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Text Book of Biology, Part 1: VertebrataH. G. Wells

Text Book of Biology, Part 1: Vertebrata

by OpenStories

Original author: H. G. Wells

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"Text Book of Biology, Part 1: Vertebrata" by H. G. Wells is a scientific publication written in the late 19th century. The work serves as an educational text focused on the study of vertebrates, detailing various aspects of their anatomy, physiology, and biology, particularly through dissection. This comprehensive guide is intended for students learning about biological principles and the mechanisms underlying life processes in vertebrate organisms. The opening of the book sets a foundational context for learning biology, emphasizing the author's intent to use a correspondence teaching method to engage students in the study of vertebrate anatomy. Wells reflects on his experiences teaching from a distance, revealing the effectiveness of structured observations and detailed instructions for fostering a deeper understanding of biological concepts. The book begins with an introduction to the vertebrate class, specifically starting with the common rabbit, and outlines its external structure, circulatory system, digestive processes, and other key biological functions, establishing a basis for more complex studies in later chapters.

Text Book of Biology, Part 1: Vertebrata, by H. G. Wells. Republished by OpenStories from Project Gutenberg eBook #21781.

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183 Chapters

  1. 1.Front Matter538 words
  2. 2.Part 1: Vertebrata2,033 words
  3. 3.Section 1: It is unnecessary to enter upon a description of the1,551 words
  4. 4.Section 15: In an ordinary animal, locomotion and other activity167 words
  5. 5.Section 16: Figure 1 represents the general anatomy of the rabbit,322 words
  6. 6.Section 17: The food stuffs of an animal, the unstable compounds723 words
  7. 7.Section 23: After mastication, the food is worked by the tongue and323 words
  8. 8.Section 26: It meets now with the bile, a greenish fluid secreted by583 words
  9. 9.Part 2: , Chapter 1, Section 11, if interested in the further discussion337 words
  10. 10.Section 36: The chyle of the lacteals passes, as we have said, by532 words
  11. 11.Section 41: The mechanism of respiration will be understood by396 words
  12. 12.Section 44: The beating of the heart is, of course, a succession of326 words
  13. 13.Section 45: The following are the chief branches of the aorta. The250 words
  14. 14.Section 46: The distribution of the veins of the rabbit has only a436 words
  15. 15.Section 49: The following table summarises what we have learnt up to257 words
  16. 16.Section 51: This is shown in Figure III., Sheet 3, as it would appear701 words
  17. 17.Section 55: Throughout life, millions of these cells retain their133 words
  18. 18.Section 56: Figure IV., Sheet 3 represents, diagrammatically,56 words
  19. 19.Section 57: It is convenient to divide tissues into three classes,104 words
  20. 20.Section 58: The outer layer of the skin (the epidermis), the inmost182 words
  21. 21.Section 59: In the branching air-tubes of the lung, the central canal of168 words
  22. 22.Section 14: ) we have defined, as a chemical change in an upward247 words
  23. 23.Section 61: The liver is the most complicated gland in the body332 words
  24. 24.Section 62: Similar from a physiological point of view, to the secretory211 words
  25. 25.Section 63: In all the epithelial tissues that we have considered we92 words
  26. 26.Section 64: The simplest variety in this group is hyaline (i.e. glassy)88 words
  27. 27.Section 65: Connective tissue (Figure XIII) is a general name for a177 words
  28. 28.Section 66: Through connective tissues wander the phagocytes,253 words
  29. 29.Section 67: Within the connective tissue cells fat drops may be64 words
  30. 30.Section 68: We now come to Bone, a tissue confined to the390 words
  31. 31.Section 69: Among the bony bars and spicules of spongy bone55 words
  32. 32.Section 70: The matrix of bone differs from that of cartilage or of67 words
  33. 33.Section 71: In the very young rabbit, the limb bones, vertebral column,221 words
  34. 34.Section 73: We may mention here the structure of the spleen55 words
  35. 35.Section 74: Here also, we may notice the lymphatics, a series of81 words
  36. 36.Section 75: We are now in a position to study the rabbit's skeleton121 words
  37. 37.Section 76: We may take the skeleton under five headings. There is82 words
  38. 38.Section 77: In Section 3 (which the student should refer to) we have204 words
  39. 39.Section 78: A cervical vertebra (C.V.) seems, upon cursory209 words
  40. 40.Section 79: The lumbar vertebrae (l.v.) are larger, and have cleft71 words
  41. 41.Section 80: All the vertebrae join with their adjacent fellows through70 words
  42. 42.Section 81: The thorax is bounded dorsally by the vertebral column,74 words
  43. 43.Section 82: The fore-limb (pectoral limb) consists of an upper arm270 words
  44. 44.Section 83: The hind limb and its body bones-- pelvic limb and216 words
  45. 45.Section 84: The pelvic girdle differs from the pectoral in most land101 words
  46. 46.Section 85: These bones will be studied at the greatest advantage71 words
  47. 47.Section 86: The mammalian skull will be better understood after the231 words
  48. 48.Section 87: The floor of the cranium consists of a series of cartilage180 words
  49. 49.Section 88: The outer edge of the upper jaw and the cheek arch are76 words
  50. 50.Section 89: In the under view of the skull (Figure 2) it will be seen that69 words
  51. 51.Section 90: The pre-maxillae and maxillae bound the sides of the171 words
  52. 52.Section 91: The lower jaw (mandible) is one continuous bone in the65 words
  53. 53.Section 92: Attached just behind the bulla above, and passing round59 words
  54. 54.Section 93: The following table presents these bones in something100 words
  55. 55.Section 95: When we come to the study of the nerves, we shall64 words
  56. 56.Section 96: We have, in the skeleton, a complicated apparatus of137 words
  57. 57.Section 97: In striated muscle extensive modifications mask the cell113 words
  58. 58.Section 99: Unstriated muscle is sometimes called involuntary, and171 words
  59. 59.Section 100: Muscular contraction, and generally all activity in the137 words
  60. 60.Section 101: The primary elements in the tissue of the nervous111 words
  61. 61.Section 102: Unlike telegraph wires, to which they are often50 words
  62. 62.Section 103: Figure 7, Sheet 8, shows the typical structure of nervous137 words
  63. 63.Section 104: The simplest example of the action of the nervous98 words
  64. 64.Section 105: A vast amount of our activities are reflex, and in such98 words
  65. 65.Section 106: The mind receives and stores impressions, and these101 words
  66. 66.Section 107: Voluntary actions may, by constant repetition, become71 words
  67. 67.Section 108: This fluctuating scope of mind should be remembered,155 words
  68. 68.Section 109: A little more attention must now be given to the103 words
  69. 69.Section 111: The eye (Figure 8) has a tough, dense, outer coat, the194 words
  70. 70.Section 112: The structure of the retina demands fuller notice. Figure156 words
  71. 71.Section 113: We may pause to call the student's attention to a little230 words
  72. 72.Section 114: Certain small muscles in the orbit (eye-socket) move the131 words
  73. 73.Section 115: The ear (Sheet VII.) consists of an essential organ of268 words
  74. 74.Section 116: The eighth nerve runs from the brain case (Cr.), into the317 words
  75. 75.Section 117: The impressions of smell are conducted through the first58 words
  76. 76.Section 118: At an early stage in development, the brain of a74 words
  77. 77.Section 119: The lower figure of (5) shows, in a diagrammatic manner,118 words
  78. 78.Section 120: Figure 1 is a corresponding figure of the actual state of182 words
  79. 79.Section 122: The cerebellum (metencephalon) consists of a central97 words
  80. 80.Section 123: Figure 2 gives a dorsal view of the rabbit's brain; a157 words
  81. 81.Section 124: Proceeding from the brain are twelve pairs of cranial62 words
  82. 82.Section 126: The remainder of the nerves spring from the hind-brain124 words
  83. 83.Section 127: If the student will now recur to the figures of the dog's118 words
  84. 84.Section 128: The eighth nerve (auditory) is purely sensory, the nerve60 words
  85. 85.Section 129: The ninth (glossopharyngeal) nerve is chiefly sensory;176 words
  86. 86.Section 130: Of the functions of the several parts of the brain there is73 words
  87. 87.Section 131: A cross section of the spinal cord is shown in Figure 6,171 words
  88. 88.Section 132: Besides the great mass of brain and spinal cord154 words
  89. 89.Section 133: There are eight cervical (spinal) nerves, one in front of84 words
  90. 90.Section 134: From the sympathetic in the hinder region of the thorax70 words
  91. 91.Section 135: Finally, we may note the pineal gland and the pituitary170 words
  92. 92.Section 136: We have now really completed our survey of the178 words
  1. 93.Section 137: The female organs of reproduction are shown in122 words
  2. 94.Section 138: The ovum (ov.), is now large, and its nucleus and86 words
  3. 95.Section 139: The liberated ovum is caught up by the funnel-shaped65 words
  4. 96.Section 140: In the male we find, in the position of the female uterus,129 words
  5. 97.Section 142: In the first place, the rabbit is a metazoon, one of the162 words
  6. 98.Section 143: We also see in various organs of the rabbit, and140 words
  7. 99.Section 144: In contrast to metameric segmentation is the antimeric49 words
  8. 100.Section 145: We are now in a position to appreciate the fact that the205 words
  9. 101.Section 146: The rabbit shares the following features with all the88 words
  10. 102.Section 147: The rabbit shares the following features with all the56 words
  11. 103.Section 148: The rabbit shares with all mammals, and differs from all98 words
  12. 104.Section 149: The rabbit, together with the hares and conies, rats and927 words
  13. 105.Section 2: If we now compare the general anatomy of the frog (vide644 words
  14. 106.Section 8: It might be inferred from this that pure and impure blood353 words
  15. 107.Section 10: Figure 3 gives a side view of the frog, to display the753 words
  16. 108.Section 15: Figure 7 shows the pelvic girdle and limb of the frog176 words
  17. 109.Section 16: The uro-genital organs of the frog, and especially those390 words
  18. 110.Section 18: The same essential parts are to be found in the brain of1,073 words
  19. 111.Section 27: But another series of bones, developed first chiefly in170 words
  20. 112.Section 28: Turning now to Figure 8,I., we have a side view of a412 words
  21. 113.Section 30: Figure 9 represents, in the most diagrammatic way, the617 words
  22. 114.Section 36: We are now in a position to notice, without any danger of168 words
  23. 115.Section 37: But as certainly as we have no such metameric271 words
  24. 116.Section 36: Questions on the Frog540 words
  25. 117.Section 1: In the dog-fish we have a far more antique type of162 words
  26. 118.Section 2: Comparing the general build, of a dog-fish with that of a235 words
  27. 119.Section 3: The skin of the dog-fish is closely set with pointed307 words
  28. 120.Section 4: The alimentary canal of the dog-fish, is a simple tube203 words
  29. 121.Section 5: The circulation presents, in many respects, an387 words
  30. 122.Section 8: Instead of being tubular vessels, the chief veins of the226 words
  31. 123.Section 9: The internal skeleton, as we have said, is entirely414 words
  32. 124.Section 12: The skull consists of a cartilaginous cranium, and of jaw526 words
  33. 125.Section 15: The dog-fish has ten pairs of cranial nerves,740 words
  34. 126.Section 18: The uro-genital organs of the female dog-fish (Figure 1,207 words
  35. 127.Section 19: Figure 3, Sheet 17, is a generalized diagram of the291 words
  36. 128.Section 21: This completes our survey of this type. Except where we286 words
  37. 129.Section 1: We find in Amphioxus the essential vertebrate features188 words
  38. 130.Section 2: The vertebral column is devoid of vertebrae; it is675 words
  39. 131.Section 6: The coelom, or body cavity, of Amphioxus lies, of course,350 words
  40. 132.Section 7: The method of examining cross-sections is an extremely210 words
  41. 133.Section 8: If we compare the nervous system of amphioxus with that293 words
  42. 134.Section 9: No kidney on the vertebrate pattern is found, but the1,447 words
  43. 135.Section 23: The formation of the respiratory slits is complicated, and230 words
  44. 136.Section 2: In the testes of the male is found an intricate network of89 words
  45. 137.Section 3: In the ovary, the ova are formed, and grow to a85 words
  46. 138.Section 4: After the ovum has finished its growth, and elaborated the237 words
  47. 139.Section 7: The ovum next begins to divide. A furrow cutting deeper141 words
  48. 140.Section 8: The next phase of development has an equally curious183 words
  49. 141.Section 10: Figure 6 shows a slightly later ovum than Figure 5, seen115 words
  50. 142.Section 11: Simultaneously, on either side of the notochord appear a237 words
  51. 143.Section 12: Figure 8 is one which we reproduce, with the necessary99 words
  52. 144.Section 13: Figure 9 gives a similar diagram of a later stage, but here94 words
  53. 145.Section 14: We may now consider the development of the different69 words
  54. 146.Section 15: The hypoblastic notochord is early embraced by a161 words
  55. 147.Section 17: The origin of the circulatory and respiratory organs is481 words
  56. 148.Section 18: The origin of the renal organ and duct has very317 words
  57. 149.Section 19: The student should now compare the figures on Sheet 17110 words
  58. 150.Section 20: Tabulating these facts45 words
  59. 151.Section 22: The alimentary canal is, at first, a straight tube. Its77 words
  60. 152.Section 23: The frog has an ovum with a moderate allowance of yolk,111 words
  61. 153.Section 24: We pointed out that the presence of the yolk in the frog's207 words
  62. 154.Section 25: There is no open invagination of an archenteron in the306 words
  63. 155.Section 26: Figure 3a of the fowl will conveniently serve for128 words
  64. 156.Section 27: So far, the essential differences between the development70 words
  65. 157.Section 28: Another striking contrast, due to, or connected with, this234 words
  66. 158.Section 29: The nature of the amnion will be understood by following196 words
  67. 159.Section 30: The heart in the fowl appears first as a pair of vessels,148 words
  68. 160.Section 31: Two vitelline veins from the yolk sac (v.v.) flow into the185 words
  69. 161.Section 32: Five aortic arches are generally stated to appear105 words
  70. 162.Section 33: Blood, it may be mentioned, first appears in the area181 words
  71. 163.Section 34: With the exception of the reduction of the pronephros,140 words
  72. 164.Section 35: The early development of the rabbit is apt to puzzle128 words
  73. 165.Section 36: A solid mass of cells is formed at the beginning, called a92 words
  74. 166.Section 37: As the egg develops, however, we are astonished to find289 words
  75. 167.Section 38: But the allantois and yolk sac of the rabbit, though they233 words
  76. 168.Section 39: In its later development, the general facts already161 words
  77. 169.Section 40: We may note here the development of the eye. This is162 words
  78. 170.Section 41: The supposition, that the general characters of the99 words
  79. 171.Section 42: In conclusion, we would earnestly recommend the184 words
  80. 172.Section 43: We have now considered our types, both from the113 words
  81. 173.Section 44: It has been suggested by very excellent people that these74 words
  82. 174.Section 45: It must not be for a moment imagined that it is implied65 words
  83. 175.Section 46: Hence we may infer that the mammals were the last of148 words
  84. 176.Section 48: Two subcontrary propositions hold of the young of any53 words
  85. 177.Section 49: Now the parent or parents, since they live and breed,235 words
  86. 178.Section 50: The idea of this process of change may be perhaps149 words
  87. 179.Section 51: But conditions may alter. For instance, while most of268 words
  88. 180.Section 52: Take a wider range of time and vaster changes of235 words
  89. 181.Section 53: It would, however, be beyond the design of this book to82 words
  90. 182.Section 54: It is in the demonstration of this wonderful unity in life,7,051 words
  91. 183.Section 1153,579 words