Chapter I: Front Matter

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TERRESTRIAL AND CELESTIAL
GLOBES

THEIR HISTORY AND CONSTRUCTION
INCLUDING A CONSIDERATION OF THEIR
VALUE AS AIDS IN THE STUDY OF
GEOGRAPHY AND ASTRONOMY

BY

EDWARD LUTHER STEVENSON, PH.D., LL.D.

MEMBER OF
THE HISPANIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA

VOLUME I

NEW HAVEN: PUBLISHED FOR
THE HISPANIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA BY THE
YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON · HUMPHREY MILFORD · OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

MDCCCCXXI

COPYRIGHT, 1921, BY
THE HISPANIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA

AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED

TO

MY WIFE GRACE

MY CHILDREN KATHARINE AND EDWARD

Table of Contents

PAGE

List of Illustrations xiii

Foreword xix

Chapter I: Terrestrial Globes in Antiquity 1

The beginnings of astronomical and of geographical
science.--Primitive attempts at map construction, as seen
in the Babylonian plan of the world.--Anaximander probably
the first scientific cartographer.--Statements of
Herodotus.--The place of Hecataeus, Hipparchus, Marinus,
Ptolemy.--The Romans as map makers.--The earliest beliefs
in a globular earth.--Thales, the Pythagoreans,
Aristotle.--Eratosthenes and his measurements of the
earth.--Crates probably the first to construct a
terrestrial globe.--Statements of Strabo.--Ptolemy's
statements concerning globes and globe construction.--The
allusions of Pliny.

Chapter II: Celestial Globes in Antiquity 14

Thales' ideas, probably not a globe maker.--Eudoxus.--The
Atlante Farnese.--Archimedes.--Allusion of
Lactantius.--Pappus' allusions.--Armillary spheres.--The
astronomer Hipparchus.--Ptolemy.--Globes used for
decorative purposes by the Romans.--Roman coins.--The
Byzantine Leontius Mechanicus.

Chapter III: Globes Constructed by the Arabs 26

Followers of Ptolemy.--Early armillary spheres.--Interest
of the Califs in globes and astronomical instruments.--The
record of the 'Fihrist.'--Ibrahim.--Caissar.--Mohammed ben
Helal.--Mohammed el Ordhi.--The Paris globes.--Ridhwan
Efendi.

Chapter IV: Terrestrial and Celestial Globes in the
Christian Middle Ages 35

General attitude of the period toward the theories of the
Greeks and the Romans.--Scripture statements as sources of
information.--Inclination of certain early writers to
accept the doctrine of a spherical earth.--The particular
attitude of Pope Sylvester II.--The asserted interest of
Emperor Frederick II in scientific studies.--Alfonso the
Wise and the Alfonsian tables.--Interesting allusions in
Alfonso's work to globes and globe construction.--Giovanni
Campano of Novara and the statements in his 'Tractatis de
sphera solida.'--The attitude of Albertus Magnus,
Sacrobosco, Roger Bacon, Vincent of Beauvais, Dante.

Chapter V: Globes Constructed in the Early Years of
the Great Geographical Discoveries 46

Increasing interest in geographical discovery and maritime
enterprise in the fourteenth and the fifteenth
century.--Awakened interest in globe construction.--Martin
Behaim and his globe of the year 1492.--The Laon
globe.--Christopher and Bartholomew Columbus and their
interest in globes.--John Cabot and his globe.--Globes of
Johannes Stöffler.--Conrad Celtes and his part in arousing
an interest in globes.

Chapter VI: Globes of the Early Sixteenth Century 59

Summary of fifteenth century globe
characteristics.--Increasing interest in globes.--Globes of
Pope Julius II.--Friar Marco da Benevento.--Importance of
the Rosselli family of Florence.--The globe of Barnaba
Canti.--Friar Giuliano Vannelli.--Interest of Trithemius
in globes.--The Bunau globe.--Waldseemüller's map and
globe.--Liechtenstein globes.--Büchlin reference.--Globus
Mundi.--Welt Kugel.--Lenox globe.--Jagellonicus
globe.--Hauslab.--Green globe of Paris.--Nordenskiöld
gores.--So-called Leonardo da Vinci gores.--Boulengier
gores.--Acton globes.--Globes of Magellan and of del
Cano.--Globes of Schöner.

Chapter VII: Globes of the Second Quarter of the
Sixteenth Century 94

Globes indicating (a) an Asiatic connection of the New
World, (b) globes expressing a doubt of such Old World
connection, (c) globes showing an independent position of
the New World.--Franciscus Monachus.--Hakluyt's
reference.--The Gilt globe.--Parmentier.--Francesco
Libri.--Nancy globe.--Globes of Gemma Frisius.--Robertus
de Bailly.--Schöner globe of
1533.--Schiepp.--Furtembach.--Paris Wooden globe.--Vopel
globes.--Santa Cruz.--Hartmann gores.--Important globe of
Ulpius.--Cardinal Bembo's globes.--Mercator's epoch-making
activity.--Fracastro.--Ramusio's references to
globes.--Gianelli.--Florence celestial globe.

Chapter VIII: Globes and Globe Makers of the Third
Quarter of the Sixteenth Century 146

Revival of interest in globe making in Italy.--François De
Mongenet of France and the reprint of his globe maps in
Italy.--Gore map of Antonius Florianus.--Globe records
left by Alessandro Piccolomini.--Ruscelli's directions for
globe construction.--Reference to the work of Sanuto and
Gonzaga.--Armillary sphere of Volpaja.--Excellent
workmanship in the celestial-terrestrial globe of
Christian Heyden.--Metal globes of Johannes
Praetorius.--Vasari's reference to the work of Ignazio
Danti.--The iron globe of Francisco Basso.--Armillary
sphere of Giovanni Barrocci.--The work of Hieronymo de
Boncompagni.--Emanuele Filiberto.--Anonymous globe of
1575.--Laurentian armillary spheres.--Small globes of the
Biblioteca Nationale of Florence.--Mario Cartaro.

Chapter IX: Globes and Globe Makers of the Last
Quarter of the Sixteenth Century 172

Brief summary of sixteenth-century globe making.--The
close of the century introducing us to the great Dutch
globe makers.--The clock maker Dasypodius.--Peter and
Philip Apianus.--The armillary sphere of Carlus
Platus.--Roll and Reinhold.--Tycho Brahe and his
influence.--Titon du Tillet.--The terrestrial globe of
Rouen.--Globes of Emery Molyneux.--Globes of
Bürgi.--Zürich globe.--Beaker globes.--Ivory globe of
Antonio Spano.--The Van Langren globes.--Santucci.--B. F.
globe of Dresden.

List of Illustrations

_Frontispiece._ Museum of The Hispanic Society of America Vol. I

FIG. PAGE

CHAPTER I

1. Fragment Map of Egyptian Gold Mines. _From Chabas_ 2

2. Tablet Representing Babylonian World-Plan. _Original in
British Museum, London_ 3

3. Ptolemy World Map. _From Ebnerianus manuscript in
New York Public Library, ca. 1466_ 4

4. Sections of Peutinger Tables. _Original in Imperial Library,
Vienna_ 6

5. Globe according to Crates. _From pen drawing_ 7

6. Globe according to Strabo. _From pen drawing_ 9

CHAPTER II

7. Atlante Farnese, ca. 200 B.C. _From Passari's
Atlas Farnesianus_ 14

8. Atlante Farnese Constellation Figures. _From Passari's
Atlas_ 16

9. Armillary Sphere according to Ptolemy. _From original
Vopel globe in National Museum, Washington_ 20

10. Bosco Reale Roman Fresco, ca. 50 A.D. _From original
in Metropolitan Museum, New York_ 22

11. Greek and Roman Coins. _From originals in collection of
American Numismatic Society, New York_ 6

12. Roman Gems. _From King's Antique Gems and Rings_ 6

CHAPTER III

13. Northern Hemisphere of Globe by Mohammed ben Helal,
1275. _From Dorn's reproduction of original in London
Asiatic Society's collection_ 28

14. Globe of Mohammed ben Muwajed el Ordhi, 1279. _From
original in Math. Phys. Salon, Dresden_ 30

15. Globe of Diemat Eddin Mohammed, 1573. _From original
in National Library, Paris_ 32

15a. Anonymous Arabic Globe, 1635. _From original in Library
Professor David E. Smith, New York_ 34

CHAPTER IV

16. The Universe according to Cosmas Indicopleustes, Sixth
Century. _From reproduction by Montfauçon_ 36

17. Cosmas' Illustration Confuting the Existence of Antipodal
Peoples. _From reproduction by Montfauçon_ 37

18. Hereford World Map, ca. 1283 38

19. The Earth Pictured as a Sphere by Nicolas d'Oresme,
1377. _From reproduction in Santarem's Atlas_ 38

20. The Constellation Taurus. _From Rico y Sinobas' reproduction
of Alfonsian Tables_ 42

CHAPTER V

21. Globe of Martin Behaim, 1492. _From reproduction of
original in Library of the American Geographical Society,
New York_ 46

22. Portrait of Martin Behaim. _From Ghillany_ 48

23. Globe of Martin Behaim in Hemispheres. _From Ghillany_ 50

24. Lorenzo Lotto Portrait of Columbus. _From original belonging
to James W. Ellsworth, New York_ 52

25. Portrait of Sebastian Cabot, Son of John Cabot. _From
engraving by Rawle_ 54