Chapter XVI (2)

[863] The funeral and coronation scenes are described by Corippus in his poem, De Laud. Justini Min., i, 226, _et seq._, iii, 28, _et seq._, etc. Theophanes Byz. mentions a general of the East, "Theodore, son of Justinian," who is generally supposed to be a son of the Emperor by a concubine after the death of Theodora. Procopius gives an account of a youth whom the latter was attached to, but treated cruelly. He seems, however, not to have been a lover, but merely a _protégé_; Anecd., 16. Justinian figures in Dante's Paradise (vi), and has a whole canto to himself. He summarizes Roman history both before and after his own times, and confesses that he owes his salvation to having been converted from Monophysitism by Pope Agapetus.

[864] See pp. 345, 348, 441, 442, 454, 620.

[865] A fallacy seems to have gained currency that Procopius is pedantic because he nearly always calls Constantinople Byzantium. He could not do otherwise without being singular: the new name is scarcely ever used, except in official documents and ecclesiastical writers. It is to this persistence of the original title of the city that we owe the survival into modern times of the epithet Byzantine.

[866] See p. 514; cf. De Bel. Pers., ii, 9, 10; De Bel. Goth., i, 3, etc.

[867] The general ignorance of this age is well illustrated by the ridiculous account Procopius gives of Britain; De Bel. Goth., iv, 20. The island, he says, is divided longitudinally by a wall on account of the diversity of climatical conditions which prevail on the different sides. To the east the country is genial and salubrious, fertile with corn crops and fruit trees, and thickly populated. But on the west of the wall everything is the contrary, and no man could exist there, even for half an hour. The region is thronged with vipers, serpents innumerable, and poisonous beasts. And, what is hardly credible, if anyone should cross the wall, he at once succumbs fatally to the pestilential air—as the natives relate. But he thinks it must be altogether a fable when they say that the villagers on a certain part of the Gallic coast, who live as fishers and farmers are absolved from payment of taxes on condition of their ferrying the souls of the dead across the ocean to this adjacent isle of Britain. In tempestuous weather, at the dead of night, they are summoned from their beds, and have to rush to the sea-shore. There they find numbers of apparently empty boats. They have to seize the oars and row for a day and a night. When they start, the vessels are weighed down to the water's edge, but on returning, they are so light as barely to skim the surface. Yet all the time they see no one; but when landing the souls, they hear a voice calling out the names and titles of each of the deceased.

Procopius also makes an excursion into British history, which is, perhaps, no more authentic than his ghostly narrative. The Franks, he informs us, claimed some extent of suzerainty over the island, and when they sent a legation to Justinian in 548, they included, for the sake of ostentation, a number of Angles in the party. He goes on to relate that a prince of the Varni, a nation occupying lands to the north of the Rhine over against Britain, had betrothed his son Radiger to a British maid, the sister of the King of the Angles. He had himself recently taken, as his second wife, a sister of Theodebert, the Frankish monarch. Soon afterwards, finding himself on his death-bed, he exhorted his son to marry his step-mother, a connection permitted by their law, as being more to the interest of the Varni than the British alliance. On his father's decease, Radiger obeyed these instructions, whereupon the British princess, indignant at being jilted, assembled an army of one hundred thousand, under one of her brothers' generalship, and invaded the country of her faithless lover. Procopius explains that all this force consisted of infantry, since the islanders had never even seen a horse. A great battle was fought, in which the Varni were defeated and put to flight. Radiger being taken prisoner, was brought before the martial princess, who reproached him severely for his conduct towards her. He excused himself by pointing out the various necessities which had weighed upon him, but expressed his present willingness to fulfil his first contract of marriage. His offer was accepted, and ultimately the nuptials of Radiger and the English princess were peacefully solemnized; _ibid._

[868] Anecd., _praef._

[869] He mentions (Anecd., 18, 23, 24), that he is writing thirty-two years after Justinian came into power, meaning 518, the date of the accession of the superannuated Justin; see p. 304. The credit of pointing out the very obvious fact that Procopius ignores Justin as a cypher, is due to Haury, Procopiana, Augsburg, 1891.

[870] Jn. Malala, _loc. cit._ The name was not uncommon, so that the identification is only highly probable.

[871] De Bel. Pers., i, 1.

[872] See his own remarks, i, introd., iii, 1.

[873] For an expanded account and appreciation of Byzantine writers, see Krumbacher's Gesch. d. Byz. Lit., 2nd ed., Munich, 1896; also the introduction to Diehl's _Justinian_, and his Études Byzant., 1904. Useful summaries and jottings on various points are also to be found in the appendixes to Bury's Gibbon, especially vol. iv.

[874] See his tracts for educational purposes, some of which are referred to on p. 212.

[875] See Agincourt's pictorial series, which exemplifies the perfection of Greek and Roman art, traces its decay, and finally illustrates its rehabilitation in the fifteenth century. In Diehl's _Justinian_ there are many excellent photographs of sixth century productions.

[876] The mosaics of Ravenna can be examined in the South Kensington facsimiles, and their crudity recognized by comparing them with modern work of the same kind executed on the walls of the museum. One of the faces in these tableaux, that of Maximian, Bishop of Ravenna, who stands besides Justinian, gives the impression of being a faithful likeness; which is probable, since the work was executed under his own supervision (_c._ 545). This was a man of some force of character, who gained considerable repute in his day. Of him an amusing story is told: it is said that he discovered a great treasure, which it was his duty to hand over to the Emperor, but, as he wished to retain a portion for his charitable obligations, he hit on the following expedient. Having killed an ox, he emptied the abdomen and stowed a quantity of the gold inside. He then took a pair of boots and filled them with a further amount. With the rest of the treasure he set out for Constantinople and, on his arrival, presented it to Justinian. The Autocrator immediately inquired, "Is this the whole of what you discovered?" "All," said Maximian, "except what I put in the belly and the boots." By this answer he is supposed to have hoodwinked the Emperor, who imagined him to allude merely to his sustenance and travelling expenses while on the road; Agnellus, Lib. Pontif., _in Vita_.

[877] There is one very pleasing example, the well-known diptych of the archangel Michael in the British Museum, but it seems of unique merit.

[878] A century or so before Justinian, however, very fine capitals of a Corinthian type were being sculptured at Thessalonica; see the pictorial exposition of the churches in that city by Texier and Pullan. Some of those done in the sixth century are represented, and seem to be very inferior, as are those at St. Vitale.

[879] See p. 539.

[880] Procopius, De Bel. Goth., iv, 17; Theophanes Byz. etc.

[881] Agathias, ii, 15.

[882] _Ibid._, v, 9; Theophanes, an. 6051, etc.

[883] Procopius, Anecd., 18.

[884] The reign of Theodoric has been treated most fully by Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, Lond., 1880, etc.

[885] Procopius, Anecd., 18.

[886] It appears that Justinian kept up an army of no more than 150,000 men, whereas for the Eastern Empire alone twice that number at least was considered necessary by former rulers. Agathias, v, 13; see p. 167. Thus, notwithstanding the numerous forts he built ostentatiously, he neglected to garrison them, both in Europe and Asia; (Procopius, Anecd., 24; see p. 541), whilst the lavish subsidies paid to the barbarians constituted a standing invitation for the most distant tribes to present themselves constantly in order to receive those gratifications (_Ibid._, 8, 11, 19). As for the Long Walls, they were so devoid of troops that, as Agathias remarks (v, 13), they were not even so well protected as a farm yard, where at least a watch-dog's bark might be heard.

[887] It is said that in his latter days he incurred the enmity of his subordinates through parsimony, whence they petitioned for his recall. On his refusal to return to the capital in obedience to a mandate, Sophia taunted him by writing, "Come and take up your proper place among the handmaids who ply the distaff in the women's apartments," to which he replied, "I will find a yarn for her to spin which she will not be able to get through in her lifetime"; Paulus Diac., Hist. Miscell., xviii, etc.

[888] Agnellus, Lib. Pontif., Agnellus, Peter Sen.

[889] Agathias, iv, 29.

[890] The history of the Empire up to the fall of Constantinople, has been narrated by Gibbon, and at greater length by Finlay. The fullest account of the siege is that of Pears, Lond., 1896.

[891] Nov. clxi. At all times and places the Byzantine system was so oppressive, that even the Abasgi and Tzani, who were supposed to have found salvation in Christianity (pp. 700, 702), revolted to the Persians and had to be reconquered; Procopius, De Bel. Goth., iv, 9; Agathias, v, 1. Notwithstanding his Roman experience, his having retrieved his character at Petra, and his age, Bessas at once entered on another campaign of fiscal extortion in Pontus and Armenia; Procopius, De Bel. Goth., iv, 13. Justin also, the son of Germanus, countenanced a subordinate in harrying the farmers for military stores which they could not supply, in lieu of which they had to buy off their liability for an exorbitant sum; Agathias, iv, 22.

INDEX

Abasgi, conversion of, 702;
revolt of, 758.

Academy of Plato, 421.

Achaemenian dynasty of Persia, 373.

Adarbâd, revisor of Avesta, 384.

Aerikon, a tax, 485.

Africa, provinces of, 492;
campaigns of Belisarius in, 501 _sqq._;
Byzantine government of, 517.

Africans, character of, 496;
dress of, 497.

Agapetus, Pope, at CP., 671.

Agathias, historian, on philosophers, 436;
his writings, 748.

Agnates, relatives by males, 715.

Ahura-Mazda, Persian "Lord of Wisdom," 376.

Alamundar, Arab sheikh, invades Syria, 404.

Alexander the Great, his conquests and successors, 371.

Alexander the "Scissors," 624.

Alexandria, corn monopoly at, 483;
religious war at, 676.

Amalasuntha, Gothic Queen, 546;
her death, 550, 611.

Amshaspands, Persian council of Heaven, 377.

Anastasius, his savings dissipated, 441.

Ancona, naval battle of, 646.

Angra-Mainyu, Persian "Devisor of Evil," 376.

Anthemius, architect, 529.

Anthimus, Monophysite Patriarch, 670.

Antioch, 587;
capture of, 590.

Antonina, wife of Belisarius, her infidelities and intrigues, 605,
611, 673;
supposed capture at Portus, 637;
her death, 741.

Apamea, Persian King at, 592.

Apostles, Holy, new church of, 537, 743.

Aphthartodocetæ, heresy of, 742.

Arab conquests, 757.

Archaeopolis, siege of, 728.

Arda Virâf, visits heaven and hell, 384.

Ardeshír, founder of later Persian Empire, 373;
avenger of Darius, 385.

Areobindus, African governor, his murder, 522.

Arethas, Arab sheikh, 407, 594, 688.

Ariminum, betrayal of, 572;
siege of, 574;
battle at, 652.

Aristotle, philosopher, 421.

Arsacid or Parthian dynasty of Persia, 371, 373.

Art, Byzantine, 749 _sqq._

Artabanes, a general, in Africa, 522;
in Armenia, 585;
at CP., 621;
in Sicily, 646;
in Italy, 662.

Artabanus, defeated by Ardeshír, 373.

Asclepigeneia, female philosopher, 428.

Athanagild, Visigothic King, 527.

Athanasius, judge in Lazica, 732.

Augustus, his limiting of the Empire, 371;
tomb of, 557.

Aurelian, walls of, at Rome, 555.

Auximum, siege and capture of, 572, 573, 578.

Avars, embassy from, 735.

Avesta, the Persian Bible, 376.

Bachelors, disabilities of, 718.

Baduela, Gothic King. _See_ Totila.

Balâsh, Shah, dethroned for building baths, 379.

Barbarians, assaults of on Empire, 417, 734, 736.

Barishnûm, Persian purification, 379.

Belisarius, his campaigns against Persia, 397, 593, 596;
quells Nika riot, 468;
in Africa, 505;
his triumph, 515;
in Italy, 550, 630;
at Ravenna, 580;
characterization of, 580, 582;
in disgrace, 618, 740;
letters of, 631, 641;
last campaign, 738;
his death, 741.

Berytus, loses silk trade, 483;
law school at, 724;
ruin of, 753.

Bessas, a general, in Armenia, 413;
at Petra, 601;
at Rome, 634, 637;
his avarice, _ib._, 758.

Bishops, rules for appointing, 689;
ethics of, 690;
exemptions of, _ibid._

Boarex, Queen of Huns, 418.

Boethius, statesman and author, 546, 749.

Bolum, a fort, 402.

Bosporus, revolt of, 701.

Britain, fabulous account of, 745.

Brunechilde, daughter of Athanagild, 528.

Burial in earth illegal in Persia, 378.

Butilin and Leuthar, Frankish generals, invade Italy, 661;
their death, 663, 664.

Butzes, a general, 395.

Buzes, a general, 398, 413;
he deserts Hierapolis, 586.

Callinicus, battle of, 407;
taking of, 597.

Callinicus, a Rector, impaled, 455.

Carthage, topography of, 493 _sqq._;
siege of, 510.

Casilinum, battle of, 664.

Cassiodorus, statesman and author, 546, 749.

Cassius, Avidius, his massacre of the Seleucians, 372.

Cavades, Persian king, his deposition, 387;
restoration, 388;
his war with Rome, 395;
his death, 414.

Cavades, Persian prince in Roman army, 415, 649.

Centumcellae, 644.

Chalke, vestibule, restoration of, 537.

Children, illegitimate, 691, 719.

Chosroantioch, 591.

Chosroes, Persian king, his accession, 415;
his character and studies, 435, 484;
in Lazica, 594, 607;
his death, 757.

Church property, 692.

Circus factions, affectations of, 453;
enormities of, 454.

Cisterns at CP., 539;
Strzygowski and Forscheimer on date of, _ibid._

Clergy, rules for, 691.

Code of Justinian, 721.

Comito, sister of Theodora, 403.

Constantina, new anti-Persian fortress, 416.

Constantine, a general, 564, 567;
his death, 606.

Constitutum, Justinian's doctrinal thesis, 684 _sqq._

Consuls, abolition of, 484.

Corippus, poet, 526, 743.

Cothon, harbour at Carthage, 494.

Council, Fifth Oecumenical, 684, 899.

Cow, sacred to Persians, 379.

Cremation, illegal in Persia, 378.

Cruelties of Roman soldiers in Lazica, 733.

Ctesiphon, Parthian capital of Persia, 374;
taken by Trajan, 372.

Cudworth, Cambridge Platonist, 439.

Cumae, siege of, 659;
surrender of, 662.

Cutzes, a general, 395.

Cyrus, the Achaemenian, founder of Persian Empire, 371;
a new, at Istakhr, 373.

Dagisthaeus, a general, parallel between and Bessas, 658.

Damascius, philosopher, 432, 438.

Daphne, grove at Antioch, 589, 592.

Dara, battle of, 397;
fortifications of, 542.

Darmsteter on Zoroaster, 376 _sqq._

Debtors, new laws in favour of, 712.

Decimum, battle of, 507.

Defenders of Cities, restoration of, 476.

Demetrius, a general, 626 _sqq._

Demarch and Mandator, dialogue between, 456.

Diehl, Byzantine archaeologist, 410, 473, 497, 543, 749.

Digest or Pandects, 722.

Dinkhard, late Pahlavi treatises, 394.

Diocletian, his Persian wars, 372.

Divorce, laws respecting, 719.

Dog, wonderful, 643.

Domitian, resemblance of Justinian to, 366.

Druj Nasu, Persian demon of lies, 377.

Edessa, engineering at, 541;
siege of, 598.

Elesbaas, Negus, embassy to, 410.

Elijah, Justinian compared to, 443.

Encyclical, Papal decree, 687.

_Epibole_, a tax, 485.

Epicurus, philosopher, 423.

Erse, Irish and Sanskrit, 375.

Eudaemon, Prefect of City, 458.

Eudocia, Roman princess, marries Vandal King, 500, 516.

Eudoxia, Empress, 499.

Euphemia, daughter of John of Cappadocia, 614.

Father and son, laws as to, 713.

Firdausi, Persian poet, 394.

Fire-temples, Persian, 393.

Forscheimer (and Strzygowski) on date of cisterns at CP., 539.

Forts, Byzantine, 542.

Foundlings, laws as to, 711.

Funeral rites, Justinian's described, 742.

Gaianus, heresiarch, 675.

Galerius, his Persian wars, 372.

Gelimer, Vandal king, 501;
his capture, 514;
at CP., 516.

Genseric, Vandal king, 499, 563.

Germanus, nephew of Justinian, in Africa, 520;
at Antioch, 588;
his death, 646.

Goat, abandoned infant reared by a, 575.

Golden Horn, new bridge at, 541.

Gontharis, revolt of, 521.

Gubazes, Lazic king, revolts to Persia, 594;
his murder, 731;
trial respecting, 732.

Gudelina, wife of Theodahad, 610, 611.

Hadrian, Emperor, Mausoleum of (Castle of St. Angelo), 557, 567;
his Perpetual Edict, 716.

Heraion, palace of, 368.

Heretics, disabilities of, 692 _sqq._;
punishment of, _ibid._

Hermogenes, minister and general, 396.

Hierapolis, desertion of, by Buzes, 586.

Hilderic, Vandal king, 500, 549.

Homerites, or Himyarites, 410.

Hormisdas, palace, later use of, 669, 682, etc.

Huns, irruptions of, 412, 648, 736;
conversion of, 701.

Husband and wife, laws as to, 719.

Hypatius and Pompeius, usurpers, 460, _sqq._

Illegitimate children, 691, 719.

Inheritance, laws as to, 715, _sqq._

Institutes of Justinian, 723.

Interest on money lent, 713.

Iran, native name of Persia, 373.

Iron Castle, Lazica, taking of, 733.

Isdigunas, Persian ambassador, 600, 726.

Isidorus, architect, 529, 754.

Islands, prefect of, 473.

Istakhr, capital of Persis, 373;
a new Cyrus arises at, _ibid._

Jacob Baradaeus, apostle of Monophysites, 688.

Jews, treatment of, 698.

Joannina, daughter of Belisarius, 741.

John, nephew of Vitalian, a general, in Italy, 571, 572, 574, 651, 660.

John of Antioch, historian, 417, 545.

John of Cappadocia, a financier, 444;
his carousing, 447;
his fall, 613;
his return, 735.

John, officer, murders Gubazes, 731.

John of Ephesus, Monophysite bishop and historian, 699, etc.

John, son of Theodora, 621.

John the Armenian, 506, 511;
his death, 512.

John Troglita, a general, 526.

Judges, puisne, 478.

Judicatum, Papal decree, 681, 685.

Julian, legate to Aethiopia, 410.

Julian, Emperor, 425, 433.

Julian, heresiarch, 675.

Julian, rebel, 695.

Junonia, first name of Roman Carthage, 492.

Justin, a general in Lazica, 728, 735.

Justin II, Emperor, his accession 742.

Justinian, Emperor, personal appearance and character, 365;
suppresses revolt, 467;
popular execration of, 486;
his clerical laws, 689;
his persecutions, 692;
his theological works, 702;
his legislation, 709, _sqq._;
his heresy, 742;
his death, _ibid._

Kavádh. _See_ Cavades.

Krumbacher, editor of Byzantine literary history, 748.

Kvêtûk-das, Persian marriage custom, 382.

Lactarian Mount, 660.

Latin, proposed abolition of at CP., 445.

Lazica, war in, 594, 600, 608, 727.

Leo, Emperor, African expedition of, 499.

Leuthar. _See_ Butilin.

Literature, Persian, 395;
Byzantine, 744.

Lombards invade Italy, 756.

Lydus, Jn., his office, 487.

Magdalen Asylum, 479.

Majorian, Emperor, 499.

Mandator and Demarch, dialogue between, 456.

Mandracium, harbour at Carthage, 493.

Marcus Aurelius endows Athenian schools, 424.

Marinus, philosopher, 430.

Marriages, incestuous, legal in Persia, 380;
Chrysostom on, 381.

Martin, a general, in Lazica, 729, 733.

Martyropolis, siege of, 412.

Mashita palace, 394.

Matasuentha, wife of Vitigis, 564;
her treacheries, 572, 580;
marries Germanus, 623.

Maxilloplumacius, extortioner, 446, 452.

Maximian, bishop, 750.

Mazdak, Persian heretic, 386;
his sect massacred, 388.

Mazdeism, Persian religion, 376.

Melchites, 689.

Menna, patriarch, 675.

Mermeroes, Persian general, 727.

Milan, surrender of, 573;
recapture of, 575.

Milvian bridge at Rome, 573, 643.

Missions to Nubia, 688;
to Caucasus, 700.

Mithra, Persian sun-god, 377.

Monasteries, constitution of, 691.

Monophysites, encouraged by Theodora, 370, 669 _sqq._

Montanists, revolt of, 694.

Moors, their method of warfare, 524.

Mosaics, 497, 535, 538, 751.

Mundas, a general, 419;
at CP., 467;
his death, 551.

Mutilation as punishment, 452, 480.

Myriangeli, Justinian's pilgrimage to, 740.

Nachoragan, Persian general, 728;
his punishment, 730.

Naples, sieges of, 552, 626.

Narses, eunuch general, at CP., 467;
in Italy, 574, 648, _sqq._;
takes Rome, 658;
at Casilinum, 664;
at Alexandria, 676;
his death, 756.

Nasks, divisions of Avesta, 376.

Negus of Axum, embassy to, 410.

Neoplatonism, 425.

Neoplatonists in Persia, 434 _sqq._

Neoplatonism and Christianity, 438.

Nestorius, heresiarch, 679.

Nika revolt, 459.

Nisibis, Persian, 395, 399, 416, 593, 600.

Nöldeke, his Persian researches, 374.

Novels of Justinian, 725.

Nubia, mission to, 688.

Numidia, pillars in, 497.

Nushirvan (Chosroes) 389.

Odovacar, barbarian king in Italy, 545.

Origen, Egyptian Father, 677, 701.

Ormuzd and Ahriman, 376.

Orontes, river of Antioch, 587.

Otter or water-dog, sacred to Persians, 379.

Pahlavi, old Persian, 376.

Palestine, religious wars in, 694, 697.

Palladius, rapid courier, 448.

Pan, Great God, death of, 431.

Pandects. _See_ Digest.

Parthians, their conquest of the Seleucidae, 371.

_Patria potestas_, 713.

Patricians, 90, 714, 770.

Paul, Patriarch, 677.

Paul the Silentiary, his poem on St. Sophia, 533.

Peace, Perpetual, 416.

Pelagius, Pope, at Rome, 633, 639;
at CP., 677;
in Italy, 686.

Pergamus, philosophy at, 425.

Perozes, Persian prince, his attack on Dara, 397.

Perpetual Edict, 716.

Persepolis, Persian capital, 373;
fired by Alexander, _ibid._

Persian queen, a Christian (?), 415.

Persians, sociology of, 374 _sqq._

Persis, home of Persian race, 372.

Peter Magister, ambassador in Italy, 540;
in Persia, 726, 740.

Petra, sieges of, 594, 601.

Petronius, official plundering of, 446.

Pharangium, a fort, 402.

Pharas, Gelimer's captor, 513.

Phasis, siege of, 728.

Philosophers, female, 428.

Philosophy, Greek, various sects of, 421, _sqq._;
in Persia, 434.

Photius, son of Antonina, 607, 616;
his death, 741.

Plague in the East, 602.

Plato, philosopher, 421.

Plotinus, philosopher, 427, 430.

Plutarch, philosopher, 426.

Pompeius and Hypatius, usurpers, 460, _sqq._

Pontus, Vicar of, restored, 486.

Porch, painted, 422.

Porphyrio, a ferocious whale, 368;
capture of, 643.

Porphyry, philosopher, 430.

Portus, operations at, 632, 635, 644.

Praetor, Edict of, 716.

Praetor of the people, new official, 478.

Pragmatic Sanction, 665.

Prejecta, Justinian's niece, 521, 622.

Proaeresius, philosopher, 426, 428.

Proclus, Neoplatonist, 427, _sqq._

Procopius, historian, 503, 578;
his writings, 744;
arrests Belisarius, 748.

Property, church, 692.

Prostitution, at CP., 479;
of slaves forbidden, 710.

Provinces, changes in government of, 473 _sqq._

Queer occurrences, 382, 575, 735, 750.

Quicherat on Plotinus, 437.

Ravenna, mosaics at, 366, 367, 750;
sieges of, 545, 578.

Rectors of provinces, their rapacity, 449, _sqq._;
reforms respecting, 472;
rewards for, 477.

Robespierre compared to Justinian, 366.

Rome, topography of, 555;
sociology of, 558;
sieges of, 566, 630, 642, 643, 658.

Rufinas, legate to Persia, 396;
his peace, 416.

Rusticiana, widow of Boethius, 639.

Rusticus, officer, murders Gubazes, 731.

St. Saba at CP., 696.

St. Sophia, church of, 530;
dilapidation of, 754.

Salona, taking of, 551;
Narses at, 649.

Salvian on rapacity of Rectors, 451;
against the Africans, 496.

Salvius Julianus, lawyer, 716.

Samaritans, revolt of, 695, 697.

Sandichl, Hunnish leader, 739.

Sanskrit, related to Zend, Erse, etc., 376.

Sapor, Shah, persecutes Christians, 386.

Sassanian dynasty of Persia, 373.

Seleucus and Seleucidae, successors of Alexander the Great, 371.

Severus, heresiarch, 675.

Severus, Sept., his Persian wars, 372.

Silk trade, 411, 483.

Silkworm imported into Europe, 753.

Silverius, Pope, 554, 569;
his deposition and death, 612, 673.

Simplicius, philosopher, 435.

Sisimithres, his mother-wife, 382.

Sittas, a general, 403, 700;
his death, 585.

Slaves, new laws in favour of, 708.

Slavs, irruption of, 734.

Socrates, philosopher, 420.

Spain, Byzantines in, 526.

Stagnum, harbour at Carthage, 493.

Stoa, painted, 422.

Stoic philosophers, 422.

Stotzas, revolt of, 518.

Strzygowski (and Forscheimer) on date of cisterns at CP., 539;
_Byzantinische Denkmäler_, 770, 771.

Sycae, Theodora's monastery at, 676.

Synesius at Athens, 426.

Syrianus, philosopher, 426, 432, 433.

Taginae, battle of, 654.

Tansar, his letter, 384;
oldest document of Mazdeism, _ibid._

Taxes, oppressive, 445, 481;
in Persia, 391.

Teïas, Gothic general, 650;
elected king, 657;
his death, 660.

Theodahad, Gothic king, 547, 550;
his death, 554.

Theodebald, Frankish king, 659, _sqq._

Theodebert, Frankish king, 576, 579, 645, 746.

Theodora, Empress, personal appearance and character, 367;
conduct during revolt, 466;
popular execration of, 486;
her intrigues, 609;
letters of, 608, 619;
her religious policy, 669, _sqq._;
her death, 643, 689.

Theodore Ascidas, bishop, 677, 687.

Theodoric, Gothic king, 544, 755.

Theodosius, lover of Antonina, 603, _sqq._

Three Chapters, controversy of, 678, _sqq._

Tiberius, Emperor, 431, 433.

Tibur, capture of, 630.

Ticinum, the Goths at, 657, 659.

Tiridates, Parthian King, visits Nero, 379.

Totila or Baduela, Gothic king, his accession, 625;
at Naples, 626;
at Rome, 629, 643;
at Taginae, 652;
his death, 656.

Toperus, massacre at, by Slavs, 734.

"Towers of Silence" or Dakhmas, 378.

Trajan, Emperor, his conquests, 371.

Tribonian, a lawyer, 442;
his legal work, 720.

Tricamerum, battle of, 510.

Triumph at CP., 515.

Tyre, loses silk trade, 483.

Tzani, conversion of, 700;
their revolt, 758.

Tzathes, Lazic King, 732.

Uranius, charlatan, 436.

Usdrilas, Gothic general, 651.

Vandals, persecute Catholics, 494;
their character, 500.

Vendidâd, part of Zend-Avesta, 377, etc.

Vigilius, Pope, in Sicily, 632;
at Rome, 680;
at CP., 681, _sqq._;
his death, 686.

Vitigis, Gothic king, 553;
at Rome, 566, _sqq._;
capture of, 581;
his death, 623.

Walls, Long, 543, 737, 756.

Water, sacred among Persians, 378.

Water storage at CP., 539.

Whale. _See_ Porphyrio.

Wife, husband and, laws as to, 719.

Wills, laws as to, 715, 717.

Women in the church, 691.

Xenophon, his description of Syrian desert, 405.

Yemen, Christianity in, 409.

Zabergan, Hunnish leader, 736.

Zaberganes, Persian minister, 608.

Zend, language, 376.

Zeno of Citium, philosopher, founder of Stoics, 422.

Zooras, fanatical monk, 675.

Zoroaster or Zarathushtra, 376;
Darmsteter on, _ibid., sqq._;
Mills on, 384.

CORRIGENDA ET ADDENDA

Pp. 19, 744, notes. See a letter of mine in _The Athenæum_, 30th June 1906, p. 798, in which I show that, almost without exception, Byzantine writers use the old name even as late as Photius and Anna Comnena. Cf. note to p. 632 _infra_.

P. 20, _for_ 446 _read_ 409.

P. 34, n. 2, insert, the elephants are.

P. 49. There is an ivory carving thought to represent a religious procession passing the Chalke, _c._ 552: reproduced in Strzygowski, Byzant. Denkmäler, iii, 1903, p. xviii; also in Beylié's work and others. The identifying feature is a bust of the Saviour above a portal (see text).

P. 61, _for_ xv, 7, _read_ vii.

P. 66, n. 7, _add_ Suetonius, Augustus, 96.

P. 67, n. 4, _for_ 325 _read_ 334.

P. 80, n. 4, _for_ xiii _read_ xviii.

P. 87. A monograph on the headdress of Byzantine ladies has been written by Molinier (Etudes hist. du moyen âge, 1896). It was a usual fashion to puff up the hair in a great roll or crown such as is often noticed in the miniatures of medieval MSS.

P. 88, n. 2, _for_ 21 _read_ 181.

P. 90. The difference between the Patricians created by Julius Caesar (Suetonius, J. C., 41) and those by Constantine is that the former were hereditary, the latter only life peers.

P. 91, n. 4, _read_ Hefner-Alteneck.

P. 110, _add_ Jn. Lydus, De Magist. i, 32 _et seq._

P. 114, n. 6, _add_ Cod. III, xxxviii, 11.

P. 126, n. 4, _for_ 770 _read_ 792.

P. 133, n. 3, _read_ +Karximades+.

P. 167, n. 3, _add_ They were under the Master of the Offices.

P. 169, n. 6, _read_ Marcellinus.

P. 188, n. 1, _for_ 330 _read_ 530.

P. 191, n. 1, _for_ xii _read_ XII.

P. 202, n. 1, _add_ cxxviii.

P. 216, n. 3, _for_ A to E _read_ a to e.

P. 222, n. 3, _read_ Juliana. The miniatures in this work have been critically discussed by Diez in Strzygowski's Byzant. Denkmäler, 1903.

P. 232, n. 1, _add_ on its way to resolution into the formless protyle or ether.

P. 237, note, _read_ Olympius.

P. 238, n. 2, _read_ Peripatetics.

P. 245, _read_ currents for; n. 1, _read_ of Abonoteichos.

P. 265, l. 8, _read_ and Iranian ... those.

P. 273, n. 1, for the two _read_ Pagan and Christian metaphysics.

P. 281, n. 4, _add_ Some others, and especially one Paul of Thebes, assumed the eremitic life previous to Anthony, but their example did not become conspicuous enough to set the fashion; see the life of Paul by Jerome.

P. 283, _read_ the outposts.

P. 300, n. 6, _add_ cf. Jn. Malala, xxiii, p. 430.

P. 330, n. 2, _read_ VIII, vi, 20.

P. 332, note, _add_ Suetonius wrote the lives of Roman _meretrices_, but the work is lost; Jn. Lydus, De Magist., iii, 54. Not known otherwise.

P. 342, n. 2, _read_ 497 as the date of her birth.

P. 482, n. 3, _for_ Minor _read_ Major (Roman). See the collection of Armenian historians (in French) by Langlois, Paris, 1864-69. According to Moses of Chorene (iii, 42) the partition into Roman and Pers-Armenia was made by Sapor and Arcadius. But the Persian here concerned must have been Shapur III who, (Nöldeke) reigned 383-388. Hence the Roman potentate could be no other than Theodosius the Great. All the Armenian writers mention the division (as Faustus, Byz. vi, 1), but do not name the contracting rulers. Persarmenia comprised the eastern two-thirds of the country. Theodosiopolis, the seat of government in the Roman third, was built _c._ 420 by Theodosius II (?). Procopius, De Aedif., iii, 15, Moses, iii, 59. Needless to say Nöldeke's dates do not agree with St. Martin's.

P. 523, last line, _read_ "girl." Apparently then she was not an old or even a mature woman.

P. 540, _read_ Asia Minor and Syria.

P. 612. _After_ could desire, _read_ he should wear the robe of Augustus, etc.

P. 632. Epidamnum. Procopius always uses this name, but twice adds, "they now call it Dyrrhachium" (De Bel. Vand., i, 1, etc.), meaning, I presume, locally, his readers knowing only the original name. The Greeks as a nation never took to these new names. Thus he makes a similar remark about Antioch (De Aedif., v, 5, etc.) which never became Theopolis to the general. Dyrrhachium was about fifty-five miles down the coast from the southernmost point of Dalmatia.

P. 675, l. penult. Date 535 according to Brooks, _Byzant. Zeitsch._, xii, 494, 1903.

P. 731, _read_ Byzantine Court.[892]

P. 734. _After_ unforeseen attack _read_ a nemesis approved of by the historian who relates the occurrence.

[892] Procopius, De Bel. Pers., ii, 29. Arrears of pay for ten years seem to have been owing to him for this service.

CHISWICK PRESS: PRINTED BY CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO. TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON.