literatur. Von W. Wassiljew. (St. Petersburg, 1860.) Ueber Buddha's Todesjahr. Von N. L. Westergaard. (Breslau, 1862.) Gott in der Geschichte. Von C. C. J. Bunsen. (Leipzig, 1858.) The Bhilsa Topes, or Buddhist Monuments of Central India. By A. Cunningham. (London, 1854.) Buddhism in Thibet. By Emil Schlagintweit. (Leipzig and London, 1863.) Travels in Eastern countries by Hue and Gabet, and others. Eeferences to Buddhism in the writings of Max Müller, Maurice, Baur, Hardwick, Fergusson, Pritchard, Wilson, Colebrooke, etc.

[101] At the end of the fourth century of our era a Chinese Buddhist made a pilgrimage to the birthplace of Buddha, and found the city in ruins. Another Chinese pilgrim visited it A.D. 632, and was able to trace the remains of the ruined palace, and saw a room which had been occupied by Buddha. These travels have been translated from the Chinese by M. Stanislas Julien.

[102] _Buddha_ is not a proper name, but an official title. Just as we ought not to say Jesus Christ, but always Jesus _the_ Christ, so we should say _Siddârtha_ the Buddha, or _Sakya-muni_ the Buddha, or _Gautama_ the Buddha. The first of these names, Siddârtha (contracted from _Sarvârtha-siddha_) was the baptismal name given by his father, and means "The fulfilment of every wish." Sakya-muni means "The hermit of the race of Sakya,"--Sakya being the ancestral name of his father's race. The name _Gautama_ is stated by Koeppen to be "der priesterliche Beiname des Geschlechts der Sakya,"--whatever that may mean.

[103] The Sanskrit root, whence the English "bode" and "forebode," means "to know."

[104] Saint-Hilaire.

[105] Bhilsa Topes.

[106] Goethe, Faust.

[107] Die Persischen Keilinscriften (Leipzig, 1847.) See also the account of the inscription at Behistun, in Lenormant's "Manual of Ancient History."

[108] Rawlinson, Five Great Monarchies.--Duncker, Geschichte des Alterthums, B. II.--Heeren, The Persians.--Fergusson, Illustrated Hand-Book of Architecture.--Creuzer, Schriften. See also the works of Oppert, Hinks, Menant, and Lassen.

[109] Vendidad, Fargard, XIX.--XLVI. Spiegel, translated into English by Bleek.

[110] Herodotus, I. 131.

[111] Herodotus, in various parts of his history.

[112] "Plutarch's Morals. Translated from the Greek by several hands. London. Printed for W. Taylor, at the Ship in Pater-noster Eow. 1718." This passage concerning Zoroaster is from the "Isis and Osiris" in Vol. IV. of this old translation. We have retained the antique terminology and spelling. (See also the new American edition of this translation. Boston, Little and Brown, 1871.)

[113] This is the Haôma spoken of on page 202.

[114] These, with Ormazd, are the seven Amshaspands enumerated on page 197.

[115] See the account, on page 195, of these four periods of three thousand years each.

[116] Kleuker (Anhang zum Zend Avesta) has given a full _résumé_ of the references to Zoroaster and his religion in the Greek and Roman writers. More recently, Professor Bapp of Tubingen has gone over the same ground in a very instructive essay in the Zeitschrift der Deutsohen Morgenlândisshen Gesellschaft. (Leipzig, 1865.)

[117] Anq. du Perron, Zend Avesta; Disc. Prèlim., p. vi.

[118] At the time Anquetil du Perron was thus laboring in the cause of science in India, two other men were in the same region devoting themselves with equal ardor to very different objects. Clive was laying the foundations of the British dominion in India; Schwartz was giving himself up to a life of toil in preaching the Gospel to the Hindoos. How little would these three men have sympathized with each other, or appreciated each other's work! And yet how important to the progress of humanity was that of each!

[119] And with this conclusion the later scholars agree. Burnouf, Lassen, Spiegel, Westergaard, Haug, Bunsen, Max Müller, Roth, all accept the Zend Avesta as containing in the main, if not the actual words of Zoroaster, yet authentic reminiscences of his teaching. The Gâthâs of the Yaçna are now considered to be the oldest part of the Avesta, as appears from the investigations of Haug and others. (See Dr. Martin Haug's translation and commentary of the Five Gâthâs of Zarathustra. Leipzig, 1860.)

[120] Even good scholars often follow each other in a false direction for want of a little independent thinking. The Greek of Plato was translated by a long succession of writers, "Zoroaster the _son_ of Oromazes," until some one happened to think that this genitive might imply a different relation.

[121] Duncker (Gesch. des Alterthums, B. II.) gives at length the reasons which prove Zoroaster and the Avesta to have originated in Bactria.

[122] Duncker (B. II. s. 483). So Döllinger.

[123] Egypt's Place in Universal History, Vol. III. p. 471.

[124] Eran, das Land zwischen dem Indus und Tigris.

[125] Journal of the Am. Or. Soc., Vol. V. No. 2, p. 353.

[126] The Gentile and Jew, Vol. I. p. 380.

[127] Five Great Monarchies, Vol. III. p. 94.

[128] Essays, &c., by Martin Haug, p. 255.

[129] Die Religion und Sitte der Perser. Von Dr. Adolf Rapp. (1865.)

[130] Bunsen, Egypt, Vol. III. p. 455.

[131] Written in the thirteenth century after Christ. An English translation may be found in Dr. J. Wilson's "Pârsî Religion."

[132] Chips, Vol. I. p. 88.