Chapter X: Front Matter (10)

Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Croatia
conventional short form:
Croatia
local long form:
Republika Hrvatska
local short form:
Hrvatska
Digraph:
HR
Type:
parliamentary democracy
Capital:
Zagreb
Administrative divisions:
21 counties (zupanijas, zupanija - singular): Bjelovar-Bilogora, City
of Zagreb, Dubrovnik-Neretva, Istra, Karlovac, Koprivnica-Krizevci,
Krapina-Zagorje, Lika-Senj, Medimurje, Osijek-Baranja,
Pozega-Slavonija, Primorje-Gorski Kotar, Sibenik, Sisak-Moslavina,
Slavonski Brod-Posavina, Split-Dalmatia, Varazdin,
Virovitica-Podravina, Vukovar-Srijem, Zadar-Knin, Zagreb
Independence:
NA June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)
National holiday:
Statehood Day, 30 May (1990)
Constitution:
adopted on 2 December 1990
Legal system:
based on civil law system
Suffrage:
16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Franjo TUDJMAN (since 30 May 1990); election last held 4
August 1992 (next to be held NA 1995); Franjo TUDJMAN reelected with
about 56% of the vote; his opponent Dobroslav PARAGA got 5% of the
vote
head of government:
Prime Minister Nikica VALENTIC (since 3 April 1993); Deputy Prime
Ministers Mato GRANIC (since 8 September 1992), Ivica KOSTOVIC (since
NA), Vladimir SEKS (since September 1992), Borislav SKEGRO (since NA)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; appointed by the president
Legislative branch:
bicameral parliament Assembly (Sabor)
House of Districts (Zupanije Dom):
elections last held 7 and 21 February 1993 (next to be held NA
February 1997); seats - (68 total; 63 elected, 5 presidentially
appointed) HDZ 37, HSLS 16, HSS 5, Istrian Democratic Assembly 3,
SPH-SDP 1, HNS 1
House of Representatives (Predstavnicke Dom):
elections last held 2 August 1992 (next to be held NA August 1996);
seats - (138 total) HDZ 85, HSLS 14, SPH-SDP 11, HNS 6, Dalmatian
Action/Istrian Democratic Assembly/ Rijeka Democratic Alliance
coalition 6, HSP 5, HSS 3, SNS 3, independents 5
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court, Constitutional Court
Political parties and leaders:
Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), Stjepan MESIC, chairman of the
executive council; Croatian People's Party (HNS), Savka
DABCEVIC-KUCAR, president; Serbian People's Party (SNS), Milan DUKIC;
Croatian Party of Rights (HSP), leader NA; Croatian Social Liberal
Party (HSLS), Drazen BUDISA, president; Croatian Peasant Party (HSS),
leader NA; Dalmatian Action/Istrian Democratic Assembly/Rijecka
Democratic Alliance coalition; Social Democratic Party of
Croatia-Party of Democratic Changes (SPH-SDP), Ivica RACAN
Other political or pressure groups:
NA
Member of:
CE (guest), CEI, CSCE, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM
(observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Petr A. SARCEVIC
chancery:
(temporary) 236 Massachusetts Avenue NE, Washington, DC 20002
telephone:
(202) 543-5580
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Peter W. GALBRAITH
embassy:
Andrije Hebranga 2, Zagreb
mailing address:
US Embassy, Zagreb, Unit 1345, APO AE 09213-1345
telephone:
[385] (41) 444-800
FAX:
[385] (41) 45 85 85
Flag:
red, white, and blue horizontal bands with Croatian coat of arms (red
and white checkered)

@Croatia, Economy

Overview:
Before the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the republic of Croatia, after
Slovenia, was the most prosperous and industrialized area, with a per
capita output roughly comparable to that of Portugal and perhaps
one-third above the Yugoslav average. At present, Croatian Serb
Nationalists control approximately one-third of the Croatian
territory, and one of the overriding determinants of Croatia's
long-term political and economic prospects will be the resolution of
this territorial dispute. Croatia faces monumental economic problems
stemming from: the legacy of longtime Communist mismanagement of the
economy; large foreign debt; damage during the fighting to bridges,
factories, power lines, buildings, and houses; the large refugee
population, both Croatian and Bosnian; and the disruption of economic
ties to Serbia and the other former Yugoslav republics, as well as
within its own territory. At the minimum, extensive Western aid and
investment, especially in the tourist and oil industries, would seem
necessary to salvage a desperate economic situation. However, peace
and political stability must come first; only then will recent
government moves toward a "market-friendly" economy reverse the sharp
drop in output. As of May 1994, fighting continues among Croats,
Serbs, and Muslims, and national boundaries and final political
arrangements are still in doubt.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $21.8 billion (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate:
-19% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
$4,500 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
26% monthly average (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
21% (December 1993)
Budget:
revenues:
$NA
expenditures:
$NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports:
$3.9 billion (f.o.b., 1993)
commodities:
machinery and transport equipment 30%, other manufacturers 37%,
chemicals 11%, food and live animals 9%, raw materials 6.5%, fuels and
lubricants 5% (1990)
partners:
EC countries, Slovenia
Imports:
$4.7 billion (c.i.f., 1993)
commodities:
machinery and transport equipment 21%, fuels and lubricants 19%, food
and live animals 16%, chemicals 14%, manufactured goods 13%,
miscellaneous manufactured articles 9%, raw materials 6.5%, beverages
and tobacco 1% (1990)
partners:
EC countries, Slovenia, FSU countries
External debt:
$2.6 billion (December 1993)
Industrial production:
growth rate -5.9% (1993 est.)
Electricity:
capacity:
3,570,000 kW
production:
11.5 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
2,400 kWh (1992)
Industries:
chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics,
pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum reduction, paper, wood
products (including furniture), building materials (including cement),
textiles, shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food
processing and beverages
Agriculture:
Croatia normally produces a food surplus; most agricultural land in
private hands and concentrated in Croat-majority districts in Slavonia
and Istria; much of Slavonia's land has been put out of production by
fighting; wheat, corn, sugar beets, sunflowers, alfalfa, and clover
are main crops in Slavonia; central Croatian highlands are less
fertile but support cereal production, orchards, vineyards, livestock
breeding, and dairy farming; coastal areas and offshore islands grow
olives, citrus fruits, and vegetables
Economic aid:
$NA
Currency:
1 Croatian dinar (CD) = 100 paras; a new currency, the kuna, replaced
the dinar on 30 May 1994
Exchange rates:
Croatian dinar per US $1 - 6,544 (January 1994), 3,637 (15 July 1993),
60.00 (April 1992)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Croatia, Communications

Railroads:
2,592 km of standard guage (1.435 m) of which 864 km are electrified
(1992); note - disrupted by territorial dispute
Highways:
total:
32,071 km
paved:
23,305 km
unpaved:
gravel 8,439 km; earth 327 km (1990)
Inland waterways:
785 km perennially navigable
Pipelines:
crude oil 670 km; petroleum products 20 km; natural gas 310 km (1992);
note - now disrupted because of territorial dispute
Ports:
coastal - Omisalj (oil), Ploce, Rijeka, Split; inland - Osijek,
Slavonski Samac, Vukovar, Zupanja
Merchant marine:
28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 108,194 GRT/131,880 DWT, cargo
18, container 1, oil tanker 1, passenger 2, refrigerated cargo 1,
roll-on/roll-off cargo 2, short-sea passenger 3
note:
also controlled by Croatian shipowners are 151 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) under flags of convenience - primarily Malta and St. Vincent -
totaling 2,221,931 GRT/3,488,263 DWT; includes cargo 60, roll-on/
roll-off 8, refrigerated cargo 4, container 12, multifunction large
load carriers 3, bulk 45, oil tanker 9, liquified gas 1, chemical
tanker 4, service vessel 5
Airports:
total:
75
usable:
70
with permanent-surface runways:
16
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
7
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
5
Telecommunications:
350,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 8 FM, 12 (2 repeaters)
TV; 1,100,000 radios; 1,027,000 TVs; satellite ground stations - none

@Croatia, Defense Forces

Branches:
Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 1,182,767; fit for military service 946,010; reach
military age (19) annually 33,166 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
337 billion-393 billion Croatian dinars, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note
- conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current
exchange rate could produce misleading results

@Cuba, Geography

Location:
Caribbean, in the northern Caribbean Sea, 145 km south of Key West
(Florida)
Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones
of the World
Area:
total area:
110,860 sq km
land area:
110,860 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
Land boundaries:
total 29 km, US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay 29 km
note:
Guantanamo is leased and as such remains part of Cuba
Coastline:
3,735 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual
agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease
Climate:
tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April);
rainy season (May to October)
Terrain:
mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountains in the
southeast
Natural resources:
cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica,
petroleum
Land use:
arable land:
23%
permanent crops:
6%
meadows and pastures:
23%
forest and woodland:
17%
other:
31%
Irrigated land:
8,960 sq km (1989)
Environment:
current issues:
overhunting threatens wildlife populations; deforestation
natural hazards:
averages one hurricane every other year
international agreements:
party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified -
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Marine Life Conservation
Note:
largest country in Caribbean

@Cuba, People

Population:
11,064,344 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.95% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
16.59 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
6.52 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
-0.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
10.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
76.89 years
male:
74.72 years
female:
79.18 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.83 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Cuban(s)
adjective:
Cuban
Ethnic divisions:
mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%
Religions:
nominally Roman Catholic 85% prior to Castro assuming power
Languages:
Spanish
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
94%
male:
95%
female:
93%
Labor force:
4,620,800 economically active population (1988); 3,578,800 in state
sector
by occupation:
services and government 30%, industry 22%, agriculture 20%, commerce
11%, construction 10%, transportation and communications 7% (June
1990)

@Cuba, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Cuba
conventional short form:
Cuba
local long form:
Republica de Cuba
local short form:
Cuba
Digraph:
CU
Type:
Communist state
Capital:
Havana
Administrative divisions:
14 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special
municipality* (municipio especial); Camaguey, Ciego de Avila,
Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de
la Juventud*, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar del Rio, Sancti
Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara
Independence:
20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the US from
1898 to 1902)
National holiday:
Rebellion Day, 26 July (1953)
Constitution:
24 February 1976
Legal system:
based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist
legal theory; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
16 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
President of the Council of State and President of the Council of
Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (Prime Minister from February 1959 until 24
February 1976 when office was abolished; President since 2 December
1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice
President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2
December 1976)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; proposed by the president of the Council of
State, appointed by the National Assembly
Legislative branch:
unicameral
National Assembly of People's Power:
(Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular) elections last held February
1993; seats - 589 total, indirectly elected from slates approved by
special candidacy commissions
Judicial branch:
People's Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo Popular)
Political parties and leaders:
only party - Cuban Communist Party (PCC), Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first
secretary
Member of:
CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INMARSAT,
INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA
(observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participation since
1962), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Principal Officer Alfonso FRAGA Perez (since August 1992) represented
by the Cuban Interests Section of the Swiss Embassy in Washington, DC
chancery:
2630 and 2639 16th Street NW, US Interests Section, Swiss Embassy,
Washington, DC 20009
telephone:
(202) 797-8518 or 8519, 8520, 8609, 8610
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Principal Officer Joseph SULLIVAN
US Interests Section:
USINT, Swiss Embassy, Calzada Entre L y M, Vedado Seccion, Havana
mailing address:
use street address
telephone:
33-3351 or 33-3543
FAX:
no service available at this time
note:
protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland - US Interests Section, Swiss
Embassy
Flag:
five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating with
white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a
white five-pointed star in the center

@Cuba, Economy

Overview:
Cuba's heavily statist economy remains in a severe depression as a
result of the loss of massive amounts of economic aid from the former
Soviet Bloc. In 1989-93, GDP declined by about 40% and import
capability fell by about 80%. Reduced imports of fuel, spare parts,
and chemicals combined with rainy weather to cut the production of
sugar - the country's top export - from 7 million tons in 1992 to 4.3
million tons in 1993, causing a loss of more than $400 million in
export revenue. The government implemented several measures designed
to stem the economic decline, e.g., legalizing the use of foreign
currency by Cuban citizens in August 1993 in an attempt to increase
remittances of foreign exchange from abroad. Authorities in September
1993 began permitting self-employment in over 100 mostly service
occupations. Also in September the government broke up many state
farms into smaller, more autonomous cooperative units in an attempt to
increase worker incentives and boost depressed food production levels.
Fuel shortages persisted throughout 1993; draft animals and bicycles
continued to replace motor-driven vehicles, and the use of electricity
by households and factories was cut from already low levels. With the
help of foreign investment, tourism has been one bright spot in the
economy, with arrivals and earnings reaching record highs in 1993.
Government officials have expressed guarded optimism for 1994, as the
country struggles to achieve sustainable economic growth at a
much-reduced standard of living.
National product:
GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $13.7 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
-10% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
$1,250 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA%
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues:
$12.46 billion
expenditures:
$14.45 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)
Exports:
$1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
sugar, nickel, shellfish, tobacco, medical products, citrus, coffee
partners:
Russia 28%, Canada 9%, China 5%, Ukraine 5%, Japan 4%, Spain 4% (1993
est.)
Imports:
$1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.)
commodities:
petroleum, food, machinery, chemicals
partners:
Venezuela 20%, China 9%, Spain 9%, Mexico 7%, Italy 4%, Canada 7%,
France 8% (1993 est.)
External debt:
$6.8 billion (convertible currency, July 1989)
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%
Electricity:
capacity:
3,889,000 kW
production:
16.248 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
1,500 kWh (1992)
Industries:
sugar milling and refining, petroleum refining, food and tobacco
processing, textiles, chemicals, paper and wood products, metals
(particularly nickel), cement, fertilizers, consumer goods,
agricultural machinery
Agriculture:
accounts for 11% of GNP (including fishing and forestry); key
commercial crops - sugarcane, tobacco, and citrus fruits; other
products - coffee, rice, potatoes, meat, beans; world's largest sugar
exporter; not self-sufficient in food (excluding sugar); sector hurt
by growing shortages of fuels and parts
Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for cocaine bound for the US
Economic aid:
recipient:
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1970-89), $710 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18.5 billion
Currency:
1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates:
Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (non-convertible, official rate,
linked to the US dollar)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Cuba, Communications

Railroads:
12,795 km total; Cuban National Railways operates 5,053 km of
1.435-meter gauge track, including 151.7 km electrified; in addition,
sugar plantation lines consist of 7,742 km of 0.914-meter and
1.435-meter gauge track
Highways:
total:
26,477 km
paved:
14,477 km
unpaved:
gravel or earth 12,000 km (1989)
Inland waterways:
240 km
Ports:
Cienfuegos, La Habana, Mariel, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba; 7
secondary, 35 minor
Merchant marine:
64 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 444,038 GRT/627,741 DWT, bulk 2,
cargo 36, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas 4, oil tanker 10, passenger
cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 10
note:
Cuba beneficially owns an additional 34 ships (1,000 GRT and over)
totaling 529,090 DWT under the registry of Panama, Cyprus, and Malta
Airports:
total:
187
usable:
167
with permanent-surface runways:
73
with runways over 3,659 m:
3
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
12
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
19
Telecommunications:
among the world's least developed telephone systems; 229,000
telephones; telephone density - 20.7 per 1,000 persons; broadcast
stations - 150 AM, 5 FM, 58 TV; 1,530,000 TVs; 2,140,000 radios; 1
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@Cuba, Defense Forces

Branches:
Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) - including ground forces,
Revolutionary Navy (MGR), Air and Air Defense Force (DAAFAR),
Territorial Militia Troops (MTT), Youth Labor Army (EJT), and Interior
Ministry Border Guard Troops
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 3,064,898; females age 15-49 3,088,810; males fit for
military service 1,907,396; females fit for military service
1,927,306; males reach military age (17) annually 81,536 (1994 est.);
females reach military age (17) annually 78,612 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - approx. $600 million, 4% of GSP (gross
social product) in 1993 was for defense
Note:
Moscow, for decades the key military supporter and supplier of Cuba,
cut off military aid by 1993

@Cyprus, Geography

Location:
Middle East, in the eastern Mediterreanean Sea, 97 km west of Syria
and 64 km west of Turkey
Map references:
Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
9,250 sq km
land area:
9,240 sq km
comparative area:
about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
648 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf:
200-m depth or to depth of exploitation
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
1974 hostilities divided the island into two de facto autonomous
areas, a Greek area controlled by the Cypriot Government (60% of the
island's land area) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (35% of the island),
that are separated by a narrow UN buffer zone; in addition, there are
two UK sovereign base areas (about 5% of the island's land area)
Climate:
temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters
Terrain:
central plain with mountains to north and south
Natural resources:
copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth
pigment
Land use:
arable land:
40%
permanent crops:
7%
meadows and pastures:
10%
forest and woodland:
18%
other:
25%
Irrigated land:
350 sq km (1989)
Environment:
current issues:
water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments, seasonal
disparity in rainfall, and most potable resources concentrated in the
Turkish Cypriot area); water pollution from sewage and industrial
wastes; coastal degradation; loss of wildlife habitats from
urbanization
natural hazards:
moderate earthquake activity
international agreements:
party to - Air Pollution, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but
not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change

@Cyprus, People

Population: 730,084 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 0.91% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 16.69 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 7.61 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.22 years male: 73.97 years female: 78.58 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.32 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Cypriot(s) adjective: Cypriot Ethnic divisions: Greek 78%, Turkish 18%, other 4% Religions: Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other 4% Languages: Greek, Turkish, English Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1987 est.) total population: 94% male: 98% female: 91% Labor force: Greek area: 285,500 by occupation: services 57%, industry 29%, agriculture 14% (1992) Turkish area: 75,000 by occupation: services 52%, industry 22%, agriculture 26% (1992)

@Cyprus, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Cyprus
conventional short form:
Cyprus
Digraph:
CY
Type:
republic
note:
a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island
began after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation
was further solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in
July 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the
north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized
government; on 15 November 1983 Turkish Cypriot President Rauf
DENKTASH declared independence and the formation of a "Turkish
Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC), which has been recognized only by
Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution of intercommunal
differences and creation of a new federal system of government
Capital:
Nicosia
Administrative divisions:
6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia, Paphos
Independence:
16 August 1960 (from UK)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 1 October (15 November (1983) is celebrated as
Independence Day in the Turkish area)
Constitution:
16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised
constitution to govern the island and to better relations between
Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975
Turkish Cypriots created their own Constitution and governing bodies
within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus," which was renamed the
"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" in 1983; a new Constitution for
the Turkish area passed by referendum in 5 May 1985
Legal system:
based on common law, with civil law modifications
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
President Glafkos CLERIDES (since 28 February 1993); election last
held 14 February 1993 (next to be held February 1998); results -
Glafkos CLERIDES 50.3%, George VASSILIOU 49.7%
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; appointed jointly by the president and
vice-president
note:
Rauf R. DENKTASH has been president of the Turkish area since 13
February 1975; Hakki ATUN has been prime minister of the Turkish area
since 1 January 1994; there is a Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the
Turkish area
Legislative branch:
unicameral
House of Representatives (Vouli Antiprosopon):
elections last held 19 May 1991 (next to be held NA); results - DISY
35.8%, AKEL (Communist) 30.6%, DIKO 19.5%, EDEK 10.9%; others 3.2%;
seats - (56 total) DISY 20, AKEL (Communist) 18, DIKO 11, EDEK 7
Turkish Area: Assembly of the Republic (Cumhuriyet Meclisi):
elections last held 12 December 1993 (next to be held NA); results -
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (50 total) UBP (conservative) 17,
DP 15, CTP 13, TKP 5
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; note - there is also a Supreme Court in the Turkish
area
Political parties and leaders:
Greek Cypriot:
Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL, Communist Party),
Dimitrios CHRISTOFIAS; Democratic Rally (DISY), John MATSIS;
Democratic Party (DIKO), Spyros KYPRIANOU; United Democratic Union of
the Center (EDEK), Vassos LYSSARIDIS; Socialist Democratic Renewal
Movement (ADISOK), Mikhalis PAPAPETROU; Liberal Party, Nikos ROLANDIS;
Free Democrats, George VASSILIOU
Turkish area:
National Unity Party (UBP), Dervis EROGLU; Communal Liberation Party
(TKP), Mustafa AKINCI; Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Ozker OZGUR;
New Cyprus Party (YKP), Alpay DURDURAN; Social Democratic Party (SDP),
Ergun VEHBI; New Birth Party (YDP), Ali Ozkan ALTINISHIK; Free
Democratic Party (HDP), Ismet KOTAK; National Struggle Party (MSP),
Zorlu TORE; Unity and Sovereignty Party (USP), Arif Salih KIRDAG;
Democratic Party (DP), Hakki ATUN; Fatherland Party (VP), Orhan UCOK
note:
CTP, TKP, and YDP joined in the coalition Democratic Struggle Party
(DMP) for the 22 April 1990 legislative election; the CTP and TKP
boycotted the by-election of 13 October 1991, in which 12 seats were
at stake; the DMP was dissolved after the 1990 election
Other political or pressure groups:
United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON, Communist controlled);
Union of Cyprus Farmers (EKA, Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers
Union (PEK, pro-West); Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO, Communist
controlled); Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK, pro-West);
Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation
of Revolutionary Labor Unions (Dev-Is)
Member of:
C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Andreas JACOVIDES
chancery:
2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
(202) 462-5772
consulate(s) general:
New York
note:
Representative of the Turkish area in the US is Namik KORMAN, office
at 1667 K Street NW, Washington DC, telephone (202) 887-6198
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Richard BOUCHER
embassy:
corner of Metochiou and Ploutarchou Streets, Nicosia
mailing address:
APO AE 09836
telephone:
[357] (2) 476100
FAX:
[357] (2) 465944
Flag:
white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus
is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed
olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the
hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish
communities
note:
the Turkish Cypriot flag has a horizontal red stripe at the top and
bottom with a red crescent and red star on a white field

@Cyprus, Economy

Overview:
The Greek Cypriot economy is small, diversified, and prosperous.
Industry contributes 16% to GDP and employs 29% of the labor force,
while the service sector contributes 60% to GDP and employs 57% of the
labor force. An average 6.8% rise in real GDP between 1986 and 1990
was temporarily checked in 1991, because of the adverse effects of the
Gulf War on tourism. Economic growth surged again in 1992, bolstered
by strong foreign and domestic demand. As the economy gained momentum,
however, it began to overheat; inflation reached 6.5%. The economy has
likely recorded a sharp drop in growth in 1993, due to the recession
in Western Europe, Cyprus' main trading partner, but probably will
pick up again in 1994. The Turkish Cypriot economy has less than
one-third the per capita GDP in the south. Because it is recognized
only by Turkey, it has had much difficulty arranging foreign
financing, and foreign firms have hesitated to invest there. The
economy remains heavily dependent on agriculture, which employs more
than one-quarter of the workforce. Moreover, because the Turkish lira
is legal tender, the Turkish Cypriot economy has suffered the same
high inflation as mainland Turkey. To compensate for the economy's
weakness, Turkey provides direct and indirect aid to nearly every
sector; financial support has reached about one-third of Turkish
Cypriot GDP.
National product:
Greek area:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $6.7 billion (1992)
Turkish area:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $550 million (1992)
National product real growth rate:
Greek area:
8.2% (1992)
Turkish area:
7.3% (1992)
National product per capita:
Greek area:
$11,390 (1992)
Turkish area:
$3,130 (1992)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Greek area:
6.5% (1992)
Turkish area:
63.4% (1992)
Unemployment rate:
Greek area:
1.8% (1992)
Turkish area:
1.2% (1992)
Budget:
revenues:
Greek area - $1.7 billion
Turkish area - $273 million
expenditures:
Greek area - $2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $350
million
Turkish area - $360 million, including capital expenditures of $78
million (1994)
Exports:
$1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing and shoes
partners:
UK 19%, Greece 8%, Lebanon 2%, Egypt 7%
Imports:
$3.3 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, food and feed grains,
machinery
partners:
UK 11%, Japan 11%, Italy 10%, Germany 9%, US 8%
External debt:
$1.6 billion (1992)
Industrial production:
growth rate 4% (1993 est.); accounts for 16.0% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
620,000 kW
production:
1.77 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
2,530 kWh (1991)
Industries:
food, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, wood
products
Agriculture:
contributes 7% to GDP and employs 26% of labor force in the south;
major crops - potatoes, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, citrus
fruits; vegetables and fruit provide 25% of export revenues
Illicit drugs:
transit point for heroin via air routes and container traffic to
Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $292 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $250
million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $62 million; Communist
countries (1970-89), $24 million
Currency:
1 Cypriot pound (#C) = 100 cents; 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus
Exchange rates:
Cypriot pounds per $US1 - 0.5148 (December 1993), 0.4970 (1993),
0.4502 (1992), 0.4615 (1991), 0.4572 (1990), 0.4933 (1989); Turkish
liras (TL) per US$1 - 15,196.1 (January 1994), 10,983.3 (1993),
6,872.4 (1992), 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7 (1989)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Cyprus, Communications

Highways:
total:
10,780 km
paved:
5,170 km
unpaved:
gravel, crushed stone, earth 5,610 km
Ports:
Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Paphos
Merchant marine:
1,399 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,743,484 GRT/39,874,985
DWT, bulk 469, cargo 496, chemical tanker 27, combination bulk 48,
combination ore/oil 32, container 82, liquefied gas 3, multifunction
large load carrier 4, oil tanker 122, passenger 4, passenger-cargo 2,
railcar carrier 1, refrigerated cargo 67, roll-on/roll-off cargo 24,
short-sea passenger 12, specialized tanker 3, vehicle carrier 3
note:
a flag of convenience registry; Cuba owns 26 of these ships, Russia
owns 61, Latvia owns 7, Croatia owns 2, and Romania owns 4
Airports:
total:
14
usable:
14
with permanent-surface runways:
11
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
7
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
2
Telecommunications:
excellent in both the area controlled by the Cypriot Government (Greek
area), and in the Turkish-Cypriot administered area; 210,000
telephones; largely open-wire and microwave radio relay; broadcast
stations - 11 AM, 8 FM, 1 (34 repeaters) TV in Greek sector and 2 AM,
6 FM and 1 TV in Turkish sector; international service by tropospheric
scatter, 3 submarine cables, and satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic
Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and EUTELSAT earth stations

@Cyprus, Defense Forces

Branches:
Greek area:
Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG; including air and naval elements),
Greek Cypriot Police
Turkish area:
Turkish Cypriot Security Force
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 186,807; fit for military service 128,444; reach
military age (18) annually 5,233 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $407 million, 6.5% of GDP (1993)

@Czech Republic, Geography

Location:
Central Europe, between Germany and Slovakia
Map references:
Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the
World
Area:
total area:
78,703 sq km
land area:
78,645 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than South Carolina
Land boundaries:
total 1,880 km, Austria 362 km, Germany 646 km, Poland 658 km,
Slovakia 214 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none; landlocked
International disputes:
Liechtenstein claims l,606 square miles of Czech territory confiscated
from its royal family in 1918; Sudeten German claims for restitution
of property confiscated in connection with their expulsion after World
War II versus the Czech Republic claims that restitution does not
proceed before February 1948 when the Communists seized power;
unresolved property issues with Slovakia over redistribution of
property of the former Czechoslovak federal government
Climate:
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Terrain:
two main regions: Bohemia in the west, consisting of rolling plains,
hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; and Moravia in the
east, consisting of very hilly country
Natural resources:
hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite
Land use:
arable land:
NA%
permanent crops:
NA%
meadows and pastures:
NA%
forest and woodland:
NA%
other:
NA%
Irrigated land:
NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
air and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemia centered around
Zeplica and in northern Moravia around Ostrava presents health
hazards; acid rain damaging forests
natural hazards:
NA
international agreements:
party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified -
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol
Note:
landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most
significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional
military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in
central Europe

@Czech Republic, People

Population:
10,408,280 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.21% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
13.23 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
11.14 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
9.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
73.08 years
male:
69.38 years
female:
76.99 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.84 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Czech(s)
adjective:
Czech
Ethnic divisions:
Czech 94.4%, Slovak 3%, Polish 0.6%, German 0.5%, Gypsy 0.3%,
Hungarian 0.2%, other 1%
Religions:
atheist 39.8%, Roman Catholic 39.2%, Protestant 4.6%, Orthodox 3%,
other 13.4%
Languages:
Czech, Slovak
Literacy:
total population:
NA%
male:
NA%
female:
NA%
Labor force:
5.389 million
by occupation:
industry 37.9%, agriculture 8.1%, construction 8.8%, communications
and other 45.2% (1990)

@Czech Republic, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Czech Republic
conventional short form:
Czech Republic
local long form:
Ceska Republika
local short form:
Cechy
Digraph:
EZ
Type:
parliamentary democracy
Capital:
Prague
Administrative divisions:
8 regions (kraje, kraj - singular); Jihocesky, Jihomoravsky, Praha,
Severocesky, Severomoravsky, Stredocesky, Vychodocesky, Zapadocesky
Independence:
1 January 1993 (from Czechoslovakia)
National holiday:
National Liberation Day, 9 May; Founding of the Republic, 28 October
Constitution:
ratified 16 December 1992; effective 1 January 1993
Legal system:
civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to bring it in line
with Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
obligations and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Vaclav HAVEL (since 26 January 1993); election last held 26
January 1993 (next to be held NA January 1998); results - Vaclav HAVEL
elected by the National Council
head of government:
Prime Minister Vaclav KLAUS (since NA June 1992); Deputy Prime
Ministers Ivan KOCARNIK, Josef LUX, Jan KALVODA (since NA June 1992)
cabinet:
Cabinet; appointed by the president on recommendation of the prime
minister
Legislative branch:
bicameral National Council (Narodni rada)
Senate:
elections not yet held; seats (81 total)
Chamber of Deputies:
elections last held 5-6 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results -
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (200 total) Civic Democratic
Party/Christian Democratic Party 76, Left Bloc 35, Czech Social
Democratic Party 16, Liberal Social Union 16, Christian Democratic
Union/Czech People's Party 15, Assembly for the Republic/Republican
Party 14, Civic Democratic Alliance 14, Movement for Self-Governing
Democracy for Moravia and Silesia 14
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court, Constitutional Court
Political parties and leaders:
Civic Democratic Party (ODS), Vaclav KLAUS, chairman; Christian
Democratic Union-Czech People's Party (KDU-CSL), Josef LUX, chairman;
Civic Democratic Alliance (ODA), Jan KALVODA, chairman; Christian
Democratic Party (KDS), Ivan PILIP, chairman; Czech Social Democratic
Party, Milos ZEMAN, chairman; Czech-Moravian Center Party, Jan KYCER,
chairman; Liberal Social Union (LSU), Frantisek TRNKA; Communist Party
of Bohemia/Moravia (KSCM), Miroslav GREBENICEK, chairman; Association
for the Republic - Republican Party, Miroslav SLADEK, chairman; Left
Bloc, Marie STIBOROVA, chairman
Other political or pressure groups:
Left Bloc; Liberal Party; Czech-Moravian Chamber of Trade Unions
Member of:
BIS, CCC, CE (guest), CEI, CERN, COCOM (cooperating), CSCE, EBRD, ECE,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IFCTU, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NSG,
PCA, UN (as of 8 January 1993), UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNOMIG, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Michael ZANTOVSKY
chancery:
3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
(202) 363-6315 or 6316
FAX:
(202) 966-8540
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Adrian A. BASORA
embassy:
Trziste 15, 11801, Prague 1
mailing address:
Unit 25402; APO AE 09213
telephone:
[42] (2) 251-0847
FAX:
[42] (2) 531-193
Flag:
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue
isosceles triangle based on the hoist side (almost identical to the
flag of the former Czechoslovakia)

@Czech Republic, Economy

Overview:
The dissolution of Czechoslovakia into two independent nation states -
the Czech Republic and Slovakia - on 1 January 1993 has complicated
the task of moving toward a more open and decentralized economy. The
old Czechoslovakia, even though highly industrialized by East European
standards, suffered from an aging capital plant, lagging technology,
and a deficiency in energy and many raw materials. In January 1991,
approximately one year after the end of communist control of Eastern
Europe, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic launched a sweeping
program to convert its almost entirely state-owned and controlled
economy to a market system. In 1991-92 these measures resulted in
privatization of some medium- and small-scale economic activity and
the setting of more than 90% of prices by the market - but at a cost
in inflation, unemployment, and lower output. For Czechoslovakia as a
whole inflation in 1991 was roughly 50% and output fell 15%. In 1992,
in the Czech lands, inflation dropped to an estimated 12.5% and GDP
was down a more moderate 5%. In 1993, Czech aggregate output remained
unchanged, prices rose about 19%, and unemployment hovered above 3%;
exports to Slovakia fell roughly 30%. An estimated 40% of the economy
was privately owned. In 1994, Prague expects 2% to 3% growth in GDP,
roughly 9% inflation, and 5% unemployment. Economic growth in 1994 is
less important than continued economic restructuring; a mere 1% growth
would be noteworthy if restructuring is accompanied by rising
unemployment and enterprise bankruptcies.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $75 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
0% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
$7,200 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
19% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
3.3% (1993 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
$11.9 billion
expenditures:
$11.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1993 est.)
Exports:
$12.6 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals,
fuels, minerals, and metals
partners:
Germany, Slovakia, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Italy, France, US, UK,
CIS republics
Imports:
$12.4 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manfactured
goods, raw materials, chemicals, agricultural products
partners:
Slovakia, CIS republics, Germany, Austria, Poland, Switzerland,
Hungary, UK, Italy
External debt:
$8.6 billion (October 1993)
Industrial production:
growth rate -5.5% (December 1993 over December 1992)
Electricity:
capacity:
16,500,000 kW
production:
62.2 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
6,030 kWh (1992)
Industries:
fuels, ferrous metallurgy, machinery and equipment, coal, motor
vehicles, glass, armaments
Agriculture:
largely self-sufficient in food production; diversified crop and
livestock production, including grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops,
fruit, hogs, cattle, and poultry; exporter of forest products
Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and Latin American
cocaine to Western Europe
Economic aid:
donor:
the former Czechoslovakia was a donor - $4.2 billion in bilateral aid
to non-Communist less developed countries (1954-89)
Currency:
1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru
Exchange rates:
koruny (Kcs) per US$1 - 30.122 (January 1994), 29.153 (1993), 28.26
(1992), 29.53 (1991), 17.95 (1990), 15.05 (1989)
note:
values before 1993 reflect Czechoslovak exchange rates
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Czech Republic, Communications

Railroads:
9,434 km total (1988)
Highways:
total:
55,890 km (1988)
paved:
NA
unpaved:
NA
Inland waterways:
NA km; the Elbe (Labe) is the principal river
Pipelines:
natural gas 5,400 km
Ports:
coastal outlets are in Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin), Croatia
(Rijeka), Slovenia (Koper), Germany (Hamburg, Rostock); principal
river ports are Prague on the Vltava, Decin on the Elbe (Labe)
Merchant marine:
18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 225,934 GRT/350,330 DWT, bulk 7,
cargo 11
Airports:
total:
155
usable:
123
with permanent-surface runways:
27
with runways over 3,659 m:
1
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
17
with runways 1,060-2,439 m:
52
note:
a C-130 can land on a 1,060-m airstrip
Telecommunications:
NA

@Czech Republic, Defense Forces

Branches:
Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Railroad Units
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 2,747,126; fit for military service 2,091,532; reach
military age (18) annually 93,342 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
23 billion koruny, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of
defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate
could produce misleading results

@Denmark, Geography

Location:
Nordic State, Northern Europe, bordering the North Sea on a peninsula
north of Germany
Map references:
Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
43,070 sq km
land area:
42,370 sq km
comparative area:
slightly more than twice the size of Massachusetts
note:
includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest of
metropolitan Denmark, but excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland
Land boundaries:
total 68 km, Germany 68 km
Coastline:
3,379 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
4 nm
continental shelf:
200-m depth or to depth of exploitation
exclusive fishing zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
3 nm
International disputes:
Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Iceland, Ireland, and the
UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall
area); dispute between Denmark and Norway over maritime boundary in
Arctic Ocean between Greenland and Jan Mayen has been settled by the
International Court of Justice
Climate:
temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers
Terrain:
low and flat to gently rolling plains
Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone
Land use:
arable land:
61%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
6%
forest and woodland:
12%
other:
21%
Irrigated land:
4,300 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
air pollution; nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the North Sea;
drinking and surface water becoming polluted from animal wastes
natural hazards:
NA
international agreements:
party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber, Wetlands, Whaling;
signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea
Note:
controls Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas; about
one-quarter of the population lives in Copenhagen

@Denmark, People

Population:
5,187,821 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.23% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
12.45 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
11.28 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
6.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
75.81 years
male:
72.93 years
female:
78.86 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.68 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Dane(s)
adjective:
Danish
Ethnic divisions:
Scandinavian, Eskimo, Faroese, German
Religions:
Evangelical Lutheran 91%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 2%,
other 7% (1988)
Languages:
Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect), German (small
minority)
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.)
total population:
99%
male:
NA%
female:
NA%
Labor force:
2,553,900
by occupation:
private services 37.1%, government services 30.4%, manufacturing and
mining 20%, construction 6.3%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing
5.6%, electricity/gas/water 0.6% (1991)

@Denmark, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Kingdom of Denmark
conventional short form:
Denmark
local long form:
Kongeriget Danmark
local short form:
Danmark
Digraph:
DA
Type:
constitutional monarchy
Capital:
Copenhagen
Administrative divisions:
metropolitan Denmark - 14 counties (amter, singular - amt) and 1 city*
(stad); Arhus, Bornholm, Frederiksborg, Fyn, Kbenhavn, Nordjylland,
Ribe, Ringkbing, Roskilde, Snderjylland, Staden Kbenhavn*, Storstrm,
Vejle, Vestsjaelland, Viborg
note:
see separate entries for the Faroe Islands and Greenland, which are
part of the Danish realm and self-governing administrative divisions
Independence:
1849 (became a constitutional monarchy)
National holiday:
Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940)
Constitution:
5 June 1953
Legal system:
civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage:
21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
Queen MARGRETHE II (since NA January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince
FREDERIK, elder son of the Queen (born 26 May 1968)
head of government:
Prime Minister Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN (since NA January 1993)
cabinet:
Cabinet; appointed by the monarch
Legislative branch:
unicameral
Parliament (Folketing):
elections last held 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December
1994); results - Social Democratic Party 37.4%, Conservative Party
16.0%, Liberal 15.8%, Socialist People's Party 8.3%, Progress Party
6.4%, Center Democratic Party 5.1%, Radical Liberal Party 3.5%,
Christian People's Party 2.3%, other 5.2%; seats - (179 total;
includes 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands) Social
Democratic 69, Conservative 30, Liberal 29, Socialist People's 15,
Progress Party 12, Center Democratic 9, Radical Liberal 7, Christian
People's 4
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
Social Democratic Party, Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN; Conservative Party,
Torben RECHENDORFF; Liberal Party, Uffe ELLEMANN-JENSEN; Socialist
People's Party, Holger K. NIELSEN; Progress Party, Johannes SORENSEN;
Center Democratic Party, Mimi Stilling JAKOBSEN; Radical Liberal
Party, Marianne JELVED; Christian People's Party, Jann SJURSEN; Common
Course, Preben Moller HANSEN; Danish Workers' Party
Member of:
AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN,
COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC,
NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNIKOM, UNOMIG, UNMOGIP, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Peter Pedersen DYVIG
chancery:
3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
(202) 234-4300
FAX:
(202) 328-1470
consulate(s) general:
Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Edward E. ELSON
embassy:
Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 Copenhagen O
mailing address:
APO AE 09716
telephone:
[45] (31) 42-31-44
FAX:
[45] (35) 43-0223
Flag:
red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the
vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side, and that
design element of the DANNEBROG (Danish flag) was subsequently adopted
by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden

@Denmark, Economy

Overview:
This modern economy features high-tech agriculture, up-to-date
small-scale and corporate industry, extensive government welfare
measures, comfortable living standards, and high dependence on foreign
trade. Denmark's new center-left coalition government will concentrate
on reducing the persistent high unemployment rate and the budget
deficit as well as following the previous government's policies of
maintaining low inflation and a current account surplus. In the face
of recent international market pressure on the Danish krone, the
coalition has also vowed to maintain a stable currency. The coalition
hopes to lower marginal income taxes while maintaining overall tax
revenues; boost industrial competitiveness through labor market and
tax reforms and increased research and development funds; and improve
welfare services for the neediest while cutting paperwork and delays.
Prime Minister RASMUSSEN's reforms will focus on adapting Denmark to
the criteria for European integration by 1999; although Copenhagen has
won from the European Union (EU) the right to opt out of the European
Monetary Union (EMU) if a national referendum rejects it. Denmark is,
in fact, one of the few EU countries likely to fit into the EMU on
time. Denmark is weathering the current worldwide slump better than
many West European countries. As the EU's single market (formally
established on 1 January 1993) gets underway, Danish economic growth
is expected to pickup to around 2% in 1994. Danish approval of the
Maastricht treaty on EU political and economic union in May 1993 has
reversed the drop in investment, further boosting growth. The current
account surplus remains strong as limitations on wage increases and
low inflation - expected to be around 2% in 1994 - improve export
competitiveness. Although unemployment is high, it remains stable
compared to most European countries.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $95.6 billion (1993)
National product real growth rate:
0.5% (1993)
National product per capita:
$18,500 (1993)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.8% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
11.8% (1993 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
$48 billion
expenditures:
$55.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1993)
Exports:
$36.7 billion (f.o.b., 1993)
commodities:
meat and meat products, dairy products, transport equipment
(shipbuilding), fish, chemicals, industrial machinery
partners:
EC 54.3% (Germany 23.6%, UK 10.1%, France 5.7%), Sweden 10.5%, Norway
5.8%, US 4.9%, Japan 3.6% (1992)
Imports:
$29.7 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.)
commodities:
petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs,
textiles, paper
partners:
EC 53.4% (Germany 23.1%, UK 8.2%, France 5.6%), Sweden 10.8%, Norway
5.4%, US 5.7%, Japan 4.1% (1992)
External debt:
$40 billion (1992 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate -2.5% (1993 est.)
Electricity:
capacity:
11,215,000 kW
production:
34.17 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
6,610 kWh (1992)
Industries:
food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing,
chemical products, electronics, construction, furniture, and other
wood products, shipbuilding
Agriculture:
accounts for 4% of GDP and employs 5.6% of labor force (includes
fishing and forestry); farm products account for nearly 15% of export
revenues; principal products - meat, dairy, grain, potatoes, rape,
sugar beets, fish; self-sufficient in food production
Economic aid:
donor:
ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $5.9 billion
Currency:
1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 oere
Exchange rates:
Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.771 (January 1994), 6.484 (1993),
6.036 (1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189 (1990), 7.310 (1989)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Denmark, Communications

Railroads:
2,770 km; Danish State Railways (DSB) operate 2,120 km (1,999 km rail
line and 121 km rail ferry services); 188 km electrified, 730 km
double tracked; 650 km of standard-gauge lines are privately owned and
operated
Highways:
total:
66,482 km
paved:
concrete, asphalt, stone block 64,551 km
unpaved:
gravel, crushed stone, improved earth 1,931 km
Inland waterways:
417 km
Pipelines:
crude oil 110 km; petroleum products 578 km; natural gas 700 km
Ports:
Alborg, Arhus, Copenhagen, Esbjerg, Fredericia; numerous secondary and
minor ports
Merchant marine:
347 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,974,494 GRT/6,820,067 DWT,
bulk 15, cargo 110, chemical tanker 24, combination bulk 1, container
51, liquefied gas 36, livestock carrier 4, oil tanker 33, railcar
carrier 1, refrigerated cargo 21, roll-on/roll-off cargo 39, short-sea
passenger 12
note:
Denmark has created its own internal register, called the Danish
International Ship register (DIS); DIS ships do not have to meet
Danish manning regulations, and they amount to a flag of convenience
within the Danish register; by the end of 1990, 308 of the Danish-flag
ships belonged to the DIS
Airports:
total:
118
usable:
109
with permanent-surface runways:
28
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
9
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
7
Telecommunications:
excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services; 4,509,000
telephones; buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay
support trunk network; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 50 TV; 19
submarine coaxial cables; 7 earth stations operating in INTELSAT,
EUTELSAT, and INMARSAT

@Denmark, Defense Forces

Branches:
Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force, Home
Guard
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 1,360,050; fit for military service 1,168,940; reach
military age (20) annually 36,800 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $2.6 billion, 2% of GDP (1993)

@Djibouti, Geography

Location:
Eastern Africa, at the entrance to the Red Sea between Eritrea and
Somalia
Map references:
Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
22,000 sq km
land area:
21,980 sq km
comparative area:
slightly larger than Massachusetts
Land boundaries:
total 508 km, Eritrea 113 km, Ethiopia 337 km, Somalia 58 km
Coastline:
314 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
24 nm
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
desert; torrid, dry
Terrain:
coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains
Natural resources:
geothermal areas
Land use:
arable land:
0%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
9%
forest and woodland:
0%
other:
91%
Irrigated land:
NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
desertification
natural hazards:
prone to earthquakes, droughts
international agreements:
party to - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ship Pollution; signed,
but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change
Note:
strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to
Arabian oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia; a vast
wasteland

@Djibouti, People

Population: 412,599 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 2.71% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 42.94 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 15.8 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 111 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 49.23 years male: 47.42 years female: 51.1 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 6.21 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Djiboutian(s) adjective: Djiboutian Ethnic divisions: Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian 5% Religions: Muslim 94%, Christian 6% Languages: French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population: 48% male: 63% female: 34% Labor force: NA by occupation: a small number of semiskilled laborers at the port and 3,000 railway workers note: 52% of population of working age (1983)

@Djibouti, Government