Chapter I: Part 1

VOL. XXXIV. NO. 11.

THE
AMERICAN MISSIONARY.

* * * * *

“To the Poor the Gospel is Preached.”

* * * * *

NOVEMBER, 1880.

ANNUAL MEETING.

_CONTENTS_:

EDITORIAL.

PARAGRAPHS 321
FINANCIAL—PROCEEDINGS AT ANNUAL MEETING 322
HEROISM AND STATESMANSHIP: Rev. Alex. Hannay, D. D. 325
GENERAL SURVEY 326
SUMMARY OF TREASURER’S REPORT 334
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FINANCE AND ENLARGEMENT 335
WHY WE SHOULD ENLARGE: Rev. L. T. Chamberlain, D.D. 336
SACRIFICIAL LIVING AND GIVING: Rev. A. F. Beard, D.D. 340
WORKING OUT THE EQUATION: District Secretary Powell 342

THE FREEDMEN.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON EDUCATIONAL WORK 344
CHRISTIAN EDUCATION: Rev. Addison P. Foster 345
A SAMPLE STATE: Pres. H. S. Deforest 347
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CHURCH WORK 350
OUR DISADVANTAGES AND ADVANTAGES: Field Sup’t
J. E. Roy, D.D. 351
THE NEED AND THE OPPORTUNITY: Prof. Wm. J.
Tucker, D.D. 354

AFRICA.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE 357
THE MENDI MISSION: Prof. T. N. Chase 359
THE CALL TO THE ASSOCIATION: Rev. H. M. Ladd 363

THE INDIANS.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE 364
CAUSES OF THE MISMANAGEMENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS:
Rev. A. H. Bradford. 365
LETTER FROM GENERAL FISK 370

THE CHINESE.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE 372
THE TWO METHODS: Rev. Lyman Abbott, D.D. 372
OUR GROUNDS OF ENCOURAGEMENT: Rev. Samuel Scoville 375

RECEIPTS 379

CONSTITUTION 383

AIM, STATISTICS, WANTS 384

This number of the AMERICAN MISSIONARY is sent to some persons whose names are not among our subscribers, with the hope that they will read it, become interested in the work it represents, and subscribe for it. Terms, 50 cents per annum. Subscriptions may be sent to H. W. Hubbard, Esq., Treasurer, 56 Reade Street, New York.

Entered at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., as second-class matter.

American Missionary Association,

56 READE STREET, N. Y.

* * * * *

PRESIDENT.

HON. E. S. TOBEY, Boston.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.

Hon. F. D. PARISH, Ohio.
Hon. E. D. HOLTON, Wis.
Hon. WILLIAM CLAFLIN, Mass.
Rev. STEPHEN THURSTON, D. D., Me.
Rev. SAMUEL HARRIS, D. D., Ct.
WM. C. CHAPIN, Esq., R. I.
Rev. W. T. EUSTIS, D. D., Mass.
Hon. A. C. BARSTOW, R. I.
Rev. THATCHER THAYER, D. D., R. I.
Rev. RAY PALMER, D. D., N. J.
Rev. EDWARD BEECHER, D. D., N. Y.
Rev. J. M. STURTEVANT, D. D., Ill.
Rev. W. W. PATTON, D. D., D. C.
Hon. SEYMOUR STRAIGHT, La.
Rev. CYRUS W. WALLACE, D. D., N. H.
Rev. EDWARD HAWES, D. D., Ct.
DOUGLAS PUTNAM, Esq., Ohio.
Hon. THADDEUS FAIRBANKS, Vt.
Rev. M. M. G. DANA, D. D., Minn.
Rev. H. W. BEECHER, N. Y.
Gen. O. O. HOWARD, Washington Ter.
Rev. G. F. MAGOUN, D. D., Iowa.
Col. C. G. HAMMOND, Ill.
EDWARD SPAULDING, M. D., N. H.
Rev. WM. M. BARBOUR, D. D., Ct.
Rev. W. L. GAGE, D. D., Ct.
A. S. HATCH, Esq., N. Y.
Rev. J. H. FAIRCHILD, D. D., Ohio.
Rev. H. A. STIMSON, Mass.
Rev. A. L. STONE, D. D., California.
Rev. G. H. ATKINSON, D. D., Oregon.
Rev. J. E. RANKIN, D. D., D. C.
Rev. A. L. CHAPIN, D. D., Wis.
S. D. SMITH, Esq., Mass.
Dea. JOHN C. WHITIN, Mass.
Hon. J. B. GRINNELL, Iowa.
Rev. HORACE WINSLOW, Ct.
Sir PETER COATS, Scotland.
Rev. HENRY ALLON, D. D., London, Eng.
WM. E. WHITING, Esq., N. Y.
J. M. PINKERTON, Esq., Mass.
E. A. GRAVES, Esq., N. J.
Rev. F. A. NOBLE, D. D., Ill.
DANIEL HAND, Esq., Ct.
A. L. WILLISTON, Esq., Mass.
Rev. A. F. BEARD, D. D., N. Y.
FREDERICK BILLINGS, Esq., Vt.
JOSEPH CARPENTER, Esq., R. I.
Rev. E. P. GOODWIN, D. D., Ill.
Rev. C. L. GOODELL, D. D., Mo.
J. W. SCOVILLE, Esq., Ill.
E. W. BLATCHFORD, Esq., Ill.
C. D. TALCOTT, Esq., Ct.
Rev. JOHN K. MCLEAN, D. D., Cal.
Rev. RICHARD CORDLEY, D. D., Kansas.
Rev. W. H. WILLCOX, D. D., Mass.
Rev. G. B. WILLCOX, D. D., Ill.
Rev. WM. M. TAYLOR, D. D., N. Y.
Rev. GEO. M. BOYNTON, Mass.
Rev. E. B. WEBB, D. D., Mass.
Hon. C. J. WALKER, Mich.
Rev. A. H. ROSS, Mich.

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.

REV. M. E. STRIEBY, D. D., _56 Reade Street, N. Y._

DISTRICT SECRETARIES.

REV. C. L. WOODWORTH, _Boston_.
REV. G. D. PIKE, D. D., _New York_.
REV. JAS. POWELL, _Chicago_.

H. W. HUBBARD, ESQ., _Treasurer, N. Y._
REV. M. E. STRIEBY, _Recording Secretary_.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

ALONZO S. BALL,
A. S. BARNES,
C. T. CHRISTENSEN,
H. L. CLAPP,
CLINTON B. FISK,
ADDISON P. FOSTER,
S. B. HALLIDAY,
A. J. HAMILTON,
SAMUEL HOLMES,
CHARLES A. HULL,
EDGAR KETCHUM,
CHAS. L. MEAD,
SAMUEL S. MARPLES,
WM. T. PRATT,
J. A. SHOUDY,
JOHN H. WASHBURN.

COMMUNICATIONS

relating to the work of the Association may be addressed to the Corresponding Secretary; those relating to the collecting fields to the District Secretaries; letters for the Editor of the “American Missionary,” to Rev. C. C. PAINTER, at the New York Office.

DONATIONS AND SUBSCRIPTIONS

may be sent to H. W. Hubbard, Treasurer, 56 Reade Street, New York, or when more convenient, to either of the Branch Offices, 21 Congregational House, Boston, Mass., or 112 West Washington Street, Chicago, Ill. A payment of thirty dollars at one time constitutes a Life Member.

THE

AMERICAN MISSIONARY.

* * * * *

VOL. XXXIV. NOVEMBER, 1880. NO. 11.

* * * * *

American Missionary Association.

* * * * *

This MISSIONARY, as will be seen, is an Annual Meeting number. We have endeavored to give a glimpse at the things which were said and done at Norwich. We have been able to give almost nothing entire, except the briefer of the reports of the Committees. For Dr. McKenzie’s sermon we must refer to the _Advance_ of Oct. 28; for Dr. Taylor’s paper, to the _Congregationalist_ Supplement of Oct. 20; for Mr. Carroll’s review of missions, to the _Independent_ of Oct. 28. For the rest, we have crowded what we could into this double number of the MISSIONARY.

* * * * *

We are under renewed obligations to our denominational newspapers for their editorial representation at our anniversary, and their full and discriminating reports of our proceedings.

* * * * *

Our Annual Meeting in the Broadway Church, Norwich, awakened, in the minds of many, encouraging comparison with the Anniversary of this Association held in the same place 19 years ago. It was in the fall of 1861. Our country was just settling into the heavy tug of war. And yet one of the headings of the Annual Report was: “Enlargement demanded.” See how God has fulfilled that aspiration in the enlargement of our finances, of our constituency, of our field, of our work. The $51,819 of that year, upon the recommendation of the Boston Council in 1865, came up to $250,000 and $3,000 more, and the average of these fifteen years has been that same sum, $253,000. All the work we then had at the South, the very first of the kind that was done, was that of the one missionary and one teacher among the 1,800 “contrabands,” who at that point had pressed through our lines. But the men of that meeting, believing that the day of freedom was at hand, and praying,—in the words of one of Governor Buckingham’s State papers—that “the country might be carried through the crisis in such a manner as should forever check the spirit of anarchy, bring peace to a distracted people, and preserve, strengthen and perpetuate our National Union,” did solemnly and grandly resolve “to follow the armies of the United States with faithful missionaries and teachers”. You know how this Association did follow those armies across the sunny South, and how it turned its own forces into an army of occupation, until its field became identical with the realm of our national flag.

Now this marvelous enlargement, attained within less than two decades, has brought us to “the cross of our success.” Shall we take up that cross? Shall we consecrate ourselves to bear the burden of obligation which this extension of our work lays upon us? May we discern this call of God for enlargement, even as did the good men of that day?

The chief officers of this Association, the President, Rev. David Thurston, the Treasurer, Lewis Tappan, with his brother Arthur, the Secretaries, George Whipple and S. S. Jocelyn, now on high, were all here on this platform, bearing up against the discouragements of the way, and by their great faith inciting the people to “go forward.” “The workers die, but God carries on the work.”

* * * * *

A SUGGESTION—FINANCIAL.

We have passed another milestone in our work. The reports and extracts from addresses made at the recent annual meeting, and placed before our constituents in this double number of the MISSIONARY, tell how far we have progressed, and indicate something of the demands that the journey beyond is already making upon us.

A perusal of these papers will show that the enthusiasm of earnest conviction characterized the Norwich meeting. The success of the past, no less than the present exigent needs of the field in every department, focused the thought of the meeting on one thing—enlargement of the work.

But the spirit that pervaded the annual meeting must in some way or other be carried over to the churches. Enlargement of the work means necessarily enlargement of resources. There must be at least an increase of twenty-five per cent. over the contributions of last year. It is a good time now to lay plans to secure this. We would suggest to pastors and others having charge of missionary meetings, that, as far as possible, the next monthly concert be made the occasion of bringing before the churches the interesting facts regarding the work of the American Missionary Association presented at the Norwich meeting. By possessing the minds of the people with intelligence, and their hearts with interest regarding the work, the needed increase in contributions, we believe, will be easily secured.

* * * * *

PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING.

The thirty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Association had for its meeting place the commodious Broadway Church in the beautiful city of Norwich, Conn. It was favored with perfect autumnal days, bountiful and beautiful hospitality, and a large and sustained attendance at all its sessions.

President Tobey being detained from attendance, the chair was occupied by Vice-Presidents Dr. Wm. L. Gage, of Hartford, and Dr. Wm. W. Patton, of Howard University, and at the closing session by Dr. L. T. Chamberlain, pastor of the church in which the meetings were held. Rev. Geo. M. Boynton was elected Secretary, and Revs. C. P. Osborne and J. H. Isham, Assistant Secretaries of the meeting. Dr. Langworthy, of Massachusetts, conducted the opening devotional services. The Treasurer read his report. The report of the Executive Committee was read by Secretary Strieby, after which an hour was spent in prayer, reminiscence and thanksgiving.

Dr. Alex. McKenzie, of Cambridge, Mass., preached the Annual Sermon, his text being Ex. ii.:9—“Take this child away and nurse it for me.” The thought elaborated with great force and beauty was the claim of the child, the African race, upon the King’s daughter, the Church of God.

Wednesday morning the prayer meeting was led by Rev. R. B. Howard, of Massachusetts. Part of the morning was devoted to presentations of missionary work outside of the special limits of the Association. A paper, valuable for its clearness and comprehensiveness, on “Recent Progress of Protestant Missions,” was read by Mr. H. K. Carroll, one of the editors of the _Independent_, in whose care is their excellent missionary column. Mr. Eugene Reveillaud then addressed the Association, through Rev. Mr. Dodds, who acted as his interpreter, on the recent remarkable religious movements in France. Mr. Dodds and Rev. L. W. Bacon spoke briefly on the same subject.

The Committees to which had been assigned the various departments of the work as represented in the official papers, then in order reported, and addresses were made on the subjects of which they treated.

1. The church work. The report was presented by Prof. Wm. J. Tucker, D. D., of Andover Theological Seminary, and was sustained by him in an able and suggestive address, showing the kind of religion needed by the negro and the progress already made. Dr. Roy followed with a statement of the disadvantages under which this department of our work was compelled to labor, and, on the other hand, of the favorable circumstances by which it was assisted.

2. The Indian report was read by Rev. A. H. Bradford, of New Jersey, after which General Armstrong spoke of the educational experiment at Hampton, its success and its needs. A company of the Indian pupils on their way from their summer homes in Berkshire County, Mass., added, by their presence on the platform and by simple exercises, to the impressiveness of the plea. Mr. Bradford sustained the report made by him in a forcible address, showing the evils of the treaty and reservation systems, and the need of still further reform in our civil service.

3. The educational work (South) was reported on Wednesday evening by Rev. Addison P. Foster, of New Jersey, Chairman of the Committee. Dr. Wm. M. Taylor, of New York, followed with a strong plea. Its leading illustration was drawn from the feeding of the five thousand; when the disciples came to the Master and said, “Send the multitudes away;” to whom he replied, “They need not depart, give ye them to eat.” Mr. Foster also sustained the report read by him. He demonstrated the greatness of the need and the religious character of the education demanded and sought to be supplied by our schools.

Thursday morning, after the prayer meeting, which was led by Rev. F. Williams of Connecticut, Rev. H. S. De Forest, President of Talladega College, spoke in continuation of the discussion of the report on education, setting forth the wants of Alabama and the condition and needs of Talladega. Rev. Wm. E. Brooks, just elected to the Presidency of Tillotson Institute, in Texas, gave his creed in regard to the work before him, in a brief address full of animation and hopefulness. He was followed by Professor Fairchild, of Berea College, who spoke of the influence of that Institution in doing away the prejudices of the whole community in which it was located. Dr. I. P. Warren, of Maine, also spoke briefly. District Secretary Powell, of Chicago, closed the discussion of this largest department of the work of the Association.

4. The African Missions were reported on by Rev H. M. Ladd, of Walton, New York, who followed the report with a brief address. Professor T. N. Chase, of Atlanta, Georgia, who recently has returned from a visit of inspection to the Mendi Mission, gave an account of the field, of the location of the mission, with its drawbacks and hopeful signs frankly and fully contrasted. Rev. Lewis Grant followed briefly. Dr. Patton also spoke on this topic.

5. The Finance Committee reported through its Chairman, Rev. Wm. H. Willcox, D.D., commending the business management of the Association, and making it clear that the $150,000 recently received for buildings in no wise lessened the demands upon the treasury or the dependence of the treasury upon the churches. Secretary Strieby followed, urging the need of the enlargement of the work. Dr. A. F. Beard, of New York, read a most suggestive paper on Giving as an important part of the sacrificial life to which the Christian is called. He was followed by Dr. Chamberlain in an earnest plea for justice and restitution to the races which our race has so deeply wronged, and briefly by President Magoun of Iowa College.

6. The Chinese report was read on Thursday evening by Dr. Lyman Abbott, of New York, and supported by him. In his address he stated fully and frankly the possible dangers arising from Chinese immigration, and the two methods by which they might be averted. Rev. Samuel Scoville, of Stamford, Connecticut, followed in a fervid plea based on the importance of the work, and the encouragements to its prosecution. Rev. R. B. Howard briefly followed.

It would not do to omit the witty and eloquent address of Rev. Dr. Hannay, Secretary of the Congregational Union of England and Wales, in which he spoke of the heroism of modern missionary effort and the statesmanship needed and shown in the discussions of the work of the Association.

The Lord’s Supper was celebrated on Wednesday afternoon, Rev. J. O. Barrows of Turkey, and Rev. Jonathan Edwards of Massachusetts officiating.

At the close, resolutions of thanks to the churches and citizens of Norwich, to the choir, the Committee and the railroads, were adopted, and responded to by Rev. Wm. S. Palmer, D.D., of Norwich, chairman of the Committee of Arrangements. The benediction was pronounced by Rev. Dr. Chamberlain. Thus ended one of the best attended and best sustained anniversaries of the American Missionary Association. For changes in the list of Vice-Presidents and Executive Committee we refer to the first inside page of the cover.

On Wednesday afternoon, the Second Church was filled below and above with a congregation of nearly a thousand women. Mrs. Dr. John A. Rockwell, of Stamford, Conn., presided, and, after the opening prayer by Mrs. Phipps, read a brief paper on woman’s responsibility in the nineteenth century.

Miss Stevenson, Miss Sawyer, Mrs. Hickok and Miss Emery, all familiar with the condition and needs of the colored women of the South, addressed the meeting, the interest of which was so great and so well sustained that it re-assembled the next morning. At that time Miss Douglass, who had labored in Georgia among the negroes, and Miss Ludlow, of Hampton Institute, Miss Lord and others spoke, keeping up the interest which had attended the previous session.

Resolutions expressing hearty sympathy with the work of the A. M. A., and urging an organization for home mission work in every church in New England, were adopted at the close of this full and earnest woman’s meeting.

* * * * *

HEROISM AND STATESMANSHIP.

FROM THE ADDRESS OF REV. ALEXANDER HANNAY, D.D., SECRETARY OF THE CONGREGATIONAL UNION OF ENGLAND AND WALES.

We sometimes talk—and I think in a very superficial and wild way—about heroic ages of certain nationalities, heroic ages of the church; and there are men who will say it was a heroic age in which foreign missions were projected, whether in England or here; that then the men were of great stature, and that they rose to the opportunities the great living Head of the Church offered them, and went out and did a giant’s work; and they look down on this time, and perhaps complain that it is not a heroic age, and that we cannot have a giant’s test put to us. Now that is all very flimsy and superficial talk in my judgment. There are epochs in the history of nations and of churches when great opportunities occur, the record of which becomes historical, and it seems that the men who take the prominent part then are men of Alpine bulk and grandeur of nature—true heroes; and then there comes a time of equable, dogged, plodding, unhistorical work, and it is said “The age of heroism and the age of heroes has passed away.” Brethren, the work of these quiet and plodding ages cannot be done well, except in the very spirit of the heroic age; and I take it there is a test of individual character, there is a test of strength and firmness in men, a strength of heroism demanded for the quiet, ordinary, fruitful work of times like these, equal, at least, to that which was needed to originate the new epoch. And I congratulate the representatives of the American churches assembled at the meetings of these great societies on the evidence which has appeared to me, (and I would use no words of mere courtesy in this, but a simple and unaffected expression of the feeling which has taken possession of me while I have attended these meetings), that here they are in the very spirit of their fathers, now gone to their rest, who said, “We must redeem the pagan nations and bring them to Christ.”

Another thing that has struck me is this: in listening to what we have heard here to-day, I have seemed to find not merely a fulness and vitality of the missionary sentiment, but associated with that, a keen, political outlook, the statesman’s thought about the demand of the hour and the special adaptations that are necessary in service for the carrying out of the great work that these societies have in view. It is especially encouraging in view of this, to which no one can be blind, that God is calling America to a singularly honorable, because singularly difficult, vocation, in dealing with the races with which her life of intelligence and faith is here being brought into contact.

It is quite true, sir, that the Head of the Church, as has been proclaimed from this platform, and from that at Lowell, again and again, is imposing on you the discipleship of the world, the duty of carrying the Gospel to all the nations of the earth. It thus lies upon the Christian nations so honored to stretch out their hands to lift the other nations up to the plane on which they are themselves living. But there has been brought to America, it seems to me, a specially difficult task. She has had thrust within her national boundary at least three separate races, that are on a different stage of intellectual development and civilization from that which she has reached; or if it be too much to say that these races have been thrust within her boundaries, then that the high and laudable ambition, which has moved you as a people to keep this great continent to yourselves, and to take as much more as you can get, has brought upon you this obligation in connection with the great races which are to be found on your soil. We are aware that the spirit and the policy of the world is hounded on, perhaps now more than ever, by that proud and insolent dictum of science, falsely so called, ready to be applied to the affairs of races as to other things—“the survival of the fittest.” No doubt there are men among you who are ready to take up the spirit of this maxim and to apply it all around, and to feel, as has been said here about the dead Indian, that it is the province of the stronger people simply to overrun, and press out, and hustle over the frontiers, or over the shores of your continent, the weaker races. Now, sir, as I understand it, you have been called to this vocation of bringing up these weaker races, of incorporating them into your own national life, of clothing them with all the honors and responsibilities of citizenship, of giving them a full status in the Church and in the township, of making them what you are yourselves, gradually scattering their darkness by the light of your intelligence, and vitalizing their enfeebled and degraded manhood by the overflow of the surplus energy of your own manhood. There has been given to you this great task to perform, to show the nations a better way of dealing with the weaker races than any nation has yet reached; and if the spirit of the American Missionary Association can but be breathed into the American people as a whole; if you can control your political action, if you can determine the issues in your Congress by that spirit, and control all your dealings with those peoples by it, one of the very brightest of the many crowns which will sit on the brow of the American nation will be the crown which you will win in that service. This is the work to which you are called.

I have been asked since I came here how I could explain the fact that the citizens of America seem to meddle so much in politics. I do not think we of England meddle enough with them. The existence of a political church among us forces a certain political contention upon us with which you here have nothing to do. But I take it that it is one of the highest, most urgent vocations of the Church of Christ, in this and in all lands, to see to it, that, so far as her influence shall go, by teaching and by testimony, by debate, by criticism, by all kinds of fair mental conflict to penetrate the political life of the nation with the spirit of Christ. It will not be well with you in America, any more than with us in England, whether with regard to your work for the black man and the Indian and the Chinese, or with regard to your own national stability and progress, until this work has been gone earnestly about. We can afford to rise above party politics, but we are bound to preach that righteousness, that truth, that spirit of self sacrifice, without which neither church nor nation can be made great and stable.

* * * * *

GENERAL SURVEY.

The battle cry of the American Missionary Association now is ENLARGEMENT. We are called to this by recent encouragements, and by the demands of the future.

THE ENCOURAGEMENTS OF THE PRESENT.

FINANCES.

We present our _financial_ situation as one of these encouragements, and first in order, as being special, we mention the receipt of $150,000, the donation of Mrs. Valeria G. Stone, of Malden, Mass. This munificent gift has been so confidently anticipated, that Prof. T. N. Chase has for some time been occupied in maturing plans for the buildings to be erected by it, so that the work at all points will be pushed forward with rapidity and economy. We hope, therefore, at our next Annual Meeting, to announce that buildings have been erected at several points in the South that shall afford much needed facilities to overcrowded schools, and that shall serve as monuments to the liberality and wisdom of the donor, more fitting, because more useful, than the most costly shaft or obelisk.

Next in order, but not least in significance, we refer to the _financial exhibit_ of our Treasurer, with its favorable balance sheet. The receipts for the year, aside from Mrs. Stone’s donation, have been $187,480.02, which together with the amount on hand Sept. 30, 1879 ($1,475.90), makes a total of $188,955.92; and the expenditures, $188,172.19; thus giving a credit balance of $783.73.

As a part of the gratifying results of the year’s expenditures, as we had no debt to pay, we can point to _four_ school buildings newly erected or greatly improved; to _six_ church edifices completed; to _two_ in the process of erection; to _five_ repaired and improved; and to _three_ parsonages repaired, one in process of erection, and one built by the people. Among these new school buildings we are glad to number the large and commodious edifice for Tillotson Institute, Austin, Texas, a permanent outpost, we hope, in the rapidly increasing population of the great South-west.

Such a balance sheet, carrying on the one side our regular work and these new and greatly needed buildings, yet held in even poise by the generous donations of our friends, is an argument for enlargement at other points calling for it with increased importunity. We dare not be presumptuous, but may we not trust still further to the God of the poor, and will not his people sustain us in the trust?

FREEDMEN.

Our _Educational_ work among the Freedmen furnishes the next source of encouragement.

The _increasing appreciation_ of our schools by both the white and colored people of the South, is manifest. Georgia continues to give the substantial assistance of her annual appropriation of $8,000 to the Atlanta University. A large majority of the State Board of Examiners attended the anniversary exercises this year. Their examinations were close, their report to the Governor wholly favorable, and their recommendation of the continuance of the appropriation unhesitating, the closing words of their report being: “Who can doubt the wisdom of continuing the appropriation?”

The State of Mississippi was represented at the Commencement exercises at Tougaloo by her Superintendent of Education and other influential citizens, who, after careful inspection, gave public assurance of State aid. The first instalment, we are confident, will reach us this fall. Soon after the war, when this State was under Republican rule, it granted aid to Tougaloo. Under changed political control, this grant was for a time withheld, but now while overwhelming Democratic majorities are regularly reported, the proffer of aid is renewed. The significance of the fact is that both political parties, much as they may differ on other points, are agreed in sustaining the Tougaloo University.

Another evidence of such appreciation is found in the attendance at our school anniversaries, of persons who represent public sentiment. At Hampton, President Hayes, Secretary Schurz, the Governor and an ex-Governor of Massachusetts were present; at Berea, the audience numbered probably 1,800 or 2,000 persons, two-thirds being of the white race; at Fisk, there was reported “a crowded house;” at Atlanta, the audience was packed; at Straight University, New Orleans, it is reported that “the audience, both in numbers and intelligent appreciation, was one of the best ever gathered for the purpose in the city.” Our work is not now done in a corner, nor under the ban of good people, North or South.

The colored people show their appreciation of the schools by an increased attendance. The roll is larger than last year in the aggregate, and in nearly all the departments. The total number of pupils reported this year is 8,052 against 7,207 last year. The largest proportionate increase is in the theological, grammar and normal grades.

Our schools are meant to be _religious_. If not, they are as nothing to us. We watch, therefore, with great jealousy, the developments in this direction, and we are gratified to be able to report interesting revivals at Fisk, Tougaloo and Woodbridge, with conversions and a quiet spiritual work at other schools. The usefulness and activity of our students as they go out in vacation or at graduation may be illustrated by facts like these: “One pupil who is a minister reports over forty hopeful conversions in connection with his labors during the summer vacation.” Another writes: “I was assigned to a place where there was no school-house or church. The people had their meeting under an arbor. I worked with the patrons until they built me a school-house.” From Memphis the report is: “Sixteen of our young people have, during the summer, taught 1,035 day pupils, and very nearly as many Sunday-school scholars.” The returning pupils at Tougaloo reported that “the Sunday-school and Temperance work had been vigorously pushed with excellent results, one of which was over 1,300 signers to the Temperance pledge.”

Our _Theological Departments_ are the flower of our schools, and the germinating seed for our church work. They have this year, as we have seen, increased in the number of their students and in their efficiency. Talladega reports that “eight young men will graduate from the Theological Department, all of whom will enter the Congregational ministry in the South. They are now warmly welcomed to the pulpits of all denominations.” From New Orleans: “The Theological Department is larger than in any previous year. Four of the class are ordained ministers, of whom two are pastors of churches in New Orleans.” The Theological Department of Howard University reports that “sixteen students were sent forth to preach, all of whom go to the South to the Freedmen.”

With such a record before us, a work so useful and that needs almost indefinite expansion, invites to that expansion by its very success.

Our _Church Work_ shows a steady and healthful growth. The number of churches in the South is 73 as against 67 last year; of church members, 4,961—last year, 4,600.

In the four new churches organized, and in the six new edifices erected, and two in the process, five repaired, and in the parsonages improved and built, we see the additions to the outward scaffolding, within which is going forward the spiritual work of preparing the polished stones of the sanctuary; and we see the added force of workmen ascending this scaffolding, in the ordination of four young men to the Gospel ministry, and in the reports from our Theological Departments of well trained young men graduating and entering the service.

That spiritual work is indicated in part by the reports of precious revivals and ingatherings into the churches. The pastor at New Orleans writes: “It is my happiness to record one of the most precious revivals in the history of the Central Church.” From Shelby Iron Works, Ala: “The meetings closed with twenty-one conversions reported. Last Sunday fifteen came forward, entered into covenant with the church, and were baptized on profession of their faith. Some eight or ten are to unite by letter the first opportunity, who were not ready to join last Sunday.” From Savannah, Ga,: “There has been an unusual work of grace among this people, and the meetings have been quiet and orderly as with a New England congregation.”

We have been impressed this year with the unusual mention in the reports from the churches of the attendance and interest _in the prayer meetings_. If the prayer meeting is the pulse of the church, we should infer that the life blood flows warmly from the heart in our churches in the South.

The disposition for _self help_ is a plant of slow growth among a people marvelous for their faith and passive endurance, but little used to forethought and activity. We have felt the need of developing “this grace also,” and have, therefore, taken unusual pains to induce the churches to aid more fully in the support of their pastors. The responses have exceeded our expectations; in almost every instance the additional sum we have named has been given, and in some instances more.

Other facts of the same purport are seen in such extracts as these, culled from the “Detailed Report.” The pastor of the church in Atlanta proposed that the _church debt_ should be paid off. With a little help from the North, and from the professors of the University, it was done, making about $563 raised by the church, aside from current expenses, in six months. They have also aided in securing a fine bell of 800 lbs. The young church at Marietta, Ga., raised $300 for their new church edifice. In a church collection for the American Missionary Association in Marion, one man put in $5, being one-tenth of his crop—a bale of cotton. A man and his wife are sustaining their daughter in the school at Tougaloo with the money saved on snuff and tobacco since they signed the pledge. The church at Wilmington, N. C., claims to be the banner church among the constituents of the American Board, having given more than any other, according to number and means, as judged by the report of Dr. Alden.

The _Sunday-Schools_, as reported, show a slight increase in numbers, but the reports are not full, and hence the figures do not properly represent the strength of this arm of the service. Revivals have occurred in some of the schools. The _Temperance cause_ holds its place in the hearts and efforts of our workers in the South. In the churches, schools, mission schools, and by the teachers who go out in vacation, is the good work pushed forward.

The _Conferences_ in the South have held their meetings, and Dr. Roy, who was enabled to attend several of them, was delighted with the excellence of the sermons and papers and the ability of the discussions, as well as with the fervor of spiritual life. Some of the Conferences appointed delegates to the National Council. A marked feature at one of these meetings—that of the Alabama Conference at Selma—was the social and religious welcome it received from the white families and churches. Dr. Roy thus reports it:

“You have been told of the new era in our work, marked by the opening of half a dozen of the homes of the first families in Selma, Alabama, for the entertainment of the white members of the Conference. It was not merely the offer of their houses as eating and sleeping places, but it was a delicate and attentive Christian hospitality, which invited the guests around from home to home in order to the extension of acquaintance. When grateful words were said to Major Joseph Hardie for having led the way, he answered that that gave him too much credit; that the places had all been opened cheerfully, and that, after the sessions were over, other families had said: ‘Why didn’t you give us a chance? We would like to have had some of those folks.’ Another host, referring to the mutual satisfaction, said: ‘It is just because we are getting better acquainted.’ In the same line was the opening of the Presbyterian pulpit, morning and night. The exercises of the Conference were of a high order and well sustained throughout. It was much like one of the Western General Associations.”

THE INDIANS.

The experiment of educating Indian youth at Hampton and Carlisle is a confirmed success. We have in the office two pictures—one representing a company of these young Indians as they came to Hampton, in their blankets and with their stolid countenances, and the other taken after they had spent a year in the school. The change in dress is less significant than the bright and intelligent look of the faces in the last picture. A visit among them, as they are engaged in the school-room and at various mechanical employments, accounts for the change. The joint education of the two races, the black and the red, seems helpful to both.

Four agencies, the same number as last year, are under our nomination, and we have favorable reports from each. At the Lake Superior Agency some years ago, the Indians wanted blankets, beads and trinkets; now they want a boarding school. At Fort Berthold, 40 new houses were built this season; at the Sisseton Agency, the Indians dress entirely in citizen’s clothing, live in log houses and cultivate 4,025 acres of land, and the scholars in the boarding and day schools show marked improvement; at the S’Kokomish Agency, the morals, manners, health and homes of the Indians are improving—most of the houses have been ceiled and furnished with good, tight floors. More land has been cleared, and 1,000 fruit trees have been set out.

CHINESE IN AMERICA.

Of our mission on the Pacific coast, the efficient Superintendent, Rev. W. C. Pond, says that not only more, but better work has been done this year than ever before. The total enrolment of pupils is 67 greater than last year, but the most marked gains are in those reported as having ceased from idol-worship, and as giving evidence of conversion; in the former, 180 against 137 last year, and in the latter, 127 against 84.

AFRICA.

The aspect of our _Mendi Mission_, in a surface survey, seems discouraging. A deeper view discloses one great element of success, and moreover reveals lessons of wisdom that will be of much more value than any transient success.

After maintaining this mission for 30 years with white missionaries, with a rapid death-rate and meagre results, Providence seemed to open to us a plan for using the Freedmen of America, trained in our schools, as missionaries to Africa. Three years since a company was sent out, with Rev. Floyd Snelson as a leader. His age and experience guided the mission well, and the next year new recruits were added. But the failure of Mrs. Snelson’s health compelled him to return with her to this country. The management fell into younger and less experienced hands, and dissensions and complaints ensued. Prof. T. N. Chase, of Atlanta University, accepted our invitation to visit and inspect the mission. Accompanied by Rev. Jos. E. Smith, the pastor of our church in Chattanooga, he spent two months at the mission, making most careful examinations, the result of which he embodies in an extended report. It may suffice here to say that Mr. Chase found many things in an unsatisfactory condition, chargeable in some degree to moral delinquency, but more largely to immaturity of experience and of judgment.

From Mr. Chase’s report and our own knowledge of the affairs of the mission, we reach these results:

1. The colored man of America _can_ endure the climate of western tropical Africa. We have sent to the Mendi Mission 17 persons of that race—seven men, five women and five children. Of this number _not one man has died_, and _but one_ has been compelled to leave on account of ill-health; nor have any of these, with this one exception, suffered from the African fever so as to hinder their work, except temporarily. The children were not sick; of the women, one died, the wife of Dr. James. Mrs. Miller has been compelled to return as far as England for the recovery of health. In the single case of death and in the three of failure in health, the cause can be traced to the germs of disease in the constitution, existing there prior to leaving America; but in every case of a sound constitution, good health has been maintained. In this we see hopeful evidence that, with careful previous medical examination, the _colored people of America can furnish missionaries for tropical Africa capable of enduring the climate and of rendering active service as missionaries_—a result full of encouragement.

2. Due allowance must be made for the inadequate training of the young colored missionary. The Anglo-Saxon race has behind it 17 centuries of culture; the negro race in America, 17 years. This should make a difference as to the races. The white candidate for the post of missionary was born in a Christian home, reared in a Christian community, educated in early days with the best culture of school and church, enjoyed afterwards the training of the best college and seminary, with their full corps of highly educated professors, with all the advantages of large libraries, apparatus and lectures; and above all, that unconscious education that comes from constant contact with practical men and cultured society. The colored candidate was born a slave, lived in the slave quarters with no refinements of home or surroundings; his education was in our young and imperfectly equipped schools and colleges, and his knowledge of the world is bounded by this limited horizon. This should make much difference with the individual. Perhaps these facts on both sides have not been duly considered. They will hereafter be fully recognized by us, and will lead us to place the management of our African mission for a time in charge of a white superintendent. They will also dictate a great deal of caution in selecting candidates for that field. We may send fewer at first; we will try to send those that are best prepared.

3. Our experiment with colored missionaries in West Africa has not been discouraging when compared with our former efforts there with white missionaries, or with those of other societies in other parts of Africa. A new impulse has been given to African Missions by the startling discoveries of Stanley and others, and if the Christian world expects these new missions to be crowned with immediate success, it will soon be undeceived. There, as elsewhere, missions must furnish heroes and martyrs, must fight battles, suffer defeats, win victories and endure hardness. Leviathan in the African jungle is not easily tamed, and the efforts which would overcome the barbarism which has for ages defied civilization, and even discovery, will test the “perseverance of the saints.”

In the missions growing out of the new impulse for Tropical Africa discouragement and trial have been nearly everywhere encountered. Of the sixteen missionaries sent so promptly by the Church Missionary Society to establish the mission in Mtesa’s kingdom, some have died, some have returned on account of sickness, and the whole work is now in abeyance. The mission of the London Missionary Society at Ujiji is still pushed forward, yet with much sickness and several deaths, among which is numbered that of the lamented Secretary Mullens. The Livingstonia Mission on Lake Nyassa is compelled to abandon its first station on account of the tsetse fly. The Scotch Blantyre Mission has had the sad experience of wrongs practiced by the missionaries upon the natives, attracting the attention and stirring the sorrow of Great Britain.

We are not alone, then, in the trials of our African Mission, nor must we, more than others, be discouraged. Africa was not forgotten in the Redeemer’s plan. His people must meet and overcome difficulties. The assurance that the colored American can endure the African climate is worth all the effort we have made.

THE DEMANDS OF THE FUTURE.

1. Enlargement in the work already in hand among the _Freedmen_.

The noble gift of Mrs. Stone, while supplying some of the great and most pressing wants in certain directions, creates new ones in others. It gives additional buildings, but these mean more students, more teachers, more student aid, more libraries, and more apparatus.

Buildings are needed where the gift of Mrs. Stone, great as it is, does not reach—needed as imperiously as where it does. At Talladega, the original building erected before the war at a cost of $30,000, bought by us after the war, used and oft repaired, is thus described by President DeForest: “The walls are staunch, but the roof leaks, and within and without, from foundation to bell-tower, it needs repair. It is estimated that $3,000 are required for this purpose.” A house is also needed as a home for the President, to save room for teachers and pupils in the main buildings. In addition to the $15,000 from the Stone donation, Talladega needs for these buildings and repairs, $10,000. The wants of Tougaloo are even more pressing. The crowd of students defies all means of accommodation. Temporary barracks have been erected, out-buildings and garrets have been used as lodging places, and yet students have been turned away for want of room. The buildings now on the ground need extensive repairs to save them from decay, and additions should be made to the farm buildings to give adequate shelter to the stock and products of the 500 acres of land connected with the school. But what shall we more say? for the time would fail us to tell of the needs of Wilmington, N. C., of Greenwood and Orangeburg, S. C., Mobile, Montgomery and Athens, Ala.

Besides all this we ought to establish, at some eligible point in North Carolina, a chartered institution of higher grade, with a boarding department. We have for a long while felt the need of this, and have only been deterred by the lack of means. We ought also to found an institution in Arkansas, similar to that in Austin, Texas. We are just beginning efforts among the Refugees in Kansas, and these should be greatly increased, and include churches, schools and lady missionaries.

_Endowments_ are an absolute necessity for our institutions at the South. Here are eight institutions, carefully managed, efficient in work, and furnished with buildings equal in number and size with some at the West of much greater age. These Western schools have in most instances the nucleus of an endowment, if not a complete one. Those in the South need endowments much more, and have almost nothing of the sort.

2. But enlargement should far transcend the limits of the work already in hand among the Freedmen. We take it for granted that every portion of the population of this country must have equal facilities open to it for education and advancement. No part of that population is so inadequately supplied as the four and a half millions of colored people in the South. There were in 1875, in this country, 1,932 schools of grades above the primary. Of this whole number, the four and a half millions of colored people have access to but 91! It must be borne in mind that in this number of schools (1,932) Harvard, Yale and Oberlin are but units, with their ample endowments, teachers of finest culture, libraries and apparatus of the best and largest; and to balance them the colored people can only point to a few new and inadequately furnished schools, of which those of this Association are among the best.

There were in 1875 in this country, 3,647 libraries, numbering 300 volumes and upwards in each. Of that number, the colored people of the South have access to 25! The same disparity is found here in regard to the size and quality of the libraries open to them as in regard to the schools and colleges.

It will not do to say that these people need only primary schools. No race can rise unless it has leaders who can teach and encourage the masses; nor will it suffice to say that the few seeking special advantages can go to colleges at the North. The people of the West cannot send their sons to Eastern colleges in adequate numbers. The West has, and must have, its own colleges. How can the poor ex-slaves of the South send their children to the North for education, when most of them have a life struggle with the wolf at the door?

Here, then, are glimpses at the great duty that this nation owes to the Freedmen for its own sake as well as theirs. But that duty involves enlargement, fifty-fold, of what is now done for them.

3. The work of the A.M.A. _beyond the South_ needs enlarging.

The Chinese schools in California need the permanency of having buildings under their own control, and Bro. Pond earnestly desires the means to reach the “Chinese in the mines.”

The work of educating Indians at the East should be extended. It is not a substitute for schooling among the tribes; it helps it. Capt. Pratt, who inaugurated this movement in Hampton, and who now conducts the large Government school for Indian youth at Carlisle, is very earnest that more—much more—should be done in this direction. The power of the movement, in his opinion, will be measured by its extent. He is anxious that every school of the American Missionary Association in the South should be prepared to receive Indians. This broad plan deserves the careful thought of the Association, but if adopted, it will necessitate not a little enlargement of accommodations and of the teaching force.

But Africa! what does the future ask at our hands in her behalf? When we recall the struggles of the past for her enslaved children in this country, when we think of the graves of our missionaries in the Mendi country, and when we hear her children in our schools asking to be sent thither, we feel called to a new and strong effort to equip completely the mission on the West coast. The East coast calls to us also. The Arthington Mission, though we have moved cautiously, is neither forgotten nor abandoned. The generous offer of Mr. Arthington still remains; considerable sums have been collected in this country and in Great Britain, and as soon as the adequate amount ($50,000) can be secured, we shall feel called to go forward.

From all these considerations, we ask for a new and wide enlargement of our work. The duty to America and to Africa demands it. Especially do we urge that America owes it to its own safety and honor that it shall adequately care for the Freedmen. But who will take the lead in the movement to enlarge? The Pilgrims and Puritans of New England were the first to plant liberty, education and religion on these shores; they were on the crest of the wave that carried these blessings across the continent to the Pacific slope; they were foremost in the great anti-slavery struggle; they were in the van of the armies that fought for the unity of the nation and the freedom of the slave; they were the first, through this Association, to take the school and the Gospel to the Freedmen at Fortress Monroe; and who but they should see the great need of the hour, and step forth to meet it?

* * * * *

SUMMARY OF THE TREASURER’S REPORT FOR THE YEAR ENDING SEPT. 30TH, 1880.

RECEIPTS.

From Churches, Sabbath Schools and
Individuals for General Fund $99,860.26
Churches, S. Schs. and Ind’v’ls,
for Institutions and Missions 27,790.30
Estates for General Fund 24,599.44
Estates for Institutions 862.50——25,461.94
Income of Sundry Funds 9,070.26
Tuition and Public School Fund 15,119.59
Rent 664.08
Sales 378.18
——————————$178,344.61
Donations for Tillotson C. and N. Institute
Building 7,594.65
Donations for Athens School Building, Ala. 1,096.01
Donations for Colored Refugees, Kansas 444.75
——————————
187,480.02
Balance on hand. Sept. 30th, 1879 1,475.90
——————————$188,955.92
———————————

EXPENSES.