Chapter XV: Irrespirable Gases

CARBON DIOXIDE

_Circumstances under which it occurs accidentally._--Death may result where several persons are sleeping in the same room, and the ventilation is imperfect; from the admission of the vapour of charcoal into a room from an adjoining vent; or from incautiously sleeping in a brewery close to a vat in which fermentation is going on. Many deaths have occurred from this gas, due to the incautious descent into wells. It must also be borne in mind that death may result from the presence of this gas in an atmosphere which will permit the combustion of a candle. For a candle will burn in an atmosphere containing 25 per cent. of CO₂, whereas 5 per cent. will cause death. The burning of a candle is therefore no test of security from danger in an atmosphere where the presence of carbonic acid is suspected. Carbonic acid does not, as is generally supposed, sink to the lower portions of a room; and Dr. Taylor, from his experiments, states “that in a small and close room persons are liable to be suffocated at all levels, from the very equal and rapid diffusion of carbonic acid during combustion.”

_Symptoms._--When the carbonic acid is pure, that is, unmixed with other gases, spasm of the glottis at once occurs, and the sufferer falls down insensible, and death is almost immediate. When the gas is diluted the early symptoms are a feeling of weight and fulness in the head, accompanied with giddiness, throbbing of the temporal arteries, drowsiness, palpitation of the heart, gradually increasing insensibility, stertorous breathing, ending in death from asphyxia or apoplexy. Sometimes the victim dies convulsed, at other times a deep sleep quietly merges into death. The symptoms will, of course, depend upon the quantity and purity of the gas present in the apartment.

_Action on the Animal Economy._--The opinions of observers vary greatly--Berzelius maintaining that an atmosphere containing 5 per cent. was not injurious to life; Allen and Pepys, on the other hand, stating that 10 per cent. of the gas would cause death. Bernard considers that it is not poisonous, as it can be injected into the bodies of animals without injury, and that its action is purely negative; it is irrespirable in the same sense as pure hydrogen or nitrogen is--simply, therefore, causing death by suffocation. Whatever may be the true explanation of its action, it is enough for all practical purposes to know that death follows when it is breathed, even when mixed with a normal amount of oxygen.

_Post-mortem Appearances._--The face may be pale and composed, or swollen and livid. The vessels of the brain are frequently greatly congested, and the heart and great vessels gorged with black fluid blood. The blood in some cases, however, is of a cherry-red colour. This may probably be due to the presence of carbon monoxide, which appears to have the power of preventing the change of arterial into venous blood, the opposite effect to that of carbon dioxide. The tongue may or may not be protruded beyond the teeth; in most instances the latter is the case. Animal heat is long retained after death, and the _rigor mortis_ occurs as in other forms of death.

_Treatment._--Bleeding from the arm, cupping from the nape of the neck, and the employment of cold affusion to the head. The patient should be removed without delay into the open air. Artificial respiration and galvanism have been successfully employed in some cases, and inhalations of oxygen should be used if possible.

_How the proportion of Carbon Dioxide may be estimated._--The air to be examined is drawn into a vessel capable of holding one and a half gallons, to which is added a clear solution of lime or baryta. The vessel, after being well agitated, is allowed to remain untouched for from eight to twenty-four hours. The carbonic acid is absorbed by the lime or baryta, and the difference in the causticity of the lime solution before and after it is placed in the vessel gives the amount of carbonic acid present in the air. A simple method of collecting the air in a mine is by lowering a bottle full of fine sand, so arranged that at any depth it may be turned upside down, and the sand allowed to run out, its place being taken by the air of the mine. The bottle may now be quickly drawn up, corked, and reserved for examination.

_How may an Apartment, Well, or Mine be cleared of it?_--Free ventilation in the first case. In the case of a well, a basket of slaked lime may be let down; but in mines a steam fanner or a jet of steam must be blown through the mine. No one, of course, should be allowed to enter the well or mine until it has been cleared of the carbonic acid.

CARBON MONOXIDE

This gas is formed in a variety of ways, one being the oxidation of carbon at a very high temperature in a limited supply of oxygen. It is given off by iron stoves at a red heat. It is one of the chief ingredients of the vapour of burning charcoal.

To this gas is due the suffocating quality of air in which coke or charcoal is burnt. It is inodorous, hence the dangerous insidiousness with which it produces its fatal results. It is said that 0.5 per cent. will cause death, and even 0.1 per cent. is injurious. The vapours from brick kilns and “burnt ballast” heaps are injurious to health, and the owners of them may be indicted for causing a nuisance.

The fumes from burning charcoal are taken advantage of for purposes of suicide, a method frequently used on the Continent, but almost unheard of in England. The suicide generally shuts himself up in a room, which he has closed against any ventilation, and in which he has placed a receptacle containing burning coke or charcoal.

Poisoning by carbon monoxide occurs in two forms--_acute_ and _chronic_.

_Symptoms_: _Acute._--The first symptoms may be those of excitation, which are quickly followed by intense headache, giddiness, throbbing of the temples, and nausea followed by vomiting. Muscular weakness occurs, sensation and the reflexes are lost, drowsiness and coma follow, and in fatal cases convulsions often come on before death. The pulse becomes imperceptible at the wrist. The conjunctivæ become hyperæmic, the eyes staring, the pupils dilated and insensible. The voluntary and involuntary muscles are relaxed, the skin cold and cyanotic, and the lips covered with froth.

_Chronic._--The symptoms are headache, neuralgic pains, anæmia, shortness of breath, and wasting; when advanced they are those of peripheral neuritis and mental disturbances.

The less severe symptoms of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning are not uncommon, and occur in those who occupy small and badly ventilated rooms, in which there may be a heating stove, gas stove, or imperfect gas fittings; the last are especially dangerous when water gas is used for illuminating purposes, as it contains a high percentage of carbon monoxide.

It is a very powerful gas, speedily causing death by acting chiefly on the nervous system, the symptoms being those produced by a pure narcotic.

The _post-mortem_ signs are redness of the face, with reddish patches on different parts of the body. The blood--and this is chiefly characteristic of carbon monoxide poisoning--is cherry-red, due to a chemical compound formed by the action of the gas on the colouring matter of the blood, thus paralysing the oxygen-carrying power of the blood corpuscles. The gas is supposed to combine with the hæmoglobin forming a fixed compound, the spectroscopic examination showing the two absorption bands of the hæmoglobin nearer to the violet end of the spectrum than under normal conditions. (See Blood Spectra, p. 103.)

These bands resemble those of O₂Hb, so their position must be compared with a spectrum of O₂Hb, the two spectra being side by side.

There is another important difference, however, determined by the action of a reducing agent such as ammonium sulphide. The bands of COHb are unaltered, while those of O₂Hb are reduced. Death frequently takes place before all the Hb has been changed into COHb, so that the blood contains a mixture of COHb and O₂Hb, and on the addition of a reducing agent the spectrum is a composite one of COHb and reduced Hb. Only the broad band of reduced Hb is to be seen if the amount of COHb present be less than 28 per cent. In an atmosphere containing a large percentage of carbon monoxide death may occur before the blood contains sufficient COHb to give the characteristic spectrum.

The _treatment_ consists in the removal of the sufferer into the fresh air, artificial respiration, venesection, and the transfusion of arterialised defibrinated blood. Oxygen inhalations should be given. In two cases subcutaneous injections of nitro-glycerine were followed by recovery.

WATER GAS

This gas is prepared by passing steam through incandescent carbon, and is a compound of nearly equal parts of carbonic oxide and hydrogen. It owes its dangerous properties to the first-named gas. When water gas, pure and simple, is supplied for heating purposes, its leakage cannot be detected, as the gas possesses no odour. When used for lighting and carburetted, its escape is more readily detected by the smell, but even then it is more dangerous than coal gas as the proportion of CO is higher. Several deaths have resulted from the use of water gas for heating and lighting purposes, and also for steel smelting in Leeds. The symptoms of poisoning are those of carbon monoxide.

SULPHURETTED HYDROGEN

Sulphuretted hydrogen is a gas possessing a powerful odour of rotten eggs. It is largely used as a test for most of the metals; and its presence may be detected by filter paper, moistened with a salt of lead, becoming black.

_Symptoms._--When the gas is moderately diluted the symptoms produced are giddiness, throbbing of the temples, pain and oppression of the stomach, nausea, and vomiting; delirium and convulsions sometimes occur, together with laborious respiration and an irregular pulse. When the gas is but slightly diluted, the person becomes suddenly weak and insensible, and rapidly dies.

_Post-mortem Appearances._--Fluidity and blackness of the blood, loss of muscular contractility, and a tendency to rapid putrefaction. The bronchial tubes are reddened, and the internal vascular organs may appear almost black.

_Treatment._--This will consist in the immediate removal of the person into fresh air, and the administration of stimulants, together with the respiration of chlorine gas evolved from bleaching powder by the action of an acid.

COAL GAS

Coal gas is composed of several hydrocarbons, the chief of which is marsh gas, together with free hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, and sulphides of carbon, which give to it its peculiar odour. The poisonous properties of coal gas are due to the carbon monoxide, 7.5 per cent. being present in ordinary gas as supplied for illuminating purposes. It can be detected by passing the coal gas through an acid solution of cuprous chloride, which becomes black by the formation of a compound CuCOCl. A dangerous explosive compound is formed when the gas reaches the proportion of 1 in 10 of the atmosphere. Poisoning by this gas is, as a rule, accidental.

_Symptoms._--Headache, nausea, vomiting, giddiness, ending in coma. Stertorous breathing is noticed in some cases. Should the sufferer be removed from the gas, the breath smells strongly of the gas. The murderer Chantrelle tried to cover his crime by admitting gas into his wife‘s bedroom, but the attempt failed. The pupils are, as a rule, dilated before death.

_Post-mortem Appearances._--Cherry-red colour of the blood, redness of the pulmonary tissue, and froth in the air-passages. The vessels of the brain are engorged, and rose-coloured patches appear on the thighs.

_Treatment._--This consists in removing the patient into the fresh air, artificial respiration, oxygen inhalations, &c., as in carbon monoxide.

COMBUSTION GASES

Toxic effects have been produced by inhalation of the gases caused by explosives. The principal gases are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen. Gunpowder yields a considerable amount of CO and sulphuretted hydrogen. Nitro-glycerine, dynamite, and gun-cotton yield a large amount of CO. Tonite yields very little CO, and roburite none. Smokeless powders give off CO.

The manufacture of “roburite” and “sicherheit,” which contain dinitro-benzine, is fraught with danger from this substance, causing, in acute cases, cyanosis of the face or the whole body, headache, vertigo, paresis, coldness, quick pulse, dyspnœa, shallow breathing with long intervals, and coma. Vomiting may occur, and the blood becomes a chocolate colour. A chronic form of poisoning produces lividity and cyanosis, with gastritis, hepatic enlargement and jaundice, paræsthesia, numbness, and cramps in the muscles, amblyopia with concentric contraction of vision-fields, and central scotoma. The blood is like that of pernicious anæmia, and the urine brown or blackish.

ACETYLENE GAS

This gas has a peculiar odour of geranium. It is a product of the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons, and is formed when lamps or gas jets are burned with insufficient air, _e.g._ a Bunsen burner which has “lighted back,” also from the use of oil stoves, and gas cooking and heating apparatus. It is used for illumination, and formed by the action of water on calcium carbide. It forms a highly explosive mixture with air. It is not a potent poison. Continued exposure to it causes anæmia, malnutrition, and nervous symptoms. On animals it produces narcosis. It does not combine with hæmoglobin, but acts as an indifferent gas.

NITROGEN MONOXIDE, NITROUS OXIDE

This is known as laughing gas; it has a sweetish taste and smell. When breathed in small quantities it produces tingling sensations and induces laughter, hence its name. When breathed for anæsthetic purposes the skin becomes livid, the blood pressure raised, and unconsciousness follows. It acts first upon the higher nerve centres, then upon the spinal cord, medulla, and heart. If pushed too far it causes death by asphyxia. In ordinary use for anæsthesia, the latter is rapidly produced, and recovery follows quickly when the administration is stopped. It has peculiar effects upon certain people, who may not only show the symptoms of hilarity, but, in some cases, become extremely violent.

PETROL FUMES

Petrol fumes produce toxic effects upon those who breathe them, comprising perverted taste, dysphagia, headache, giddiness, cyanosis, insensibility, mania and imbecility. Maniacal outbreaks occur during recovery. Peripheral neuritis may follow.

NAPHTHA, BENZOL OR BENZENE

This causes poisoning when swallowed or inhaled, _e.g._ glove cleaning, waterproofing, &c. Death has taken place in either way.

_Symptoms._--In _acute_ poisoning there is excitement, flushing of the face, cyanosis, dilated pupils, headache, slow breathing, stupor and coma, with gastro-intestinal irritation.

Hallucinations and delirium may occur amongst workers in it; idiosyncrasy plays a part. Women may become intoxicated, excited, and hysterical. It may cause headache, vertigo, narcosis, and inability to walk, with vomiting. Small hæmorrhages may occur. Rapid coma and death may occur when the vapour is concentrated.

_Treatment._--When swallowed, the stomach tube should be used and ether and strychnine given hypodermically. When overcome by vapour, removal to the open air, artificial respiration, oxygen inhalations, and restoratives are required.

SULPHUR DIOXIDE

This is an irrespirible gas with the odour of burning sulphur. It is a preservative and bleaching agent, is used for disinfection, and occurs in certain industries.

The inhalation of the fumes causes a feeling of suffocation, with spasm of the glottis, and irritation of the nose, trachea, and bronchi, producing sneezing and cough; opacity of the cornea, dyspnœa, cyanosis, and convulsions may occur.

CHLORINE

The gas is used for disinfection and bleaching. In chemical works chronic poisoning may occur causing anæmia, emaciation, gastritis, dental caries, bronchitis, and emphysema. If concentrated, it causes dyspnœa, violent cough, hæmoptysis, stupor, and syncope.

_Treatment._--Fresh air, steam inhalations, and the general treatment of the lung conditions.

PHOSPHORETTED HYDROGEN

This is a very poisonous gas. Deaths have occurred on board ships carrying cargoes of electrolytic ferrosilicate containing calcium phosphide. It reduces the oxyhæmoglobin. It may produce rapid, followed by slow and laboured breathing and convulsions.

INDEX

Abdomen, P.-M. exam., 58, 59;
enlargement of, 153;
in delivery, 156;
in pregnancy, 153;
in starvation, 132;
injuries of, 75
Abel, Prof., on arsenic, 284
Abercrombie, Dr., on apoplexy, 73
Abortion, criminal, 64, 76, 159 _et seq._;
causes of, 160, 161;
dangers of, 161;
definition of, 160, 164;
examination in, 162, 163;
in poisoning, 313, 317, 319, 322;
law of, 159;
R. _v._ Goodhall, 159
Abscess, in wounds, 84
Accident, death from, 2
Acetanilide (antifebrin), 363
Acetic acid, 262
Acetone, in starvation, 132
Acetylene gas, 401
Acid poisons, 231, 234, 246
Aconite and aconitine, 229, 234, 239, 348, 375, 376
Action (general) of poisons, 232-34
Acts of Parliament:--
_Arsenic Act_, 1851 (14 Vict. c. 13), 230, 275;
_Coroners Acts_, De Officio Coronatoris
(4 Edw. I, c. 2, 1275), 3, 4;
50 & 51 Vict., 1887, 3;
_Factory and Workshop Act_, 1901, 12;
_Fœticide_ (24 & 25 Vict. c. 100, sec. 58 and 59), 159;
_Habitual Drunkard‘s Act_, 226;
_Indictable Offences Act_, 1848 (sec. 17), 18;
_Infanticide_ (21 Jac. I. c. 27), 165;
(24 & 25 Vict. c. 100, sec. 60), 166;
_Lunacy Acts_ (8 & 9 Vict. c. 100, secs. 90 and 114), 195;
(16 & 17 Vict. c. 70), 224;
(16 & 17 Vict. c. 96, sec. 4), 207;
(25 & 26 Vict. c. 86), 224;
(53 Vict. c. 5, 1890), 210-219;
(53 Vict. c. 53), 207, 223;
(54 & 55 Vict. c. 65, 1891), 207, 223;
_Mental Deficiency Act_, 1913, 198;
_Notification of Births Act_, 1907, 12;
_Notification of Infectious Diseases_, 1889, 12;
_Pharmacy Act_, 1868, 228;
_Poisons Act_ (24 & 25 Vict. c. 100, secs. 11, 22-25), 228;
_Poisons and Pharmacy Act_, 1908, 229;
Additions to Schedule Order, 1913, 229;
_Rape_ (24 & 25 Vict. c. 100, sec. 48), 140;
(48 & 49 Vict. c. 69, 1885), 140, 141;
_Wounding_ (24 & 25 Vict. c. 100, sec. 18), 69
Adam, Dr., on croton oil, 318
Addington, on poisoning, 240
Adipocere, 52
After-pains, in delivery, 156
Age, ossification as a sign of, 33, 34, 174;
putrefaction, 50
Ague and arsenic, 274
Air and putrefaction, 50, 55
Albumen, as antidote, 300, 312;
in urine, 41, 258, 268, 307, 382
Alcohol, 40, 62, 114, 119, 120, 135, 226, 231,
232, 244, 348, 354 _et seq._;
amylic, 362
Alexander, on poisoning, 233, 238
Alimentary canal, 61, 271, 291, 297, 306, 310, 322, 346
Alison, on infanticide, 166
Alkalies, in poisoning, 231, 234, 262 _et seq._
Alkaloid poisons, 229;
mydriatic, 349 _et seq._;
putrefactive, 323 _et seq._;
vegetable, 335 _et seq._
Allen, Dr., on CO₂, 397
Almonds, bitter, 62, 229, 361, 373
Amenorrhœa, in sterility, 188
Ammonia, 264 _et seq._
Amos, on inheritance, 184
Anæmia, 132, 299, 307, 401, 403
Analysis, chem., in P.-M. exam., 57, 62
Anasarca, 41
Aneurysm, in death from wounds, 81
Aniline oil, 108, 361, 362
Animal poisons, 231, 322 _et seq._
Ante-mortem injuries, 79
Anthropometry, 24;
Commission on, 133
Antibodies, in blood tests, 105
Antidotes, in poisoning, 243
Antifebrin, 363
Antigen, in blood tests, 105
Antimony, 229, 234, 264 _et seq._, 280, 282, 292 _et seq._
Antiserum, in blood tests, 105, 106
Apes, in blood testing, 105, 107
Aphasia, 73, 226
Apnœa, 118, 121, 126, 128
Apomorphine, 243, 257, 300, 345
Apoplexy, 40, 73, 118, 121, 126, 136, 236, 241, 347, 397
Arborescent marks, 137
Areola, of nipple, 152, 156
Arterio-sclerosis, 307
Arthritis, in lead poisoning, 307
Asphyxia, 38, 39, 110, 121 _et seq._, 136, 139, 369,
375, 380, 397, 402
Assaults, 27, 68, 80;
Law cases of, R. _v._ Rosinski, 68;
R. _v._ Case, 68
Assize Courts, 5
Atelectasis pulmonum, 169
Atheroma, as cause of death, 73
Atrophy, acute yellow, of liver and phosphorus poisoning, 268
Atropine, 229, 244, 348, 349, 372
Auscultation, in pregnancy, 151
Aveling, Dr., on delivery, 157

Bacillus enteritidis, 329, 330;
botulinus, 329, 330;
typhosus, 328
Bacterial poisons, 323, 328 _et seq._
Bail, 4
Bailie, Justice, on medical evidence, 19
Ballottement, in pregnancy, 154
Banti‘s disease, and X-rays, 114
Barristers, 5
Baryta and barium salts, 234, 244, 248, 313, 315
Battery, 68
Beatson, on burns, 114
Becker, on blood-stains, 92
Beer and arsenic, 290;
and strychnine, 337
Belladonna, 229, 231 _et seq._, 349-351
Bentley, on fungi, 359
Benzene and benzole, and alkaloids, 337, 338, 402
Bernard, on CO₂, 397
Bertillon‘s method, 24
Berzelius, on CO₂, 397
Beverley case, 193
Bigelow, on wounds, 74
Bile, in poisoning, 233
Bilroth, on carbolic acid, 256
Biological tests, for blood, 105;
semen, 146
Birds, blood corpuscles, 96, 99
Birth--certificates, 12;
marks, 23;
precipitate, 177;
premature, 186
Bismuth, 314
Blackening, in wounds, 78, 87
Blackstone, on infanticide, 167;
on inheritance, 184
Bladder and putrefaction, 54;
in new born, 169;
in P.-M. exam., 62, 169
Blandy case, 240
Blisters, in burns, 112;
in infanticide, 167
Blizzard (Sir W.), on evidence, 20
Blondlot, on phosphorus, 269
Blood, corpuscles, 97 _et seq._;
crystals, 96-102;
cysts, 73;
films, 94;
in burning, 112;
cold, 135, 136;
drowning, 130;
heat-stroke, 137;
mammalian, 96, 105;
menstrual, 96;
P.-M., 62;
poisoning, 232, 247, 256, 267, 271, 319,
327, 355, 360, 362, 399, 401;
rape, 142, 143;
suffocation, 199;
stains, 79, 80, 89 _et seq._, 145;
vessels, 54, 81, 232
Bloxam, on arsenic, 284;
test, 393
Blue line, in lead poisoning, 307
Blyth, on poisons, 227;
tests, 350, 396
Board of Trade and electricity, 138
Body viewing, 4
Bones, epiphyses, 33, 34;
fractures, 56;
ossification, 33, 34;
poisoning, 238, 268, 271
Bonnewyn, on mercury poisoning, 304
Books, use of, in Court, 19
Borax, 91, 92
Bouchard, on leucomaines, 327
Bouchet, on signs of death, 33, 34
Boutmy, on alkaloids, 326
Bouvalat, on sudden death, 42
Bowels (_see_ Intestine)
Brain, 54, 58, 71 _et seq._;
in burns, 112;
cold, 130;
drowning, 130;
electricity, 138;
poisoning, 231, 233, 238, 256, 269, 291, 297, 345, 355,
356, 360, 364, 366, 375, 377, 378, 380, 384;
suffocation, 119
Brande and Taylor‘s method, in arsenic, 280, 281
Bravo case, 294
Breasts, in pregnancy, 152
Briand and Chaudé, on wounds, 75
Brieger, on alkaloids, 326
Bright‘s disease, and poisoning, 235, 244
Brodie (Sir B.), on cold, 135
Bromatotoximus, 328 _et seq._
Brouardel, on alkaloids, 326
Broughton (Sir T.), on poisoning, 374
Bruce, Justice, on dying declarations, 17
Brucine, 342, 388, 393, 396
Bruises, 115, 144
Brunton, Dr., on brucine, 394
Bryony, 322
Burgess, on opium, 345
Burnett‘s fluid, 165
Burns, 64, 110 _et seq._

Cachexia, in poisoning, 299
Cacodylic acid, 290
Cadaveric rigidity (rigor mortis), 46 _et seq._, 119;
spasm, 48, 78, 80
Cadmium, 281
Calabar bean, 231, 233, 348, 386, 387
Calcium chloride, 260
Callus, provisional, 77
Calomel, 301
Camel, blood corpuscles, 96
Camphor, 349, 352
Canadian partridges and poisoning, 236
Cancer and arsenic, 274
Cancrum oris and mercury, 300
Cannabis Indica, 232
Cantharidis, 229, 231, 234, 322
Caput succedaneum, 180
Carbolic Acid, 229, 231, 234, 254 _et seq._, 348
Carbon bisulphide, 112, 379;
dioxide, 231, 232, 397;
monoxide, 104, 112, 232, 398
Carunculæ myrtiformes, 148
Caspar, 21, 52, 70, 86, 113, 122, 123, 128, 130, 142,
149, 169, 170, 173, 177, 247, 319, 355
Castlehaven, Earl of, and rape, 140
Castor-oil, 321
Catalepsy, and rigor mortis, 48
Cat‘s bile, in blood testing, 98
Caustic salts, 231;
soda, 231, 262;
potash, 262
Cave, Justice, on dying declarations, 16, 17
Cell, Sorby‘s, 105
Central Criminal Court, 10
Cerebral concussion, 72, 356;
compression, 72;
poisons, 231, 377 _et seq._
Certificates of birth, &c., 11 _et seq._;
exemption, 191;
lunacy, 206 _et seq._
Cervix uteri, 153
Cessation of circulation and respiration, 43
Chalk, in poisoning, 244, 247
Chancery Court, 224
Chancre, soft, 143
Chantrelle, on coal gas, 401
Charcoal, in poisoning by CO₂, 121
Charpentier, on abortion, 162
Chastity, offences against, 140 _et seq._
Chemical exam., 98;
poisons, 231, 246
Cherry-laurel, 374
Chest, in infanticide, 168;
new born, 168;
P.-M. exam., 59
Chevers, on suffocation, 122
Cheyne-Stokes breathing, 41, 136
Children, weight and height of, 134
Chlorine, 232, 372, 403
Chloroform, 230, 232, 239, 244, 337, 348, 378, 393
Cholera, simulating poisoning, 241
Chossat‘s experiments, 132
Christison (Sir R.), 12, 112, 116, 118, 238, 240, 258,
275, 278, 305, 343, 344, 386
Chromium, 316
Churchill, on suffocation, 186
Cicatrices of wounds, 21 _et seq._
Cinnabar, 301
Circulation in poisoning, 255, 271, 291, 297, 309, 310
Cisterns, in lead poisoning, 305, 306
Citation of witnesses, 8 _et seq._
Civil rights in lunacy, 224
Climate, in putrefaction, 50
Clothes, cuts in, 71, 80;
in burning, 111;
stains on, 89, 91
Coagulation of blood, 78, 89, 112
Coal gas poisoning, 232, 400;
coal-tar, 254
Cobalt, in hydrocyanic acid, 373
Coca, 229, 230;
cocaine, 357, 358
Cocculus Indicus, 232, 354, 358
Cockburn, Lord, on poisons, 228
Code Napoleon, 185
Coke, Lord, on murder, 69;
on live birth, 167;
on inheritance, 184
Colchicum, 231, 234, 318
Cold, death from, 135, 136;
P.-M. appearances in, 135
Coleridge, Lord, on poisons, 228
Colic, in poisoning, 241, 242, 305, 306, 317
Collapse, in poisoning, 258, 268, 330, 333
Colostrum, in delivery, 156
Colour, in putrefaction, 51, 52
Coma, 39, 40, 135, 137;
in poisoning, 268, 276, 290, 310, 327, 333, 343,
349, 351, 354, 360, 377, 382, 399
Combustion gases, 401;
spontaneous, 113
Comminuted fractures, 74
Commissioners in lunacy, 208, 210, 213, 220, 221, 224
Committee of estate in lunacy, 220, 221, 224
Complications, in injuries, 81
Compression, cerebral, 40, 72
Concealment of birth and pregnancy, 166, 183
Concussion, cerebral, 72, 356
Confectionery and arsenic, 287, 290, 306
Congenital deformities, 23;
disease, 178
Conium, 231, 234, 385, 386;
conine, 385
Conolly, on mania, 200
Constitutional peculiarity, 51
Contre-coup in fracture of skull, 74
Contusions, 60, 61, 74, 84, 115
Convulsions, in poisoning, 268, 276, 293, 310, 327, 332, 343,
349, 351, 354, 360, 377, 382, 399
Cooling of body, 30, 45
Cooper (Sir A.), on gunshot wounds, 87
Copper, sulphate, 243, 280, 290, 300, 331, 332;
subacetate, 310 _et seq._
Cord, marks of, 123, 176;
spinal, injuries of, 74
Cornier, Henrietta, case, 203
Coroners, 2;
Act, 2-4;
Court, 2 _et seq._;
jury, 3
Corpus luteum, in abortion, 164
Corpuscles (_see_ Blood), 97 _et seq._
Corrosive poisons, 110, 112, 231, 234, 244, 246, 275;
sublimate, 229, 232, 341
Cotton fibres, 93
County Council, 2
Court of Criminal Appeal, 5;
Probate, 10;
Session, 10, 224
Cramps, in poisoning, 276, 293, 311, 401
Creosote, 254
Crepitation, in fracture, 71;
in lung, 170, 172
Cretinism, 197
Criminal abortion (_see_ Abortion);
procedure, 2 _et seq._
Cross-examination, 4, 5
Croton oil, 318
Crown Office instructions, 7, 56 _et seq._
Crying, in infanticide, 167
Cryptorchids, 187
Crystals, antimony, 292, 293;
arsenic, 282, 283;
blood, 96;
brucine, 395;
hæmin, 101, 102;
hæmoglobin, 96, 98;
meconic acid, 340;
mercury, 298;
morphine, 339;
seminal, 146;
strychnine, 389, 392;
Teichmann‘s, 101
Culpable homicide, 68
Cunningham, on electricity, 138, 139
Curator bonis, in lunacy, 225
“Cut the Bill”, 5
Cutis anserina, 128, 129, 355
Cyanide of mercury, 301;
potassium, 229 373
Cyanosis, 122, 361, 378, 401

Darling, Justice, on dying declarations, 17
Daturine, 349, 352
Day‘s test (blood), 100
Death, 43 _et seq._;
certificate of, 2;
from bruises, 116;
burns, 111;
suffocation, 108;
wounds, 80;
fœtus, 174;
sudden, 42
Deformities, 21, 24
Deeming case, 203
Degrees of burns, 110
Deliriant poisons, 231, 249 _et seq._
Delirium, 136, 205, 235, 320, 321, 330,
344, 349, 355, 366, 375, 380
Delivery, 64, 65, 155 _et seq._, 175
Delpach, on cicatrices, 23
Delusions in lunacy, 193, 196, 199, 200
Dementia in lunacy, 204, 205
Depositions, 18
De Quincey, on opium, 344
Deutsch, on blood, 105
Development of embryo, 35, 36
Devergie, on scars, 22;
on hair-dyeing, 26;
on putrefaction, 30, 128;
on rape, 144
Diabetes, sudden death, 41;
starvation, 132
Diachylon, in abortion, 161
Diagnosis of insensibility, 39
Diaphragm in new born, 168;
in putrefaction, 54
Diarrhœa, 277, 300, 325, 330, 333, 367, 374, 378
Dichroism of blood, 100
Diday, on chancre, 143
Diethylarzine, 288
Diethyl-barbituric acid, 230
Digitalis, 230, 232, 364 _et seq._;
Digitaline, 365
Dinitrobenzene, 361
Discharge of lunatics, 221
Dissection, P.-M., 58;
instruments, 56
Dobie, on antimony, 293
Docimasia pulmonum hydrostatica, 170;
pulmonaris, 173;
circulationis, 182
Doe, Justice, on insanity, 195
Donné, M., on rape, 144
Donovan‘s solution, 287
Dowzard‘s apparatus, 270, 285
Dragendorff‘s method (alkaloids), 337
Dropsy, 155, 355
Drop-wrist, 307
Drowning, 63, 127 _et seq._, 171, 176
Drunkenness, 72, 114, 135, 226, 235
Duboisine, 349
Ductus arteriosus and venosus, 182
Duncan, Mathews, on pregnancy, 153;
on superfœtation, 186
Dupuytren, M., on cicatrices, 23;
on fractures, 77, 87;
on burns, 111
Durrant, Dr., on veronal, 384
Dussant‘s method, 269
Duties of medical men, 79
Dyed fabrics, 91
Dyeing, of hair, 26;
and arsenic, 274
Dyer, Dr., on suffocation, 122;
mixture, 265
Dyes, in blood-stains, 108
Dying, declarations, 11, 16 _et seq._;
Law cases: Fagent, 17;
Forester, 17;
Holloway, 18;
Mitchell, 17;
Smith, 17;
Whitmarsh, 17;
modes of, 38 _et seq._
Dysentery, in poisoning, 235
Dysmenorrhœa, 188
Dyspnœa, 327, 375, 382, 403

Earth, poisoning, 279;
putrefaction, 55
Ecchymosis, 44, 63, 71, 115, 119, 122, 125, 137, 171, 176
Ectopion, vesicæ, 188
Elaterium, 231, 322
Eldon, Lord, on insanity, 192
Electricity, 110, 136 _et seq._
Elimination of poisons, 295, 327, 355
Elsässer, on inflation, 172, 176
Elwell, on wounds, 70
Embryo, 35, 36
Emetic tartar, 229, 243
Emetics, in poisoning, 243, 257, 270, 286,
289-300, 345, 365, 367
Emmenagogues, 163
Emphysema neonatorum, 171, 172
Enamel, as poison, 266
Enteritis, 241, 293
Enzemes, in poisoning, 329
Epilepsy, 41, 242, 327, 394
Epiphyses, 33;
table of, 34, 37
Epispadias, 188
Ergot, 229, 232, 319, 328
Erichson, on fracture, 77
Erlenmeyer‘s flask, 283
Erotomania, 203
Eruption of teeth, 33
Erysipelas, 70
Erythema, frost, 135
Eserine, 387
Esquirol, M., on insanity, 196, 197, 201, 203, 204
Ether, 232, 377, 402
Eversion of wounds, 86
Evidence, in Court, 4 _et seq._;
of poisoning, 235 _et seq._
Examination, in abortion, 162, 163;
Court, 4 _et seq._;
insanity, 225;
malingering, 190;
rape, 143, 148;
blood-stains, 89 _et seq._;
P.-M., 56 _et seq._;
stomach contents, 244
Excitomotory poisons, 388 _et seq._
Exemption certificates, 191
Exhumation, 3, 4, 56, 66;
period of, 66
Expenses, Court, 8
Exposure, in infanticide, 178
Extraction of alkaloids, 325, 335 _et seq._
Eyes, in drowning, 128;
hanging, 122;
identity, 25;
poisoning, 276, 291, 325, 343, 346, 348, 377, 385, 390;
starvation, 132

Face, in drowning, 127;
P.-M. exam., 63;
suffocation, 119;
in poisoning, 276;
wounds of, 74
Facts, in lunacy certificates, 209, 210
Falls, in fœticide, 177
Farnum, Dr., on rape, 146
Fat, in poisoning, 238
Fauvre, M., on asphyxia, 130
Feeble-mindedness, 198, 225
Fees, medical, 8-10
Feet, in drowning, 129
Feigned diseases, 190
Ferric chloride test (Hcy. acid), 371
Ferrier, Dr., on carbolic acid, 256
Ferrocyanide of potassium, 312, 313
Finger prints, 24, 25;
marks, 125;
nails, 124
Finny, Dr., on opium, 345
Firearm wounds, 78
Fishes, blood corpuscles, 96, 99, 100
Flaccidity, 49
Flannagan case, 278, 279
Flattening of muscles, in death, 45
Flaudin, M., on arsenic, 274
Flax fibres, 91
Fleitmann‘s test (arsenic), 286
Florence‘s reaction (semen), 146
Fluorescin test (death), 44
Fœticide, 159 _et seq._;
fœtal heart, 15, 154
Fœtus, 161, 166, 174, 185;
size of, 37
Fontanelles, 33
Food poisoning, 62, 290, 306, 328 _et seq._
Fool‘s parsley, 321
Foot-prints, 25, 26, 79
Foramen ovale, 182
Foreign bodies in trachea, 42, 61, 175
Forms of subpœna, 8, 9
Fowler‘s solution of arsenic, 286
Fractures, 74, 76, 77, 120, 129, 176
France, and CO₂ suicide, 121
Fraser, on cacodylates, 290
Friction, in burning, 110
Friedenthal, on blood tests, 105
Frohde‘s reagent (morphine), 341
Fruit-stains, 108
Fungi poisoning, 359
Fusel-oil, 362

Galabin, on superfœtation, 187
Gallard, on abortion, 162
Galvanic test (strych.), 392
Gamboge, 231, 320
Gamgee, on blood tests, 98
Gangrene in poisoning, 301, 320
Ganttner‘s test (blood), 92
Gases, irrespirable, 232, 397
Gastric inflammation, 241, 268, 277, 352, 374, 401;
ulcers, 274
Gay-Lussac, on hydrocyanic acid, 368
General paralysis, 204
Genital organs, 76, 130, 156
Geoghehan, on poisons, 238
Georget, M., on insanity, 195, 201
Gerrard‘s test (belladonna), 350
Gestation, 76
Glaister, Prof., on blood-stains, 96, 97, 100
Glass as vulnerant poison, 231, 265
Gloucester, Countess of, 186
Goadly, on lead poisoning, 309
Goeldner‘s test (cocaine), 357
Gonorrhœa, in rape, 142
Goulard‘s extract, 305
Grand Jury, 5
Gross, Prof., on lung inflation, 172
Grünbaum, on blood tests, 105, 107
Guaiacum test (blood), 100
Gull (Sir W.), on combustibility, 114
Gullet, 59, 247, 263, 278, 294, 301, 330
Gums, in lead poisoning, 307;
copper, 311
Gunshot wounds, 80, 85
Guttman, on caustic soda, 263
Gutzeit‘s test, 270, 285
Guy, on poisons, 231

Habit, in poisoning, 235
Habitual drunkards, 226
Hæmatin, 90, 103, 104, 360
Hæmatoporphyrin, 382
Hæmin, crystals, 101, 102, 256;
test, 92
Hæmoglobin, 91, 96, 98, 102, 103, 135, 315, 399, 403
Hæmorrhage, 38, 42, 73, 75, 80-84, 139, 143, 178, 268,
307, 320, 327, 330-332, 343, 353, 402
Hair, dyeing of, 26
Hale, on rape, 140
Hallucinations, 199, 200
Hamilton, on carbolic acid, 255
Hands, in drowning, 129
Hanging, 63, 117, 121 _et seq._;
accidental, 123;
homicidal, 123;
judicial, 126;
suicidal, 123, 124
Haslam, on evidence, 20
Hawkins, on secrecy, 20;
poisons, 228
Head, in new born, 180;
injuries of, 40, 72 _et seq._;
P.-M. exam. of, 58
Heart, disease, 42, 81;
drowning, 129, 130;
electricity, 139;
fœtal, 151, 154;
infanticide, 167;
poisoning, 231, 232, 256, 258, 263, 291, 325, 327, 355,
364, 366, 368, 377, 380, 382, 386, 397, 402;
P.-M. Exam., 60;
putrefaction, 54
Heat, death by, 136;
exhaustion, 136, 137;
prostration, 137;
stroke, 136
Hegar‘s sign, in pregnancy, 153
Hellebore, 320
Hemiplegia, 73
Hemlock, 385
Hernia, 75, 242
Hewett, on head injury, 73
Higgins‘ case, 278
High Court of Justiciary, 6
Hildebrandt, on leucomaines, 327
Hippocrates, on pregnancy, 152
Hoppé, Seyler, on carbolic acid, 256
Hume, on rape, 140
Husband, 73, 157, 175, 227
Husman, on antimony, 293
Hutchinson, on suffocation, 122
Hutin, on tattoo marks, 23
Hydrochloric acid, 252 _et seq._
Hydrocyanic acid, 229, 231, 232, 239, 261, 367 _et seq._;
Hydrogen peroxide, 90, 92, 101, 372;
sulphide, 233
Hymen, 28, 142, 143, 148, 155, 188
Hyoscyamus, 231, 348, 351;
hyoscyamine, 349; hyoscine, 349
Hysteria and tetanus, 394

Icard‘s (fluorescin) test, 44
Identity of the dead, 28, 66;
of the living, 21 _et seq._;
Law case: Parkman, 28
Idiocy and imbecility, 141, 142, 195, 197, 224
Immaturity, in fœtus, 175
Impotence, 187, 188
Incised wounds, 83
India, and drowning, 128
Indictable Offences Act, 18
Indigo, in arsenic, 275, 315;
sulphate, 254
Infanticide, 64, 133, 165 _et seq._;
Infanticide, Law cases in: Colmer, 165;
Enoch, 166;
Hewitt, 165;
Poulton, 166;
Reeves, 166;
Senior, 167;
Turner, 166;
Inflammation, 72, 110, 164;
in poisoning, 234, 237, 278, 300, 360
Inflation of lung, 121, 172;
and P.-M. staining, 45
Inheritance, 184, 185
Inorganic poisons, 231
Insanity, 129 _et seq._;
circular, 204;
classification, 197;
continuous, 196;
definition of, 192, 193;
delirium in, 205;
delusions in, 193, 196, 199, 200;
hallucinations, 200;
drunkenness in, 205;
moral, 194;
procedure in, 206-222
Insanity, Law cases in: Arnold, 193, 194;
Beverley, 193;
Ferrers, 194;
Hill, 224;
Nottidge _v._ Ripley, 222;
Offord, 194;
Shaw, 195;
Treadway, 195;
Wilkins, 223
Inspection, medical, 7, 56
Instantaneous rigor, 48
Instructions (P.-M.) of Crown Office, 7, 56 _et seq._;
Intestines, 54, 61, 176, 181, 232, 259, 275, 279, 291, 294, 297,
300, 306, 311, 325, 327, 330, 333, 360, 369, 375
Intoxication, 72, 114, 135, 226, 235
Intussusception, 241
Iodide of potassium, 272 _et seq._, 393
Iodine, 231, 271, 335, 371;
test for hydrocyanic acid, 371
Ipecacuanha, 243
Iron in arsenic poisoning, 289, 313;
in testing hydrocyanic acid, 371;
in morphine, 341;
muriate, 313;
sulphate, 313;
stains, 96, 108
Irrespirable gases, 121, 397
Irritant poisons, 231, 234, 240, 267, 317

Jacquemier‘s test (pregnancy), 154
Jalap, 321
Jaundice, 268, 311, 315, 319, 355, 378, 401
Jörg, M., on infanticide, 169
Judicial authority, 207, 215, 220;
factor, 224
Jury, coroner‘s, 3
Justiciary Court, 6
Justifiable homicide, 69

Keiller, on suffocation, 120
Kellen, on trichiniasis, 333
Kidney, in new born, 169;
poisoning, 233, 238, 256, 269, 278, 291, 297, 300,
319, 322, 327, 355, 378, 382, 383;
P.-M. exam., 62;
putrefaction, 54;
rupture of, 45, 75, 116;
in suffocation, 119
Kiesteine, on pregnancy, 154
Kingston, Duchess of, case, 20
Kleptomania, 202
Kopf, on phosphorus, 267
Körber, on fractures, 74
Kratter, on electricity, 139
Kundrat‘s test (aconite), 376

Labour and fœtal death, 176
Laburnum, 321
Lacerated wounds, 84
Lamson case, 239, 375
Landolt, on carbolic acid, 256
Larcher, on signs of death, 44
Larynx, in hanging, 120, 122;
poisoning, 262;
P.-M. exam., 59, 63;
strangling, 124;
throttling, 125
Law cases in--_abortion_ (crim.), Goodhall, 159:
_assault_, Case, 68;
Rosinski, 68:
_dying declarations_, Fagent, 17;
Forester, 17;
Holloway, 18;
Mitchell, 17;
Smith, 17;
Whitmarsh, 17:
_identity_, Parkman, 28:
_infanticide_, Colmer, 165;
Enoch, 166;
Hewitt, 165;
Poulton, 166;
Reeves, 166;
Senior, 167;
Turner, 166:
_insanity_, Arnold, 193;
Beverley, 193;
Ferrers, 194;
Hill, 224;
MacNaughton, 193;
Nottidge _v._ Ripley, 122;
Offord, 194;
Shaw, 195;
Treadaway, 195;
Wilkins, 223:
_malpraxis_, Butchell, 190;
Williamson, 190:
_medical evidence_, Patmore, 19:
_murder_, Cornier, 203;
Deeming, 203:
_poisoning_, Blandy, 240;
Cramp, 228;
Flannigan, 278;
Garner, 240;
Geering, 240;
Helson, 240;
Higgins, 278;
Lamson, 239;
M‘Cracken, 278;
Marsh, 294;
Maybrick, 277;
Newton, 278;
Palmer, 238, 390, 392;
Port, 274;
Pritchard, 19;
Spink, 294;
Wooler, 240:
_pregnancy_, Gloucester, 186;
_professional secrecy_, Kingston, 20;
_rape_, Barrett, 141;
Castlehaven, 140;
Cockcroft, 140;
Fletcher, 141;
Groombridge, 142;
Hattery, 141;
Hodgson, 140;
Holmes, 140;
Mayers, 141;
Pressy, 141;
Russen, 140;
_somnambulism_, Milligan, 206;
_survivorship_, Underwood _v._ Wing, 189;
_will case_, Tichborne, 23;
_wounds_, Briggs, 69;
M‘Laughlin, 69;
Warman, 69
Lead, 260, 304, 305 _et seq._
Leather, and blood stains, 93
Leblond, M., on abortion, 162
Legal criminal procedure, 2 _et seq._
Legitimacy, 185
Leishman‘s stain, 95, 146
Lemons, oil of, 260
Letheby, on poisons, 229
Leucomaines, 323, 326, 327
Levinstein, on chloral, 380
Levy, M., on copper, 311
Liability of medical men, 12, 20, 148, 222
Liebig‘s test (hydrocyanic acid), 371
Liebreich, on neurine, 324
Ligature, in infanticide, 65
Lightning, death by, 110, 137, 138
Lime, in putrefaction, 55
Lineæ albicantes, 31
Linen, in rape, 144
Littlejohn, on use of books, 19
Live birth, in infanticide, 166 _et seq._
Liver, in poisoning, 238, 256, 268-271, 278, 280, 291, 297,
310, 319, 327, 355, 365, 378, 383;
P.-M. exam, of, 62;
putrefaction, 54;
rupture of, 116
Livingstone, Dr. David, 28, 66
Lochia, in pregnancy, 156
Locomotor ataxia, 76
Lolium temulentum, 359
Lord-Advocate, 6
Lucid intervals, in insanity, 196
Luff, on poisoning, 229, 231
Lunacy, 291 _et seq._;
Acts, 206, 207, 223;
certificates, 206 _et seq._
Lungs in drowning, 130;
new born, 169, 174;
poisoning, 23, 233, 238, 256, 327, 345, 355, 365, 377, 378;
P.-M. exam, of, 63, 65;
putrefaction, 54
Lush, on rape, 141
Lustre of eye, in death, 43

MacCormac, on gunshot wounds, 87
Macdonald, criminal law, 18, 194
Mackenzie, Dr. C., on saponification, 53
Maclagan, Prof., on poisons, 231
MacNaughton case, 193
M‘Weeney, on blood tests, 107
Magnesium method (lead), 309
Magnus test (death), 43
Malignant disease, 132
Malpraxis, 82, 189;
law cases of, R. _v._ Van Butchell, 190;
R. _v._ Williamson, 190
Malum regimen, 82
Mammæ, in pregnancy, 152
Mammalian blood, 96, 105
Mania, 200 _et seq._, 235;
in poisoning, 379, 380, 402
Mann, Dixon, on combustibility, 114;
on lead poisoning, 308, 309;
on meat poisoning, 330
Mansfield, on prof. secrecy, 20
Manslaughter, 69
Marks of the cord, 123, 176
Marsh‘s test, 269, 280-84, 289, 296
Martin, on poisoning, 240
Matrons, jury of, 151
Maturity, of infant, 66, 174
Maudsley, on insanity, 193, 194, 195
Mauser bullet, 87
Maybrick case, 277
Mayer‘s reagent (alkaloids), 335
Measurement of fœtus, 36
Meat poisoning, 328
Meconic acid, 339-43
Meconium, 64, 179
Medical certificates, 11, 208 _et seq._;
evidence, 11 _et seq._;
liabilities, 12, 20, 148, 222;
report, 12
Medicines, in abortion, 171
Melancholia, 203, 204, 380
Meningitis, 110
Menopause, 189
Menorrhagia, 188
Menstruation, 152, 161, 189;
blood in, 96
Mental unsoundness, 192 _et seq._
Mercury, 230, 231, 235, 298 _et seq._;
salts of, 302 _et seq._
Mesentery, in putrefaction, 54
Metal, stains on, 92
Metallic poisons, 231, 245, 331
Metalloid poisons, 231, 267
Metchnikoff, on blood stains, 105, 106
Methæmoglobin, 102, 103
Metzer‘s test (cocaine), 358
Meyer, on pregnancy, 150, 154
Micro-organisms, 50
Microscope, 90, 94, 95, 145
Milk, human, 106, 177;
poisoning, 233, 333
Millar, Dr., on lunacy, 208, 209
Milne, Dr., on pregnancy, 187
Mineral acids, 246;
poisons, 231
Minute of P.-M. exam., 14
Miscarriage, 160
Mitscherlich‘s process (phosph.), 269
Modes of dying, 38 _et seq._
Modifying causes of poisoning, 234
Moisture, in putrefaction, 50
Molecular death, 43
Moles, in abortion, 162
Moncrieff, on insanity, 195
Monomania, 194, 201, 203
Monorchids, 187
Monsters, 184
Moral depravity, 194;
evidence, 239, 240;
mania, 194, 198, 201, 202
Morgan, Dr., on pulse tracings, 126
Morning sickness, in pregnancy, 152
Morphine, 244, 337, 339, 341-43
Mortal wounds, 70
Mosso, on leucomaines, 327
Mouth, in poisoning, 247, 259, 263, 278, 291, 293, 297,
299, 307, 311, 322, 330, 369, 375;
starvation, 132;
suffocation, 119
Mucous membrane, in poisoning, 233
Mummification, 53;
of cord, 182
Murder, 68, 69;
law cases: Cornier, 203;
Deeming, 203
Murrell, on cacodylates, 290
Muscles, in poisoning, 238, 310, 327, 390, 399
Muscular spasm, 47
Mushrooms, table of, 359
Mydaleine, 325
Mydriatic alkaloids, 349
Mytilotoxine, 332

Nævi materni, 21, 28
Naphtha, 402
Napoleon Code, 185
Narcotic poisons, 40, 72, 231, 242, 276, 343 _et seq._;
Nausea, in poisoning, 277, 293, 299, 330-33, 349,
360, 364, 374, 399
Navel, in infanticide, 64
Necrosis of jaw, 268
Needles, as vulnerant, 231, 265
Neglect of duty, 189
Neill, on gunshot wounds, 86
Nelaton, on chloroform, 378
Nervous system, in poisoning, 255, 263, 271, 276, 277, 286, 288,
297, 307, 310, 326, 349, 351, 376,
377-386, 399, 402
Nessler‘s reagent (ammonia), 264
Neural poisons, 231, 385 _et seq._
Neurine, 324
Neuritis, optic, 307;
peripheral, 277, 402
Nicotine, 365
Nipples, in pregnancy, 156
Nitric acid, 250 _et seq._
Nitrobenzene, 360, 361
Nitrogen monoxide, 402
Nitro-glycerine, 363
Normal saline solution, 90, 94, 106
Nose, in arsenic, 391
Notes, use of, 19
Notification of births, &c., 12
Nottidge _v._ Ripley (lunacy), 222
“Noxious thing”, 228
Numbness, in poisoning, 375, 401
Nunneley, on hydrocyanic acid, 370
Nuttall, on blood tests, 105
Nux vomica, 229, 388
Nymphomania, 203

Occupation marks, 29, 30
Œnanthe crocata, 352
Ogston, Prof., 72, 101, 114, 128, 130, 135
Oil of bitter almonds, 62, 373, 374;
lemons, 260
Omentum, in putrefaction, 54
Omission, in infanticide, 178
“On soul and conscience”, 7, 11
Opinion, reasoned, 13, 14;
written, 12
Opisthotonus in poisoning, 369, 390, 394
Opium, 41, 62, 229, 231, 235, 343 _et seq._, 356
Oral evidence, 18
Order, coroner‘s, 4;
lunacy, 207, 210-13, 215-20
Orfila, on vesication, 112;
on mercury, 301;
opium, 344
Organic poisons, 231
Organs, order of putrefaction, 52 _et seq._
Orpiment, 288
Ossification, 34, 64, 65, 174, 177
Otto‘s method (alkaloids), 337, 338
Oxalic acid, 229, 257 _et seq._
Oxygen, in poisoning, 398, 400, 402
Oxyhæmoglobin, 103

Pacini‘s solution (blood stains), 90
Paint stains, 108
Painter‘s colic, 305
Palmer case, 238, 390, 392
Pancreas, in putrefaction, 54
Paralysis, 72, 137, 138, 202, 204, 276, 306, 310,
330-33, 344, 351, 355, 378, 380, 382, 387
Parkman case, 28
Parol evidence, 18
Paterson, on ammonia, 264;
arsenic, 278
Patmore case, 19
Pauper lunatics, 220-22
Pavy, on mercury, 301
Penalties, 36, 11
Pencillium brevicaule, 288
Penetration, in rape, 140
Penis, absence of, 187;
erection of, 122, 128;
P.-M. exam. of, 63;
retraction of, 128, 130
Penny, on arsenic, 275
Perforation, in poisoning, 237, 242, 259, 278, 300, 333
Peritonitis, 110, 242
Peroxide of hydrogen, 92, 93, 101
Petition, in lunacy, 207, 210-13
Petty jury, 5
Peyer‘s patches, 327, 330, 331
Pharmacy Act, 228
Phenacetin, 363
Phenazonum, 363
Phenol, phenic acid, 254
Phlyctænæ, in putrefaction, 113
Phosphomobylic acid, 335
Phosphoretted hydrogen, 403
Phosphorus, 231, 239, 243, 267 _et seq._;
Phosphotungstic acid, 335
Physiological test (strych.), 392
Physostigmine, 244
Picrotoxin, 229, 234, 358
Pinel, on mania, 201
Placenta, in infanticide, 178;
souffle, 151, 154
Plaster, stains on, 92
Plouquet‘s test (lung), 174
Pneumonia, in poisoning, 299
Poisoning--law cases: Blandy, 240;
Cramp, 228;
Flannigan, 278;
Garner, 240;
Geering, 240;
Helson, 240;
Higgins, 278;
Lamson, 239;
M‘Cracken, 278;
Marsh, 294;
Maybrick, 277;
Newton, 278;
Palmer, 238, 390, 392;
Port, 274;
Pritchard, 19;
Spink, 294;
Smith, 275;
Wooler, 240
Poisons and poisoning, 51, 61, 62, 176, 227 _et seq._;
Acts, 228, 229;
action, 232, 234;
administration, 228;
chemical analysis, 237;
classification, 230 _et seq._;
definition, 227;
diagnosis, 235;
evidence, 235 _et seq._;
experiments, 239;
modifying causes, 234;
P.-M. appearance, 236;
sale of, 228;
schedules, 229, 230;
symptoms, 235
Polypus, in abortion, 163
Poppies, 230
Possessio fratris and patris, 184
Post-mortem examination, 3, 4, 7, 10, 45, 56 _et seq._;
Potash, caustic, 262, 263
Potassium salts, 314, 315, 325, 393
Precipitate, red and white, 230
Precipitins, in blood tests, 105
Precognitions, 6
Pregnancy, 67, 76, 150 _et seq._;
Diagnosis of, 155;
duration of, 185;
in poisoning, 229 _et seq._;
in rape, 147;
signs of, 151-54
Premature birth, 186
Preyer, on blood crystals, 96
Primary flaccidity, 45, 49
Pritchard case, 19
Pritchard, on insanity, 195, 201, 203, 205
Private patient, in lunacy, 210-13, 215-17, 220
Procurator-fiscal, 6
Professional privilege and secrecy, 20, 21
Prosecution, 4
Prosecutor, public, 4, 6
Prussian blue test (hydrocyanic), 371
Prussic acid, 62, 122, 239. (_See_ Hydrocyanic Acid.)
Ptomaines, 231, 232, 323-26, 365, 385
Ptomatropine, 332
Puberty, 188
Pugilistic attitude, in burning, 111
Pulse tracings (in hanging), 126
Punctured wounds, 74
Pupils, in brain injury, 72;
poisoning, 233, 234, 330, 343, 348-52, 364-68,
377, 378, 380, 384, 386, 399, 402
Purging, in poisoning, 242, 258, 263, 268, 276, 311, 313, 320,
330-33, 344, 355, 360, 364, 366, 367
Pus, 71, 93, 106, 113, 143
Putrefaction, 49 _et seq._;
in drowning, 128, 131;
infanticide, 167, 171, 172;
in poisoning, 269, 278, 294, 323, 330-33
Pyrites and arsenic, 290

Quarter Sessions, 5
Quickening, 151, 153, 186

Rabbit, in blood tests, 105, 106
Rachford, on leucomaines, 327
Rape, 140 _et seq._;
age at, 142;
definition of, 140;
in England and Ireland, 141;
examination for, 142;
in Scotland, 141;
signs of, 143, 148
Rape, law cases in: Barrett, 141;
Cockcroft, 140;
Fletcher, 141;
Groombridge, 142;
Hattery, 141;
Hodgson, 140;
Holmes, 140;
Mayers, 141;
Pressy, 141;
Russen, 140
Ray, on insanity, 195, 197, 202, 203
Realgar (red arsenic), 289
Reception order. (_See_ Order.)
Register of death, 2
Regulations of Crown Office, 7, 56
Reinche‘s test, 280, 283, 284, 296, 303, 304
Relaxation (flaccidity), 45, 49
Reptile blood, 96
Respiration, in infanticide, 167 _et seq._;
poisoning, 246
Rete mucosum, 23
Reynolds, on combustibility, 114
Richter, Max, on rape, 146
Rigidity, heat, 111
Rigor mortis, 46 _et seq._, 136-38, 390
Ritter, on arsenic, 290
Rodger and Girdwood‘s method, 338
Roman law, on legitimacy, 186
Roussin‘s solution (blood stains), 91
Roux, M., on gunshot wounds, 86
Rupture of organs, 242

Salicylic acid, 353
Saliva and salivation, 93;
in poisoning, 233, 235, 272, 276, 298, 299,
301, 304, 317, 322, 364;
in pregnancy, 152
Santa, Dr., on arsenic, 277
Saponification, 52, 53
Savin, 229, 231, 317
Scalds, 110 _et seq._
Scammony, 321
Scars, in identity, 21
Scheele‘s acid, 368;
green, 287, 288
Scherbler‘s reagent (alkaloids), 335
Scherer‘s test (phos.), 270
Schönbern‘s test (blood), 100
Schweinfurt‘s green, 287
Scopolamine, 349
Scorching, of wounds, 78, 87, 111
Scourging, marks of, 116
Scurvy, and contusions, 115
Secondary flaccidity, 49
Sedative poisons, 232, 364 _et seq._
Semen, 106, 122, 140 _et seq._
Sepsis and septic poisons, 74, 79, 80, 112, 164, 232, 323, 334
Sex, 31, 51
Sheep wash (arsenic), 275, 287
Shell-fish, poisoning, 332, 380
Shock, 38, 75, 81, 112, 139, 234, 366, 375
Sickness, morning, in pregnancy, 152
Signs of death, 43 _et seq._, 118, 127;
delivery, 155, 156;
pregnancy, 151 _et seq_.;
rape, 143, 148, 149
Silk fibres, 92
Silver nitrate, 260, 265, 280, 283, 288, 370;
test (hydrocyanic acid), 371
Skeleton, in identity, 31, 32
Skin, in burning, 111, 112, 115;
drowning, 129;
hanging, 123;
infanticide, 167, 179;
poisoning, 232, 233, 255, 274-77, 286, 288, 291, 293,
297, 306, 310, 330-32, 344, 349, 355, 368,
369, 374, 375-380, 382, 384, 399, 402;
putrefaction, 55;
strangling, 124;
throttling, 125
Skull, fracture of, 32, 176
Sleep, in insanity, 206;
poisoning, 235, 348;
rape, 147
Snake venom, 232-34
Sneezing, in poisoning, 320, 367
Snuff, in poisoning, 366
Smith, Madeline, case, 275
Smokeless powder, 87
Smothering, 63
Soda, caustic, 262, 263
Sodium theosulphate, 373
Solanine, 352
Solicitors, 5
Somatic death, 42
Somnambulism, 206
Somniferous poisons, 231, 343
Somnolentia, or sleep-drunkenness, 206;
law case: R. _v._ Milligan, 206
Sonnenschein‘s reagent, 335
Soot and arsenic, 275
Sorby, on blood stains, 93;
cell, 105
Souffle, placental, 151, 154;
uterine, 43, 151, 154
Spasms, in poisoning, 293, 320, 325, 344, 366
Spectra and spectroscope, 102, 103, 112, 136;
in poisoning, 234, 320, 360, 362, 382, 399
Spinal cord, 59, 74, 231
Spink case, 294
Spleen, 54, 62, 238, 278, 305, 330, 378
Spontaneous combustion, 113
Spermatozoa, 95, 144-47, 187
Squill, 231
Stains, acid, 249, 251-54;
blood, 79, 89 _et seq._, 145;
metallic, 108, 282;
seminal, 145, 146;
vegetable, &c., 108
Starch granules, 125, 179
Starvation, 132 _et seq._, 178, 243
Stas‘s process, 319, 335, 337, 350, 365, 376
Stature, in identity, 31
Steam, scalding by, 110
Stephen, Lord, on insanity, 223
Sterility, in female, 188; male, 187
Stertorous breathing, 368, 377, 397
Stevenson, on poisoning, 294, 332, 338
Stokes (Sir W.), on wounds, 87;
fluid, 103, 104
Stomach, in drowning, 127, 131;
infanticide, 168;
poisoning, 232, 233, 237, 242, 246, 256-59, 263, 268, 275,
278-80, 288, 291-95, 299-301, 350, 355, 366,
369, 375-78;
pump, 243, 244, 257, 269, 272, 286, 300, 307, 310,
322, 330-35, 345, 366, 386, 393, 402;
putrefaction, 54;
starvation, 135
Stramonium, 349, 351
Strangling, 63, 124 _et seq._, 176
Strangury, 322
Strophanthus, 230
Strychnine, 229, 231, 238, 244, 337, 342, 348, 380, 388 _et seq._, 402
Stupor, in melancholia, 204;
in poisoning, 319, 349, 354, 356, 364, 366, 402
Styrian arsenic eaters, 287
Subpœna, 8
Sudden death, causes of, 42 _et seq._
Suffocation, 63, 118 _et seq._;
infanticide, 176;
poisoning, 243, 246, 330, 368, 390, 402
Suggillation (_see_ Hypostasis), 45
Suicidal monomania, 203
Sulphonal, 230, 282
Sulphur, test in hcy. acid, 37;
dioxide, 402
Sulphuretted hydrogen, 273, 280, 285, 295, 308, 312, 400
Sulphuric acid, 231, 247 _et seq._, 261
Summons, Court. (_See_ Citation.)
Sunstroke, 136, 137
Superfœtation, 186
Surgical operations, 81
Survivorship, 133, 189
Symptoms, general, in poisoning, 235
Syncope, 38, 72, 118, 121, 127;
in poisoning, 364, 366, 375

Tables--_acids_, colour of stains from, 254;
symptoms of poisoning by, 261;
_aconite_ v. horse-radish, 375:
_alcohol_, brain concussion and opium,
distinctions between, 356:
_alkaloids_, characters of, 342:
_antimony_ and arsenic, reactions of, 296;
symptoms of, 297:
_arsenic_, in liver, 238;
precipitates (and of cadmium and tin), 281;
symptoms of, 291:
_bruises_, date of, 116:
_caustic potash, and soda_, distinctions between, 263:
_children_, height and weight of, 134;
maturity of, 174:
_corrosive and irritant poisons_, distinctions between, 234:
_dead body_, examination of, 71:
_diseases_, simulating irritant poisoning, 240-42;
narcotic, 243:
_embryo_, development of, 35, 36:
_epiphyses_, union of, 34:
_fœtus_, death of, 181;
measurements of, 37:
_insanity_, classification of, 197:
_lead_, symptoms of, 310:
_leucomaines_, 326:
_lunacy certificates_, 208-19:
_meconic acid_ (and morphine), reactions of, 341:
_mercuric_ and _mercurous salts_, reactions of, 302:
_mushrooms_, 359:
_new born_, age of, 180, 181;
respiration in, 170:
_ossification_, centres of, 34:
_osseous nucleus_, dimensions of, 37:
_poisoning_, evidences of, 241:
_poisons_, actions of, 234;
causes modifying, 234;
classification of, 231;
diffusion of, 233, 234;
schedules of, 229, 230:
_pregnancy_, signs of, 151:
_ptomaines_, 323, 324:
_putrefaction_, order of, 53, 54;
time and indications of, 55, 128:
_rape_, age in, 142;
examination in, 142;
signs of, 148:
_rigor mortis_, time and causes of, 49:
_suffocation_, death from, 121:
_teeth_, eruption of, 33:
_tetanus_, diagnosis of, 393:
_uterus_, size of, 157;
weight of, 157:
_wounds_, types of, 84, 85:
Tamassia, on veins, 25
Tannic acid and tannin, 93, 365, 393
Tar, oil of, 254
Tarchette, on blood stains, 105, 107
Tardieu, on digitalis, 364;
hanging, 122;
tattoo marks, 23
Tattoo marks, 21, 23
Taylor, 52, 69, 70, 113, 164, 165, 194, 227, 231,
233, 238, 339, 368, 382, 397
Taylor, Bessie, case, 294
Teeth, 25, 33, 246, 259, 268, 299
Telangiectasis, 115
Temperature, body, 30, 45, 50, 132
Tests: acetanilide, 363;
acetic acid, 262;
aconite, 376;
alcohol, 356;
alkaloids, 335 _et seq._;
ammonia, 264;
aniline, 362;
antimony, 295 _et seq._;
arsenic, 280 _et seq._;
barium, 315;
belladonna, 350;
blood, 90 _et seq._;
biological (blood), 105,
(semen), 146;
brucine, 393, 396;
carbolic acid, 256;
carbon disulphide, 380;
caustic alkalies, 363;
chloral, 381;
chloroform, 379;
chromium, 316;
cocaine, 357;
cocculus indicus, 358;
conine, 386;
copper, 312;
death, 43 _et seq._;
digitaline, 365;
eserine, 387;
ether, 378;
hydrochloric acid, 252;
hydrocyanic acid, 370;
iodine, 272;
iron, 314;
lead, 308 _et seq._;
lobelia, 367;
lung, 170 _et seq._;
meconic acid, 335, 341;
mercury, 302 _et seq._;
morphine, 335, 341;
nicotine, 366;
nitric acid, 250;
nitrobenzene, 360;
oxalic acid, 259;
phenacetin and phenazonum, 363;
phosphorus, 269;
potassium salts, 272, 314, 373;
semen, 145;
strychnine, 392;
sulphonal, 383;
sulphuric acid, 248;
veratrine, 367;
veronal, 384;
zinc, 265, 313
Testamentary capacity, 225
Testicles, in drowning, 112;
infanticide, 64
Teichmann‘s blood crystals, 101
Tetanus, 64, 70, 235, 390, 394
Tetronal, 383
Thorpe‘s apparatus, 282
Throat, 59, 132;
and poisoning, 232, 246, 259, 276, 293,
294, 306, 330, 332, 379
Throttling, 117, 125
Tichborne case, 23
Time of death, 30
Tidy, on infanticide, 170;
starvation, 123
Tin, chloride of, 265, 281;
tinned food, 331, 332
Tindall, on malpraxis, 190
Tobacco, 234, 365
Tongue, in drowning, 129;
poisoning, 259, 276, 299;
starvation, 123;
suffocation, 119
Toxalbumoses, 329
Toxicohæmic poisons, 232, 334
Toxicology, 227 _et seq._
Toxins, 232, 329
Trachea, in drowning, 130;
poisoning, 247, 402;
putrefaction, 54;
suffocation, 118;
tracheotomy, 244
Traill, on bismuth, 314;
croton oil, 318
Treatment (general) in poisoning, 243, 247
Trichiniasis, 328, 333
Trichomonas vaginæ, 144

Uhlenhuth, on blood tests, 105
Ulceration of bowel, 294
Umbilical cord, 174, 177, 180, 182
Underwood _v._ Wing (survivorship), 189
United States, and murder, 69
Unsound mind, 192 _et seq._ (_See_ Insanity.)
Uræmia, 40
Urethane, in strychnine, 393
Urine, in poisoning, 238, 239, 246, 256, 258, 276, 291, 293,
297, 305, 309, 311, 349, 370, 382, 401;
stains, 96, 106
Uterine souffle, 151, 154
Uterus, contraction of, 154;
double, 186;
in abortion, 76, 162, 164;
in burning, 112;
delivery, 156;
impotence and sterility, 188;
poisoning, 242, 319, 322, 377;
pregnancy, 76, 153;
injury to, 76;
P.-M. exam., 62, 65;
putrefaction, 54;
superfœtation, 186;
table of size, 157;
of weight, 157

Vagina, 142, 143, 156, 188
Vaginismus, 188
Vagitis uterinus, 170;
vaginalis, 170
Van Gieson, on heat-stroke, 137
Vapour, arsenical, 286, 301;
tests in hydrocyanic acid, 370, 371
Vaughan on, food poisons, 328, 333
Vegetable alkaloids, 335 _et seq._;
poisons, 231, 239, 317;
stains, 108
Venesection, in electricity, 139
Verdicts, 6 _et seq._
Vermilion, 301
Vermin-killers and arsenic, 275
Vernix caseosa, 64, 179
Veronal, 383
Vesicules, in burns, 110, 111, 113
Violence, in infanticide, 161, 178
Violet powder and arsenic, 275
Virchow and Zenker, on trichiniasis, 333
Virginity, signs of, 144, 149
Vital poisons, 231, 267;
reaction, 45, 61, 79, 112
Vitalli‘s test (belladonna), 350
Volatile poisons, 244
Vomiting, 241-244, 258, 263, 275, 276, 277, 280, 292, 293,
295, 297, 299, 300, 306-11, 313, 320, 330-33, 360,
361, 364-68, 374, 378, 399
Vulnerant poisons, 231, 266

Wagner‘s method, 337;
reagent, 335
Wall-papers and arsenic, 287
Warmth and putrefaction, 50
Warrant, coroner‘s, 4;
Procurator-Fiscal‘s, 7
Wash, sheep‘s (or dip), and arsenic, 255, 287
Wassermann, on blood tests, 105
Water, gas, 400;
lead in, 305, 306;
and putrefaction, 53-55
Watt, on arsenic, 278
Weed-killers and arsenic, 275
Weight of children, 137;
lungs, 174;
uterus, 157
Wendt, on infanticide, 174
Westbury, Lord, on insanity, 195
Whitehead, on abortion, 160
Wightman, on survivorship, 189
Wills, drawing of, 191
Wills, on dying declarations, 18
Wilson, on note-taking, 19;
lead poisoning, 305
Winslow, Forbes, on insanity, 192;
test of death, 43
Witnesses, 3, 6, 8, 18, 19, 223
Wolffe‘s bottle, 283
Womb, in infanticide, 176
Wood, blood stains on, 91
Wool fibres, 90
Wormley‘s test (belladonna), 350
Wounds, in abortion, 163, 164;
causes of death in, 80, 81;
definition of, 69;
in drowning, 129;
examination of, 60 _et seq._;
infanticide, 175 _et seq._;
varieties of, 70 _et seq._
Wounds--law cases: R. _v._ Briggs, 69;
M‘Laughlin, 69;
Warman, 69
Wredin‘s test (live birth), 174
Writ of Court, 8;
lunacy, 224
Wynne (Sir W.), on insanity, 196

X-rays, 77, 110, 114, 115

Yew, 321

Zinc, chloride, 265;
sulphate, 300, 313, 331