Chapter I: Front Matter

The Age of the Crusades

Ten Epochs of Church History

THE AGE OF THE CRUSADES

BY
JAMES M. LUDLOW, D.D., L.H.D.

New York
The Christian Literature Co.

MDCCCXCVI

Copyright, 1896, by
THE CHRISTIAN LITERATURE CO.

Printed by
J. J. Little & Co., New York, U. S. A.

CONTENTS.

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . xi

CHAP. I.—INTRODUCTORY—OUTLINE OF STUDY.—Problem of the Crusades.—Outline of Preliminary Study . . . 1

CHAP. II.—STATE OF SOCIETY—IGNORANCE—DULNESS OF LIFE—SUPERSTITION—LOW SENSE OF JUSTICE—CRUELTY—TASTE FOR WAR.—Sporadic Culture—Great Men.—Budding Art.—Ignorance—Few Industries—Degradation.—Narrow Limitation of Life.—Superstition.—Laws—Private Combat—The Ordeal.—Hardness of Manners—Brutality.—Cruelties.—Love of War.—Cruelty of Greeks . . . 6

CHAP. III.—CHIVALRY—RULES—EDUCATION OF KNIGHT—CEREMONIES—INFLUENCE ON CHARACTER.—Rules of Chivalry.—Rites.—Defects . . . 26

CHAP. IV.—THE FEUDAL SYSTEM—GENERAL PRINCIPLES—INFLUENCE ON PEOPLE.—Minute Subdivision of Europe.—Baronial Independence.—Bondage of the Masses.—Communes.—Feudalism and the Crusades . . . 32

CHAP. V.—THE IMPOVERISHED CONDITION OF EUROPE.—Pauperism at Home.—Plenty Abroad . . . 40

CHAP. VI.—THE PAPAL POLICY—DEMORALIZATION OF THE WORLD AND THE CHURCH—HILDEBRAND’S PURPOSE INHERITED BY HIS SUCCESSORS.—Corruption of the Papacy.—Hildebrand’s Plan of Reform.—Previous Prestige of the Papacy . . . 43

CHAP. VII.—THE MOHAMMEDAN MENACE—THE RISE OF ISLAM—SARACENS—TURKS.—The Doctrine of Islam.—Koran and Caliphate.—Rapid Conquest by the Saracens.—Saracens among Christians.—The Turks.—Conquest by the Turks . . . 51

CHAP. VIII.—PILGRIMAGES—ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF THE CUSTOM—EXTENT.—Rise of the Custom of Pilgrimage.—Pilgrim Superstitions.—Incentives to Pilgrimage . . . 64

THE STORY OF THE CRUSADES.

CHAP. IX.—THE STORY OF THE CRUSADES.—THE SUMMONS—PETER THE HERMIT—POPE URBAN—POPULAR EXCITEMENT.—Peter the Hermit.—Universal Enthusiasm.—Europe Swarms Eastward . . . 71

THE FIRST CRUSADE.

CHAP. X.—THE FIRST CRUSADE.—THE CRUSADE OF THE CROWD.—Walter the Penniless.—Peter.—Gottschalk.—Volkman.—Emico.—General Disaster . . . 78

CHAP. XI.—THE CRUSADE UNDER THE CHIEFTAINS, GODFREY, RAYMOND, BOHEMOND, TANCRED, HUGH, ROBERT OF NORMANDY.—Godfrey.—Raymond.—Bohemond.—Tancred.—Hugh.—Robert of Normandy.—Various Routes of the Chieftains.—Character of Alexius—Fear of Latins . . . 82

CHAP. XII.—THE FALL OF NICÆA.—Contrast of Christian and Moslem Soldier.—Capture of Nicæa—Treachery of Alexius . . . 91

CHAP. XIII.—BATTLE OF DORYLÆUM—TARSUS—DEFECTION OF BALDWIN.—Victory of Dorylæum.—Capture of Tarsus.—Baldwin Seizes Edessa . . . 96

CHAP. XIV.—BEFORE ANTIOCH.—The Crusaders before Antioch.—Discouragement of the Christians.—Exploits.—Battles of Children . . . 101

CHAP. XV.—THE FALL OF ANTIOCH.—Treachery of Phirous.—Capture of Antioch . . . 108

CHAP. XVI.—THE HOLY LANCE.—Kerbogha Invests Antioch.—The Holy Lance.—Kerbogha Routed.—The Holy Lance Discredited . . . 112

CHAP. XVII.—ON TO JERUSALEM.—The Crusaders Enter Palestine.—On to Jerusalem . . . 120

CHAP. XVIII.—THE CAPTURE OF JERUSALEM.—Suffering before Jerusalem.—Procession around the City.—Final Assault.—Christian Cruelty.—Jerusalem Despoiled . . . 125

CHAP. XIX.—GODFREY, FIRST BARON OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE—CONQUEST OF THE LAND—THE KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM.—Godfrey’s Rule.—Victory at Ascalon.—Return of Crusaders.—Godfrey’s Prowess.—Death of Godfrey . . . 134

CHAP. XX.—BALDWIN I., KING OF JERUSALEM.—Baldwin I., King of Jerusalem.—Ruse of Bohemond.—Death of Tancred . . . 144

CHAP. XXI.—KING BALDWIN II.—KING FOULQUE—KING BALDWIN III.—EXPLOITS OF ZENGHI—RISE OF NOURREDIN.—Reign of Baldwin II.—King Foulque.—King Baldwin III.—Fall of Edessa . . . 150

CHAP. XXII.—MILITARY ORDERS—HOSPITALLERS—TEMPLARS—TEUTONIC KNIGHTS.—The Hospitallers.—Templars.—Teutonic Knights . . . 156

CHAP. XXIII.—EUROPE BETWEEN THE FIRST AND SECOND CRUSADES—KINGSHIP IN FRANCE—PAPAL AGGRANDIZEMENT—ABÉLARD—ARNOLD OF BRESCIA—BERNARD.-Kingship in France.—Abélard.—Arnold of Brescia.—Bernard’s Influence . . . 160

THE SECOND CRUSADE.

CHAP. XXIV.—THE SECOND CRUSADE.—BERNARD—CONRAD III.—LOUIS VII.—SUGER—SIEGE OF DAMASCUS.—Bernard Preaches Crusade.—Start of French and Germans.—Disastrous Beginning.—The Kings Reach Palestine.—Divisions among Crusaders.—Abbé Suger . . . 166

CHAP. XXV.—NOURREDIN—RISE OF SALADIN—KING GUY—QUEEN SIBYLLA.—Nourredin.—Baldwin.—Amaury.—Rise of Saladin.—Baldwin IV.—Sibylla and King Guy . . . 178

CHAP. XXVI.—BATTLE OF TIBERIAS—FALL OF JERUSALEM.—The Field of Tiberias.—Crusaders’ Overthrow at Tiberias.—Fall of Jerusalem.—Magnanimity of Saladin . . . 186

CHAP. XXVII.—EUROPE BETWEEN THE SECOND AND THIRD CRUSADES—SUPERSTITION—THE WALDENSES—DEGRADATION OF THE PAPACY—FRANCE UNDER LOUIS—ENGLAND UNDER HENRY II.—RICHARD CŒUR DE LION.—Superstition.—Waldenses.—France—England.—Richard Cœur de Lion.—Coronation of Richard I.—Richard’s Cruelty . . . 195

THE THIRD CRUSADE.

CHAP. XXVIII.—THE THIRD CRUSADE.—WILLIAM OF TYRE—BARBAROSSA.—Call to Crusade.—Frederick Barbarossa.—Bombast of Champions.—Death of Frederick Barbarossa . . . 206

CHAP. XXIX.—SIEGE OF ACRE.—The Siege of Acre . . . 215

CHAP. XXX.—THE COMING OF PHILIP AUGUSTUS AND RICHARD—FALL OF ACRE.—Sea Voyage of the English.—Richard Arrives in Palestine.—Crusaders Take Acre.—Finesse of Richard and Saladin.—Assassins.—Richard Retreats.—Peace with Saladin.—Captivity of Richard.—Death of Saladin . . . 219

CHAP. XXXI.—PALESTINE AFTER THE THIRD CRUSADE—HENRY VI.—SIEGE OF THORON.—Various Minor Crusades.—Siege of Thoron.—Discouragement of Christendom . . . 236

THE FOURTH CRUSADE.

CHAP. XXXII.—THE FOURTH CRUSADE.—HISTORY AND CONDITION OF CONSTANTINOPLE.—Weakness of Greek Emperors.—Foreign Aggressions.—Antipathy of Europeans.—Riches of Constantinople.—Suburban Wealth . . . 242

CHAP. XXXIII.—THE SUMMONS TO THE FOURTH CRUSADE—CONTRACT WITH VENICE—EGYPT THE DESTINATION—PHILIP OF SWABIA.—Fulque.—Venetian Ships Hired.—Crusaders to Attack Egypt.—Inducement to Divert Crusade . . . 253

CHAP. XXXIV.—THE PLOT FOR THE DIVERSION OF THE CRUSADE—CAPTURE OF ZARA.—Dandolo’s Treachery.—Fleet Sails against Zara.—Revolt of Crusaders.—Young Alexius’s Promises . . . 260

CHAP. XXXV.—ON TO CONSTANTINOPLE—CAPTURE OF GALATA.—Voyage to Constantinople.—Protest of the Greek Emperor.—Capture of the Golden Horn . . . 268

CHAP. XXXVI.—CONSTANTINOPLE SECURED TO ISAAC AND YOUNG ALEXIUS—USURPATION OF MOURTZOUPHLOS.—Assault upon the City.—Flight of Alexius.—Isaac Restored.—Young Alexius Coemperor.—Great Fire.—Mourtzouphlos.—Latins Attempt the Sovereignty . . . 274

CHAP. XXXVII.—CAPTURE OF CONSTANTINOPLE.—Fall of Constantinople.—Plunder of the City.—Nicetas.—Relics Stolen . . . 284

CHAP. XXXVIII.—FOUNDING THE LATIN KINGDOM OF CONSTANTINOPLE.—Baldwin Elected Emperor.—Fatal Influence of the Fourth Crusade . . . 291

CHAP. XXXIX.—BETWEEN THE FOURTH AND FIFTH CRUSADES—CONDITION OF EAST AND WEST—THE CHILDREN’S CRUSADE.—Eastern Disasters.—John of Brienne.—The Children’s Crusade . . . 296

THE FIFTH CRUSADE.

CHAP. XL.—THE FIFTH CRUSADE.—DISASTER OF MARIETTA.—Start of the Crusaders.—Assault of Mount Tabor.—Damietta.—The Affair of Damietta.—Pelagius.—Francis of Assisi.—Disaster at Damietta . . . 301

THE SIXTH CRUSADE.

CHAP. XLI.—THE SIXTH CRUSADE.—FREDERICK II. AND POPE GREGORY IX.—Pope Gregory IX.—Papal Anathema of Frederick.—Frederick Acquires Jerusalem.—Return of Frederick.—Popular Discontent with the Pope . . . 313

CHAP. XLII.—BETWEEN THE SIXTH AND SEVENTH CRUSADES.—THE TARTARS.—THE CARISMIAN INVASION.—Tartars.—Carismians.—Carismians at Jerusalem and Gaza . . . 324

THE SEVENTH CRUSADE.

CHAP. XLIII.—THE SEVENTH CRUSADE.—ST. LOUIS.—Innocent IV. and Frederick.—St. Louis.—Personal Qualities.—Piety of Louis.—Takes the Cross.—Louis’s Zeal for Crusade.—Delay at Cyprus.—Victory at Damietta.—Vice and Strife among the Victors.—Sultana Chegger-Eddour.—Foolhardiness of D’Artois.—Disaster at Mansourah.—Horrors of the Christian Retreat.—Heroism of Marguerite and Louis.—Massacre of the Sultan.—Escape of Louis to Acre.—Louis Lingers in Palestine.—Louis Returns to France . . . 328

THE EIGHTH CRUSADE.

CHAP. XLIV.—THE EIGHTH CRUSADE.—DEATH OF ST. LOUIS—FALL OF ACRE.—Bibars Sultan.—Louis Reënlists.—Death of St. Louis.—The Fall of Acre . . . 361

RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES.

CHAP. XLV.—RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES.—KINGSHIP.—UNITY OF EUROPE.—THE PAPACY.—LIBERAL THOUGHT.—INCREASED KNOWLEDGE.—ARTS.—LITERATURE.—COMMERCE—THE TURKISH POWER.—Growth of European Kingdoms.—Unity of Europe.—Prestige of the Papacy.—Lost Prestige of the Papacy.—Popular Liberty.—Arts.—Education.—Commerce.—Wealth.—Rise of Ottomans . . . 368

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

I. PRINTED COLLECTIONS OF THE SOURCES OF THE HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES.

The sources of the history of the crusades will be found collected in the following works, to which reference is made in the entries which follow:

JACOBUS BONGARSIUS: Gesta Dei per Francos, sive orientalium
expeditionum, et regni Francorum Hierosolimitani historia (ab a.
1095 ad 1420) a variis, sed illius ævi scriptoribus, litteris
commendata; Hanoviæ [Hanau], 1611, fol.

MARTIN BOUQUET: Rerum Gallicarum et Francicarum scriptores. Recueil
des historiens des Gaules et de la France; Paris, 1738-1876, 23
vols.

FRANÇOIS PIERRE GUILLAUME GUIZOT: Collection des mémoires relatifs à
l’histoire de France depuis la fondation de la monarchie française
jusqu’au 13. siècle; Paris, 1823-35, 31 vols., 8vo.

JACQUES PAUL MIGNE: I., Patrologiæ Latinæ, tom. i.-ccxxi.

JACQUES PAUL MIGNE: II., Patrologiæ Græcæ, tom. i.-clxi.

JACQUES PAUL MIGNE: III., Patrologiæ Græcæ Latine tantum editæ, tom.
i.-lxxxi.

Recueil des historiens des croisades, publié par les soins de
l’Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres; Paris, Imprimerie
nationale, 1841 sqq.; vol. xv., 1895.

PAUL E. D. RIANT: Expéditions et pèlerinages des Scandinaves en
Terre-Sainte au temps des croisades; Paris, Imprimerie Lainé et
Havard, 1865-69, 2 vols. ( vol. ii. being tables).

PAUL E. D. RIANT: Inventaire critique des lettres historiques des
croisades, ... 786-1100; Paris, 1880 (in Archives de l’Orient latin,
vol. i.; Paris, 1881).

II. THE PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF THE HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES.

A. _Chronicles of Eye-witnesses._

ALBERT OF AIX (Albertus Aquensis): Historia Hierosolymitana. A.D.
1095-1121 (in Recueil. Hist. occid., iv., pp. 265-713; and in Migne,
Pat. Lat., clxvi., col. 389-716. French translation in Guizot,
Collection, xx., xxi.).

BALDRIC, Archbishop of Dol (Baldricus Andegavensis, later
archiepiscopus Dolensis): Historiæ Hierosolymitanæ libri iv. A.D.
1095-99 (in Recueil. Hist. occid., iv., pp. 1-111; and in Migne,
Pat. Lat., clxvi., col. 1057-1152).

ANNA COMNENA: Alexiadis libri xv. A.D. 1069-1118 (in Recueilt]
Histor. grecs, i., 2, pp. 65-179; and in Migne [Greek tex. and Latin
translation], Pat. Græc. cxxxi., col. 79-1212. Latin translation
also in Migne, Pat. Græc. Lat., lxviii., col. 903-1516).

EKKEHARD OF URACH (Ekkehardus Uraugiensis): Hierosolymita. A.D.
1095-1187 (in Recueil. Hist. occid., v., pp. 1-40; and in Migne,
Pat. Lat., cliv., col. 1059-62).

FOULCHER OF CHARTRES (Fulcherius Carnotensis): Gesta Francorum
Jherusalem peregrinantium. A.D. 1095-1127 (in Recueil. Hist. occid.,
iii., pp. 311-485; and in Migne, Pat. Lat., clv., col. 825-940.
French translation in Guizot, Collection, xxiv., pp. 1-275).

GILO: Historia gestorum viæ nostri temporis Hierosolymitanæ libri
iv. A.D. 1095-99 (in Migne, Pat. Lat., clv., col. 943-994).

GUIBERT OF NOGENT (Guibertus, abbas monast. s. Mariæ Novigenti):
Historia Hierosolymitana quæ dicitur Gesta Dei per Francos, libri
viii. A.D. 1095-1110 (in Recueil. Hist. occid., iv., pp. 115-263;
also in Migne, Pat. Lat., clvi., col. 679-838. French translation in
Guizot, Collection, ix., pp. 1-338).

PRINCE DE JOINVILLE: Histoire de Saint Louys, IX. du nom, roy de
France (in Bouquet, xx., pp. 191-304. Numerous other editions, e.g.,
Wailly, with translation in modern French; Paris, Didot, 1874.
English translation in Bohn’s Antiquarian Library, Chronicles of the
Crusades).

RAYMOND OF AGILES (Raimundus de Agiles): Historia Francorum qui
ceperunt Hierusalem a. 1095 ad 1099 (in Recueil. Hist. occid., iii.,
pp. 235-309; and in Migne, Pat. Lat., clv., col. 591-668. French
translation in Guizot, Collection, xxi., pp. 227-397).

TUDEBOD (Tudebodus): Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere ab a. 1095
ad 1099, libri v. (in Recueil. Hist. occid., iii., pp. 1-117; and in
Migne, Pat. Lat., clv., col. 763-823. French translation, Mémoires
de l’historien Pierre Tudebode sur son pèlerinage à Jérusalem;
Paris, Champion, 1878).

VILLEHARDOUIN: Histoire de l’empire de Constantinople sous les
empereurs françois (in Bouquet, xviii., pp. 432-514. With modern
French translation, Paris, Lemerre, 1891, 2 vols. English
translation, London, 1829).

WILLIAM OF TYRE (Guilelmus Tyrius): Historia rerum in partibus
transmarinis gestarum. A.D. 1095-1184 (in Recueil. Hist. occid., i.;
and in Migne, Pat. Lat., cci., col. 209-892. English translation by
Mary Noyes Colvin; London, Early English Text Society, 1893).

B. _Letters of the Crusaders._

ANSELM OF RIPEMONT (Anselmus de Ribodimonte): Epistolæ ad Manassem
archiepiscopum Remensem duæ. A.D. 1098 (in Recueil. Hist. occid.,
iii., pp. 890-893).

ALEXIUS I., COMNENUS: Epistola ad Robertum I., Flandriæ comitem.
A.D. 1098 (in Recueil. Histor. grecs, iv., p. 132; and in Migne,
Pat. Græc., cxxxi., col. 564-568; Pat. Lat., clv., col. 465-470.
German translation by H. Floto, Kaiser Heinrich IV., vol. ii., p.
354; Stuttgart, 1854).

GODFREY (Godefridus Bullonius): Epistolæ et diplomata (in Migne,
Pat. Lat., clv., col. 389-398).

STEPHEN OF BLOIS (Stephanus Carnotensis et Blesensis) to his wife:
Epistolæ duæ (in Recueil. Hist. occid., iii., pp. 883-893).

URBAN II.: Epistolæ (in Migne, Pat. Lat., cli., col. 283-552).

C. _Contemporary and Very Early Writers._

MATTHEW PARIS: English History from 1253 to 1273 (translation in
Bohn’s Antiquarian Library; London, Bell; New York, Macmillan).

ROGER OF HOVENDEN: Chronica; edited by William Stubbs (in Rerum
Britannicarum medii ævi Scriptores [see under Stubbs, p. viii.], No.
51, vols. i.-iv., 1868-71).

ROGER OF WENDOVER: Flowers of History (in Bohn’s Antiquarian
Library; London, Bell; New York, Macmillan).

WILLIBALD, The Travels of, A.D. 721-727 (in Bohn’s Antiquarian
Library [London, Bell; New York, Macmillan], in the vol. edited by
Thomas Wright, Early Travels in Palestine, pp. 13-22).

III. WORKS ON THE CRUSADES WRITTEN FROM THE SOURCES.

T. A. ARCHER and CHARLES L. KINGSFORD: The Crusades: The Story of
the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem; New York, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1895.

GEORGE WILLIAM COX: The Crusades; London, Longmans; New York,
Scribner, 1874.

HEINRICH HAGENMEYER: Peter der Eremite: ein kritischer Beitrag zur
Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges; Leipzig, Harrassowitz, 1879.

ARNOLD HERMANN LUDWIG HEEREN: Historische Werke; Göttingen,
Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1821-26, 14 parts.

ARNOLD HERMANN LUDWIG HEEREN: Essai sur l’influence des croisades;
French translation, Paris, 1808.

THOMAS KEIGHTLEY: The Crusaders; London, S. P. C. K., 1834, 2 vols.;
new ed., Parker, 1852, 1 vol.

BERNARD KUGLER: Geschichte der Kreuzzüge; Berlin, G. Grote, 1880; 2.
Aufl., 1891.

BERNARD KUGLER: Neue Analekten zur Geschichte des 2. Kreuzzuges;
Tübingen, Fries, 1883.

JEAN PIERRE ARMAND DE LA PORTE DES VAULX: Les croisades, et le
royaume latin de Jérusalem; Limoges, Ardant, 1863.

LOUIS MAIMBOURG: Histoire des croisades; Paris, 1675, 2 vols.; 2d
ed., 1682, 4 vols. English translation, The History of the Holy War;
London, 1686, fol.

JOSEPH FRANÇOIS MICHAUD: Histoire des croisades; Paris, 1812-22, 7
vols.; 9th ed., Paris, Vivès, 1856, 4 vols.; illustrated by Doré,
1875-76, 2 vols., fol.

JOSEPH FRANÇOIS MICHAUD: History of the Crusades; translation,
London, Routledge, 1852. New ed., with supplementary chapter by
Hamilton W. Mabie; New York, Armstrong, 1881, 3 vols.

JOSEPH FRANÇOIS MICHAUD: Bibliothèque des croisades; Paris, 1830, 4
vols.

JULES MICHELET: Les croisades, 1095-1270; Paris, Hetzel et Cie.,
1880.

CHARLES MILLS: The History of the Crusades; London, Longmans, 1828,
2 vols.

EDWIN PEARS: The Fall of Constantinople; being the Story of the
Fourth Crusade; London, Longmans & Co.; New York, Harpers, 1886.

REINHOLD RÖHRICHT: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Kreuzzüge; Berlin,
Weidmann, 1874-78, 2 vols.

REINHOLD RÖHRICHT: Quellenbeiträge zur Geschichte der Kreuzzüge. Bd.
i., Zur Geschichte Salâh-ad-dîns; Berlin, Weidmann, 1879.

REINHOLD RÖHRICHT: Studien zur Geschichte des fünften Kreuzzuges;
Innsbruck, Wagner, 1891.

RICHARD SALTER STORRS: Bernard of Clairvaux; New York, Scribner,
1892.

WILLIAM STUBBS: Chronicles and Memorials of the Reign of Richard I.
(in Rerum Britannicarum medii ævi Scriptores [No. 38, vol. i.,
1864], published by the authority of her Majesty’s Treasury, under
the direction of the Master of the Rolls [hence called the “Rolls
Series”]; London, 1858 sqq.).

HEINRICH CARL LUDOLF VON SYBEL: Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges;
Leipzig, Fleischer, 1841; 2. Aufl., 1881.

HEINRICH CARL LUDOLF VON SYBEL: History and Literature of the
Crusades; translated by Lady Duff-Gordon [not a translation of the
preceding, but a compilation from his writings]; London, Chapman,
1861.

FRIEDRICH WILKEN: Geschichte der Kreuzzüge nach morgenländischen und
abendländischen Berichten; Leipzig, Vogel, 1807-32, 7 parts.

IV. GENERAL HISTORIES IN WHICH THE PERIOD OF THE CRUSADES IS INCLUDED.

JAMES BRYCE: The Holy Roman Empire; London and New York, Macmillan,
1864; 8th ed., 1888.

GEORGE FINLAY: A History of Greece from its Conquest by the Romans
to the Present Time, B.C. 146 to A.D. 1864; Oxford, Clarendon Press,
1877, 7 vols.

EDWARD GIBBON: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire; London, 1776-81, 6 vols. Best completed ed. by William
Smith; London, Murray, 1854-55, 8 vols.; New York, Harpers. New ed.,
with additional notes by J. B. Bury; London and New York, Macmillan,
1896 sqq. (Chaps. lvii.-lxi., The Crusades, separately issued by A.
Murray; London, 1869.)

FRANÇOIS PIERRE GUILLAUME GUIZOT: The History of Civilization from
the Fall of the Roman Empire to the French Revolution; translation
(in Bohn’s Standard Library; London, Bell; New York, Macmillan; 3
vols.).

FRANÇOIS PIERRE GUILLAUME GUIZOT: The History of France from the
Earliest Times to the Year 1789; translation, London, Low, 1870-81,
6 vols.

HENRY HALLAM: View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages;
London, Murray, 1818, 2 vols.; 11th ed., 1855, 3 vols.; later eds.;
reprinted, New York, Armstrong, 2 vols.

DAVID HUME: The History of England; modern ed., London, Ward, Lock &
Co., 1880, 3 vols.; Amer. ed., Harpers, 6 vols.

HENRY HART MILMAN: History of Latin Christianity; London, Murray,
1854-55, 6 vols.; 4th ed., 1867, 9 vols.; reprinted, New York,
Armstrong, 8 vols.

WILLIAM ROBERTSON: The History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles
V., with a View of the Progress of Society in Europe from the
Subversion of the Roman Empire to the Beginning of the Sixteenth
Century; London, 1769; reprinted, Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1857, 3
vols.; later editions.

V. POETICAL TREATMENT OF THE HISTORY OF THE FIRST CRUSADE.

TORQUATO TASSO: Gerusalemme Liberata; Venice, 1580. English
translation, Jerusalem Delivered; New York, Appleton.