Chapter II: Part 2

Banks eventually withdrew to Alexandria, barely saving his fleet, which was almost stranded upstream by a sudden fall in the Red River.[103] Meanwhile, in late April, Price forced an enemy retreat in Arkansas. At Poison Springs, Marks' Mill, and Jenkins' Ferry, General Steele was repulsed and his command pressed northward. Thus, the overall Union plan to converge on Shreveport was frustrated and Kirby Smith's men had victoriously repulsed overwhelming numbers.

Although Richmond was delighted to hear this news, these successes in the Trans-Mississippi West had a strange effect on the thinking of Confederate leaders. President Jefferson Davis and the War Department suddenly came to look on Kirby Smith's scattered, unpaid, and poorly organized army of 30,000 men as a powerful source of reinforcements for hard-pressed Confederate commands to the east of the Mississippi River. Orders were issued for heavy portions of Kirby Smith's army to cross the great river in August, 1864. At the last moment, however, these plans were cancelled--partly because of the near impossibility of the river crossing operation and partly because of heated protests from General Kirby Smith. While the War Office was justified in seeking relief for the divisions in the east, Kirby Smith made it clear that his regiments were barely capable of securing the Southwest. The loss of any appreciable number of men would spell sure doom for his department.[104]

While Texas now seemed temporarily safe from military advances, other signs of weakness were to be observed. Confederate paper dollars came to be worth only twenty cents or thirty cents in specie. Texas tried to correct this condition by issuing state treasury warrants, but this paper likewise suffered a drastic drop in real value as the war continued.[105] The heavily indebted state pressed Richmond for payment of defense claims; but unfortunately for Texas, these claims were never honored.[106] As for cotton sales in Mexico, this one great source of revenue for the Lone Star State was very poorly managed. Due to conflicting rules set down by the Confederate government, by the departmental commander, by the state military district commander, and by the state civil government, the entire commerce was badly hampered.[107] Added to this were the manipulations of dishonest state and Confederate purchasing and marketing agents. About the only successful cotton brokers were those men who flaunted the laws and smuggled bales across the Rio Grande.

Other serious weaknesses in Texas were a continued scarcity of weapons, a shortage of laborers that forced the Confederate authorities to impress slaves, and refusals on the part of civilians to sell supplies to the army that ultimately resulted in impressments.[108] As for the citizens, they were oppressed by high taxes, inflation, and shortages of basic necessities. By late 1864 shoes cost $30, watermelons sold at $5 each, coffee brought $10 per pound when it was available, and one woman reportedly paid $90 for a yard and a half of denim material.[109] Salt was so scarce that many people dug up the floors of their smoke-houses and leached the soil to regain the saline drippings. Toothbrushes consisted of the chewed ends of twigs. Whole dishes were scarce and were handled with loving care. Paper, quinine, and tea were almost impossible to find.[110] Finally, the overall unhealthy situation of the times was aggravated by unconfirmed reports of Unionist uprisings in the state, unwarranted speculation on future invasions of Texas, and dozens of extremely wild rumors.[111]

FIGHTING BEYOND TEXAS: 1863-1865

After heavy losses at Gettysburg, Hood's Texas Brigade was shifted to Tennessee in September of 1863. At Chickamauga, the First Texas, Fourth Texas, and Fifth Texas charged through artillery and small arms fire to push repeatedly against a determined enemy in well protected positions. One company of the First Texas had only a single officer and no men surviving as a result of the many days of fighting. The First and Fifth Texas had fewer than one hundred men each who were unscratched at this point of the campaign.[112]

In November, the Texans in Hood's Brigade marched off with Lieutenant General James Longstreet to capture the Federal stronghold at Knoxville. When this plan miscarried, Longstreet's army was compelled to spend a miserable and austere winter in northeastern Tennessee. With the spring thaws of 1864, the Texas Brigade again was shifted to the Virginia front. Back in familiar surroundings, the battered regiments struggled to withstand General Grant's hammering. At the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, and other prominent Virginia engagements, the brigade continued to rely on bravery to compensate for its lack of size.

The remaining months of the war saw the Texans manning a portion of the Richmond line and then acting as a rear guard in April of 1865, when Longstreet's Corps tried to retreat to Danville. As the news of the surrender was heard, the Texans were entrenching themselves in the face of an impending attack. The three Texas regiments had performed remarkable feats of arms and, on a number of occasions, had been singled out by General Lee for praise. But again the price of military fame had been staggering--the historian of Company "M" of the First Texas made this all too clear when he recorded that only six of the company's original one hundred and twenty-five men were present at the surrender.[113]

Meanwhile, after Hood's Brigade marched off towards Knoxville in late 1863, almost a dozen Texas units had remained behind to complete the Chattanooga campaign. In Breckinridge's Corps were the Sixth Texas Infantry, the Seventh Texas Infantry, the Tenth Texas Infantry, the Fifteenth Texas Cavalry (dismounted), the Seventeenth Texas Cavalry, the Eighteenth Texas Cavalry, the Twenty-Fourth Texas Cavalry, the Twenty-Fifth Texas Cavalry, and Douglas' Texas Battery. Two other Texas cavalry regiments, the Eighth (Terry's Texas Rangers) and the Eleventh, were assigned to Wheeler's Cavalry Corps.

On November 24 and 25, the Texas regiments in Cleburne's Division of Breckinridge's Corps engaged in bitter combat on Missionary Ridge. As the center of the Confederate line was broken, Texas regiments that had been making progress against the Union right were commanded to fall back to Ringgold, Georgia, twenty miles away, and to make a defensive stand there as the main Southern army pulled back through that town. On November 26, the Texans were manning blocking positions near Ringgold. Strenuous fighting there delayed Union advance elements until General Braxton Bragg's main forces were safe. At one time in this rear guard action, three Texas companies routed "an entire regiment, the Twenty-ninth Missouri (Federal), capturing their colors and between 60 and 100 prisoners, and causing the attacking brigade to withdraw."[114] The Texans were tendered a vote of thanks by the main army for their protective screening of the retreat. Hiram B. Granbury, who had recently been given command of a brigade of these Texas regiments, was promoted to the rank of brigadier general for this action.[115]

Throughout 1864 the Texans were active in the fighting that took place in northwestern Georgia and in the defenses of Atlanta. That fall, the men of the Lone Star State were present when John Bell Hood assumed command of the Army of Tennessee and instituted his winter push back into Tennessee. At Franklin, Granbury's men were all but wiped out in a series of unsuccessful assaults against Union positions on November 30, Granbury being one of the killed. The next morning not a single captain in the brigade was capable of performing duty. The remnants of the shattered Texas regiments were almost captured at Nashville when Union Major General George Thomas' pressure caused a break in the Southerners' left and center. As a rout-like withdrawal commenced, the Texans on the extreme right were not given the word to fall back. When they discovered that the rest of the army was retreating, the Texans fell back and were again assigned the serious task of guarding the rear of the main force.[116]

After Hood's failure in Tennessee, command of the army was returned to General Joseph Johnston in January, 1865. For the rest of the war the Texans in Johnston's army fought in vain to arrest Sherman's advance from Savannah into the Carolinas. At the time of the surrender there were only about six hundred men in the eight regiments that composed Granbury's old brigade. In one company of the Eighteenth Texas Cavalry there were but five men left.[117]

Elsewhere, earlier in the war, Ross' Cavalry Brigade had engaged in extensive raiding operations in the Alabama-Mississippi-Tennessee area. Ross' command was composed of the Third Texas Cavalry, the Sixth Texas Cavalry, The Ninth Texas Cavalry, and Twenty-Seventh Texas Cavalry. After patrolling to the south of Vicksburg, the brigade spent much of the remainder of 1864 harassing a large Union force that shifted from the Mississippi Valley to the east, and in defending Atlanta. While striving to delay United States advances against Atlanta, the brigade averaged a fight a day for over three months. Late that fall, Ross was ordered to support Hood's re-entry into Tennessee. In raids of late November and December, Ross lost over one hundred men; yet he captured over five times that number of prisoners, he seized nine Federal colors, he relieved the enemy of a great amount of equipment, he destroyed two fully loaded United States railway supply trains, and he captured almost fifty supply wagons. Ross' Brigade ended the war again conducting patrol actions in Mississippi.[118]

Similarly active was Terry's Texas Rangers. After suffering forty per cent casualties in the Chickamauga-Chattanooga struggles, the Rangers so diligently carried out raids against Federal camps that they crossed and re-crossed the Tennessee River on six different occasions in the winter of 1863-64. After the fall of Atlanta and the commencement of Hood's Tennessee campaign, the Rangers remained in Georgia with Wheeler's Cavalry Corps--the only sizable unit left to oppose Sherman's march across Georgia. When the Union army reached Savannah and redirected its march into the Carolinas, the Texans kept up their futile efforts to delay the advance of the overpowering Federal forces. Finally, in April of 1865, at Greensboro, North Carolina, the Texans learned of General Joseph Johnston's surrender. In spite of this, a number of men agreed to evade their captors and to flee westward in small groups to join Kirby Smith's army in the Southwest. But by the time these men reached the Mississippi River, news was heard of the surrender of all Confederate forces to the west. Disappointed brigade members then realized the hopelessness of their situation and disbanded.[119]

Texas contributed heavily to the Confederate military effort in terms of manpower and in the area of leadership. It contributed one general, Albert Sidney Johnston. It was the adopted home of a lieutenant general, John Bell Hood. It furnished three major generals: S. B. Maxey, John A. Wharton, and Tom Green. In addition there were thirty-two brigadier generals and almost one hundred colonels.[120] As for troop units, the Lone Star State supplied the Confederate army with forty-five regiments of cavalry, twenty-three regiments of infantry, twelve battalions of cavalry, four battalions of infantry, one regiment of heavy artillery, and three light artillery batteries. Besides these units mustered into Confederate service, Texas had many organizations that remained under state control. A current listing of named Texas units includes thirty artillery batteries, one artillery regiment, thirty-nine cavalry battalions, sixty-one cavalry regiments, thirteen infantry battalions, twenty-eight infantry regiments, and two legions.[121] These organizations fought in all parts of the South and their operations ranged from Maryland to Arizona and from the Potomac River to the Rio Grande. As for heroism, the state produced such outstanding regiments as those of Hood's Brigade and such noted individuals as Lieutenant Dick Dowling. In all, the men of Texas did their utmost to support the Southern cause to which they had pledged their allegiance.

THE BREAK-UP: 1865

By spring, 1865, the soldiers of the trans-Mississippi region were showing signs of the increasing defeatist feeling. A Union officer who scouted widely in the Rio Grande valley reported that "the demoralization of the rebel army in Texas is very extensive. In all the counties from San Antonio to Austin up to the mountains the rebel soldiers are coming home in large numbers, and in two or three places have notified the enrolling officer and provost-marshal that their services were no longer needed."[122]

But on the other hand, the Confederate government and General Kirby Smith were taking extreme measures to keep the field forces intact. In February, 1865, all non-fighting troop details were outlawed except where soldiers were needed to keep a few key manufacturies in operation, all white men from eighteen to forty-five were ordered to report for immediate military service, and all leaves were cancelled.[123] Kirby Smith implored Richmond to make available the $50,000,000 in back pay due his men.[124] All Confederate prisoners on parole in Texas were declared to be exchanged and were commanded to rejoin their units. Unauthorized absentees were promised pardons if they returned to their companies within twenty days.[125] Once more Federal invasion troops were moving up the Red River and down from Arkansas. Only by thus scraping the bottom of the barrel could Texas hope to keep the determined foe at bay.

In late April, 1865, just as a number of scandals involving illegal seizures of privately owned cotton were coming to light, the word arrived in Texas that General Lee had surrendered in Virginia. General Kirby Smith and Governor Murrah quickly penned proclamations asking the soldiers and citizens of the trans-Mississippi region to continue the struggle. Murrah declared that "These unforeseen calamities imposed additional responsibilities on the State of Texas" because Southerners now looked "with eager eyes and anxious hearts to the people and armies of this Department, for rescue and deliverance. They will not--they must not look in vain. With God's blessing, it may yet be the proud privilege of Texas, the youngest of the Confederate Sisters, to redeem the cause of the Confederacy from its present perils."[126]

But such inspiring words failed miserably to compensate for the common realization that the Confederacy had failed. It could now be seen that for many months past the Southwest had endured the war in a desperate hope that Lee would soon achieve complete victory. With this one great hope crushed, the entire department was too demoralized to continue the fight. Desertions in very large numbers followed. Oftentimes bands of ten and twenty men would leave their undersized regiments in a single night. In Galveston, only the timely calling out of faithful troops prevented the attempted desertion of four hundred soldiers.[127]

By May, surrender negotiations between Kirby Smith's representatives and the United States government were in progress. It was at this time that the last land action of the war took place in the isolated Brownsville sector. In mid-May some eight hundred Union soldiers were moving from their Brazos de Santiago base when they suddenly made contact with several hundred of Colonel John S. Ford's Confederates who were camped at White's Ranch. The Southerners had heard nothing of Lee's surrender, but had been warned of the presence of Union troops by French and Mexican observers on the south side of the Rio Grande. The Federals quickly formed a skirmish line, pushed against the Confederates, and then entrenched in the sandy soil of Palmetto Ranch. As this occurred, Ford managed to position six artillery pieces on Palmetto Hill and fired down into the United States soldiers' defensive works. This forced the superior Federal command to retire from the field. In all, the Union lost over one hundred prisoners. When these captives convinced Ford of Lee's surrender, the Texans were so stunned that no pursuit of the retreating enemy soldiers was attempted.[128]

Finally, on May 26, Lieutenant General S. B. Buckner, Kirby Smith's Chief of Staff, negotiated a "military convention of peace" with high Union officials in New Orleans.[129] This act was finalized on June 2 when General Kirby Smith formally signed the articles of surrender aboard the Union warship _Fort Jackson_ in Galveston harbor. In the same month Federal troops arrived to occupy Texas. To impress French observers in Mexico, the Rio Grande was made a point of concentration for occupation soldiers. A strange sight was seen in Galveston on June 16 when the occupation officially started. Three hundred silent Texans watched as a United States transport ship loaded with soldiers was tied to the landing while a blue clad band played "Yankee Doodle." Three days later, on "Juneteenth," Major General Gordon Granger, recently named commander of Union forces in Texas, landed at the same port and immediately issued a proclamation declaring free all Texas slaves.[130] Eventually there were over 50,000 Federal soldiers in Texas. Parts of Herron's Division occupied northeastern Texas. Mower's Division occupied Galveston. Custer and 4,000 cavalrymen occupied Austin. Merritt occupied San Antonio with an even larger force of mounted men. Elsewhere the state was occupied by the Fourth Corps, the Thirteenth Corps, and the Twenty-Fifth Corps.[131]

The war was at last over. Some Texans were able to express pleasure that the end had finally come while others were not talking. A few of the state's leaders during the war fled to Mexico. The solid citizenry of the state faced the task of creating a respected state government and an enduring nation. They faced this task with a firmness of purpose that has characterized our citizens since the establishment of the Republic of Texas.

NOTES

1. To the north were Commanches and Kiowas, to the west were Apaches and hostile New Mexicans, and to the south were unfriendly Mexicans.

2. _Population of the United States in 1860_ (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1864), pp. 472-90.

3. _Ibid._, _Agriculture of the United States in 1860_ (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1864), pp. 140-51. A. B. Bender, "Principal Military Posts in the Southwest" in _The March of Empire_ (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1952), opposite p. 284.

4. Ernest W. Winkler, _Platform of Political Parties in Texas_ (Bulletin of the University of Texas, 1916: No. 53), pp. 11-80. Llerena Friend, _Sam Houston The Great Designer_ (Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1954) pp. 241 ff. Charles W. Ramsdell, "The Frontier and Secession" in _Studies in Southern History and Politics: Inscribed to William Archibald Dunning_ (New York: Columbia University Press, 1914), p. 74.

5. Hattie J. Roach, _A History of Cherokee County_ (Dallas: Southwest Press, 1934), pp. 61-62. Anna I. Sandbo, "Beginnings of the Secession Movement in Texas" in _The Southwestern Historical Quarterly_, XVIII, No. 2, Oct., 1914, pp. 169-72.

6. The convention call referred to Section I of the "Bill of Rights" of the Texas Constitution of 1845. This section provided that "All political power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their benefit; and they have at all times the unalienable right to alter, reform, or abolish their form of government, in such a manner as they think expedient." Constitution of The State of Texas (1845) in H.P.N. Gammel, _The Laws of Texas 1822-1897_ (Austin: The Gammel Book Co., 1898), II, p. 1277. Oran M. Roberts, "The Political, Legislative, and Judicial History of Texas for its Fifty Years of Statehood" in Dudley G. Wooten, A _Comprehensive History of Texas 1685 to 1897_ (Dallas: William G. Scarff, 1898), II, p. 88.

7. Edward R. Maher, Jr., "Sam Houston and Secession" in _The Southwestern Historical Quarterly_, LV, No. 4, Apr., 1952, pp. 453-54. Amelia W. Williams and Eugene C. Barker, _The Writings of Sam Houston 1813-1863_ (Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1943), VIII, pp. 220-21. Ernest W. Winkler [ed.], _Journal of the Secession Convention of Texas 1861_ (Austin: Austin Printing Co., 1912), pp. 9-13.

8. _Ibid._, pp. 20-22, 405-08.

9. Gammel, _The Laws of Texas_, IV, pp. 1519-20.

10. The seven delegates to Montgomery Convention were: Louis T. Wigfall, John Hemphill, John H. Reagan, John Gregg, W. S. Oldham, T. N. Waul, and William B. Ochiltree.

11. Winkler, _Journal of the Secession Convention_, pp. 15-85.

12. "Proclamation by the Governor" Executive Record Book Governor F. R. Lubbock 1861 to 1863, No. 279, MSS, p. 187. Texas State Archives.

13. Winkler, _Journal of the Secession Convention_, pp. 262-83.

14. Roberts, "Fifty Years of Statehood" in Wooten, _A Comprehensive History of Texas_, II, p. 114.

15. Winkler, _Journal of the Secession Convention_, pp. 86-90.

16. _Ibid._, pp. 92-251.

17. "Texas and Texans in the Civil War. 1861-1865" in Wooten, _A Comprehensive History of Texas_, II, pp. 522-26.

18. "Proclamation to the People of Texas," Apr. 17, 1861, Executive Record Book, No. 279, pp. 237-40. "Proclamation to the People of Texas", Apr. 24, 1861. _Ibid._, pp. 242-43.

19. Ella Lonn, _Foreigners in the Confederacy_ (Chapel Hill: The University of the North Carolina Press, 1940), p. 59, 124. McCulloch to Davis, Mar. 25, 1861. _The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies_ (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1880-1901), I, 9, pp. 704-05. Hereafter referred to as _O.R._, and assumed to be Series I unless otherwise indicated. _Idem._ to _idem._ Mar. 31, 1861, _ibid._, p. 705.

20. "Statement of regiments, etc. mustered into the service of the Confederate States," Sept. 30, 1861, _ibid._, IV, 1, p. 630.

21. Clark to Legislature, Nov. 1, 1861, Executive Record Book, No. 279, pp. 355 ff. _Idem._ to Davis, July 28, 1861, Executive Record Book, Governor Edward Clark 1861, No. 80, MSS, p. 97. Texas State Archives.

22. W. W. Heartsill, _Fourteen Hundred and 91 Days in the Confederate Army_. Bell I. Wiley [ed.] (A Facsimile reproduction of the original.) (Jackson, Tennessee: McCowat-Mercer Press, 1954), p. xv, 2-4, 14 ff, 22-23.

23. _The Southern Confederacy_ (Seguin), Sept. 20, 1861. Clark to Rogers and Felder, May 17, 1861, Executive Record Book No. 80, pp. 70-71. Byrd to McCulloch, Sept. 22, 1861, _O.R._, 4, p. 109.

24. Clark to Baylor, May 13, 1861, Executive Record Book, No. 80, p. 63. _Idem._ to Nichols, May 17, 1861, _ibid._, p. 71. _Idem._ to Bee, Aug. 15, 1861, _ibid._, pp. 108-09.

25. _Idem._, to Carothers, Aug. 29, 1861, _ibid._, p. 123. _Idem._ to Walker, Sept. 7, 1861, _ibid._, pp. 127-28. Myers to Minter, Sept. 14, 1861. _O.R._, 4, p. 105. Clark to the "People of Texas", Aug. 31, 1861, Executive Record Book, No. 80, pp. 124-25.

26. Frank Anderson, "Missouri's Confederate State Capitol at Marshall, Texas" in _The Missouri Historical Review_, XXVII, No. 3, Apr., 1933, pp. 240-43. Clark to Davis, July 28, 1861, Executive Record Book, No. 80, pp. 97-98. Joseph C. McConnell, _The West Texas Frontier_ (Palo Pinto: Texas Legal Bank and Book Co., 1939), II, p. 46. Gammel, _The Laws of Texas_, V, pp. 452-54. Lubbock to Reagan, Dec. 27, 1861, _O.R._, 4, pp. 161-64. _Idem._ to McCulloch, Dec. 24, 1861. Executive Record Book, Governor F. R. Lubbock, 1861 to 1863, No. 81, MSS, p. 60. Texas State Archives.

27. Pratt to Hunter, July 1, 1861. _Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of Rebellion_ (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1912), 16, pp. 829-30. Hereafter referred to as _O.R.N._ Reports of Stevens, June 12, 1861, _ibid._, pp. 825-26. Lubbock to McCulloch, Dec. 23, 1861. Executive Record Book, No. 81, pp. 52-53.

28. _Idem._ to Hébert, Dec. 7, 1861. _ibid._, pp. 31-34.

29. Bee to Secretary of War, Oct. 12, 1861, _O.R._, 4, pp. 118-19. Claude Elliott, "Union Sentiment in Texas 1861-1865" in _The Southwestern Historical Quarterly_, L, No. 4, Apr., 1947, pp. 459-62.

30. William McGraw, _Professional Politicians_ (Washington: The Imperial Press, 1940), pp. 117-18.

31. _Galveston Weekly News_, Aug. 20, 1861. William C. Whitford, _Colorado Volunteers in the Civil War_ (Denver: The State Historical and National Historical Society, 1906), p. 29. Lynde to Canby, July 7, 1861, _O.R._, 4, p. 58. Report of Lynde, Aug. 7, 1861, _ibid._, pp. 5-6.

32. Charles S. Walker, "Causes of the Confederate Invasion of New Mexico" in the _New Mexico Historical Review_, VIII, No. 2, Apr., 1933, pp. 76-97. Mamie Yeary, _Reminiscences of the Boys in Gray 1861-1865_ (Dallas: Smith and Lamar, 1912), pp. 247-48. Whitford, _Colorado Volunteers_, pp. 20-21.

33. Martin H. Hall, "The Formation of Sibley's Brigade and the March to New Mexico" in _The Southwestern Historical Quarterly_, LXI, No. 3, Jan., 1958, pp. 385-405. Theodore Noel, _A Campaign from Santa Fe to the Mississippi; Being a History of the Old Sibley Brigade_ (Shreveport: Shreveport News Printing Establishment, 1865), pp. 5-6. Clark to Hogg, Aug. 16, 1861, Executive Record Book, No. 80, pp. 110-11. General Order No. 10, Dec. 14, 1861, _O.R._, 4, pp. 157-58. General Order No. 12, Dec. 20, 1861, _ibid._, p. 159. Wright to Carleton, Jan. 31, 1862, _ibid._, pp. 90-91. Sibley to Cooper, Feb. 22, 1862, _ibid._, 9, pp. 505-06. Donaldson to Paul, Mar. 10, 1862, _ibid._, p. 527. Canby to A. G., Apr. 11, 1862, _ibid._, pp. 549-50. W. W. Mills, _Forty Years at El Paso, 1858-1898_ (Chicago: W. B. Conkey, 1901), pp. 54-59. Yeary, _Reminiscences_, p. 613.

34. Roberts to Thomas, Apr. 23, 1862, _O.R._, 9, p. 666. William A. Keleher, _Turmoil in New Mexico 1846-1868_ (Santa Fe: The Rydal Press, 1952), pp. 188 ff.

35. Lubbock to Pike, June 18, 1862, Executive Record Book, No. 81, p. 275.

36. _Tri-Weekly Telegraph_ (Houston), May 24, 1862. Lubbock to Flournoy, Executive Record Book, No. 81, pp. 293-94.

37. Report of Kittredge, _O.R.N._, 19, pp. 151-52. David D. Porter, _The Naval History of the Civil War_ (New York: The Sherman Publishing Co., 1886), pp. 345-46.

38. DeBray to Moise, Oct. 5, 1862, _O.R._, 15, p. 148. Cook to Franklin, Oct. 9, 1862, _ibid._, pp. 151-53. Hébert to Lubbock, Nov. 8, 1862, _ibid._, p. 858. Lubbock to Washington, Dec. 9, 1862, Executive Record Book, No. 81, p. 436.

39. Banks to President, Dec. 18, 1863 (sic.) _O.R._, 15, pp. 1096-97.

40. Philip C. Tucker, 3d., "The United States Gunboat Harriet Lane" in the _Southwestern Historical Quarterly_, XXI, No. 4, Apr., 1918, pp. 363-69. Porter, _Naval History_, pp. 269-71. Mrs. E. M. Loughery, _War and Reconstruction Times in Texas, 1861-1865_ (Austin: Von Boeckmann-Jones Co., 1914), p. 28. Yeary, _Reminiscences_, p. 139.

41. Chris Emmett, _Texas Camel Tales_ (San Antonio: Naylor Printing Co., 1932), p. 197, 204, 212.

42. A. J. H. Duganne, _Camps and Prisons, Twenty Months in the Department of the Gulf_ (New York: J. P. Robens, 1865), p. 243. Charles C. Nott, _Sketches in Prison Camps: A Continuation of Sketches of the War_ (New York: Anson D. F. Randolph, 1865), pp. 92-93, 171.

43. _Ibid._, pp. 171-72. Dr. Albert Woldert, _A History of Tyler and Smith County, Texas_ (San Antonio: The Naylor Company, 1948), pp. 39-40. John W. Greene, _Camp Ford Prison; and How I Escaped_ (Toledo: n.p., 1893), p. 27, 29-30, 32.

44. Lubbock to Pickens, Apr. 18, 1962, Executive Record Book, No. 81, p. 225.

45. Charles W. Ramsdell, _Reconstruction in Texas_ (New York: Columbia University, 1910), p. 21.

46. Duff to Gray, June 23, 1862, _O.R._, II, 4, pp. 785-87. Lonn, _Foreigners in the Confederacy_, pp. 312-13. Gertrude Harris, _A Tale of Men Who Knew Not Fear_ (San Antonio: Alamo Printing House, 1935), pp. 13-15. H. A. Trexler, "Episode in Border History" in _Southwest Review_, XVI, No. 2, Jan., 1931, pp. 237-38.

47. _Tri-Weekly Telegraph_ (Houston), Dec. 5, 1862.

48. General Order No. 45, May 30, 1862, _O.R._, 9, pp. 715-16. Cooper to Hébert, Sept. 12, 1862, _ibid._, p. 735.

49. Heartsill, _1491 Days_, pp. 44-45. Matthew P. Andrews, _The Women of the South in War Times_ (Baltimore: The Norman-Remington Co., 1920), pp. 416-23. Loughery, _War in Texas_, pp. 14-15. W. Lotto, "Fayette County, Her History and Her People" in Leonie R. Weyand and Houston Wade, _An Early History of Fayette County_ (LaGrange: LaGrange Journal, 1936), p. 252.

50. Lubbock to Rippetoe, Jan. 27, 1862, Executive Record Book, No. 81, pp. 114-15. _Idem._ to Fluellen, Jan. 27, 1862, _ibid._, pp. 116-17. _Idem._ to Lane, Feb. 5, 1862, _ibid._, p. 138. _Idem._ to Bryan, July 1, 1862, _ibid._, pp. 286-88. _Idem._ to Feris, Nov. 16, 1862, _ibid._, pp. 388-89, 390.

51. J. B. Hood, _Advance and Retreat_ (New Orleans: Hood Orphan Memorial Fund, 1880), pp. 15-19.

52. In early 1862 Wigfall was elected to the Confederate Senate and Hood gained command of the brigade.

53. Douglas Southall Freeman, _Lee's Lieutenants_ (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1946), I, pp. 197-99. Hood, _Advance and Retreat_, p. 21.

54. _Ibid._, p. 28. Report of Whiting, _O.R._, 11 pt. 2, pp. 563-64. Report of Hood, _ibid._, pp. 568-69.

55. Report of Hood, _ibid._, 12, pt. 2, pt. 604-06. Report of Guild, _ibid._, p. 560. Report of Robertson, _ibid._, p. 618.

56. Report of Hood, _ibid._, 19, pt. 1, pp. 922-24. Report of Frobel, _ibid._, pp. 924-26.

57. Report of Wofford, _ibid._, pp. 927-29. Report of Work, _ibid._, pp. 931-34.

58. Report of Robertson, _ibid._, 27, pt. 2, pp. 404-07.

59. Harry McCorry Henderson, _Texas in the Confederacy_ (San Antonio: The Naylor Company, 1955), pp. 31-34. Freeman, _Lee's Lieutenants_, III, pp. 145 ff.

60. U. S. Grant, _Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant_ (London: Samson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, 1885), p. 185.

61. William P. Johnston, _The Life of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston_ (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1879), pp. 557, 677. Mrs. Kate Scurry Terrell, "Terry's Texas Rangers" in Wooten, _A Comprehensive History of Texas_, II, p. 685.

62. _Ibid._, pp. 577-80.

63. Johnston, _Johnston_, pp. 558 ff.

64. Report of Whitfield, _O.R._, 17, pt. 1, pp. 128-29. Grant, _Memoirs_, pp. 210-14. "Texas and Texans in the Civil War. 1861-1865" in Wooten, _A Comprehensive History of Texas_, II, pp. 618-19. "The Service of Texas Troops in the Armies of the Southern Confederacy", _ibid._, pp. 608-09. Henderson, _Texas in the Confederacy_, pp. 114-15.

65. Report of Ector, _O.R._, 20, pt. 1, p. 929. Report of Lock, _ibid._, pp. 930-32. Report of Bounds, _ibid._, pp. 932-33. Organization of the Army of Tennessee, _ibid._, pp. 658-61. Return of the casualties of the Confederate forces, _ibid._, pp. 676-81.

66. Smith to Pemberton, July --, 1864, _ibid._, 24, pt. 2, p. 385.

67. _Ibid._, p. 388.

68. _Ibid._, pp. 388-90.

69. _Ibid._, pp. 393-94.

70. Waul to Memminger, July 30, 1863, _ibid._, p. 358.

71. _Ibid._

72. _Ibid._ Summary of the casualties in the Confederate forces during the siege of Vicksburg, _ibid._, p. 328.

73. Welles to Chase, Apr. 21, 1863, _O.R.N._, 17, p. 417.

74. _Idem._ to Seward, May 22, 1863, _ibid._, p. 446.

75. Quintero to Lubbock, Dec. 2, 1861, _Gov. Lubbock Ltrs._, Oct. 14 and Dec. 2, 11, 15, 1861, MSS. Texas State Archives.

76. W. S. Oldham, _Memoirs, 1861-1865_, pp. 353-54. Typed copy in The University of Texas Archives, Frederic S. Hill, _Twenty Years at Sea_ (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1893), pp. 191-92. Frank L. Owsley, _King Cotton Diplomacy_ (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1931), pp. 278-79.

77. William Watson, _The Adventures of a Blockade Runner_ (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1892), pp. 64-65, 79.

78. Magruder to Gorgas, May 30, 1863, _O.R._, 26, pt. 2, pp. 24-25.

79. Frank Brown, _Annals of Travis County and the City of Austin_, Chap. XXIII, pp. 3-4. Typed copy in the Texas State Archives. Report of Military Board, Mar., 1865 in Edmund T. Miller, _A Financial History of Texas_ (Bulletin of the University of Texas, 1916: No. 37), p. 138. Don H. Biggers, _German Pioneers in Texas_ (Fredericksburg, Texas: Press of the Fredericksburg Publishing Co., 1925), pp. 98-99. Roach, _Cherokee County_, pp. 66-67. Dabney White [ed.], _East Texas, Its History and Its Makers_ (New York: Lewis Historical Pub. Co., 1940), II, p. 871; III, p. 1248. Richard D. Steuart, "The Story of the Confederate Colt" in _Army Ordinance_, XV, No. 86, Sept.-Oct., 1934, p. 90.

80. Richard Taylor, _Destruction and Reconstruction_, Richard B. Harwell [ed.] (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1955), pp. 143 ff. Joseph B. James, "Edmund Kirby Smith: Soldier of the South." Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Florida, 1935, pp. 258-59.

81. Lt. Col. A. J. Fremantle, _The Fremantle Diary_. Walter Lord [ed.] (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1954), pp. 64-65.

82. _Ibid._, p. 58.

83. Lubbock to Harris, June 17, 1863, Executive Record Book. Governor F. R. Lubbock, 1861-1863, No. 82, MSS, pp. 112-13. Texas State Archives.

84. Oldham, _Memoirs_, p. 371.

85. Report of Marshall Conference, Aug. 15, 1863, Executive Record Book No. 82, pp. 129-37. Governors to the People, Aug. 18, 1863, _ibid._, pp. 137-39.

86. Halleck to Banks, Aug. 6, 1863, _O.R._, 26, pt. 1, p. 672. _Idem._ to _idem._, Aug. 10, 1863, _ibid._, p. 673. Lincoln to Banks, Aug. 5, 1863 in John G. Nicolay and John Hay, _Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln_ (New York: The Lamb Publishing Company, 1894), IX, p. 56. _Idem._ to Grant, Aug. 9, 1863, ibid., pp. 64-65.

87. Francis R. Sackett, _Dick Dowling_ (Houston: Gulf Publishing Co., 1937), pp. 16-47. Porter, _Naval History_, pp. 346-47. Report of Magruder, Sept. 10, 1863, _O.R.N._, 20, pp. 560-61. Andrew Forest Muir, "Dick Dowling and the Battle of Sabine Pass" in _Civil War History_, IV, No. 4, Dec., 1958, pp. 414 ff.

88. Kirby Smith to Davis, Nov. 13, 1863, _O.R._, 26, pt. 2, pp. 410-11.

89. Dana to Stone, Dec. 24, 1863, _ibid._, pt. 1, pp. 876-78.

90. Banks to Halleck, Dec. 12, 1863, _ibid._, p. 847.

91. Col. H. L. Landers, "Wet Sand and Cotton" in _The Louisiana Historical Quarterly_, XIX, No. 1, Jan., 1936, pp. 159-62.

92. James T. DeShields, _They Sat in High Place_ (San Antonio: The Naylor Co., 1940), pp. 241-49.

93. Lubbock to McCulloch, Sept. 2, 1863, Executive Record Book, No. 82. pp. 147-48. Certificate by Murrah, Aug. 6, 1864, Executive Record Book, Gov. Pendleton Murrah 1863-1865, No. 280 [_sic_], MSS, p. 140. Texas State Archives, James K. Greer, _Bois d'Arc to Barb'd Wire Ken Cary: Southwest Frontier Born_ (Dallas: Dealy and Lowe, 1936), pp. 249 ff.

94. Henry C. Williams, _The Indian Raid in Young County, Texas October 13, 1864_. Typed copy in The University of Texas Archives.

95. General Order No. 1, Dec. 13, 1864, Gov. P. Murrah, Ltrs., July-Dec., 1864 and undated, 1864, MSS, Texas State Archives.

96. James K. Greer [ed.], _A Texas Ranger and Frontiersman. The Days of Buck Barry in Texas 1845-1906_. (Dallas: The Southwest Press, 1932), pp. 180-181.

97. James, "Edmund Kirby Smith", pp. 284-85.

98. Kirby Smith to Murrah, Mar. 31, 1864, Gov. P. Murrah Ltrs., Mar., 1864, MSS. Texas State Archives.

99. General Order No. 57, July 23, 1864, _O.R._, 41, pt. 2, p. 1021. General Order No. 15, July 10, 1864, _ibid._, pp. 1002-04. Magruder to Murrah, Mar. 14, 1864, Gov. P. Murrah Ltrs., Mar., 1864.

100. Kirby Smith to Price, Aug. 11, 1864, _O.R._, 34, pt. 3. p. 759. Taylor to Boggs, _ibid._, pt. 1, p. 528. Drake to Irwin, Apr. 11, 1864, _ibid._, pt. 3, pp. 127-28.

101. Yeary, _Reminiscences_, p. 448.

102. _Ibid._, p. 627.

103. James G. Wilson, "The Red River Dam" in _Galaxy_, I, June 1, 1866, pp. 241-45.

104. Kirby Smith to Cooper, Apr. 14, 1864, _O.R._, 34, pt. 3, pp. 764-65. _Idem._ to Bragg, Aug. 3, 1864 in collection of the papers of Edmund Kirby Smith, folder No. 45, The University of Texas Library. Taylor to Buckner, Aug. 18, 1864, _ibid._

105. E. T. Miller, "The State Finances of Texas During the Civil War" in _The Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association_, XIV, No. 1, July, 1910, pp. 12-13.

106. Commission by Murrah, Jan. 13, 1864, Executive Record Book, No. 280 [_sic_], p. 58.

107. Charles W. Ramsdell, "The Texas State Military Board" in _The Southwestern Historical Quarterly_, XXVII, No. 4, Apr., 1924, pp. 269-71.

108. Boggs to Magruder, Mar. 22, 1864, _O.R._, 34, pt. 2, p. 1074. Magruder to Bates, Apr. 22, 1864, _ibid._, pt. 3, pp. 784-85. Impressment schedule, Jan. 1, 1864, _ibid._, pt. 2, pp. 811-14.

109. R. H. Williams, _With the Border Ruffians, Memoirs of the Far West 1852-1868_. E. W. Williams, [ed.] (London: John Murray, 1907), p. 286. Eliza McHattan-Ripley, _From Flag to Flag_ (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1889), p. 102.

110. _Ibid._, pp. 97-100.

111. Heartsill, _1491 Days_, pp. 202-03.

112. D. H. Hamilton, _History of Company M. First Texas Volunteer Infantry_ (n.p., n.p., 1925), pp. 32 ff. John C. West, _A Texan in Search of a Fight_ (Waco: J. S. Hill & Co., 1901), p. 109.

113. Mrs. A. V. Winkler, "Hood's Texas Brigade" in Wooten, _A Comprehensive History of Texas_, II, pp. 672-80. Hamilton, _Company M_, _passim_.

114. Report to Granbury, _O.R._, 31, pt. 2, p. 774.

115. Report of Cleburne, _ibid._, pp. 745-53. Report of Granbury, _ibid._, pp. 773-75.

116. Richard O'Connor, _Hood; Cavalier General_ (New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1949), pp. 226 ff. O. P. Bowser, "Notes on Granbury's Brigade" in Wooten, _A Comprehensive History of Texas_, II, pp. 751-53.

117. _Ibid._, pp. 753-54.

118. "Texas and Texans in the Civil War" in _ibid._, pp. 619-27. Report of Ross, _O.R._, 45, pt. 1, pp. 767-73.

119. Terrell, "Terry's Texas Rangers" in Wooten, _A Comprehensive History of Texas_, II, pp. 689-94. J. K. P. Blackburn, _Reminiscences of the Terry Rangers_ (Austin: n.p., 1919), pp. 71-74.

120. Henderson, _Texas in the Confederacy_, p. xi.

121. Wooten, _A Comprehensive History of Texas_, II, p. 571. Lester N. Fitzhugh [compiled by], _Texas Batteries, Battalions, Regiments, Commanders and Field Officers Confederate States Army 1861-1865_ (Midlothian, Texas: Mirror Press, 1959).

122. Dolan to Hurlbut, Apr. 3, 1865, _O.R._, 48, pt. 2, p. 17.

123. General Order No. 10, Feb. 13, 1865, _ibid._, pt. 1, pp. 1385-86.

124. James Ford Rhodes, _History of the United States From the Compromise of 1850_ (New York: The MacMillan Co., 1912-28), V, p. 378.

125. General Order No. 32, Apr. 3, 1865, _O.R._, II, 8, p. 466. General Order No. 42, Apr. 27, 1865, _ibid._, 48, pt. 2, pp. 1287-88.

126. Proclamation to the People of Texas, Apr. 27, 1865, Executive Record Book, No. 280, [_sic_], pp. 12-13.

127. Report of Bell, _O.R._, 48, pt. 2, pp. 398-403. Magruder to Boggs, Apr. 29, 1865 quoted in A. B. Booth, "Louisiana Confederate Military Records" in _Louisiana Historical Quarterly_, IV, No. 3, July, 1921, p. 371.

128. Yeary, _Reminiscences_, pp. 44, 217. Frank C. Pierce, _A Brief History of the Rio Grande Valley_ (Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Publishing Co., 1917), pp. 52-54. Florence J. Scott, _Old Rough and Ready on the Rio Grande_ (San Antonio: The Naylor Company, 1935), p. 113.

129. After these negotiations were concluded, Kirby Smith, Murrah, and a number of other leaders left for Mexico.

130. _Tri-Weekly Telegraph_ (Houston), June 20, 1865.

131. Sheridan to Rawlins, Nov. 14, 1866, _O.R._, 48, pt. 1, pp. 297-303. William A. Ganoe, _The History of the United States Army_ (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1924), p. 299.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

These are selected richer sources of the hundreds of books and documents pertaining to Texas and the Civil War.

MANUSCRIPTS

_Executive Record Books_ and _Governor's Letters_ (both in Texas State Archives) contain extensive correspondence and records relating to the problems of managing the state during the war.

REPRODUCED COPIES OF MANUSCRIPTS

_Collection of the Papers of Edmund Kirby Smith._ Folder No. 37-53 (1863-1866). Microfilm in Texas Collection, The University of Texas Library, original at University of North Carolina. Selected military problems of the departmental commander.

Oldham, W. S., _Memoirs, 1861-1867_. The University of Texas Archives. Rich comments by Texas' crusty Confederate Senator.

PUBLIC DOCUMENTS

_Eighth Census of the United States._ Government Printing Office, Washington, 1864. Statistics of 1860 Texas.

_Journal of the Secession Convention of Texas 1861._ Edited by Ernest W. Winkler. Austin Printing Co., Austin, 1912. Documentary coverage of the convention's work.

_Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion._ Government Printing Office, Washington, 1912.

_The War of Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies._ Government Printing Office, Washington, 1880-1901. Specific parts on Texas are: Series I, Vols. 1, 4, 9, 15, 26, 34, 41, and 48; Series II, Vol. 1.

OTHER PRIMARY SOURCES

Barron, S. B., _The Lone Star Defenders, A Chronicle of the Third Texas Cavalry, Ross' Brigade_. The Neale Publishing Co., New York, 1908.

Blessington, Joseph P., _The Campaigns of Walker's Texas Division_. Lange, Little & Co., New York, 1875.

DeBray, X. B., _A Sketch of the History of DeBray's (26th) Regiment of Texas Cavalry_. Von Boeckmann, Austin, 1884.

Heartsill, W. W., _Fourteen Hundred and 91 Days in the Confederate Army_. Edited by Bell I. Wiley. McCowat-Mercer Press, Jackson, Tenn., 1954.

McConnell, Joseph C., _The West Texas Frontier_. Gazette Printing Company, Jacksboro, Texas.

McHatton-Ripley, Eliza, _From Flag to Flag_. D. Appleton and Co., New York, 1889.

Newcomb, J. P., _Sketch of Secession Times in Texas_. San Francisco, 1863.

Noel, Theodore, _A Campaign from Santa Fe to the Mississippi: Being a History of the Old Sibley Brigade_. Shreveport News Printing Establishment, Shreveport, 1865.

North, Thomas, _Five Years in Texas; or What You Did Not Hear During the War from January 1861 to January 1866_. Elm Street Printing Co., Cincinnati, 1871.

Raines, C. W. [ed.], _Six Decades in Texas or Memoirs of Francis Richard Lubbock_. Ben C. Jones & Co., Austin, 1900.

_Texas Almanac_ (for the years 1859 through 1865.) Richardson & Co.

SECONDARY SOURCES

Bancroft, Hubert Howe, _History of the North Mexican States and Texas_. Vol. XVI of _The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft_. The History Co., San Francisco, 1889.

Blackburn, J. K. P., _Reminiscences of the Terry Rangers_. Austin, 1919.

Dyer, John P., _The Gallant Hood_. The Bobbs-Merrill Company, New York, 1950.

Friend, Llerena, _Sam Houston The Great Designer_. The University of Texas Press, Austin, 1954.

Giles, L. B., _Terry's Texas Rangers_. Copyright 1911.

Hamilton, D. H., _History of Company M First Texas Volunteer Infantry_, 1925.

Henderson, Harry McCorry, _Texas in the Confederacy_. The Naylor Company, San Antonio, 1955.

James, Joseph B., "Edmund Kirby Smith: Soldier of the South." Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Florida, 1935.

Loughery, Mrs. E. M., _War and Reconstruction Times in Texas, 1861-1865_. Von Boeckmann-Jones Co., Austin, 1914.

Miller, Edmund T., _A Financial History of Texas_. Bulletin of the University of Texas, 1916: No. 37, July 1, 1916.

Owsley, Frank L., _King Cotton Diplomacy_. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1931.

Parks, Joseph H., _General Edmund Kirby Smith, C.S.A._ Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1954.

Pierce, Frank C., _A Brief History of the Lower Rio Grande Valley_. Geo. Banta Publishing Co., Menasha, Wisconsin, 1917.

Ramsdell, Charles W., _Reconstruction in Texas_. Columbia University, New York, 1910.

Rippy, J. Fred, _The United States and Mexico._ F. S. Crofts & Co., New York, 1931.

Roberts, O. M., _Texas_. Vol. XI of _Confederate Military History_. Edited by Gen. Clement A. Evans. Confederate Publishing Company, Atlanta, 1899. A half-volume survey of Texas in the war.

Rose, Victor M., _Ross' Texas Brigade_. The Courier-Journal Company, Louisville, 1881.

Smith, Ralph J., _Reminiscences of the Civil War_. San Marcos, 1911.

Wooten, Dudley, _A Comprehensive History of Texas 1685 to 1897_. William G. Scarff, Dallas, 1898.

Wright, Marcus J., _Texas in the War, 1861-1865_. Typed copy in Texas State Archives.

Yeary, Mamie, Compiled by, _Reminiscenses of the Boys in Gray 1861-1865_. Smith and Lamar, Dallas, 1912.

NEWSPAPERS

Several dozen different newspapers are available covering the period. A general guide to their existence and location is the rather outdated _Texas Newspapers 1813-1939_. Prepared by Historical Records Survey Program Division of Professional and Survey Projects. W. P. A. of Texas, San Jacinto Museum of History Association, Houston, 1941. Of particular value are:

_The Galveston Tri-Weekly News_--Texas State Archives and The University of Texas Library.

_The Southern Intelligencer_ (Austin)--Texas State Archives and The University of Texas Library.

_The Tri-Weekly Telegraph_ (Houston)--The University of Texas Library.

ARTICLES

Selections from _The Southwestern Historical Quarterly_ (earlier _The Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association_) are helpful in fitting missing pieces into the picture. Of particular value are:

Bridge, C. A., "The Knights of the Golden Circle", LIV, No. 3, pp. 287-302.

Crimmins, Col. M. L., "An Episode in the Career of General David E. Twiggs", XLI, No. 2, pp. 167-73.

Delaney, Robert W., "Matamoros, Fort for Texas during the Civil War", LVIII, No. 4, pp. 473-87.

Elliott, Claude, "Union Sentiment in Texas 1861-1865", L, No. 4, pp. 449-77.

Maher, Edward R., Jr., "Sam Houston and Secession", LV, No. 4, pp. 448-58.

Ramsdell, Charles W., "The Texas State Military Board", XXVII, No. 4, pp. 253-75.

Sandbo, Anna I., "Beginnings of the Secession Movement in Texas", XVIII, No. 1, pp. 41-73; No. 2, pp. 162-94.

Valuable articles are also to be found in such journals as:

_Journal of Southern History_
_Mississippi Valley Historical Review_
_Southern Historical Society Papers_
_Southwest Review_
_West Texas Historical Association Year Book_

CHRONOLOGY

EVENTS IN TEXAS, 1861-1865

1861
January

5 Destruction of the printing office of _Die Union_ in Galveston
by mob.
21 Convening of the State Legislature in Austin in compliance with
Governor Houston's proclamation of December 17, 1860.
28 Approval of the State Legislature of a joint resolution
authorizing the impending state convention to act for the people
of Texas on the question of secession.
Holding a Secession Convention in Austin by request of prominent
citizens (O. M. Roberts, George Flournoy, Guy M. Bryan, W. S.
Oldham and John Marshall) made on December 3, 1860.
30 Appointment of a Committee of Public Safety by the Secession
Convention.

February

1 Approval of an ordinance of secession by the Secession
Convention.
2 Committee of Public Safety directed to seize all Federal
property in Texas.
4 Adjournment of the Secession Convention until March 2.
6 Address to the people of Texas by the opponents of secession (D.
G. Burnett, E. M. Pease, E. J. Davis, A. J. Hamilton, J. W.
Throckmorton, John and George Hancock).
9 Proclamation by Governor Houston ordering an election to be held
February 23 for ratifying or rejecting the Ordinance of
Secession.
Adjournment of the Called Session of the Legislature until March
18.
16 Seizure of the U.S. Army Military Post, San Antonio, by
representatives and forces under orders of the Committee of
Safety.
18 Surrender of U.S. Military posts in Texas by General David E.
Twiggs.
19 Substitution of Colonel Carlos A. Waite for General Twiggs as
U.S. Army Commander, Department of Texas.
21 Seizure of U.S. property at Brazos Santiago by Colonel "Rip"
Ford's Volunteers upon orders of the Committee of Safety.
21 Abandonment of Camp Cooper, Throckmorton County, by U.S. troops.
23 State election for ratifying or rejecting the Ordinance of
Secession.
26 Abandonment of Camp Colorado, Coleman County, by U.S. troops.

March

1 Dismissal of General Twiggs from U.S. Army service.
2 Reassembly of the Secession Convention in Austin.
Seizure of U.S. revenU.S.hooner _Henry Dodge_ by armed forces
acting under orders of the Committee of Safety.
4 Votes canvassed on secession ordinance: for secession, 46,129;
against, 14,697.
7 Abandonment of Ringgold Barracks, Starr County, and Camp Verde,
Kerr County, by U.S. troops.
12 Abandonment of Camp McIntosh, Webb County, by U.S. troops.
15 Abandonment of Camp Wood, Real County, by U.S. troops.
16 Administering the Confederate oath of office to state officials
in the presence of the Secession Convention; Governor Houston
refused to take the oath.
17 Abandonment of Camp Hudson. Val Verde County, by U.S. troops.
19 Abandonment of Forts Clark, Kinney County; Inge, Uvalde County;
and Lancaster, Crockett County, by U.S. troops.
Governor Sam Houston's farewell address published in newspapers.
20 Abandonment of Fort Brown, Cameron County, and Fort Duncan,
Maverick County, by U.S. troops.
23 Abandonment of Fort Chadbourne, Coke County, by U.S. troops.
Ratification of the permanent Constitution of the Confederate
States by the Secession Convention.
25 Adjournment of the Secession Convention.
29 Abandonment of Fort Mason, Mason County, by U.S. troops.
31 Abandonment of Fort Bliss, El Paso County, by U.S. troops.

April

5 Abandonment of Fort Quitman, Hudspeth County, by U.S. troops.
9 Adjournment of the called session of the legislature.
11 Arrival in New York of Federal troops from Texas aboard _U.S.S.
Coatzacoalcos_.
12 Fort Sumter fired upon.
13 Abandonment of Fort Davis, Jeff Davis County, by U.S. troops.
17 Texas Volunteers under Colonel Earl Van Dorn, C.S.A., capture
_Star Of The West_ off Texas coast near Indianola.
20 Seizure of U.S. Coast Guard schooner _Twilight_ by W. A. Jones,
Deputy Custom Collector, Aransas, Texas.
21 Assumption of Military Command of Texas by Colonel Earl Van
Doren, C.S.A.
23 U.S. Army officers at San Antonio made prisoners of war; capture
of 8th U.S. Infantry near San Antonio.
25 Surrender of U.S. forces at Indianola.
Abandonment of Fort Stockton, Pecos County, by U.S. troops.

May

9 Capture of U.S. troops near San Lucas Springs or Adams Hill,
fifteen miles west of San Antonio.
5 Capture of Forts Arbuckle, Cobb and Washita, Indian Territory,
by Texas state troops commanded by Colonel W. C. Young.
13-14 Burning of the _Alamo Express office_, San Antonio by the
Knights of the Golden Circle

June

? Organization in Virginia of the First Texas Infantry Regiment.
13 Organization of the Third Regiment, Texas Cavalry.

July

2 Blockading of Galveston initiated by the _U.S.S. South Carolina_.
4-12 Destruction and capture of twelve vessels off Galveston by the
_U.S.S. South Carolina_.
Taking the Oath of Allegiance to the State of Texas and the
Confederacy by Live Oak County residents at a mass meeting in
Oakville.
8 Ordering of Brigadier General H. H. Sibley of Texas to expel
U.S. forces from New Mexico.
27 Fort Filmore near Mesilla, New Mexico, captured by Second
Regiment Texas Mounted Rifles under Lieutenant Colonel John R.
Baylor, C.S.A.

August

? Skirmishing near Fort Bliss; preparation of Confederate forces
for the invasion of New Mexico.
3 Bombardment of Confederate batteries at Galveston by _U.S.S.
South Carolina_.
11 Ambushing of Lieutenant May's detachment of fourteen men,
Company D, Second Regiment Texas Mounted Rifles, in a fight with
Apaches near Fort Bliss.
14 Appointment of General Paul O. Hébert, Commander of all
Confederate troops in Texas.

September

6 Mustering of the Sixth Regiment of Texas Cavalry into service at
Camp Bartow, Dallas County.
7 Capturing of the _Solidad Cos_ off Galveston. Its cargo was
coffee.
9 Mustering into service Terry's Texas Rangers at Houston.
18 Transferring the command of Confederate troops in Texas from
General Van Dorn to General Hébert.

October

1-20 Discovery of a secret organization in Cooke and adjacent
counties to overthrow the Confederate state Government resulting
in numerous hangings in and near Gainesville.
2 Organization of the Ninth Texas Cavalry at Brogden Springs,
twelve miles north of Sherman.
3 Capturing of the _Reindeer_ off San Luis Pass by the _U.S.S. Sam
Houston_.
5-8 Evacuation of Galveston during a four day truce.
11-16 Military Operations from Fort Inge, Uvalde County, against
Indians led by Sergeant W. Barrett and Company D, Second
Regiment Texas Mounted Rifles.
22 Sibley's Brigade leaves San Antonio for the invasion of New
Mexico.
27 Capturing of the brig _Delta_ off Galveston by the _U.S.S.
Santee_.

November

1 Skirmishing between Indians and a scouting party of the First
Texas Regiment Mounted Rifles near Pease River.
7 Francis R. Lubbock inaugurated governor.
8 Capture of the _Royal Yacht_ by Federal sailors in Bolivar
Channel.
12 Organization of the First, Fourth and Fifth Texas Infantry
Regiments and the Eighteenth Georgia Regiment into a brigade.

December

7 Suspension by Texas Legislature of all law providing for the
collection of certain debts and liabilities on bonds, promissory
notes, bills of exchange and contracts for money payments until
January 1, 1864, or six months after the end of the war, except
for those applying to enemy aliens.
30 Capturing of the schooner _Gasonne_ off Galveston.

1862
January

6 Permission by the State Legislature to Anderson County allowing
the levying and collection of taxes sufficient to pay for 128
Morse Rifles.
Legislative appropriation of $5,000 to pay the cost of
transporting all clothing or other contributions to Texans in
the Confederate service.
8 Legislative provision for a Hospital Fund of $150,000 to care
for the sick and wounded Texas Soldiers.
11 Legislation creating a State Military Board with authority to
buy arms and munitions, to manufacture arms and munitions and
establish foundries for the manufacture of ordinance and arms.
13 Legislative authorization of County Patrols.
14 Legislative appropriation of $1,000,000 for military purposes.

February

11-13 Policing of Aransas Bay by Federal Navy.
21 Defeat by General H. H. Sibley's Brigade of the Federal forces
at Val Verde and the capture of Albuquerque and Santa Fe.
22 Attack on Aransas Pass by U.S. Navy.

March

25 Organization of Sixteenth Texas Volunteer Infantry Regiment at
Camp Groce near Hempstead, Texas.
28 Defeat of General H. H. Sibley's Brigade at Glorietta, N. M.;
return of troops to Texas and collapse of John R. Baylor's
Confederate government in the Arizona Territory.

April

5 Patroling by the U.S. Navy in San Luis Pass, Galveston Island.
? Organizing and enlisting of the Thirty-First Texas Cavalry for
the duration of the war.
16 Enactment of the first Confederate conscription law.
22 Capture of U.S. Navy launches off Aransas Pass.
25 Capture of U.S. Troops at Saluria (Matagorda Island).
Surrender of U.S. forces at Indianola.

May

14-15 U.S. Navy demonstrations at Galveston.
26 Creation of the Trans-Mississippi Military Department of the
Confederacy.
30 Declaration of martial law in Texas.

July

4 Attack on U.S. vessels at Velasco.
7-17 Increased Patrol activity by U.S. Navy in San Luis Pass.

August

? Burning of Fort Bliss by retreating units of Sibley's Regiment;
reoccupation of reservation by Federals.
10 Skirmishing at Nueces River, near Fort Clark, Texas, between
Unionists and Confederates.
11 Action by U.S. Navy at Velasco.
12 Capture of the _Breaker_ and the destruction of the _Hannah_ at
Corpus Christi.
16-18 Bombardment of Corpus Christi by U.S. Navy.
20 Placing Texas and Arizona Territory in the Trans-Mississippi
Military Department.

September

2 Enactment of new Confederate conscription law raising the age
limit to include all males from 18 to 45; repeal of martial law
in Texas.
13-14 Operations at Flour Bluff, near Corpus Christi.
24 U.S. Navy bombards and captures Sabine Pass.
26 U.S. Navy captured Sabine City.
27 U.S. Navy attempts to burn railroad bridge across Taylor's Bayou
in Jefferson County.

October