Chapter V: Part 5

Malicious or facetious remarks were utterly abhorrent to the superintendent. The suicide's remains were borne on a bier to the morgue and embalmed. The capricious coquette contemned her suitor's offer. A guerilla war ensued from a seditious intrigue of avaricious vassals. That scimitar is a souvenir of a disastrous exploit therein. He condemned the recipe as not efficacious for erysipelas or pneumonia. An epitome of some chronicles about our antecedents is given in an encyclopædia. I prefer dahlias or fuchsias to chrysanthemums. A diminutive meerschaum pipe.

37

pharmacy
blaspheme
diphtheria
asphyxiate
hydrophobia
autograph
biography
calligraphy
amphibious
phenomenon
clique
physique
grotesque
burlesque
picturesque
panacea
avalanche
lineaments
conspirator
frontispiece

The major's autograph on the frontispiece of his biography was in strange calligraphy. The beaver is amphibious. At the pharmacy I got a panacea for diphtheria, hydrophobia, and other diseases. The lackey's grotesque physique is humorously portrayed in a burlesque play. All admonitions forbade blasphemy. The miners were asphyxiated by inhaling coal gas. An eclipse of the sun is a striking phenomenon. The avalanche was a picturesque sight. The clique of conspirators failed ignominiously. The sculptor has well represented his clear-cut lineaments.

38

eccentric
authentic
pneumatic
spasmodic
diplomatic
antiseptic
lymphatic
calisthenic
pyrotechnic
hieroglyphic
privilege
sacrilege
symptom
thraldom
martyrdom
lucrative
diarrhœa
velocipede
monotonous
predecessor

Authentic reports state that the ambassador, though eccentric, is yet diplomatic. Thraldom or martyrdom was once the penalty for professing Christianity. Pneumatic tires were not used on velocipedes. On Dominion Day the pyrotechnic display was superb. Calisthenic exercises, if not spasmodic, may eradicate certain ailments. The recent statutes give privileges to aliens. In rifling the church they were guilty of sacrilege. He obtained an authentic report on the use of arsenic in cosmetics for the complexion. Carbolic acid is an antiseptic. Describe the lymphatic gland. Hieroglyphics antedated the alphabet. My predecessor obtained a lucrative but monotonous post. An epidemic of diarrhœa raged with virulence in the army.

39

deodorize
neutralize
monopolize
crystallize
tranquillize
delineation
realization
anticipation
specification
resuscitation
heredity
longevity
ingenuity
solemnity
eccentricity
eulogy
prestige
coercion
procedure
reparation

Electricity deodorizes sewage. The patriarchs were remarkable for longevity. He displayed ingenuity in his stage delineations of the beau's eccentricities. During the requiem service and funeral obsequies the solemnity of the scene was impressive. The aborigines of Australia rank low in the scale of humanity. What people are our antipodes? The mal-contents were finally tranquillized. Acids and alkalies neutralize one another. Anticipation is often more pleasurable than realization. Learn how to resuscitate one apparently drowned. Specifications for the water conduits were drawn up with exactitude. Sugar crystallizes readily.

40

lacteal
funereal
ethereal
corporeal
cochineal
effervesce
acquiesce
excrescent
convalescent
incandescent
larynx
pharynx
baritone
labyrinth
strychnine
vitriol
seidlitz
antidote
mammal
oleander

Seidlitz powders effervesce. He lopped excrescent growths from his oleanders. Millions of incandescent lights made the scene almost ethereal. Funereal rites await all that is corporeal in man. All mammals are nourished by lacteal fluid. From the cochineal insect a beautiful dye is obtained. Both the larynx and pharynx are concerned in sound production. A baritone voice is intermediate between bass and tenor. Strychnine may be a nerve tonic. The intricate passages of the ear are called the labyrinth. Soft music is quiescent. During convalescence he was prohibited from severe exertion. I enquired for an antidote for vitriol.

REVIEW OF THE DIFFICULT WORDS.

abbreviate
abhorrence
aborigines
abridgment
accelerate
accomplice
accoutre
acquiesce
adjutant
aggressor
alimentary
allegiance
amateur
amphibious
anemone
anonymous
anthracite
apostasy
approximate
armistice
artificer
assassin
assimilate
audacity
auricle
authentic
avalanche
avaricious
asphyxiate
avoirdupois
banqueted
baritone
beauteous
benefactor
benefiting
bulletin
bumptious
buoyant
burlesque
calcimine
calligraphy
capricious
catastrophe
celibacy
chancellor
chilblain
chronicle
cochineal
coincidence
competitive
complainant
complexion
conciliatory
condescension
confidants
conscientious
contemptuous
contiguous
colleague
corporeal
corpuscle
corroborate
cotillion
cotyledon
courtesy
crocheting
crucifixion
crystallize
debauchery
debilitate
decisive
deficiency
delineation
delirium
dentifrice
dexterous
diaphragm
diarrhœa
dilapidate
diphtheria
diminutive
discrepancy
dysentery
eccentricity
ecstasy
effervesce
elasticity
eliminate
emaciate
embezzle
emphasis
employee
epilepsy
episcopacy
equestrian
equinoctial
etiquette
exaggerate
exhaustion
exhilarate
existence
expedite
exquisite
exorbitant
extempore
facetious
facilitate
fastidious
fraudulent
fricassee
funereal
garrulous
gesticulate
gorgeous
grandeur
gratuitous
grievance
grotesque
guarantee
guillotine
harangue
hemorrhage
hippopotamus
homicide
hydrophobia
hypocrisy
hysterics
ignominious
incandescent
incendiary
incision
indefatigable
influenza
ingenious
initiative
instalment
interference
intersperse
interstice
irresistible
irrevocable
jonquil
kerosene
labyrinth
licentious
lineaments
loathsome
loquacious
ludicrous
malevolent
malicious
manœuvre
maritime
martyrdom
marvellous
massacre
mausoleum
mediocre
meerschaum
menagerie
mercenary
meridian
microscope
mignonette
miscellaneous
mistletoe
monotonous
mortgagee
munificent
mutinied
mysterious
nautical
neuralgia
nuisance
nutritious
obeisance
obsequies
obstinacy
occurrence
œsophagus
omnivorous
ostensible
pageant
palmistry
panacea
parachute
paralysis
parishioner
pavilion
pedagogue
penitentiary
pernicious
perquisite
pharmacy
phenomenon
philopena
physique
pictorial
picturesque
plebeian
plebiscite
pneumatic
pneumonia
precedence
precision
precocious
pre-eminent
prejudicial
preliminary
presumptuous
privilege
procedure
proficient
propitious
puncheon
pursuance
quartette
raillery
recipient
remediable
repetition
requiem
requisite
resuscitate
reverential
rheumatism
rhinoceros
sacrilege
sagacity
sanguinary
sarsaparilla
sauer-kraut
scarlatina
sceptical
scrimmage
scurrilous
seditious
semaphore
seniority
sepulchre
simultaneous
sinecure
somersault
souvenir
specification
spirituous
steadfast
stratagem
strychnine
stupefying
sumptuous
superintendent
surcingle
susceptible
symptom
syndicate
synopsis
tabernacle
tarlatan
technical
teetotaler
tempestuous
tenacious
theatrical
tragedian
tranquillity
trousseau
tyrannical
unanimous
upheaval
variegated
velocity
verbosity
vermilion
vindictive
witticism

allege
aqueduct
aquiline
arraign
assuage
bailiff
balance
biassed
bigoted
bologna
bunion
calibre
carbine
chamois
chasm
clique
concise
copse
conduit
corps
corpse
courier
critic
croquet
crotchet
curtsy
dahlia
decency
decipher
deficit
depot
despatch
diocese
discern
eclipse
efficacy
elicit
enmity
ensign
facile
faucet
fissure
fraught
frenzy
fuchsia
furlough
guerilla
hygiene
illicit
jugular
lunacy
malign
meteor
missive
mucous
navvy
nicotine
optical
palisade
plateau
premier
pyjamas
recipe
redoubt
requite
rescind
reverie
reynard
rites
routine
salver
seidlitz
series
solace
species
succumb
suite
sumac
trait
trapeze
trivial
typhus
utensil
vitriol
weird

RULES FOR SYLLABICATION.

A syllable is a sound uttered with one impulse of the breath. The group of letters representing such a sound should never be separated in dividing words; _e.g._, re-bel´ (verb), reb´-el (noun), pres´-ent (noun), pre-sent´-ed. To divide a word into syllables, pronounce it slowly and correctly, and note the natural division into sounds. In writing, it is preferable to put the whole word _on one line_. When this cannot well be done, that part of the word left at the end of one line should suggest the part beginning the next line; _e.g._, _happiness_ should be divided--_happi-ness_, not _hap-piness_.

RULES FOR SPELLING.

1. At the end of monosyllables with a short vowel sound, the letters _f_, _l_, or _s_ are usually double; _e.g._, muff, ball, pass.

2. Words ending in silent _e_ usually drop it on adding any suffix beginning with a vowel; _e.g._, come, coming; bride, bridal; love, lovable.

EXCEPTIONS:--(i) Words ending in _ce_ or _ge_ retain the _e_ before the suffixes _able_ and _ous_, in order to keep the soft sound of _c_ or _g_; _e.g._, traceable, outrageous.

(ii) Words ending in _ee_, _oe_, or _ye_ retain the final _e_ when _ing_ is added; _e.g._, freeing, shoeing, eyeing.

3. Monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable, if they end in a single consonant with a single vowel before it, usually double the final consonant before a vowel-suffix, _e.g._, clap, clapper; clan, clannish; nod, nodded; prefer, preferring.

EXCEPTION:--When the derivative has the place of the accent changed, the final consonant is not doubled; _e.g._, prefer´, pref´erence. Note also, _gases_, _gaseous_, _transferable_, _woolly_.

4. Words ending in a single _l_ double it before a vowel-suffix; _e.g._, chisel, chiselled; revel, reveller; cancel, cancelling. But, _paralleled_.

5. Words ending in _y_ preceded by a consonant usually change the _y_ into _i_ when a suffix not beginning with _i_ is added; _e.g._, cry, cries, crying.

EXCEPTIONS:--Dryly, dryness; shyly, shyness; slyly, slyness.

Note also daily, gaily, gaiety, laid, paid, said, saith, slain, staid.

6. _ei_ or _ie_. When sounded like long _e_, _i_ comes before _e_ except after _c_; _e.g._, piece, deceit. But, _either_, _neither_, _plebeian_, _seize_, _leisure_, _weird_.

When not sounded like long _e_, the order of the letters is always _ei_; _e.g._, skein, height.

PUBLIC SCHOOL LEAVING.

1

actuary
warranty
accruing
aggrieve
indelible
collectible
codicil
clerical
implicit
coercion
obsolete
obduracy
cavilling
repellent
recurrent
deterrent
sullenness
stubbornness
statutory
executrix
appraisal
legitimate
rescinded
rescission

2

coupon
waiver
vellum
engross
erasure
issuing
voucher
lessor
lessee
felony
nullify
consols
vendor
annuity
pleas
marine
tontine
zephyr
vestige
salvage
assigns
vacillate
oscillate
irrigated
deprecate
desiccate
mitigated
litigation

3

elegy
poesy
lyrical
couplet
synonym
homonym
ellipsis
metaphor
paradigm
italicize
rhetorical
allegorical
ordnance
ordinance
colloquy
soliloquy
antithesis
hyperbole
dunning
endorsed
collateral
purloined
remittance
acceptance

4

rabies
subtler
sentient
consular
succinct
incipient
æsthetic
emanate
permeate
relegated
licentiate
depreciate
excruciate
disseminate
narrator
instigate
promissor
guarantor
assignor
consignee
mortgagor
plagiarist
chirography
phonography
facsimile
petit jury
puisne judge
knight-errant

5

oriel
tenon
newel
mortise
dovetail
boudoir
mullion
stanchion
buttress
abutment
colonnade
escutcheon
flotilla
binnacle
halyards
forecastle
pyramidal
maelstrom
arsenal
reveille
patrolled
gymnastics
silhouette
supercilious

6

missal
schism
Genesis
heretics
perusing
proselyte
itinerary
auspices
nonpareil
lacquered
ensconced
accountant
personnel
sustenance
judiciary
beneficiary
depositary
depository
rendezvous
proprietary
commissary
symmetrical
connoisseur
malfeasance
discoloration
maintenance
complaisance
presentiment

7

chiffon
ruching
chenille
organdie
chambray
tarpaulin
silesia
mohair
taffeta
bandanna
buckram
valenciennes
beryl
carat
emery
pyrites
sardonyx
turquoise
inertia
fusible
residue
volatile
calcium
magnesia

8

oxygen
hydrogen
sulphate
chloride
molecule
radially
ambrosial
febrile
lesion
cohesion
sensory
specific
bronchial
lachrymal
polygon
rhomboid
trapezium
reciprocal
precipitate
centripetal
centrifugal
scalene
isosceles
equitable
acoustics
dynamics
corollary
equilateral

9

anise
hyssop
jasmine
spiræa
syringa
caraway
hydrangea
eczema
biceps
molars
calibers
bicuspid
debauchee
victuallers
chyme
cognac
trachea
cranium
papilla
chrysalis
hellebore
anæmia
phthisic
phthisis
varicose
paroxysm
allopathic
homœopathy

10

cocaine
calomel
lobelia
copperas
paregoric
collodion
anodyne
osseous
diagnose
mortuary
lymphatic
panegyric
morphine
quassia
sassafras
condiments
eucalyptus
apocalypse
eustachian
belladonna
ipecacuanha
laryngitis
peritonitis
appendicitis

11

abettor
coadjutor
precursor
laboratory
prohibitory
admonitory
alluvial
connubial
centennial
cylindrical
rhetorical
rhythmical
collusion
demurred
agrarian
patrician
herculean
sepulchral
conscientious
predilection
reminiscence
commissariat
homogeneous
embarrassment

12

moiety
nucleus
mussels
mollusc
cuisine
pristine
libertine
sedative
sediment
abeyance
prevalence
dependence
ascendency
excrescence
throes
pallor
orgies
exorcise
colossal
analogous
anomalous
metaphysics
psychology
aide-de-camp
physiognomy
paraphernalia
plenipotentiary
pharmaceutical

13

psaltery
psalmody
hierarchy
espionage
plenteous
mnemonics
irascible
porphyry
equipoise
fortuitous
reversible
transferable
auricular
auriferous
succulent
ameliorate
deshabille
dishevelled
cinerary
prescience
saccharine
boulevard
troubadour
tournament

14

astute
abstruse
falchion
alchemy
tubercles
algebraical
anatomical
aspirate
archives
authentic
halcyon
harlequin
clairvoyant
connivance
bourn
breviary
brougham
bellicose
captious
capillary
seriatim
centipede
composite
charlatan
iniquitous
ubiquitous
incorrigible
irrepressible

15

corsair
contour
deify
expiate
embryo
emissary
deducible
fallibility
credibility
debilitate
defamatory
equanimity
hydraulic
guttural
critique
technique
hypotenuse
hypothesis
expatiate
ingratiate
illusory
internecine
iridescent
putrescence

16

kraal
khedive
jeopardize
laconically
lithograph
litigious
pharisaical
memoirs
maniacal
medallion
parricide
fratricide
ostracized
percussion
vertebræ
minutiæ
oligarchy
miscellany
adolescent
omniscient
necropolis
indigenous
ingenuous
methylated
immaculate
Mussulmans
querulous
quintessence

17

hybrid
pillory
placable
precincts
papyrus
repertory
spherical
sedulous
spermaceti
prodigious
promiscuous
perspicacity
Teutonic
quixotic
symphony
sycophant
superficies
surveillance
phrenologist
phraseology
polytechnic
punctilious
pseudonym
surreptitious

18

viscid
zodiac
satiety
zoology
vacuum
vagaries
camellia
facade
pedagogy
vibratory
vicarious
usurious
vouchsafe
vociferate
nefarious
voluptuous
vicissitude
vernacular
consummate
ventriloquist
deliquescent
extricate
defalcate
exchequer
perforated
cognizant
apparition
incarcerate

19

aviary
callous
guerdon
piquant
brusque
flippancy
aeronaut
plausible
aeroplane
regrettable
similarity
contrariwise
cuirass
caitiff
caisson
cogitating
tessellated
pomegranate
propagate
immaterial
acclamation
subsidiary
unparalleled
cartilaginous

20

onerous
libellous
rancorous
derelict
tamarack
deciduous
calamitous
minx
sphinx
chloral
murrain
vignette
casually
casualty
orifice
bacillus
tattooed
tasselled
proboscis
patrician
dissimilar
gherkin
stoicism
bagatelle
whirligig
beleaguer
stomachic
decoction

SMALL DIFFICULT WORDS--_Use these words in sentences_.

abyss
acacia
acme
aerial
alias
alpaca
annals
axiom
azure
benign
broncho
cache
cairn
calyx
caulk
chaise
chaos
chary
chronic
cinque
clique
corse
cote
crucial
cymbal
cynic
dais
débris
disc
doily
ecstasy
elite
elixir
ellipse
epoch
facade
facile
falcon
fiasco
flaccid
foci
futile
ghoul
gist
gluey
gneiss
groat
guano
gyves
heresy
holm
idyl
igneous
irate
ivied
jargon
lichen
liege
lien
lithe
llama
lode
lymph
lyre
Maori
melee
mirage
morgue
myrrh
naive
newel
nymph
ogre
onyx
orchid
oust
pageant
placid
plaguy
plaice
poise
pygmy
python
qualm
radii
realm
regime
rhythm
schism
scion
scroll
sedge
seethe
sere
sheik
shoal
Sioux
sloyd
sluice
soiree
sphinx
steppe
suave
swarthy
sylph
sylvan
synod
theme
theory
thews
thrall
tierce
trawl
treatise
trite
tryst
tutor
umbel
venial
vial
vicar
viceroy
virile
viscera
viscid
visual
vital
vitiate
vizier
vogue
vying
waive
weevil
weird
whiz
whorl
wiliness
wince
winch
winze
withal
wraith
wreak
wroth
wry

THE BUILDING OF ENGLISH WORDS.

The _root_ of a word is the shortest form in which it appears. Thus _tal_, meaning number, speech, is the root of _tale_, a number counted; _tale_, a story; _tell_, narrate; _toll_, something counted out; _talk_, discourse.

The root of a word may undergo modification and become a _stem_. Thus _love_ is the stem of the root _lov-_, and to this stem are added such _inflections_ as _-est_, _-s_, _-d_, as loves, lovest, loved.

Again, to the root of a word may be added a _prefix_ or _suffix_, thereby forming a new word called a _derivative_.

If to the root _dar-_, dear, the prefix _en-_ be added, we get endear, and the same root with the suffix _-ling_ gives darling. As a rule, English prefixes and suffixes are added only to English roots. But there are many exceptions.

Word-making is often effected by _compounding_. A _compound_ word is one made by uniting two words together, as _sea-lion_.

=Compound Nouns= are formed in various ways:--(_a_) by uniting a
noun with a noun: bridal = bride ale, daisy = day's eye, Gospel
= God's spell or story; (_b_) noun with adjective: redbird,
midnight, quicksilver, twilight = two lights; (_c_) noun with
verb: bakehouse, godsend, grindstone, spendthrift; (_d_) noun with
adverb: bystander, offshoot, uplift; (_e_) noun with preposition:
afterthought, byword, onset; (_f_) verb with adverb: drawback,
farewell, income, welcome.

=Compound Adjectives= are numerous:--(_a_) Noun with adjective:
barefoot, lily-white, purse-proud, sea-green, sky-blue; (_b_) noun
with participle: heart-rending, sea-faring, sea-girt, way-laid,
worm-eaten; (_c_) adverb with participle: bygone, everlasting,
far-reaching, high-strung, ill-pleased, well-bred; (_d_) noun with
noun: iron-side, lion-heart; (_e_) nouns with nouns, adjectives,
and adverbs, + _ed_: club-footed, gray-headed, tender-hearted,
under-handed.

=Compound Verbs= are few:--(_a_) Verb with noun: backbite,
browbeat, henpeck, hoodwink, kiln-dry; (_b_) verb with adjectives:
dumbfound, fulfil, whitewash; (_c_) verb with adverb: don = do on,
doff = do off, outdo.

=Compound Adverbs= are made by uniting (_a_) noun with noun:
endways, sideways; (_b_) noun with adjective: always, breast-high,
meanwhile, sometimes; (_c_) preposition with noun: outside,
overboard; (_d_) adverb with preposition: hereafter, therein,
whereupon.

PREFIXES.

A favourite way of building words is by the use of prefixes. Generally speaking, these are of English, French, Greek or Latin origin--it being understood in this connection that French is but a modified form of Latin.

ENGLISH PREFIXES.

=Inseparable prefixes= have no meaning in themselves and cannot stand alone. The most important are:--

=A-=, _on_: away, alive; _at_: ahead: _of_: akin.

=And-=, _against_ (Greek anti-): answer (sweri-an, to declare).

=Be-=, old form of _by_: betimes, bypath; in verbs: bedaub (daub all over), bewail (wail for), benumb (make numb).

=For-=, intensifies the meaning, (thoroughly): forbear, forlorn, forswear, forbid (command against), forego.

=Fore-=, _first_, _before_: foresight, forejudge.

=Mis-=, _wrong_, _wrongly_: misdeed, miscall, mislead.

=Un-=, _not_: unholy, unafraid. In verbs, it indicates the reverse of the simple verb: unbind, unfold, unmask.

=With-=, _against_, (_from_): withstand, withers (of a horse), withhold.

=Separable Prefixes.=

=After=, _after_: aftergrowth, aftermath (= after the mowing), afterthought.

=All= (old Eng. _al_), _all_: almost, alone.

=Forth=, _forth_: forthcoming.

=In= (French en), _in_: inborn, illusion, import, irruption; encase, enclose; entwine, embody, employ; enable = _to make_ able, embitter.

=Off= or =of=, _off_, _from_: offal = what falls off, offspring.

=On=, _against_, _towards_: onset, onslaught, onward.

=Out= has a sense of direction or surpassing, (_beyond_): outcast, outpost, outrun, outshine; utter, utmost (_i.e._, outer, outmost).

=Over=, _over_, _above_: overhead, overcoat, overturn, overspread, over-bold.

=Through= = thorough: throughout, thoroughfare, thoroughbred, through-ticket.

=Twi=, _two_, _double_: twice, twilight = double or doubtful light, twill, twin = double, twine, twist = two strands twisted.

=Under=, _below_, _lower_: underhand, underlie, underneath, undertone.

=Up=, _up_: upland, upshot, upbraid, uphold, uprise, upward.

LATIN (AND FRENCH) PREFIXES.

=A-=, =ab-=, (=ab-s-=), _away from_: avert, absent, ab-s-tract; Fr., avaunt.

=Ad-=, (Fr. =a-=) (-d is often changed because of the influence of the following consonant), _to_: adapt, abbreviate, accord, affect, aggression, allude, annul, arrogate, attain; Fr., achieve, acquaint, amount.

=Amb-= or =am-=, _around_, _round about_, (_both_): ambition (lit. _going about_, canvassing), ambiguous, ambidextrous, amputate (to cut around).

=Ante-=, _before_: antedate, ante-room, anticipate; Fr., _an-_ in ancestor = antecessor.

=Bis-= and =bi-=, _twice_, _two_: bias (= two-faced), biped, bisect, biscuit (= twice baked).

=Circum-=, _around_: circumference, circuit, circulate, circumvent.

=Cum-=, _with_, takes the forms com-, con-, col-, co-, cor-, under the influence of the letter following: compound, concord, collect, coöperate, correct, counsel.

=Contra-=, _against_: contradict; Fr., controvert, counterfeit.

=De-=, _down_, _from_: decline, deduct, decamp. It is negative in derange, deform, destroy; intensive in declare, deprave, despoil, desolate, desiccate.

=Dis-=, =di-=, _asunder_, _separation_: disarm, diffuse, disown, divorce; Fr., _des-_, _de-_ in defer, defy, delay, descant.

=Ex-=, =e-=, _out_, _out of_, _proceeding from_: exclude, exhale, ex-governor, extract, educe, elect, emanate, evade.

=Extra-=, _beyond_: extraneous, extraordinary, extravagant.

=In-=, _in_, _into_, _on_: infer, invade, invent. It also becomes il-, im-, ir-, before certain consonants, as illusion, improve, irrigate.

=In-=, _not_: incapable, illiberal, impious, irrelevant, ignoble.

=Inter-=, =intro-=, _among_, _between_, _within_: interfere, intervene, introspection.

=Male-=, _bad_, _ill_, _wrong_: malcontent, malpractice, maltreat.

=Mis-=, _ill_, _wrong_: misadventure, misalliance; Fr., mischief.

=Non-=, _not_: nonage, nonentity, nonsense.

=Ob-=, _toward_, _facing_, _against_: object, obstruct. It also becomes oc-, of-, op-: occur, offer, oppose.

=Pene-=, _almost_: peninsula, penult.

=Per-=, _through_, often intensive, _throughout_, _thoroughly_--and so _wrongly_: perspire, pervade; persist, perturb, pervert; pellucid, pilgrim (see _ager_). Fr. _par-_: pardon.

=Post-=, _after_: postdate, posthumous, post-mortem, postscript.

=Pre-=, _before_: precede, precursor, preëmpt, premature, premise, prevent.

=Preter-=, _beyond_, _more than_: preterite (of past time), preternatural.

=Pro-=, _before_, _for_, _forward_: proceed, proconsul, prologue, pronoun, provide; _por_-tend. Fr., _pur_: purchase, pursue.

=Re-=, =red-=, _back_, _again_: rebel, recede, recover, redeem.

=Retro-=, _backwards_: retroactive, retrograde, retrospect.

=Se-=, =sed-=, _apart_: seclude, secrete, sed-i-tion (a going apart), segregate.

=Sub-=, _under_, _from under_: subject, subtract. It also becomes suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-, as in succor, suffer, suggest, supplant, suspend; subdivision (_i.e._, lower), summon (sub = slightly), surreptitious.

=Super-=, _above_, _beyond_: superfine, supernatural, superposed; Fr., _sur-_, surname, surpass, surtout (= over all).

=Trans-=, _across_: transcend, transient; tradition, traverse; Fr., _tres-_, trespass.

=Ultra-=, _beyond_: ultramarine, ultra-radical, ultra-tropical.

=Vice-=, _in place of_: vice-consul, vice-president, viceroy; vicar.

GREEK PREFIXES.

=A-=, =an-= (before vowels), _not_: a-nom-alous = ir-regular, an-archy, an-onym-ous, apathy, atheist; a-morph-ous = formless, an-aemia = bloodlessness, an-odyne = something that relieves pain.

=Amphi-=, _on both sides_, _double_: amphibious, amphitheatre.

=Ana-=, _up_, _back_, _anew_: anatomy, analysis, anagram, analogy, anathema.

=Anti-=, _against_: antarctic, antidote, antipathy, antipodes, Antichrist, anticlimax.

=Apo-=, _from_, _away from_, _off_: apology, apostle, apostrophe, aphelion, apogee (gē = earth), apostasy.

=Arch-=, _chief_: archangel, archbishop, archfiend, archi-tect.

=Auto-=, _self_: autocrat, autograph, automobile, autonomy, automatic, aut-opsy.

=Cata-=, _down_, (_thoroughly_): cataract, catastrophe, catechise, catalogue, (a complete numbering).

=Dia-=, _through_, (_between_): diagonal, diagram, dialogue, diapason, diaphragm.

=Dis-=, =di-=, _twice_, _doubly_: dissyllable, di-phthong, dilemma.

=Dys-=, _ill_, _bad_: dysentery, dyspepsia.

=Ec-=, =ex-=, _out_, _out of_: ec-centric, ec-lipse, ec-stasy, exegesis, exodus, exorcise.

=En-=, _in_: energy, emblem, emphasis, empiric, encomium, encyclic, endo-gen.

=Epi-=, _upon_, _to_: epidemic, epigram, epistle, epitaph, ep-hemeral, ep-och.

=Eu-=, _well_: eucharist, eulogy, euphemism, euphony, ev-angel = good news.

=Exo-=, _outside_, _without_: exo-gen, exoteric, exotic.

=Hemi-=, _half_: hemicycle, hemisphere, hemi-stich.

=Hyper-=, _over_, _beyond measure_: hyperbole, hypercritical, hypertrophy.

=Hypo-=, _under_: hypocrite, hypodermic, hypothesis, hyp-hen (= one).

=Meta-=, _after_, _between_, (_changed for_): metaphor, metathesis, metamorphosis, metonymy, met-hod = after a way (hodos).

=Para-=, _beside_, _near by_, _contrary to_: parable, paradox, parallel, parish, parody, par-helion.

=Peri-=, _around_, _near_: period, perimeter, perigee (gē = earth), perihelion.

=Pro-=, _before_, _for_: problem, prologue, prophet = interpreter.

=Syn-=, _with_, _together_: synagogue, syntax, syl-lable, sym-pathy, sy-stem.

WORD-BUILDING BY THE USE OF SUFFIXES.

Suffixes, sometimes called _affixes_ or _postfixes_, are even more numerously employed in English than are prefixes, and, indeed, have a greater modifying power over the words to which they are attached. They consist of a letter or letters, syllable or syllables appended to the end of words or roots, and, like prefixes, are borrowed mainly from old English, Latin (French) and Greek.

ENGLISH SUFFIXES.

=Nouns.=--The most important are:--

=-ard=, =-art=, denoting habit, or possession of a quality in an excessive degree: braggart, coward, drunkard, laggard, reynard, sluggard, wizard.

=-craft=, strength, skill, cunning: woodcraft, priestcraft, witchcraft.

=-d=, =-t=, =-th=, suffixed to roots: flood (from the root of flow), seed (sow); drift (drive), drought (dry), flight (fly); death (die), birth (bear), sloth (slow), health (heal).

=-dom=, authority, dominion, quality, condition: earldom, kingdom, christendom, Saxondom, wisdom, freedom, serfdom.

=-en=, gives a diminutive meaning: chicken (little cock), kitten, maiden.

=-er=, denotes agent: instrument; belonging to (of places): brazier, farmer, fuller, hater, leader, saw(y)er, writer; grater, heater; Londoner.

=-hood=, (=-head=), condition, order, collection: brotherhood, childhood, Godhood, knighthood, manhood, priesthood, wifehood; Godhead.

=-ing=, (participle) act of, result of act: farthing (fourth), dwelling, feeling, riding. It is collective in clothing, shipping.

=-kin=, diminutive: bodkin, firkin, lambkin, mannikin.

=-le= or =-l=, diminutive, means: bundle, handle, runnel, saddle (= little seat), satchel, sickle.

=-ling=, diminutive, sometimes contemptuous: darling, duckling, firstling, gosling, hireling, nestling, seedling.

=-lock=, state: wedlock.

=-ness=, forms abstract nouns from adjectives, quality, state: goodness, holiness, weakness.

=-ock=, diminutive: bullock, hillock, paddock (= a little park), Pollock (= little Paul).

=-m=, or =-om=, forms nouns from verbs: bloom (from blow), gloom (glow), seam (sew), team (tow).

=-red=, state, sometimes collective, quality: hatred, kindred; Mildred (mild in counsel), Ethelred (noble in counsel).

=-ric=, office, dominion: bishopric.

=-ship=, state, office: clerkship, fellowship, horsemanship, lordship, stewardship, worship (= worthship).

=-stead=, place: bedstead, homestead, instead.

=-ster= denotes an agent, (originally a woman), a person who does something with skill or as an occupation: spinster, chorister, huckster, maltster, songster, tapster, roadster; baxster (bake-ster), brewster, webster (the woman who weaves). It is depreciative in: gamester, punster, oldster, trickster, youngster.

=-th=, =-t=, state, quality, act, number in order: dearth, filth, mirth, wealth, worth, theft, tenth.

=-ther=, =-der=, or =-ter= denotes an agent: father, mother, brother, sister; bladder (blow), rudder (row), laughter, water (wet), winter (wind).

=-wright=, work or workman: millwright, playwright, shipwright, wheelwright.

=-ward=, keeper: hayward, steward (= sty-keeper), woodward.

=-y=, =-ie=, diminutive: baby, lassie, Tommy, Willie.

=Adjectives.=--Some of the more important are:--

=-ed=, =-d=, the past participle ending, possession: honored, landed (possessing lands), talented.

=-en=, participial ending, also denotes material: drunken, given, hewn (= hewen), molten, river; flaxen, golden, silken, silvern, oaken, wooden; heathen (= belonging to the country).

=-erly=, =-ern=, direction, section: southerly, eastern.

=-fast=, firm: rootfast, shamefaced (= shamefast), steadfast.

=-fold=, times: fourfold, manifold.

=-ful=, full: artful, hopeful, needful, sinful.

=-ish=, similarity, pertaining or belonging to, somewhat: boyish, brutish, foolish, slavish, English, French, Irish, Scottish, Scotch, Welsh; blackish, whitish.

=-le=, weakens the root: brittle, fickle, little.

=-less=, without: bloodless, childless, fadeless, toothless.

=-like=, =-ly=, like: childlike, Godlike, ghastly (= ghostly), womanly.

=-ow=, modern form of old Eng. _-u_: callow, fallow, narrow, yellow.

=-right=, straight (= direct): downright, forthright, upright.

=-some=, like, full: blithesome (showing gladness), burdensome, gamesome, gladsome, irksome, winsome (wyn = joy).

=-teen=, ten: thirteen, etc.

=-ty=, tens: thirty, etc.

=-ward=, course, direction: awkward (awk = Icelandic afug, back foremost), cityward(s), landward, westward.

=-wise=, way, manner: lengthwise, likewise, nowise. The word _ways_ is often substituted: endways, sideways.

=-y=, =-ey=, like, of the nature of, covered with: bloody, crafty, dusty, mighty, stormy, tricky.

VERB AND ADVERB SUFFIXES are much fewer and less important than those used to form nouns and adjectives. The following may be noted:--

=Verbs.=--

=-en=, is causative, make: cheapen, deepen, gladden, quicken.

=-er=, denotes frequency, (energy): chatter, linger, spatter (spot), splutter, sputter (spout), waver, whimper (whine).

=-le=, also denotes frequency, sometimes energy: handle, jingle (chink), joggle, shuffle (shove), sparkle, startle, tickle, tipple, whittle.

=Adverbs.=--Certain suffixes occur which have already been given, as:--

=-ly=, manner: awkwardly, falsely, nobly.

=-wise=, manner: crosswise, otherwise.

=-ward=, direction: hitherward.

LATIN (AND FRENCH) SUFFIXES.

LATIN SUFFIXES, alike numerous and important, have in perhaps the majority of cases taken on a French form. For although, prior to the Norman Conquest, English had been but slightly influenced from foreign sources, yet Norman French, the language of the Conquerors, survived long enough to produce an impression on the language of England.

=Noun Suffixes.=--The most important of these are:--

=-acy=, =-cy=, rank, office, state: abbacy, bankruptcy, captaincy, magistracy, papacy, tenancy.

=-ade=, state, place of or for: blockade, collonade, promenade, serenade.

=-age=, makes an abstract or collective noun, act, state: beverage, bondage, courage, homage, marriage, tonnage, vintage, cordage, hermitage, plumage, village.

=-al=, pertaining to, possessing, act of: animal (anima = breath of life), canal, cardinal, hospital, withdrawal.

=-an=, belonging to: American, artisan, Christian, librarian, pagan, publican, chaplain, captain.

=-ance=, =-ence=, } form abstract nouns, the act of: abundance, diligence, =-ancy=, =-ency=, } repentance, consistence, pliancy, clemency.

=-and=, =-end=, that which is to be: memorand-um, -a, agend-a, multiplicand; dividend, legend, minuend, subtrahend.

=-ant=, =-ent= (participle), one who (does): assistant, combatant, lieutenant, litigant, agent, client, patient, regent.

=-ar=, one who (is or does): scholar, vicar.

=-ary=, place for: apiary, granary, library, seminary. It also designates a trade, profession, business: actuary, commissary, lapidary, notary, secretary; incendiary, voluptuary.

=-ate=, agent, state, office: advocate, consulate, curate, legate, postulate, protectorate, pontificate.

=-ce=, =-ice=, form abstract nouns: benefice, device, justice, palace, service.

=-cle=, =-cel=, diminutive: corpuscle, parcel.

=-ee=, (Fr. form of =-ate=), person to whom: assignee, employee, grantee, legatee, trustee, vendee.

=-el=, =-le=, form diminutives: chapel, libel, buckle, castle.

=-er=, =-eer=, =-ier=, one who (does): mariner, auctioneer, pioneer, brigadier.

=-er=, place: larder, saucer.

=-ern=, place: cavern, cistern, tavern.

=-ery=, =-ry=, place: cemetery, foundry, laundry, nunnery, surgery.

=-ery=, =-ry=, condition, quality, collection, production: slavery, bravery, treachery, finery, peasantry, carpentry, poetry.

=-ess=, feminine agent: empress, governess, sorceress.

=-et=, =-let=, diminutive: coronet, floweret, lancet, puppet, ticket, bracelet, chaplet, eaglet; etiquette (= a little ticket).

=-icle=, diminutive: article, icicle, particle.

=-ion=, =-sion=, =-tion=, action, process, state, result: action, legislation, mansion, opinion, position, rebellion.

=-ive=, who or that which (does or is): fugitive, native, representative.

=-men=, =-me=, =-ment=, denoting result accomplished, instrument, state; regimen, regime, amendment, document, ornament, banishment.

=-mony=, quality, state, act: acrimony, matrimony, sanctimony, testimony, ceremony.

=-on=, =-one=, denotes greatness: clarion, flagon, million, trombone. It appears as _-oon_ in balloon, dragoon, saloon.

=-or=, agent, quality, act: emperor, governor, ardour, behaviour, savor, clamour.

=-sel=, diminutive: damsel (= little dame), morsel.

=-t=, =-ot=, agent, having passion for: prophet, patriot, zealot.

=-ter=, person who: master, minister.

=-tor=, =-trix=, agent: actor, competitor, pastor, executrix, testatrix.

=-tude=, condition, quality: altitude, fortitude, servitude, multitude.

=-ty=, quality, state of: charity, docility, frailty, poverty, vanity.

=-ule=, =-cule=, diminutive: globule, spherule, animalcule, molecule.

=-ure=, =-ture=, act of, thing done: capture, departure, architecture, manufacture, creature.

=-y=, condition, collection: victory, company, family, society.

=Adjective Suffixes.=--The Latin (and French) suffixes are used extensively to form adjectives. The following may be noted:--

=-able=, able, capable of: amiable, arable, capable, considerable, friable (= easily crumbled), lovable, portable.

=-aceous=, containing, like: argillaceous (clayey), crustaceous (with crust-like shell), farinaceous (_far_, corn), herbaceous.

=-al=, pertaining to: ancestral, bestial, communal, final, legal, tidal, vernal.

=-an=, pertaining to, belonging to: Arabian, civilian, human, partisan, sylvan.

=-ant=, =-ent=, (be)-ing, (do)-ing: abundant, cognizant, defiant, errant, observant, mordant, verdant, adjacent, consistent, convalescent, crescent, diffident, effervescent.

=-ar=, like, belonging to: angular, circular, lunar, secular.

=-ary=, pertaining to: binary (double), capillary, honorary, military, sanitary, tributary, visionary.

=-ate=, having the quality expressed by the root: delicate, deliberate, fortunate, intricate, obdurate.

=-atic=, pertaining to: aquatic, fanatic (_fānum_, temple), lunatic.

=-esque=, like, partaking of: arabesque, burlesque, grotesque, picturesque.

=-ible=, able: credible, divisible, edible, flexible, frangible, tangible, visible.

=-ic=, pertaining to, like: domestic, gigantic, hectic, lyric, metallic, poetic.

=-ical= (-ic + al), pertaining to: angelical, chemical, nautical, theatrical.

=-id=, quality: acid, candid, limpid, morbid, sordid.

=-il=, pertaining to: civil.

=-ile=, like =-able=, =-ible=: docile, ductile, fragile, mobile, prehensile, versatile.

=-ile=, like =-il=: hostile, infantile, juvenile, mercantile, senile.

=-ine=, pertaining to, partaking of: adamantine, alkaline, aquiline, canine, clandestine, divine, feline, saline.

=-ive=, inclined to, tending to: abusive, cohesive, corrective, determinative, fugitive, plaintive, relative, seductive.

=-ite=, like =-ate=: definite, exquisite, favourite.

=-lent=, full of, having (to excess): corpulent, fraudulent, opulent, truculent, violent (vi-s = force).

=-ory=, inclined to, pertaining to: amatory, accessory, advisory, illusory, prohibitory, sensory, valedictory.

=-ose=, containing, abounding in (often to excess): bellicose, comatose, globose, grandiose, jocose, verbose.

=-ous=, like =-ose=: ambitious, arduous, assiduous, bulbous, furious, piteous, poisonous, omnivorous, riotous.

=-und=, inclined to, possessing: jocund, moribund, rotund, rubicund.

=Verb Suffixes.=--These are few:--

=-ate=, originally past participle suffix, as _am-āt-us_, loved: celebrate, donate, eradicate, perforate, vaccinate.

=-fy=, make: beautify, fructify, modify, notify, revivify.

=-ish=, make, do: admonish, cherish, establish, finish, relish.

GREEK SUFFIXES.

Although not numerous, Greek suffixes are important in English word-making. They are used principally in making nouns.

=Nouns=:--

=-asm=, quality, that which: enthusiasm, sarcasm (= flesh-tearing).

=-ast=, one who (does): elegiast, enthusiast, gymnast, symposiast.

=-ic= (=-ics=), an art, science: logic, music, phthisic (asthma), physic (science of medicine), ethics, physics, politics, statics, tactics.

=-isk=, diminutive: asterisk (= little star), obelisk (little spit or pillar).

=-ism=, act of, result, state, doctrine: atheism, baptism, criticism, euphemism, socialism, schism, syllogism, Anglicanism, stoicism.

=-ist=, denotes practice, occupation: apologist, chemist, copyist, elegist, eulogist, Hebraist, organist.

=-ma=, =-m=, result produced: asthma, diorama, dogma, drama, apothegm, theorem.

=-sis=, act of, result: analysis, emphasis, genesis, periphrasis, synthesis.

=-sy=, like =-sis=: apostasy, epilepsy, hypocrisy, idiosyncrasy, palsy (= paraly-sis), poesy.

=-t=, =-te=, one who (does or is): apostate, comet (= long-haired), planet (= wanderer), poet (= maker).

=-ter=, (=-tre=), place of, instrument: center, meter, philter (love-potion), theatre (_theā-_, see).

=-y=, denotes quality, state, science: autonomy, botany, geography, geometry, logomachy, melancholy, monarchy, philosophy, theology, theory.

=Adjectives=:--

=-ac=, pertaining to: cardiac, elegiac, hypochondriac, Syriac.

=-ic=, belonging to, like; aromatic, athletic, authentic, despotic, frantic, Hebraic, hypnotic, idiotic, monarchic, polytechnic, theoretic.

=Verbs=:--

=-ize= (=-ise=), do, make or cause to be: baptize, criticise, dogmatize, Hellenize, ostracize, proselytize, theorize. It is often attached to stems not derived from Greek: anglicize, authorize, Judaize, botanize, fertilize, naturalize, pulverize, scrutinize, terrorize.

ENGLISH ROOT-WORDS AND DERIVATIVES.

The native force of English was such that it came to be a highly developed language, possessing a copious vocabulary and a rich literature in prose and verse. Indeed, the English quite surpassed their Norman conquerors in learning and literary culture. It is this English that lies at the foundation of the English of to-day, and some attention may well be given to old English root-words.

=Āc=, an _oak_, gives us oak, acorn, Acton.

=Bac-an=, to _bake_: baker, baxter (female baker), batch.

=Ban-a=, a _slayer_: bane, baneful, henbane.

=Bēat-an=, to _stroke_: beat, bat, battle, beetle, batter.

=Beorg-an=, to _shelter_: bury, burrow, burgh, harbour, harbinger.

=Bēr-an=, to _bear_: bear, birth, bairn, breed, brood, bier, barrow, brother, bird.

=Bēt-an=, to _make good_: better, best, boot (to boot).

=Bind-an=, to _bind_: band, bond, bondage, bundle.

=Bit=, to _bite_: bit, beetle, bait, bitter.

=Blāw-an=, to _puff_: bladder, blain, blast, blister, blot, bloat.

=Blōw-an=, to _blossom_: blow, bloom, blossom, blade.

=Brec-an=, to _break_: break, breakers, brake, bracken, breach.

=Brēow-an=, brew, brewer, broth, bread.

=Būg-an=, to _bend_: bow, elbow, bough, bight.

=Byrn-an=, to _burn_: burn, brown, brimstone, brand, brandy, brindled.

=Catt=, a _cat_: catkin, kitten, caterpillar, caterwaul.

=Cēapi-an=, to _buy_: cheap, cheapen, chap, chaffer, Chapman.

=Cen-an=, to _produce_: kin, kindred, kind, kindle.

=Cēow-an=, to _chew_: chew, cheek, cud.

=Clēow-an=, to _split_: cleave, cleaver, cleft, clover (split grass).

=Clifi-an=, to _stick to_: clip, cleave (together).

=Cnāw-an=, to _know_: ken, know, knowledge.

=Cnot-ta=, a _knot_: knot, knit, net.

=Cunn-an=, to _know_, _be able_: can, con, cunning, uncouth.

=Cweth-an=, to _say_: quoth, bequeath, bequest.

=Cwic=, _alive_: quick, quicken, quickset, quicksilver.

=Dæ-an=, to _divide_: deal, dole, dale, dell.

=Dēm-an=, to _judge_: deem, doom, doomsday, king-dom.

=Dēor=, _dear_, dearth, darling, endear.

=Dōn=, to _act_: do, don, doff, deed.

=Drag-an=, to _draw_: drag, draw, dray, draft, drain, dredge, draggle, drawl.

=Drīf-an=, to _push_: drive, drove, drift, adrift.

=Drinc-an=, to _soak_: drink, drench.

=Drīp-an=, to _drip_: drip, drop, droop, dribble, driblet.

=Dryge=, _dry_: dry, drought, drugs (dried plants).

=Far-an=, to _go_: far, fare, welfare, ferry, ford.

=Fēower=, _four_: farthing, firkin, fourteen, fortnight, forty.

=Flēog-an=, to _flee_: fly, flight, flea, fledged.

=Flēot-an=, to _float_: float, fleet, afloat, flotsam.

=Fōd-a=, _food_, _feed_: food, fodder, foster, father, forage.

=Fōn=, [P.P. gefangen], to _catch_: fang, finger, new fangled.

=Frēon=, to _love_: friend, friendship.

=Gal-an=, to _sing_: gale, yell, nightingale.

=Gang-an=, to _go_: gang, gangway, ago.

=Gnag-an=, to _bite_: gnaw, gnat, nag (to tease).

=Graf-an=, to _dig_, _cut_: grave, engrave, graft, groove, carve.

=Grīp-an=, to _seize_: grip, gripe, grasp, grab, grope.

=Gyrd-an=, to _surround_: gird, girdle, garden, yard, vineyard.

=Hæl-an=, to _heal_: hale, holy, hallow, health, hail, whole, wholesome, wassail.

=Hebb-an=, to _raise_: heave, heaven, heavy, (heave-offering).

=Hlāf=, _bread_, _loaf_: loaf, lord (hlāford, loaf-keeper), lady (hlœfdīge = loaf-kneader).

=Licg-an=, to _lie_: lie, lay, layer, lair, outlay.

=Loda=, _guide_: lead, lodestar, lodestone.

=Māg-an=, to _be able_: may, main, might, mighty.

=Māw-an=, to _cut_: mow, math, aftermath, mead, meadow (mown spot).

=Mōn-a=, _moon_: month, moon, (moonshiner).

=Nasu=, _nose_: nose, nasal, nostril, nozzle.

=Penn-an=, to _shut up_: pen, pin, pound, impound.

=Pīc=, _point_: pike, peak, picket, pike (a fish), peck, pecker.

=Rēaf=, _clothing_, _spoil_: rob, robber, reave, bereave, reever, robe.

=Scēap-an=, to _form_: shape, ship, scape (landscape).

=Scēot-an=, to _throw_: shoot, shot, shut, sheet, shutter, shuttle, scud.

=Scer-an=, to _cut_: shear, share, shire, scar, scare, score, sharp, short, shirt, skirt, shred, scrip, scrap.

=Scuf-an=, to _push_: shove, shovel, shuffle, scruffle, sheaf, scoop.

=Sitt-an=, to _sit_: sit, set, seat, settle.

=Slē-an=, to _strike_: slay, slaughter, slog, sledge.

=Slīp-an=, to _slip_: slop, slipper, sleeve.

=Snīc-an=, to _crawl_: sneak, snake, snail.

=Stede=, _place_: stead, instead, homestead, steady, steadfast.

=Stici-an=, to _stick_: stick, stitch, stake, stock, stockade, stock-still.

=Stīg-an=, to _climb_: stair, stile, stirrup, sty.

=Styr-an=, to _direct_: steer, stern, steerage.

=Sweri-an=, to _declare_: swear, answer (and-, _against_), forswear.

=Tæc-an=, to _teach_: teach, teacher, token, taught.

=Tell-an=, to _account_: tell, tale, talk, toll, teller.

=Tēon=, to _draw_: tow, tug.

=Thæc=, _roof_: thatch, deck.

=Tred-an=, to _walk_: tread, treadle, trade, tradesman.

=Trūwa=, _good faith_: true, truth, troth, betroth.

=Twā=, _two_: twain, twelve, twenty, twig, twine, twist.

=Wana=, _lacking_: wan, wane, want, wanton.

=Wef-an=, to _weave_: weaver, web, woof.

=Warū=, _defense_: war, wary, aware, ward, guard, guardian.

=Wit-an=, to _know_: wit, wise, wisdom, wistful, witness.

=Wraest-an=, to _wrest_: wrest, wrestle, wrist.

LATIN WORDS AND DERIVATIVES.

English and the French of the Norman conquerors continued to live side by side for about two centuries, neither materially affecting the other. About 1300 an extensive borrowing of literary (Parisian) French words began, and during the next two hundred years the majority of the thousands of French words we now use were taken over into English.

Latin words began to be used in England while yet there was no English language; many came in with the introduction of Christianity. This borrowing has gone on steadily ever since. As has just been said, English borrowed extensively from literary French. Now, as French is only Latin in a corrupt form, it is often impossible to determine whether a particular word was taken directly from Latin or French. It is estimated that one-fourth of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin.

The Latin stem or stems have been indicated, as, acr-, _acrid_; audīt-, _auditor_. The letters (Fr.) occurring after a word indicate that the Latin stem has been modified in passing through the French into the English language.

=Ac-=, _sharp_--=āc-er= (acr-) _sharp_; =ăc-us=, _needle_, =ac-uo=, _I sharpen_: acid, acerbity, acrid, acrimony, acute, acu-men, eager (Fr. _aigre_, sharp, sour), vin-egar (Fr. _vin_, wine, + _aigre_), acetic.

=aed-es=, _a building_; =aedi-fic-āre= (see _facio_), _to build_ (_up_): edi-fice, edi-fy.

=aes=, _money_--=aes-tim-are= _to value_: estim-ate, in-estim-able, esteem, aim (Fr.).

=ăger= (agr-), _field_, _country_; =per-agr-are=, _to travel through_: agr-arian, per-egr-inate, pil-gr-im (Ital. pellegrino = peragr-), agri-culture (see _colo_).

=ăg-o= (=ag-ito=), _I drive_, _perform_; =act-us=, _performed_: ag-ent, co-g-ent, agitate, act-ion, actor, act-ive, ag-ile, ex-act, transact, amb-ig-uous.

=ali-us=, _other_; =al-ter=, _the other_: ali-en, alienate, inalienable, ali-as, ali-bi (= else-where); alter, alternate, altercation, sub-alter-n.

=ăl-tus=, _high_: alt-ar, altitude, ex-alt, ali-ment, ali-mony, alto (Ital.).

=ăm-o= (amāt-), _I love_; =amī-cus=, _friend_: am-ity, amor-ous, amatory, amour, amic-able, ami-able, in-imic-al, en-emy and enamoured (Fr.).

=anim-a=, _air_, _breath of life_; =anim-us=, _mind_: anim-al, anim-ate, anim-osity, anim-advert (see _verto_), un-anim-ous, equ-anim-ity (_aequus_), animalcule.

=ann-us=, _year_: ann-als, ann-uity, anni-versary (_verto_), annual, per-enn-ial.

=antiqu-us= (=anticus=), _ancient_: antique, antiquary, antiquity, antic.

=apt-us=, _fitted_, _suitable_; =in-ept-us=, _senseless_: apt, aptitude, ad-apt, in-ept.

=aqua=, _water_: aqu-atic, aqueous, aquarium, aque-duct (_duco_).

=arbiter=, (arbitr-), _umpire_: arbiter, arbitrate, arbitra-ment, arbitrary.

=ar-=, _join_--=ar-ma=, _fittings_, _arms_; =ar-tus=, _joint_: arm, armour, army, armament, article, articulate; armada and armadillo (Span.), armi-stice (_sto_).

=ar-s= (same root as above), _skill_: art, artisan, artist, artifice (_fac-_), in-ert.

=audi-o= (audīt-), _hear_; =aur-is=, _ear_; =ob-oedi-o=, (_hearken to_), _obey_: audience, ob-edi-ence, audit, auditor, audit-orium, audible, aur-al, aur-icle, aurist.

=Bell-um=, old form duellum, _war_: bellicose, belli-ger-ent, re-bel, revel (Fr.).

=bĕnĕ=, _well_, =bŏnus=, _good_: bene-dic-tion, beni-son; bene-factor, bene-ficent, benefit (_facio_); bene-vol-ent (_vŏlo_); beni-gn, boon and bounty (Fr.).

=bis=, =bi=, _twice_; =bini=, _two by two_: bi-cycle, bi-ennial, bi-sect, bi-weekly, bis-cuit (_twice baked_), bin-ary, combine.

=brev-is=, _short_: brevity, brief (Fr.), breviary, ab-breviate.

=Caballus=, _a nag_: through Fr., caval-ier, cheval-ier, cavalry, chivalry.

=căd-o= (cĭd-), _I fall_; =căs-us=, _a fall_: cad-ence, c(h)a-nce, de-cad-ence, de-cay, de-cid-uous, in-cident, cas-e, casu-al, cas-cade.

=caed-o= (caes-), _I cut_; =in-cīd-o=, (in-cīs-) _I cut in_: de-cide, incisive, precise.

=camp-us=, _plain_, _field_: encamp, campaign, champion and champaign (Fr.).

=cand-=, _be white_, _glow_--=cand-idus=, _white_; =in-cend-o= (cens-), _kindle_: candor, candid, candidate, candle, in-candescent, incend-iary, incense.

=can-o= (cant-), =cant-o= (cantāt-), _I sing_: can-orous, cant-icle, canto, cant.

=căp-io=, (capt-), =ac-cip-io= (cept-), _take_, _receive_: capacity, capt-ive, caption, captious, re-cip-ient, de-ceive and re-ceipt (Fr.), re-cipe, ac-cept, precept, cap-able, sus-cept-ible, cape.

=căpŭt= (căpĭt-), _head_: cape (headland), capital, capitol, capit-ulate, captain, chapter (Fr. _chapitre_), catt-le and chattel (Fr.); pre-cipit-ate.

=căro= (carn-) _flesh_: carnal, in-carn-ate, carnat-ion; through Fr. and Ital.

=car-us=, _dear_; =cāritas=, _dearness_, _love_: charity, cherish (Fr. _cher_ = _cār-_).

=cast-us=, _pure_; =castīgo= (castigāt-), _punish_: castigate, chaste.

=caus-a=, _cause_; -cūs- in verbs: cause, causal, causation, ac-cuse, accusation.

=cav-us=, _hollow_: cave, cavern, cavity, con-cave, cage and cajolery (Fr.).

=ced-o= (cess-), _go_, _yield_, _leave off_: cede, accede, cease, cessation, proceed.

=cens-eo=, _I assess_, _judge_: census, censor, censure.

=cent-um= _hundred_: cent, century, centurion, centenary, centi-grade.

=cern-o= (crēt-), _I distinguish_, _decide_; =cert-us=, _fixed_: dis-cern, dis-cri-minate, discreet, con-cern, decree, se-crete, secret-ary, certain, certi-ficate.

=circ-um=, _around_; =circ-us=, _circle_: circle, circular, circuit (_ĭ-_), circum-spect.

=cīvi-s=, _citizen_; =cīvi-tas=, _state_, _city_: civic, civilize, civilian, city and citadel.

=clam-o=, (clamāt-), _I cry out_: claim, exclaim, declamation.

=claud-o=, (claus-), _I shut_; in compounds, -clūdo (clūs-): clause, close, ex-clude.

=clīv-us=, _slope_; =in-clīno= (clīnāt-), _bend_: de-clivity, in-clination, declension.

=colo=, (cult-), _I till_, _revere_; =colon-us=, _farmer_: colony, cult, culture.

=cōmmodus=, _convenient_: commodity, incommode, accommodate.

=cōpia=, _plenty_: copious, copy, cornucopia.

=cŏr= (cord-), _heart_: cord-ial, con-cord, dis-cord, record, core, cour-age (Fr.).

=cŏrōn-a=, _garland_, _crown_; =corolla= (lit. _little crown_) _chaplet_: crown, coronal, coronet, coronation, coroner, corolla, corollated, corollary.

=corpus= (corpŏr-), _body_: corps, corpse, corporal, corporate, corpus-cle.

=crēd-o= (crēdit-), _I trust_, _believe_: credential, credit, ac-credit, creed, credible, incredulous, recreant (Fr.).

=crĕ-o= (creāt-), _produce_, =crēsc-o= (crēt-), _grow_, creator, cresc-ent.

=crĕm-o= (crĕmāt-), _I burn_: cremate, cremationist, crematory.

=crux= (crŭc-), _cross_: crucial, crucify, excruciating, crusade (Span.), cross, cruise.

=cŭp-id-us=, _desiring_: cupidity, covet (Fr.), covetousness.

=cūra=, _care_; =cūr-o= (cūrāt-) _care for_: cur-ious, cure, curate, curacy, curé (Fr.), accurate, procure, se-cure = sure (Fr.), (sē = _without_).

=curr-o= (curs-), _I run_: cur-rent, cursive, in-cur, suc-cor; course.

=Damnum=, _loss_; =damn-o= (damnāt-), _condemn_: damn, condemnation, indemnity, dam-age (Fr.).

=dēbe-o= (dēbit-), _I owe_: debit, debt (Fr.), debenture.

=decem=, _ten_: December (orig. the _tenth_ month), decim-al, decennial.

=dĕc-et=, _it is becoming_; =dĕc-us= (dĕcŏr-), _ornament_: dec-ent, decor-um.

=dens= (dent-), _tooth_: dental, dentist, dentition, in-dent, tri-dent.

=dĕ-us=, _God_: deity, de-ist, deify, deiform.

=dīc-o= (dĭct-), _say_; =dĭc-o= (dĭcāt-), _proclaim_: dictum, diction, diction-ary, dictate, indict, verdict (_vērus_), ab-dicate, predicate.

=dĭ-es=, _day_: dial, diary, diurnal = journal (Fr.), ad-journ (Fr.), meri-dian.

=dign-us=, _worthy_; =dign-itas=, _worth_: dignity, dainty (Fr.), dignify, in-dign-ant, condign, deign and dis-dain (Fr.).

=disc-o=, _I learn_; =dŏce-o= (doct-) _I teach_: disciple, docile, doctor, doct-rine.

=do= (dăt-), =dōn-o= (dōnāt-), _I give_, _present_: data, date, dative, donor, donate, add (= _ad_ + _do_), render (Fr.; _re-_, back), dotal, dowry (Fr.), dowager.

=dŏl-eo=, _I grieve_; =dŏl-or=, _grief_, _pain_: dole (= grief), doleful, dolor, dolorous, condole, in-dolent.

=dŏm-o= (dŏmĭt-) _I subdue_; =dŏmin-us=, _lord_, _master_: in-domitable, dominant.

=dŏm-us=, _house_: domestic, domicile.

=dormi-o= (dormīt-), _I sleep_: dormitory, dormant and dormer (Fr.).

=duc-= _lead_--=duc-o= (dŭct-); =ēdŭc-o= (educāt-), _I rear_; =dux= (dŭc-), _leader_: re-duce, ductile, conduct, conduit (Fr.), deduction, traduce, education.

=duo=, _two_: dual, duel (see _bellum_), double (Fr.; _duplus_), doublet, duplex.

=Ĕm-o= (empt-), _I buy_; =ex-emp-lum=, _example_: pre-empt, ex-emption, exemplify, per-emptory, sample (Fr.), redeem, ransom (Fr.; _red-imo_).

=ĕs-se=, _to be_; =ab-s-ens= (absent-), _being away_; =fŭtūrus= _about to be_: ess-ence (lit., _being_, _existence_), present, ent-ity, futurity, inter-est.

=Făber= (făbr-), _workman_; =fabric-a=, _workshop_: fabric, fabricate, forge (Fr.).

=făci-es=, _form_, _face_: facial, efface, super-ficies = sur-face (Fr.), façade (Fr.).

=făci-o=, (fact-), _I make_; =ef-fĭci-o= (effect-); =făcil-is=, easy: fact, fact-ion, fashion (Fr.), factor, pro-fici-ent, affect, defection, suffice, feat (Fr.), feature, facile, feasible (Fr.), faculty, artificer.

=fall-o=, (fals-), _I deceive_: fallacy, infallible, false, fail and fault (Fr.).

=fānum=, _temple_; =fēstus=, _festal_: fane, fanatic, pro-fane, festive.

=fā-=, _speak_--=fāri= (fāt-, fān-), _to speak_; =fā-bula=, _tale_; =fā-ma=, _a report_: in-fant, infantry, pre-face, fate, fatality, fable, affable, fabulous, infamous.

=fē-=, _produce_--=fēmina=, _a woman_; =fēlix=, _happy_: feminine, female, felicity.

=fend-=, _strike_, _fend_--occurs in compound verbs, _e.g._, =de-fend-o=, (-fens-), _ward off_: defend, offend, offence, fence, in-fes-t.

=fĕr-o=, (lāt-), _I bear_; =fertilis=, _productive_: fertile, in-fer, differ, elated.

=fĭd-es=, _faith_; =fĭdēlis=, =fid-us=, _trusty_; =foed-us= (foeder-), _treaty_: fidelity, infidel, diffident, feder-al, defy, af-fi-ance, fi-ancé, faith, fealty.

=fīlius=, _son_, (=fīlia= _daughter_): filial, affiliate, Fitz- (Fitzedward) (Fr.).

=fing-o=, (fĭct-, fĭg-), _I fashion_, _make up_: figment, figure, fictile, fiction, effigy; through Fr., feign, feint, faint.

=fīnis=, _end_; =fīni-o= (fīnīt-), _I end_: fine, con-fine, final, finable, finical, affinity, infinitude; through Fr., finance, finish, finesse.

=firm-us=, _steadfast_; =firm-o= (firmat-), _I strengthen_, _strength_: firm, confirmation, affirmative, firmament (lit. _support_), farm (through Ang. Sax.).

=flagr-o= (flagrāt), _I burn_; =flam-ma=, _flame_: flagrant, inflame, flambeau (Fr.).

=flect-o= (flex-), _I bend_: in-flect, flex, flex-ible, flexor, flexion, flexure.

=flōs= (flōr-), _flower_; =floresc-ĕre=, _to blossom_: flora, florid, florist, florescent.

=flu-o= (flux-), _flow_; =fluct-us= _a wave_: flu-ent, fluid, influence, flux, fluctuate.

=fŏli-um=, _leaf_; =fŏliāt-us= _leaved_: foliage, folio, foil (Fr.), trefoil, portfolio.

=fōns= (font-), _a spring_: font, fount, fountain (Fr.), fontal.

=fōrm-a=, _shape_; =form-o (formāt-)=, _I shape_: form, formal, formula, perform.

=forti-s=, _steadfast_, _brave_: forti-tude, fortify; through Fr., comfort, effort, force, forte, fort, fortress.

=frag-=, =frang-o= (fract-), _I break_: fragile, fragment, fracture, in-fringe.

=frāter=, _brother_: fraternal, fraternity, fratricide (_caedo_), friar (Fr.).

=frīgidus=, _be cold_; =frīger-are=, _make cold_: frigidity, refrigerate, refrigerant.

=frons= (front-), _forehead_: front, frontal, affront, effrontery and frontier.

=frūg-=, =fru-i= (fruct-), _to enjoy_; =frūg-es=, =fructus=, _fruit_; =frugi=, _useful_: fructify, frugi-ferous, frugi-vorous, fruit, fruition, frugal.

=fŭgi-o= (fŭgit-), _I flee_: fugitive, refuge, subterfuge, febrifuge (_febris_, fever).

=fulge-o= (fuls-), _shine_; =fulmen=, _lightning_: refulgent, fulminate.

=fŭnd-o= (fūs-), _I pour_; =fū-tilis=, _vain_: re-fund (= pay back), fusible, refuse, confuse, effusion, confound and foundry (Fr.), fount (of type), futile.

=fund-us=, _bottom_; =fund-āre= (fundāt-), _to found_: fundament = foundation (Fr.), pro-fundity; Fr., profound, (to) found, (to) founder, fund, refund.

=fung-i= (funct-), _perform_: de-funct, function (Fr.) perfunctory.

=Gĕl-=, =gelid-us=, _icy cold_; =gĕl-āre= (gelāt-), _to congeal_, =glacies=, _ice_: gelid, gelatine, glacier, glacial, jelly (Fr.).

=gĕn-= (_birth_)--=gĕn-us= (gĕnĕr-), (_birth_), _race_; =gen-s= (gent-), _nation_; =gigno= (genit-), _give birth_: general, generate, congener, gentle, gentile, congenital, ingenious, genius, gender (Fr.), ingenuous.

=gĕr-o= (gĕst-), _bear_: belli-gerent, gesture, di-gest, register and jest (Fr.).

=grăd-i= (gressus), _to walk_, _go_; =grăd-us=, _a step_: gradi-ent, gradation, e-gress, gradual, degrade, aggressive, degree (Fr.).

=grandis=, _great_: grand, grandee (Span.), grandeur (Fr.), grandiose.

=gran-um=, _a grain_: granule, granary, granite, ingrain, garner and grange.

=grātus=, _acceptable_; =grātia=, _favour_; =grātiae=, _thanks_; =gratul-āri=, _to congratulate_: gratitude, grateful, gratify, ingratiate, grace ("say grace" = _ăgĕre grātiās_), gracious, gratis, gratuitous, gratulation, agree (Fr.).

=grăvis=, _heavy_: gravity, grave (= serious; Fr.), aggravate, grief.

=grĕx= (grĕg-), _a flock_: gregarious, e-greg-ious, aggregation.

=Hăbe-o= (hăbit-), _I have_; in compounds -hibeo, =prohibeo=, _prevent_; =habilis=, _suitable_: habit, habitude, exhibit, prohibitive, able (Fr.).

=haere-o= (haes-), _I stick_: ad-here, in-her-ent, hesit-ate.

=hēres= (hērēd-), _heir_: hered-ity, heir (Fr.), co-heir, in-her-it (Fr.), heir-loom.

=hŏmo= (hŏmĭn-), _man_; =humān-us=, _human_; =humus=, _ground_; =humil-is=, _lowly_: homi-cide, inhumanity, ex-hume, humility, humble and homage (Fr.).

=hŏspes= (hŏspĭt-), _host_, also _guest_; =hŏspĭti-um=, _inn_; =hŏstis=, _enemy_: hospital (= hostel, hotel, Fr.; hence) hostelry, hostler; host (army), hostile.

=Idem=, _same_; =item=, _likewise_; =ĭ-terum=, _a second time_; =iterāre=, _to repeat_: identity, identify, item, itemize, iterate, reiteration.

=impero= (imperāt-), _I command_; =imperium=, _rule_: imperative, empire (Fr.).

=insŭla=, _island_: insular, pen-insula, insulate = isolate (Fr.), isle (Fr.).

=in-teg-er=, _whole_ (= in-tac-t; from _tag-_, see _tango_): integer, entire (Fr.).

=intellego= (intellect-), _I understand_: intelligent, intellect, intellectualism.

=īra=, _anger_, =irāsc-i=, _to be angry_: irate, iracund, irascible, ire (Fr.)

=ĭ-=, _go_--This root is found in =ĕo= (ĭt-), _I go_; =ī-tio=, =ĭ-tus=, _a going_; =iter= (ĭtĭner-), _a going_, _march_; =ĭn-ĭ-tium=, _a beginning_: amb-ĭ-ent, amb-ĭ-tion, se(d)-ĭ-tion (sē = _apart_), adit, exit, circuit, itinerant, initial.

=Jac-=, _throw_--=jăcĭo= (ject- in compounds), _I throw_; =jăct-ūra=, =jăculātio=, _casting_; =jac-ēre=, _to lie (down)_: jactitation, abject, project, adjective, rejection, conjecture, ejaculation; adjacent, circumjacent; through Fr., jet (= jut), jetty, jetsam, gist and joist (from _jacēre_).

=jŏcus=, _jest_; =jŭcundus=, _pleasant_: jocose, jocular, joke, jocundity, juggler and jeopardy (_jeu parti_ = even chance) (Fr.).

=jūdex= (jūdic-), _a judge_; =jūs= (jūr-), _right_; =jūrāre=, _to swear_; =justus=, _just_; judicial, prejudice, justice; Fr., judge, jury, jurist, injury, adjust.

=jŭg-um=, _yoke_; =jung-o= (junct-), _I join_; =juxta=, _near to_: jugular, conjugal, conjugate, juncture, adjunct, conjunction, juxtaposition; through, Fr. join, joiner, joint.

=jŭvĕnis=, _young_: juvenile, juvenescent, junior, rejuvenate.

=jūv-o= (jūt-), _I aid_: adjutant, co-adjutor, aid and aide (Fr.).

=Lāb-=, _glide down_--=lapsus=, _a gliding_, _fall_: lapse, collapse, elapse, relapse.

=laed-o= (laes-), _strike_, _hurt_; =col-līdo= (-līs-), _dash together_: collide, elide.

=lătu-s= (lătĕr-), _side_: lateral, collateral, multilateral, equilateral (_aequus_).

=laud-o= (laudāt-), _I praise_; =laus=, _praise_: laud, laudable, laudatory, laudation.

=lăv-o= (lăvāt) _I wash_; =lăvanda= _(things) to be washed_; =lŭ-ĕre=, _wash_: lavatory, al-luv-ial, pollution, dilute, lave, lavender, laund-ry, de-luge.

=lag-=, =langue-o=, _to be_ =languid-us=, _faint_, _dull_; =lax-us=, _open_, _loose_: languor, languid, lax, laxity, relaxation; through Fr. lease, leash, release.

=lēx= (lēg-), _law_; =lēg-o= (lēgāt-), _I send_, _depute_; =collēga=, _colleague_: legal, leal, loyal (Fr.), legitimate, legate, legatee, legacy, allegation, college.

=lĕg-o= (lĕct-), _I choose_, _read_; =lĕg-i= _legion_: legible, legend, lecture, lection = lesson (Fr.), elegant, legionary, coil and cull (_colligo_).

=lĕvis=, _light_, =lĕv-o= (lĕvāt-), _I raise_, _lighten_: levity, levant, elevator, alleviate.

=lĭber= (lĭbr-), _book_; =lĭbēll-us=, _pamphlet_: library, libel, libellous.

=līber=, _free_; =līber-o= (līberāt-), _set free_: liberal, liberty, libertine, liberate.

=lībra= (dimin. =libella=), _a balance_; =libr-o= (lībrāt-), _I balance_: equi-librium, level (Fr.), libration, deliberate.

=lĭg-o= (lĭgāt-), _I tie_: ligature, ligament; through Fr., league, liable, lien.

=līnquo=, (rĕ-lĭct-), _I leave_: de-linquent, derelict, relinquish, relic.

=līn-um=, _flax_; =līnea=, _a thread_: line, lineal, lineament, delineate, linen.

=lĭqu-ere=, _be moist_; =lĭquid-us=, _flowing_: liquid, liquidation.

=littera=, _a letter_: literal, literature, illiterate, obliterate, letter (Fr.).

=lŏc-us=, _a place_; =lŏc-o= (lŏcāt-), _I place_: local, allocate = allow (Fr.).

=long-us=, _long_: longitude, elongated, prolong = purloin (Fr.), lunge (Fr.).

=lŏqui= (lŏcut-), _to speak_; =lŏqu-ax=, _talkative_: loquacious, eloquent, colloquial.

=luc-=: this root is seen in =lūx= (lūc-), =lumen= (lūmin-), _light_; =lūna=, _moon_: lucidity, luminary, luminous, lunatic, illustration.

=Mag-=: this root appears in =magn-us=, _great_, =maior=, _greater_, =maxim-us=, _greatest_, and =magister=, _master_: magnitude, magnify, magn-animous, majority, maximum, maxim, magnate, mayor and master (Fr.).

=male=, _badly_; =malus=, _bad_: mali-gn (see _gĕn-_), malignant, male-volent, malice and malady (Fr.); malediction, malefactor, etc.

=măne-o= (mans-), _I remain_: per-manent, im-manent, remnant, mansion (_staying_ (-place)), manse, manor and menial (Fr.).

=măn-us=, _hand_; =mand-o= (mandāt-), _entrust_: manual, manacle, mandate, emancipate, commend, manu-mission (_mitto_); through Fr., amend, command, maintain (_teneo_), manœuvre (Fr. _œuvre_ = _opera_, work).

=măre=, _sea_: marine, mariner, maritime.

=māter=, _mother_; =materia=, _stuff_, _matter_: maternal, material, matron.

=mĕd-eri=, _to heal_; =medic-us=, _physician_: medical, re-medy.

=medi-us=, _middle_: medium, mediocre, mediator, mean and means (Fr.).

=mĕmor=, _mindful_; =mĕmŏro= (mĕmŏrāt-), _I recount_: memory, memorandum.

=mens= (mĕnt-), _mind_; =re-min-isci=, _I remember_: mental, reminiscent, comment.

=mĕre-o= (mĕrit-), _I deserve_: merit, meritorious.

=merx= (merc-), _wares_; =mercor= (mercāt-), _I purchase_; =merces= (mercēd-), _hire_: merchant, mercantile, market = mart, mercenary.

=mēt-iri= (mens-), _to measure_: mensuration, dimension, measure (Fr.).

=miles= (mīlĭt-), _soldier_: military, militant, militia.

=mille=, _thousand_: mile, millesimal, million and millimetre (Fr.), etc.

=mōns= (mŏn-), _mountain_: mount and mountain (Fr.), promontory.

=mĭnu-o= (mĭnut-), _lessen_; =minor=, _less_; =minister=, _servant_: minu-end, minute, diminutive, minority, minimum, ministry, ministration, minstrel (Fr.).

=mīr-āri= (mīrāt-), _to wonder at_: miracle, Fr., mirage, mirror, marvel.

=misce-o= (mixt-), _I mix_: mixture, promiscuous, miscellaneous.

=mitto= (mĭss-), _I send_: com-mit, missile, mission, dismissal, manu-mit.

=mŏd-us= and =modul-us=, _a measure_; verb stems =mŏderāt-=, =mŏdul-āt-=: modesty, modal, modify, moderate, modulation; (Fr.), model, mode = mood.

=mōles=, _mass_: mole (_i.e._, dam), molecule, demolish, demolition.

=mŏne-o=, (mŏnĭt-), _I warn_; =monstr-um=, _warning_, _prodigy_: monu-ment, monition, remonstrate, admonish and monster (Fr.).

=morbus=, _disease_; =mors= (mort-), _death_: morbid, mortal, mortify.

=morde-o= (mors-), _I bite_: mordant, mordacious, morsel (Fr.), remorse.

=mōs=, _custom_, pl. =mōres=, _manners_: moral, moralize, morose, demure (Fr.).

=mŏve-o= (mōt-), _I move_; =mobilis=, _movable_: movement, motion, remote, motive, mobile (Fr.), mobility, mob (= Lat. _mobĭlĕ_), move (Fr.).

=mūni-o= (munīt-), _I fortify_; =mūr-us=, _a wall_: muniment, munition, mural, intra-, extra-mural, ammunition.

=mūnis=, _obliging_; =mūnus= (mūner-), _service_, _gift_; =municeps=, _citizen_: munificent (_facio_), immunity, remuneration, municipal.

=mūt-o= (mūtāt-); =mūtu-us=, _borrowed_: mutable, per-mutation, commute.

=Nāsc-i= (nāt-), _to be born_: nasc-ent, natal, nativity, nation, nature, cognate.

=nāvis=, _ship_; =nauta=, _sailor_: naval, navy, nautical.

=nect-o= (nex-), _I bind_: con-nect, nexus, an-nex, annexation.

=nĕg-o= (nĕgāt-), _I deny_: negation; deny, re-negade (Span.).

=neuter= (neutr-), _neither_: neuter, neutrality, neutralize.

=nō-=, _older_; =gnō-=, _know_; =nobilis=, _noble_; =nōtus=, _well known_; =nō-men= (nōmĭn-), _name_; =ignōr-āre=, _not to know_; nobility, i-gnoble (i = _in_, not), en-noble, notice and notify, notion, notorious, noun (Fr.), nominal, ignomin-ious, nominate, nomina-tive, denominator, ignorant.

=nŏce-o=, _I harm_; =nox-ius=, _hurtful_: in-noc-ent, innocuous, noxious, nuisance.

=norma=, _a rule_; root nō- as in _nōtus_: normal, abnormal, enormous.

=nota=, _a mark_; =nŏt-o=, (nŏtāt-), _I mark_: note and notable (Fr.), notary.

=nŏvus=, _new_; =nuntius=, _news_: novel and novice (Fr.), in-nov-ation, denunciate, an-nunciation = announcement (Fr.), pronounce (Fr.).

=nox= (noct-), _night_: noct-urnal, equi-nox, equinoctial.

=nūbĕre= (nupt-), _to marry_: con-nubial, nuptial.

=nutri-o= (nutrīt-), _I nourish_; =nutrix= (nutrīc-), _a nurse_: nutri-ent, nutri-ment, nutritious; through Fr., nurse, nursling, nourish, nurture.

=Ŏculus=, _eye_: ocular, oculist, ocellus.

=omnis=, _all_: omnibus, omni-scient, omnipotent.

=ŏnus= (ŏnĕr-), _burden_: onerous, ex-onerate.

=ops=, _means_; =ōptimus=, _best_: opulent, optimist, optimates.

=ŏpus= (ŏpĕr-), _work_; =ŏpĕra=, _service_: operate, operative, co-operation, opera.

=opt-o= (optāt-), _I desire_: option, adopt, adoptive, optative.

=ordo= (ordĭn-), _order_, _row_; =ordĭn-o= (ordĭnāt-), _I set in order_; =orno= (ornāt-), _I deck_: ordinal, extra-ordinary, ordination, co-ordinate, in-subordination, orna-ment, ad-orn, ornate; through Fr., order, ordain.

=oriens=, _rising_ (=sōl oriens=, _the east_); =orīgo= (orīgĭn-), _source_: orient, orientalist, orientation, origin (Fr.), originality.

=ōs= (ōr-), _mouth_; =ōr-o= (ōrāt-), _I speak_, _pray_; =ōmen= (omin-), _token_: oral, or-acle, o-rotund, ori-fice (_facio_), os-cul-ation, adore, oration = orison.

=ōvum=, _egg_; =ōvātio=, _an ovation_: oval, ovary, ovi-form, ovi-parous (_pario_).

=Paenīt-ēre=, _to be sorry_: through Fr., penitent, repentance, penance.

=pāgus=, _country district_: pagan, page (boy) and peasant (Fr.).

=par=, _equal_: parity; through Fr., pair, peer, compeer, dis-parage, um-pire.

=păro= (părāt-), _make ready_: com-par-able, ap-paratus, pre-paration; through Fr., repair, reparation, comparison, parry, parade, para-sol (Port.).

=pār-ēre=, _be visible_: ap-parent; through Fr., appear, peer (= to peep).

=pars= (part-), _part_; =partīt-us=, _divided_: partitive, partition, participate (_căpio_); through Fr., part, parcel, partner, parse.

=pătēre=, _to be open_; =pandĕre= (pans-, pass-), _to extend_: patent, paten, patella = pail (Fr.), expand; through Fr. pass, passage, pace, pan.

=pater= (patr-), _father_; =patria=, _fatherland_; =patricius=, _patrician_: paternal, patron, patrimony, patrician, ex-patriate.

=păt-i= (pass-), _to suffer_: patient, com-pat-ible, passion, compassion, passive.

=paucus=, _few_, _little_; =pauper=, _poor_: paucity, pauperism; through Fr., poverty, poor, im-poverish.

=pectus= (pectŏr-), _breast_: pectoral, expectorate, para-pet (Ital. _petto_, breast).

=pecunia=, _money_; =peculium=, _personal property_: pecuniary, im-pecunious, peculiar, peculation.

=pell-o= (puls-), _beat_, _drive_; =pulso= (pulsāt-), _push_, _strike_: com-pel, re-pellent, ex-pulsion, pulse, pulsation.

=pend-ēre= (pens-), _to hang_ (1); =pĕnd-ĕre= (pens-), _to weigh_, _pay_ (2); =pŏndus= (pŏnder-), _weight_: (1) pendent, pendant (Fr.), im-pending, pendulous, pendulum, de-pend; (2) ex-pend, spend, dis-pense, compensate, recompense (Fr.), compendium, suspension, pensive, poise (Fr.); ponder (Fr.).

=pēs= (pĕd-), _foot_; =ex-pedi-o= (expĕdīt-), _I set free_: pedal, ped-estrian, pedestal (Span.), expedite, impediment.

=ping-o= (pĭct-), _I paint_: pig-ment, picture, pictorial, depict, paint (F.).

=pĭus=, _dutiful_: pious, piety = pity (Fr.).

=plăc-ēre=, _to be pleasing_; =plāc-āre= (plācāt-), _to quiet_: placid, com-placent, complaisance (Fr.), please and pleasure (Fr.), placable, placate.

=planta=, _a plant_, _sole_: sup-plant, plantation, plantain (Fr.).

=planus=, _level_: plane; through Fr., plain, plan, explain; piano (_soft_; Ital.).

=plaud-o= (plaus-), _I clap_ (=ex-plōdo=): plaudit, ap-plause, plausible, explode.

=ple-o= (plēt-), _I fill_; =plēnus=, _full_: de-plete, complement; expletive.

=plĭc-āre= (plĭcĭt-), _to fold_; =plect-ĕre= (plex-), _I weave_: du-plicate, implicit, complex; through Fr., ply, reply, display, triplet; replica (Ital.).

=plumbum=, _lead_: plumbago; through Fr., plumb, plummet, plunge.

=plūs= (plūr-), _more_: plus, plural, plu-perfect, surplus (Fr.).

=poena=, _punishment_; =pūni-o= (pūnīt-), _I punish_: through Fr., penal, penalty, pain, punitive, impunity, punish.

=pōno= (pŏsit-), _I place_: post-pone, deponent, posit, opposite, expositor, depositary; through Fr., posture, position, post, compost, compound.

=pŏpulus=, _people_; =pūblicus=, _of the people_: popular; public, publish.

=porta=, _gate_; =portus=, _harbour_; =portāre=, _to carry_: through Fr., port, porte, portal, porter, import, etc., portly, deportment, port-cullis, op-portune.

=posse=, _to be able_; =potens= (_able_): potent, potential, possible.

=praeda=, _booty_; =prehendo= (prehens-), _I seize_: predatory, depredation, prehensile, apprehend, apprentice, prey and prison (Fr.).

=prĕc-āri= (prĕcāt-), _to pray_: precarious, deprecate, pray and prayer (Fr.).

=prem-o= (prĕss-), _I press_: through Fr., re-prim-and, compress, print.

=prĕtium=, _price_: through Fr., precious, depreciate, appraise, price = prize.

=pri-=, _before_--=prior=, _former_; =prīmus=, _first_; =prin-ceps= (prīncĭp-), _chief_: prior, prime, primal, primitive, principal, pristine; through (Fr.), primate, primer, premier, primrose, prince, principle.

=prŏbus=, _good_; =prŏb-o= (prŏbāt-), _I test_: probity, probable, approve.

=prŏpĕ=, _near_; =proximus=, _nearest_: propinquity, approximate, approach (Fr.).

=pung-o= (punct-), _I prick_, _pierce_: pungent, puncture, expunge, compunction; through Fr., punctual, punctuate, point, poignant.

=purus=, _clean_, _pure_; =purg-o= (purgāt-), _cleanse_; =put-o= (putāt-), _trim_, _reckon_: purify, puritan, purge, am-putate (_am-_ = about), compute, deputy (Fr.).

=Quaer-o= (quaesīt-), _I seek_ [=-quīro= (-quīsīt-) in compounds]: query, acquire, inquisition, exquisite, quest and inquest (Fr.), question.

=qualis=, _of what kind_; =quantus=, _how great_: quality, quantity.

=quăti-o=, _I shake_; =-cŭtio= (-cuss-) in compounds: dis-cuss, quash (Fr.).

=quŏtus=, _what number?_: quota, quotidian (_dies_), quote and quotient (Fr.).

=Rādix= (rādīc-), _root_: radicle, eradicate, radish and radical (Fr.).

=răpi-o= (răpt-), _carry off_; =răp-ax= (răpāc-), _grasping_: rapac-ious, rapt, rapture; through Fr., rapine, ravine, rapid, ravishing, ravenous.

=rĕg-o= (rect-), =regn-o=, _I rule_, _direct_; =rex=, _king_; =rēgula=, _a rule_; =rĕg-io=, _district_: reg-ent, regnant, regi-men, cor-rig-ible, rector, rectitude, di-rect, rectangle, regal, regalia, regular, region; through Fr., regime, regiment, reign, rectify, dress (Lat. _di-rect-_), rule (Lat. _rēgula_).

=rēs=, _thing_: through Fr., real, realty, realize, republic; rebus.

=rīd-ere= (_rīs-_), _to laugh_: de-ride, derision, ridi-cule and ris-ible (Fr.).

=rīpa=, _river bank_: riparian, river (Fr. _rivière_), ar-rive (Fr.).

=rīvus=, _a brook_: rivulet; through Fr., rival, de-rive, derivation. (For river and arrive see _ripa_).

=rog-o= (rŏgāt-), _I ask_: ar-rogant, ab-rogate, interrogation, de-rogatory, (Fr.).

=rŏta=, _a wheel_; =rŏt-ula=, dimin.; =rŏt-undus=, _round_: rot-ary, rotate, rotunda, Fr., roll, rowel, roulette (all from _rotula_), roué, round.