Chapter VI: Part 6

I am following Klauber (1952) in assigning some of the specimens of this species from Michoacan to the subspecies _aquilus_ and others to _C. t. triseriatus_. The distinguishing characters of these subspecies are given by Klauber (1952:28). On the basis of the few localities from which the species is known in Michoacan it seems as though _C. t. aquilus_ inhabits the open grassy areas on the Mexican Plateau and the associated open pine-oak or oak-bunch grass habitats to the north and east of the Cordillera Volcanica. _Crotalus triseriatus aquilus_ has been collected at elevations from 1600 to 2000 meters in Michoacan.

~Crotalus triseriatus triseriatus~ (Wagler)

_Uropsophus triseriatus_ Wagler, Natuerliches System der
Amphibien, p. 176, 1830.--Mexico. (Probably Mexico City.)

_Crotalus triseriatus triseriatus_, Klauber, Bull. Zool.
Soc. San Diego, 26:19, August 8, 1952.

Cerro Tancitaro (36); Opopeo; Patzcuaro.

This small rattlesnake inhabits rocky areas in pine and pine-oak forests above 1600 meters in the Cordillera Volcanica; it has been collected at 3270 meters on Cerro Tancitaro. The series reported by Schmidt and Shannon (1947:84) is a mixture of specimens of _Crotalus triseriatus_ and _Crotalus pusillus_. The two species are found together on Cerro Tancitaro, but only _Crotalus pusillus_ inhabits the coniferous forests of the Sierra de Coalcoman. Klauber (1952:30) stated that despite the proximity of _Crotalus triseriatus triseriatus_ and _Crotalus triseriatus aquilus_ in Michoacan, there is no evidence of intergradation. He went on to suggest that additional material might show that the two named populations actually are distinct species. The specimens that have been studied since Klauber's investigations also show no evidence of intergradation, but there still is no known sympatry of the populations.

The small montane rattlesnakes belonging to the species _C. pricei_, _C. pusillus_, and _C. triseriatus_ present a problem in systematics and distribution worthy of intensive investigation. A knowledge of the distribution and relationships of the various populations of these snakes, together with other species also living in isolated populations on the higher mountains in Mexico, probably will be of great significance in understanding dispersal and differentiation of animals during the Pleistocene.

SPECIES OF QUESTIONABLE OCCURRENCE

Some species for which there are no authentic records from Michoacan can be expected there on zoogeographic probability. Other species have been recorded from Michoacan, but these records are doubtful for any one of several reasons. Fifteen species of such questionable occurrence are discussed below:

~Syrrhophus modestus modestus~ Taylor

_Syrrhophus modestus_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.,
28:304, May 15, 1942.--Hacienda Paso del Rio, Colima,
Mexico.

_Syrrhophus modestus modestus_, Duellman, Occ. Pap. Mus.
Zool. Univ. Michigan, 594:5, June 6, 1958.

This small terrestrial frog is not uncommon on the coastal lowlands and foothills in Nayarit and in Colima, where it has been collected within a few kilometers of the Michoacan border. At Tecolapa, Colima, on August 9, 1956, _Syrrhophus modestus modestus_ was found with _Tomodactylus nitidus orarius_, _Bufo marinus_, _Bufo marmoreus_, _Hyla baudini_, _Hyla smithi_, and _Phyllomedusa dacnicolor_, all of which occur on the coastal lowlands of Michoacan. Because of its solitary and secretive habits, _Syrrhophus modestus modestus_ is not common in collections. Additional field work on the coast of Michoacan should reveal the presence of the species there.

~Hyla microcephala sartori~ Smith

_Hyla microcephala sartori_ Smith, Herpetologica, 7:186,
December 31, 1951.--1 mi. N of Organos, S of El Triente,
Guerrero, Mexico.

On August 28, 1960, J. R. Dixon obtained a series of this species from a temporary pond 6 kilometers northeast of La Resolana, Jalisco. Previously, _Hyla microcephala sartori_ had been known only from the lowlands of Guerrero and Oaxaca. The existence of the species in Jalisco provides evidence that this frog also occurs in Michoacan and Colima.

~Gastrophryne usta usta~ (Cope)

_Engystoma ustum_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
18:131, 1866.--Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.

_Gastrophryne usta usta_, Carvalho, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
Univ. Michigan, 555:13, July 16, 1954.

Smith and Taylor (1948:93-4) listed specimens of this species from Organos and El Treinta, Guerrero, and from Paso del Rio, Queseria, Santiago, and Tecoman, Colima. The species occurs from Sinaloa and central Veracruz southward at low elevations to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and thence along the Pacific lowlands into Central America. Almost certainly it occurs on the coastal lowlands in Michoacan. Since the amphibian fauna of the Tepalcatepec Valley has been better sampled than that of the coast, I suspect that if _Gastrophryne_ occurred in the Tepalcatepec Valley, I would have found it there.

~Lepidochelys olivacea~ (Eschscholtz)

_Chelonia olivacea_ Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, pt. 1, p. 2,
1829.--Manila Bay, Philippine Islands.

_Lepidochelys olivacea_, Girard, United States Exploring
Expedition..., vol. 20, Herpetology, p. 435, 1858.

According to Smith and Taylor (1950b: 15), this sea turtle is known from the entire Pacific coast of Mexico; these authors reported the species from Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Colima, and Sonora. Although the only sea turtle that I observed in Michoacan is _Chelonia mydas_, others probably do use the sheltered beaches for nesting. The scanty records of sea turtles along the Pacific coast of Mexico indicate that _Chelonia mydas_ and _Lepidochelys olivacea_ are the most abundant species in that region. There are scattered records of _Dermochelys coriacea_, _Caretta caretta_, and _Eretmochelys imbricata_ along the Pacific coast. The occurrence of any of these along the coast of Michoacan is probable.

~Geoemyda pulcherrima pulcherrima~ (Gray)

_Emys pulcherrima_ Gray, Catalogue of the Shield Reptiles in
British Museum, vol. 1, p. 25.--Mexico. Type locality
restricted to Presidio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, by
Smith and Taylor (1950b:30).

_Geoemyda pulcherrima pulcherrima_, Wettstein, Sitzb. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, 143:18, 1934.

Smith and Taylor (1950b:30) recorded this species from Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Colima, and Guerrero; these records indicate that the species probably is distributed along the Pacific coast of Mexico southward from southern Sonora. It unquestionably occurs on the coast of Michoacan. Natives of the coastal lowlands tell of another "tortuga de la tierra" besides _Geoemyda rubida_. In the collections of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Illinois is a specimen of _Geoemyda pulcherrima_ from Mexcala in the Balsas Basin in northern Guerrero. On the basis of this specimen it is highly probable that the species also inhabits the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin in Michoacan.

~Pseudemys scripta ornata~ (Gray)

_Emys ornata_ Gray, Synopsis reptilium, p. 30,
1831.--Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico.

_Pseudemys scripta ornata_, Carr, Herpetologica, 1:135,
December 30, 1938.

The systematics and distribution of _Pseudemys scripta_ in Mexico and Central America are poorly understood. Smith and Taylor (1950b:32) recorded this turtle from the Pacific lowlands of Sinaloa, Jalisco, Oaxaca, and Chiapas. This species is represented by vicarious populations throughout the Atlantic lowlands of Mexico, northwestern Mexico, over much of the United States, and also in Baja California. Along the Pacific coast of Mexico the species seems to be extremely rare, or, at least, only locally abundant. Since the species has such a wide distribution, and since it occurs on the Pacific lowlands both to the north and to the south of Michoacan, it is reasonable to expect its presence on the coast of Michoacan. Inquiries among the natives living in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin produced only negative evidence about the occurrence of _Pseudemys_ in the Rio Tepalcatepec and Rio Balsas. I suspect that the best place to search for these turtles on the coast of Michoacan is in the numerous fresh-water lagoons on the coastal plain.

~Caiman crocodilus fuscus~ (Cope)

_Perosuchus fuscus_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 20:203, November 9, 1868.--Rio Magdalena,
Columbia.

_Caiman crocodilus fuscus_, Mertens, Senckenbergiana,
26:275, December 22, 1943.

Gadow (1930:50) reported that _Caiman sclerops_ (= _Caiman crocodilus fuscus_) inhabited the "tierra caliente" in Michoacan. Smith and Taylor (1950b:212) accepted Gadow's record for the State, although otherwise the species is unknown north of Oaxaca. Peters (1954:10) refuted Gadow's record on the basis that Gadow's collections contained no specimens of _Caiman_. The local name "caiman" refers to both _Crocodylus_ and to _Caiman_, for, in general, the natives do not distinguish between the two. "Caimanes" are reported from along the coast of Michoacan, where the name presumably refers to _Crocodylus acutus acutus_, and in the Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin (Gadow, 1930:50; Webber, 1946:267). I have seen no specimens of either _Crocodylus_ or _Caiman_ from the Balsas Basin. If crocodilians do occur in the basin, they probably are _Crocodylus acutus acutus_. There is no basis, whatsoever, for including Michoacan in the range of _Caiman crocodilus fuscus_.

~Bipes canaliculatus~ Bonnaterre

_Bipes canaliculatus_ Bonnaterre, Encyclopedie methodique,
Erpetologie, p. 68, 1789.--Mexico. Type locality restricted
to Mexcala, Guerrero, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor
(1950b:39).

Duges (1896:480) reported this species from Morelia, Michoacan. Smith and Taylor (1950b:39), who recorded the species from three localities in the Balsas Basin in Guerrero, rejected Duges' record. I, too, am unwilling to accept Duges' record. Nevertheless, the species probably occurs throughout much of the Balsas Basin. This idea is strengthened by comments made by Storm (1939:342): "The last hard drop, that afternoon, was down the great Cerro de los Cajones [southwest of Tacambaro], and here in the upper forest we came upon... a lizard with front legs and none behind ... the animal with hands and no feet that senor Smith [Hobart M. Smith] was seeking!... They're named _Bipes caniculatus_ (_sic._)."

~Coleonyx elegans nemoralis~ Klauber

_Coleonyx elegans nemoralis_ Klauber, Trans. San Diego Soc.
Nat. Hist., 10:195, March 9, 1949.--Paso del Rio, Colima,
Mexico.

Klauber (1945:199) and Smith and Taylor (1950b:43) reported this lizard from the coastal lowlands of Colima and Guerrero. Davis and Smith (1953:101) reported it from 8 kilometers northeast of Temilpa, Morelos, in the upper Balsas Basin. Specimens of this lizard have been collected infrequently; the few locality records and limited ecological data indicate that it inhabits dense scrub forest and tropical semi-deciduous forest. _Coleonyx elegans nemoralis_ is to be expected on the coastal lowlands, the seaward foothills of the Sierra de Coalcoman, and on the lower slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica along the northern edge of the Tepalcatepec Valley.

~Phrynosoma orbiculare orbiculare~ (Linnaeus)

_Lacerta obricularis_ Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12,
1:1062, 1789.--Mexico (by inference). Type locality
restricted to Mexico, Districto Federal, by Smith and Taylor
(1950b:97).

_Phrynosoma orbiculare orbiculare_, Smith, Trans. Kansas
Acad. Sci., 37:290, 1934.

Gadow (1905:213) inferred that _Phrynosoma orbiculare_ occurred at elevations of more than 3000 feet in Michoacan. There are no specimens of this species known from Gadow's collections made in Michoacan. Smith and Taylor (1950b:98) apparently accepted Gadow's statement and recorded the species from Michoacan: "above 3000 feet (Jorullo?)." Reeve (1952:940) somehow misconstrued this statement to read "Jorullo, above Zumpango (Smith and Taylor, 1950b)." Reeve did not indicate on his map (1952:939) that the species occurred in Michoacan. In the most recent review of the species (Horowitz, 1955), no localities are given in Michoacan. Since _Phrynosoma orbiculare_ is known from central Jalisco, Guanajuato, Queretaro, and Mexico, its presence at least in northeastern Michoacan is to be expected, although at the present time there are no specimens known from the state.

~Eumeces brevirostris~ (Guenther)

_Mabouia brevirostris_ Guenther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
316, August, 1860.--Oaxaca. Type locality restricted to
Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor (1950b:168).

_Eumeces brevirostris_, Bocourt, Mission scientifique au
Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale. Reptiles, livr. 6, p.
439, 1879.

Smith and Taylor (1950b:168) Listed this species: "_Michoacan_: No specific record." I am unaware of any specimen of this skink from the state. As presently recognized, this species contains two subspecies. One of these occurs in the mountains of Oaxaca northward into central Veracruz; the other, _Eumeces brevirostris bilineatus_, occurs in Durango southward to Jalisco, where it inhabits the Sierra Madre Occidental. Possibly the species occurs in the Sierra de los Tarascos in Michoacan.

~Eumeces callicephalus~ Bocourt

_Eumeces callacephalus_ Bocourt, Mission scientifique au
Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale. Reptiles, livr. 6, p.
431, 1879.--Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.

Duges (1896) in a paper in which he listed several species of _Eumeces_ in Mexico, reported _Eumeces callicephalus_ from Michoacan, but he gave no specific locality within the state. Michoacan was included in the range of the species by Taylor (1936:298) and by Smith and Taylor (1950b:164). The species definitely is known from southeastern Arizona southward to Guanajuato. It may occur in Michoacan, but, since there are three rather widespread species of _Eumeces_ inhabiting the Mexican Plateau and associated mountain ranges in the northern and northeastern part of Michoacan, interspecific competition might be a reason for the absence of _Eumeces callicephalus_ there.

~Leptodeira septentrionalis polysticta~ Guenther

_Leptodeira polysticta_ Guenther, Biologia
Centrali-Americana, Reptilia, p. 172, May, 1895.--Belice,
British Honduras.

_Leptodeira septentrionalis polysticta_, Duellman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 114:72, February 24, 1958.

Although this species occurs from sea level to elevations of about 2000 meters from Nayarit southward into Central America, no specimens are known from Michoacan. Smith and Taylor (1945:87) listed the species as occurring in Michoacan, but they had no record on which to base this report. Probably, the species occurs on the coastal lowlands and seaward slopes of the Sierra de Coalcoman.

~Tropidodipsas fasciata guerreroensis~ Taylor

_Tropidodipsas guerreroensis_ Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci.
Bull., 26:470; November 27, 1940.--Buena Vista, Guerrero,
Mexico.

_Tropidodipsas fasciata guerreroensis_, Alvarez del Toro and
Smith, Herpetologica, 12:16, March 6, 1956.

Duges (1896:480) reported a snake, questionably of this species, from Uruapan, Michoacan. Taylor (1940c) suggested that on geographic grounds Duges' record might refer to _T. f. guerreroensis_, which is known definitely only from the type locality. _Tropidodipsas occidentala_ is known from Comala, Colima, and Coalcoman, Michoacan. On zoogeopraphic grounds that species might be found at Uruapan. Since the specimen apparently no longer is extant, the identification cannot be ascertained.

~Micrurus fitzingeri fitzingeri~ (Jan)

_Elaps fitzingeri_ Jan, Rev. Mag. Zool., p. 521,
1858.--Mexico. Type locality restricted to Guanajuato,
Guanajuato, Mexico, by Smith and Taylor (1950a:330).

_Micrurus fitzingeri fitzingeri_, Brown and Smith, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington, 55:63, June 25, 1942.

Smith and Taylor (1945:174) recorded the species from Zamora, Michoacan. Hobart M. Smith (_in litt._) stated that this record was based on a report of _Elaps fulvius_ from Zamora by Duges (1896:482). Smith guessed that the report was based on a specimen of _Micrurus fitzingeri_. The specimen has not been seen. Although the species is known from Guanajuato and Mexico, until a specimen is available from Michoacan, the species should not be considered part of the herpetofauna of Michoacan.

GAZETTEER

The localities in Michoacan here listed are those from which specimens were examined as well as other localities mentioned in the text. The localities are arranged alphabetically according to the most definitive word or words in the total name. For example, Lago de Chapala is listed as "Chapala (Lago de)" and Cerro de Tancitaro is listed as "Tancitaro (Cerro de)." Insofar as has been possible, the following information is given for each locality: geographical co-ordinates to the nearest minute of north latitude and west longitude, elevation in meters above mean sea level, a description of its geographical location, type of dominant vegetation, and in some cases comments concerning collecting sites in the vicinity. Distances are in kilometers; all are map (air line) distances, unless otherwise indicated. Many localities visited on mule trips are given as being a certain number of "mule hours" in a general direction from another town or village. In order to reach most of these localities today, one would have to go by mule, and this is the way the muleteers determine their distances. Some of the elevations are taken from maps, but most of them were obtained from one or more readings of altimeters that we carried in the field. The terms used for describing the vegetation are those defined in the section of the natural landscape.

My primary cartographic sources have been: the provisional edition of maps published by the American Geographic Society (Colima, Guadalajara, Mexico, and San Luis Potosi sheets published between 1933 and 1940), scale 1:1,000,000; the preliminary sheets (Colima, Guadalajara, Guanajuato, and Mexico) published in 1949 with a scale of 1:500,000 of the Carta Geografica de la Republica Mexicana (Direccion de Geografia y Meterologia, Secretaria de Agricultura y Ganaderia); and the Carta de Cuenca Tepalcatepec (Scale 1:250,000) prepared in 1958 by the Comision del Tepalcatepec, Secretaria de Recursos Hidraulicos. I have visited most of the 181 localities and have gathered data pertaining to vegetation, altitude, and location. I think, nevertheless, that the accuracy of some of the locations and elevations as given in the gazetteer is questionable. This situation can be rectified only by detailed geographic studies.

Most of the important towns, villages, rivers, and high mountains are shown on the accompanying map (Fig. 11). Places not shown on this map can be located from directions given in the gazetteer.

Acahuata.--Lat. 19 deg. 10', long. 102 deg. 21', elev. 1040 m. A
village north of Apatzingan and on the southern slope of
Cerro de Tancitaro; transition between arid tropical scrub
forest and pine-oak forest; tropical semi-deciduous forest in
barrancas.

Agua Cerca.--Lat. 19 deg. 06', long. 101 deg. 45', elev. 1550 m. A
ranch south-southwest of Ario de Rosales on the road to La
Huacana; pine-oak forest.

Aguililla.--Lat. 18 deg. 45', long. 102 deg. 47', elev. 860 m.; a
town in a low valley in the Sierra de Coalcoman; arid
tropical scrub forest.

Alamo (El).--Lat. 19 deg. 42', long. 100 deg. 55', elev. 2300 m. A
ranch 5 kilometers by road east of El Temazcal; pine-oak
forest.

Angahuan.--Lat. 19 deg. 33', long. 102 deg. 14', elev. 2440 m. A
Tarascan village about 27 kilometers northwest of Uruapan;
pine forest. Much of the land is still covered by a deep
layer of ashes from the nearby Volcan Paricutin.

Apatzingan.--Lat. 19 deg. 06', long. 102 deg. 22', elev. 335 m. The
largest town in the Tepalcatepec Valley; arid tropical scrub
forest.

Apiza (Boca de).--Lat. 18 deg. 42', long. 103 deg. 44', sea level.
The name of the mouth of the Rio Coahuayana; sandy beach and
coco palms.

Apo.--Lat. 19 deg. 25', long. 102 deg. 25', elev. 2160 m. A village
on the western slope of Cerro de Tancitaro; pine-oak forest.

Aquila.--Lat. 18 deg. 32', long. 103 deg. 30', elev. 150 m. A small
village on the Rio Aquila in the seaward foothills of the
Sierra de Coalcoman; tropical semi-deciduous forest.

Araparicuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 22', long. 102 deg. 12', elev. 1525 m. A
village 19 kilometers west-southwest of Uruapan on the trail
to Tancitaro; pine-oak forest.

Araro.--Lat. 19 deg. 54', long. 100 deg. 50', elev. 1830 m. A small
village at the eastern end of the Lago de Cuitzeo lakebed;
mesquite-grassland.

Ario de Rosales.--Lat. 19 deg. 12', long. 101 deg. 42', elev. 1980
m. A town in the Cordillera Volcanica on the road from
Patzcuaro to La Huacana; mixed hardwoods and pine forest.

Arteaga (formerly Carrizal).--Lat. 18 deg. 28', long. 102 deg. 25',
elev. 850 m. A town in the eastern part of the Sierra de
Coalcoman; transition between arid tropical scrub forest and
oak forest.

Atzimba.--Lat. 19 deg. 39', long. 100 deg. 47', elev. 2900 m. A
national park in the Cordillera Volcanica, located between
Ciudad Hidalgo and Morelia, 32 kilometers by road
west-southwest of Ciudad Hidalgo; mixed pine and fir forest.

Axolotl (Rancho).--Lat. 19 deg. 47', long. 100 deg. 38', elev. 2900
m. A settlement on the western slopes of Cerro San Andres;
pine, oak, and fir forest.

Balsas (Rio).--A large river having its headwaters in
Tlaxcala, Puebla, and northwestern Oaxaca, flowing westward
through an arid valley to the Pacific Ocean, and in its
lower part forming the boundary between Michoacan and
Guerrero.

Barolosa (Cerro de).--Lat. 18 deg. 52', long. 102 deg. 57', elev.
2900-3050 m. Presumably the highest mountain in the Sierra
de Coalcoman and located about 13 hours by mule
east-northeast of Coalcoman; open pine-oak-fir forest and
alder thickets.

Barolosa (Rancho).--Lat. 18 deg. 50', long. 103 deg. 00', elev. 2320
m. A small ranch on the west-northwestern slope of Cerro de
Barolosa, about 11 hours by mule east-northeast of
Coalcoman; open pine-oak forest.

Barranca Seca.--Lat. 19 deg. 32', long. 102 deg. 15', elev. 2100 m.
A small village about 7 kilometers northwest of San Juan de
Parangaricutiro; pine forest.

Bejuco (Barranca de).--Lat. 18 deg. 07', long. 102 deg. 48', elev.
90 m. A barranca in the lower slopes of the Sierra de
Coalcoman just west of the lower reaches of the Rio Nexpa;
tropical semi-deciduous forest.

Buenavista (Tomatlan).--Lat. 19 deg. 17', long. 102 deg. 36', elev.
425 m. A village on the Rio Masiaco in the Tepalcatepec
Valley, 33 kilometers by road west-northwest of Apatzingan;
open arid tropical scrub forest.

Buena Vista.--Lat. 18 deg. 40', long. 102 deg. 09', elev. 600 m. A
ranch on the northeastern slopes of the Sierra de Coalcoman;
arid tropical scrub forest.

Cachan (Rio).--Lat. 18 deg. 14', long. 103 deg. 14'. A river formed
by the affluence of the Rio Coalcoman and the Rio San Jose
and flowing into the Pacific Ocean at a point indicated by
the co-ordinates given above. Sometimes the name is applied
to the lower part of the river as used here; other times the
name is used for the entire length of the Rio Coalcoman.

Camichines.--Lat. 18 deg. 47', long. 103 deg. 05', elev. 1070 m. A
ranch about 5 kilometers east-northeast of Coalcoman;
transition between arid tropical scrub forest and oak
forest.

Camecuaro (Lago de).--Lat. 19 deg. 55', long. 102 deg. 13', elev.
1615 m. A small lake (depth to about 10 m.) drained by the
Rio Duero and located one kilometer north-northwest of
Tangancicuaro; mesquite-grassland and some cypress and oak
around the lake.

Cancita (Rio).--A tributary of the Rio Tepalcatepec flowing
southward from the southeastern slope of Cerro de Tancitaro.

Cantiles (Los).--Lat. 19 deg. 43', long. 100 deg. 55', elev. 2160 m.
A ranch 33 kilometers by road east of Morelia; pine forest.

Capacuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 33', long. 102 deg. 02', elev. 2070 m. A
Tarascan village 18 kilometers by road north of Uruapan;
pine forest.

Capirio.--Lat. 18 deg. 52', long. 102 deg. 08', elev. 180 m. A
village on the Rio Tepalcatepec, 22 kilometers by road south
of Nueva Italia; open arid tropical scrub forest and some
gallery forest along the river.

Carapan.--Lat. 19 deg. 52', long. 102 deg. 02', elev. 2070 m. A
village on the northern edge of the Sierra de los Tarascos,
32 kilometers by road west of Zacapu; pine-oak forest at
village and to the south; mesquite-grassland immediately to
the north.

Cerrito (El).--Lat. 18 deg. 45', long. 103 deg. 40', elev. 15 m. A
ranch about 3 kilometers northeast of Coahuayana; tropical
semi-deciduous forest.

Chapala (Lago de).--A large lake on the Mexican Plateau at
an elevation of 1525 m., partly in the state of Jalisco. It
is drained by the Rio Grande de Santiago, which flows
northward and then westward into the Pacific Ocean.
Immediately to the east of the lake are remnants of once
extensive marshes.

Charapendo.--Lat. 19 deg. 15', long. 102 deg. 04', elev. 975 m. A
village 24 kilometers by road south of Uruapan near the
upper limit of the arid tropical scrub forest in the
Tepalcatepec Valley.

Cheran.--Lat. 19 deg. 42', long. 101 deg. 57', elev. 2350 m. A
Tarascan village 27 kilometers by road south-southeast of
Carapan; pine forest.

Chichihuas.--Lat. 18 deg. 47', long. 103 deg. 12', elev. 1200 m. A
ranch about 6 kilometers west-southwest of Coalcoman; scrub
oak forest.

Chinapa.--Lat. 19 deg. 22', long. 100 deg. 51', elev. 930 m. A small
village on the Rio Chinapa, 43 kilometers south of El
Temzcal on the road to Huetamo; arid tropical scrub forest.

Chupio.--Lat. 19 deg. 10', long. 101 deg. 27', elev. 1080 m. A
village 12 kilometers by road south of Tacambaro; transition
between arid tropical scrub forest and oak forest.

Churumuco.--Lat. 18 deg. 37', long. 101 deg. 38', elev. 210 m. A
small town in the Balsas Valley; arid tropical scrub forest.

Cienega (La).--Lat. 18 deg. 28', long. 103 deg. 18', elev. 900 m. A
ranch about 3 hours by mule north of Coire; tropical
semi-deciduous forest.

Coahuayana.--Lat. 18 deg. 44', long. 103 deg. 31', elev. 15 m. A
village on the coastal plain near the mouth of the Rio
Coahuayana; arid tropical scrub forest and tropical
semi-deciduous forest.

Coalcoman.--Lat. 18 deg. 47', long. 103 deg. 08', elev. 945 m. The
largest town in the Sierra de Coalcoman and situated in a
valley about 12 by 6 kilometers; arid tropical scrub forest
on valley floor; oaks and some tropical semi-deciduous
forest on surrounding slopes.

Coalcoman (Rio).--A river having its headwaters northeast of
the town of Coalcoman and flowing southward to join with the
Rio San Jose to form the Rio Cachan.

Coalcoman (Sierra de).--A highland mass outlined by the Rio
Coahuayana and its tributaries on the west, the Rio
Tepalcatepec on the north, and the Rio Balsas on the east,
and the Pacific Ocean on the south. The axis of the sierra
extends for about 200 kilometers in a west-northwest to
east-southeast direction; the mountains are nearly 80
kilometers in breadth; the highest parts of the range are
about 3000 meters above sea level.

Cofradia.--Lat. 18 deg. 56', long. 102 deg. 17', elev. 215 m. A
ranch about 17 kilometers southeast of Apatzingan; arid
tropical scrub forest.

Coire.--Lat. 18 deg. 26', long. 103 deg. 22', elev. 300 m. A village
on the seaward foothills of the Sierra de Coalcoman on the
Rio Coire; tropical semi-deciduous forest.

Cojumatlan.--Lat. 20 deg. 07', long. 102 deg. 51', elev. 1530 m. A
village on the southeastern shore of Lago de Chapala;
mesquite-grassland.

Colola (Rio).--A small river emptying into the Pacific Ocean
between Maruata and Punto San Telmo.

Conejos (Los).--Lat. 19 deg. 22' long. 102 deg. 07', elev. 1850 m. A
village 6 kilometers west-southwest of Uruapan, and
sometimes known as Nuevo San Juan; pine-oak forest.

Copandaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 54', long. 101 deg. 12', elev. 1800 m. A
village on the south edge of the Lago de Cuitzeo lakebed;
mesquite-grassland.

Copuyo (Capuyo or Copullo).--Lat. 18 deg. 28', long. 100 deg. 56',
elev. 1200 m. A small village about 5 kilometers by road
west of Paso Ancho; transition between arid tropical scrub
forest and oak forest.

Cordillera Volcanica.--A mountain range along the southern
edge of the Mexican Plateau, roughly along the nineteenth
parallel, and made up of many volcanos; the range extends
from Volcan de Colima on the west to Cofre de Perote and
Orizaba in Veracruz; several of the volcanos reach
elevations of more than 4000 meters.

Corralito (El).--Lat. 18 deg. 52', long. 102 deg. 38', elev. 270 m.
A small village in the Tepalcatepec Valley, about 30
kilometers southwest of Apatzingan; arid tropical scrub
forest.

Corupu (Corupo).--Lat. 19 deg. 28', long. 102 deg. 19', elev. 2450
m. A village 29 kilometers northwest of Uruapan; pine
forest.

Cuatro Caminos.--Lat. 19 deg. 00', long. 102 deg. 05' elev. 335 m. A
village 4 kilometers south of Nueva Italia; arid tropical
scrub forest.

Cuilala (Playa).--Lat. 18 deg. 10', long. 103 deg. 06', sea level. A
sandy beach on the Pacific Ocean just east of La Higuerita.

Cuitzeo.--Lat. 19 deg. 58', long. 101 deg. 09', 1800 m. A village on
the north shore of the Lago de Cuitzeo lakebed;
mesquite-grassland.

Cuitzeo (Lago de).--A large lakebed on the Mexican Plateau
at an elevation of 1800 m. In dry years there is little
water in the lake, and most of the lakebed is dry; in very
wet years the entire lakebed is flooded. The Rio de Morelia
flows into the lake, which has no outlet; surrounding
vegetation is mesquite-grassland.

Cuseno Station.--Lat. 19 deg. 30', long. 102 deg. 16', elev. 2200 m.
A field station of the American Geological Society
established in 1945 and demolished in 1953; located at the
northern edge of the lava flow at Volcan Paricutin; remnants
of pine forest.

Diezmo (El).--Lat. 18 deg. 26', long. 103 deg. 19', elev. 850 m. A
ranch about 8 kilometers north of Coire; tropical
semi-deciduous forest.

Dos Aguas.--Lat. 18 deg. 45', long. 102 deg. 55', elev. 2100 m. A
lumber camp on the eastern slope of Cerro de Barolosa,
located about 22 kilometers west-northwest of Aguililla;
pine-oak forest and some fir forest in sheltered ravines.

Duero (Rio).--A small river having its headwaters near
Tangancicuaro and flowing northwestward into the Rio Lerma;
source of irrigation water for surrounding agricultural
area.

Emiliano Zapata.--Lat. 18 deg. 59', long. 102 deg. 39' elev. 1600 m.
A town 10 kilometers east of Jiquilpan; mesquite-grassland
and irrigated fields.

Erongaricuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 35', long. 101 deg. 43', elev. 2150 m.
A Tarascan village on the western shore of Lago de
Patzcuaro; pine forest.

Espinal (El).--Lat. 18 deg. 27', long. 102 deg. 07', elev. 500 m. A
ranch in the northern foothills of the Sierra de Coalcoman,
9 kilometers by road north-northeast of San Salvador; arid
tropical scrub forest.

Estopilas (Salitre de).--Lat. 18 deg. 30', long. 103 deg. 23', elev.
130 m. A small village about 10 kilometers east of Ostula;
tropical semi-deciduous forest and arid tropical scrub
forest.

Garnica (Cerro).--Lat. 19 deg. 43', long. 100 deg. 48', elev. 3000
m. A mountain about 8 kilometers north of Pino Gordo;
pine-oak-fir forest.

Garnica (Puerto de).--Lat. 19 deg. 42', long. 100 deg. 51', elev.
2840 m. A mountain pass 46 kilometers by road west of Ciudad
Hidalgo; pine and fir forest.

Gregorio (San).--Lat. 19 deg. 25', long. 101 deg. 24', elev. 2200 m.
A ranch about 16 kilometers southeast of Patzcuaro; pine
forest.

Guayabo.--Lat. 18 deg. 45', long. 102 deg. 15', elev. 760 m. A
village in the Sierra de Coalcoman about 32 kilometers
north-northeast of Arteaga; upper limits of arid tropical
scrub forest.

Herradero (Barranca de).--Lat. 18 deg. 17', long. 103 deg. 08',
elev. 200-250 m. A barranca south of San Pedro Naranjestila
in the Sierra de Coalcoman; tropical semi-deciduous forest.

Hidalgo (Ciudad).--Lat. 19 deg. 32', long. 100 deg. 34', elev. 2100
m. A town in the valley of the Rio Tuxpan;
mesquite-grassland and pine-oak forest.

Higuerita (La).--Lat. 18 deg. 12', long. 103 deg. 06', sea level. A
place name on the Pacific coast; sandy beach and arid
tropical scrub forest.

Higuertas (Las).--Lat. 18 deg. 39', long. 103 deg. 17', elev. 1600
m. A ranch about 7 hours by mule southwest of Coalcoman;
pine-oak forest.

Hondo (Puerto).--Lat. 19 deg. 25', long. 100 deg. 13', elev. 2750 m.
A pass in the mountains, 14 kilometers by road east of
Zitacuaro (just west of Macho de Agua); pine, oak, and fir
forest.

Huancana (La).--Lat. 18 deg. 58', long. 101 deg. 50', elev. 550 m. A
village in the Balsas Basin; arid tropical scrub forest.

Huahua (La).--Lat. 18 deg. 12', long. 103 deg. 00', sea level. A
small village on the Pacific coast; arid tropical scrub
forest and gallery forest along the Arroyo de Huahua.

Huetamo.--Lat. 18 deg. 38', long. 100 deg. 53', elev. 300 m. A town
in the Balsas Valley; arid tropical scrub forest.

Huingo.--Lat. 19 deg. 55', long. 100 deg. 50', elev. 1800 m. A
village on the eastern edge of the Lago de Cuitzeo lakebed;
mesquite-grassland.

Jacona.--Lat. 19 deg. 57', long. 102 deg. 18', elev. 1600 m. A small
town, 4.3 kilometers by road southwest of Zamora;
mesquite-grassland.

Jaramillo.--Lat. 19 deg. 20', long. 102 deg. 02', elev. 1500 m. A
ranch 9 kilometers by road south of Uruapan; pine-oak
forest.

Jazmin.--Lat. 18 deg. 52', long. 101 deg. 58', elev. 275 m. A
village in the Tepalcatepec Valley, 32 kilometers by road
southeast of Cuatro Caminos; open arid tropical scrub
forest.

Jerahuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 52', long. 100 deg. 35', elev. 2600 m. A
town in the northern part of the state and located east of
Lago de Cuitzeo; pine-oak forest.

Jiquilpan.--Lat. 19 deg. 59', long. 102 deg. 43', elev. 1570 m. A
town just southeast of Lago de Chapala; mesquite-grassland.

Jorullo (Volcan).--Lat 19 deg. 00', long. 101 deg. 45', elev. 1300
m. (crest). A cinder and lava cone rising from the foothills
of the Cordillera Volcanica; arid tropical scrub forest on
lower slopes and pine-oak forest on top.

Jungapeo.--Lat. 19 deg. 26', long. 100 deg. 29', elev. 1430 m. A
village in the valley of the Rio Tuxpan, about 13 kilometers
south of Tuxpan on the southern slopes of the Mexican
Plateau; tropical semi-deciduous forest and pine-oak forest.

Lengua de Vaca (Puerto de).--Lat. 19 deg. 26', long. 100 deg. 13',
elev. 2900 m. A pass in the mountains at the
Michoacan-Mexico border through which passes the Mexico
City-Morelia highway; pine and fir forest.

Lerma (Rio).--A river originating in the state of Mexico and
flowing westward, and forming the northern boundary of the
state of Michoacan, to Lago de Chapala.

Lima (San Juan de).--Lat. 18 deg. 29', long. 102 deg. 42', sea
level. A ranch on the Pacific coast; arid tropical scrub
forest and tropical semi-deciduous forest.

Lima (Punta San Juan de).--Lat. 18 deg. 38', long. 102 deg. 43', sea
level. A rocky promontory jutting into the Pacific Ocean
just southwest of San Juan de Lima; arid tropical scrub
forest.

Limoncito.--Lat. 18 deg. 45', long. 102 deg. 43', elev. 730 m. A
ranch 10 kilometers north of Aguililla; arid tropical scrub
forest; tropical semi-deciduous gallery forest along the
nearby Rio Tepecuate.

Lombardia.--Lat. 19 deg. 08', long. 102 deg. 02', elev. 640 m. A
town in the Tepalcatepec Valley, 38 kilometers by road south
of Uruapan; arid tropical scrub forest.

Lleguas (Acuaro de las).--Lat. 18 deg. 48', long. 102 deg. 52',
elev. 2320 m. A place name for a stream and meadow (Llano de
la Llegua) surrounded by pine-oak forest, located about 10
hours by mule east of Coalcoman.

Macho de Agua.--Lat. 19 deg. 25', long. 100 deg. 15', elev. 2850 m.
A ranch just west of Puerto de Lengua de Vaca and 16
kilometers by road east of Zitacuaro; mixed oak, pine, and
fir forest.

Maquili.--Lat. 18 deg. 36', long. 103 deg. 32', elev. 120 m. A
village on the Rio Aquila about 3 kilometers south-southwest
of Aguila; tropical semi-deciduous forest.

Maravatio.--Lat. 19 deg. 53', long. 100 deg. 27', elev. 2010 m. A
town in the Rio Lerma Valley; irrigated fields on flats and
pine-oak forest on slopes.

Marquez (Rio).--A tributary to the Rio Tepalcatepec, flowing
through a deep gorge (Barranca del Marquez) between
Lombardia and Nueva Italia. The stream originates from
springs near Uruapan, where the stream is known as the Rio
Cupatitzio.

Maruata.--Lat. 18 deg. 17', long. 103 deg. 20', sea level. Place
name for a Nineteenth Century port of little importance near
the mouth of the Rio Coire; sandy beach, fresh-water lagoon,
and arid tropical scrub forest.

Mexcala (Laguna).--Lat. 18 deg. 29', long. 103 deg. 41', sea level.
A brackish lagoon surrounded by mangroves, located just
southwest of El Ticuiz.

Mil Cumbres.--Lat. 19 deg. 39', long. 100 deg. 47', elev. 2800 m. A
name for a look-out on the Mexico-Morelia highway in Atzimba
National Park, about 32 kilometers by road west-southwest of
Ciudad Hidalgo; pine and fir forest.

Mira (La).--Lat. 18 deg. 05', long. 102 deg. 20', elev. 20 m. A
small village about 5 kilometers north-northeast of Playa
Azul; arid tropical scrub forest.

Morelia.--Lat. 19 deg. 43', long. 101 deg. 10', elev. 1900 m.
Capital of and largest city in Michoacan; mesquite-grassland
on flats and pine-oak forest on surrounding hills.

Morelia (Rio de).--A small, intermittent stream originating
in the mountains south of Morelia and emptying into Lago de
Cuitzeo.

Motin del Oro.--Lat. 18 deg. 14', long. 103 deg. 48', sea level. A
ranch on the Pacific coast; arid tropical scrub forest.

Motin (Rio).--Lat. 18 deg. 13', long. 103 deg. 48' (mouth). A small
river flowing from the Sierra de Coalcoman into the Pacific
Ocean.

Nahuatzen (Nauhuatzin).--Lat. 19 deg. 42', long. 101 deg. 50', elev.
2450 m. A Tarascan village in the mountains west of Lago de
Patzcuaro; pine forest.

Nexpa (Rio).--Lat. 18 deg. 05', long. 102 deg. 47' (mouth). A large
river draining the central part of the Sierra de Coalcoman,
originating near Aguililla, and flowing into the Pacific
Ocean.

Nogueleras.--Lat. 18 deg. 34', long. 103 deg. 17', elev. 1600 m. A
ranch about 10 hours by mule south-southwest of Coalcoman;
oak forest.

Nueva Italia.--Lat. 19 deg. 02', long. 102 deg. 07', elev. 380 m. A
town in the Tepalcatepec Valley, 59 kilometers by road south
of Uruapan; arid tropical scrub forest.

Nuevo (Rancho).--Lat. 18 deg. 26', long. 102 deg. 07', elev. 520 m.
A ranch 7 kilometers by road north-northeast of San Salvador
in the northern foothills of the Sierra de Coalcoman; arid
tropical scrub forest.

Ocorla.--Lat. 18 deg. 38', long. 103 deg. 07', elev. 885 m. A ranch
about 6 hours by mule south-southeast of Coalcoman; scrubby
oak forest.

Opopeo.--Lat. 19 deg. 24', long. 101 deg. 37', elev. 2800 m. A
village 16 kilometers south of Patzcuaro; pine and fir
forest.

Orilla (La).--Lat. 18 deg. 00', long. 102 deg. 12', elev. 10 m. The
site of a former hacienda of the same name near the mouth of
the Rio Balsas; arid tropical scrub forest.

Oropeo.--Lat. 18 deg. 52', long. 101 deg. 48', elev. 300 m. A
village in the Tepalcatepec Valley about 13 kilometers south
of La Huacana; arid tropical scrub forest.

Ostula.--Lat. 18 deg. 30', long. 103 deg. 28', elev. 120 m. A
village in the seaward foothills of the Sierra de Coalcoman,
located on the Rio Ostula about 16 kilometers east-southeast
of La Placita; arid tropical scrub forest and scattered
tropical semi-deciduous forest.

Ozumatlan (Sierra de).--A range in the Cordillera Volcanica
extending east-northeast from a point south of Morelia to
Querendaro and reaching elevations in excess of 2600 m.

Palma (La).--Lat. 20 deg. 09', long. 102 deg. 46', elev. 1525 m. A
village on the southeastern shore of Lago de Chapala;
lake-shore marshes and mesquite-grassland.

Paracho.--Lat. 19 deg. 39', long. 102 deg. 02', elev. 2375 m. A
Tarascan village in the Cordillera Volcanica, located 35
kilometers by road north of Uruapan; pine forest.

Parangaricutiro (San Juan de).--Lat. 19 deg. 30', long. 102 deg.
15', elev. 2200 m. A former Tarascan village that was
destroyed by the eruption of Volcan Paricutin; lava and
volcanic ash amidst open pine forest.

Paricutin (Volcan).--Lat. 19 deg. 30', long. 102 deg. 16', elev.
2200 m. at base and 2700 m. at summit. A volcano born in
February, 1943; it ceased to be active in December, 1951,
and is located at the north-northeastern base of Cerro de
Tancitaro; volcanic ash and lava amidst open pine forest.

Paso Ancho.--Lat. 19 deg. 28', long. 100 deg. 52', elev. 1100 m. A
small village 30 kilometers south of El Temazcal on the road
to Huetamo; arid tropical scrub forest.

Patamba (Sierra).--Lat. 19 deg. 45', long. 102 deg. 21', elev. 3700
m. at summit. A mountain, the summit of which is about 22
kilometers southwest of Tangancicuaro; pine forest from 2000
to 2600 m.; fir forest above 2600 m.

Patzcuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 30', long. 101 deg. 36', elev. 2200 m. A
town near the southeastern shore of Lago de Patzcuaro; pine
forest.

Patzcuaro (Lago de).--A large lake on the southwestern part
of the Mexican Plateau at an elevation of 2165 m. It has no
outlet. The lake is surrounded by mountains supporting pine
and pine-oak forest. Along the southern and eastern shores
of the lake are small marshes.

Penas (Las).--Lat. 18 deg. 03', long. 102 deg. 38', sea level. A
small village on the Pacific coast; arid tropical scrub
forest.

Pichi (Estero).--Lat. 18 deg. 01', long. 102 deg. 24', sea level. A
brackish lagoon surrounded by mangroves and coconut groves,
located just east of Playa Azul.

Pino Gordo.--Lat. 19 deg. 42', long. 100 deg. 45', elev. 2600 m. A
ranch 37 kilometers by road west of Ciudad Hidalgo; pine-oak
forest.

Placita (La).--Lat. 18 deg. 32', long. 103 deg. 37', elev. 20 m. A
village on the coastal lowlands, located on the Rio Aquila;
arid tropical scrub forest; tropical semi-deciduous forest
along the river.

Playa (La).--Lat. 18 deg. 57', long. 102 deg. 33', elev. 800 m. A
small village on the western edge of the lava flow of Volcan
Jorullo; arid tropical scrub forest and some tropical
semi-deciduous forest in ravines.

Playa Azul.--Lat. 18 deg. 01', long. 102 deg. 25', sea level. A
village on the Pacific coast near the mouth of the Rio
Carrizal; arid tropical scrub forest; coconut plantations;
mangrove-lined lagoons.

Pomaro.--Lat. 18 deg. 18', long. 103 deg. 17', elev. 300 m. An
Indian village in the southern foothills of the Sierra de
Coalcoman, located about 3 hours by mule north-northeast of
Maruata; tropical semi-deciduous forest.

Pozos (Los).--Lat. 18 deg. 30', long. 103 deg. 17', elev. 300 m. A
ranch located about 5 hours by mule north of Coire; tropical
semi-deciduous forest.

Querendaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 48', long. 100 deg. 53', elev. 1900 m. A
town on the Mexican Plateau south of Lago de Cuitzeo;
mesquite-grassland.

Quiroga.--Lat. 19 deg. 42', long. 101 deg. 30', elev. 2200 m. A
Tarascan town on the north edge of Lago de Patzcuaro;
mesquite-grassland and pine-oak forest.

Reyes (Los).--Lat. 19 deg. 35', long. 102 deg. 28', elev. 1500 m. A
town in western Michoacan, 50 kilometers south-southwest of
Zamora; mesquite-grassland, oak and pine forest.

Sabino (El).--Lat. 19 deg. 14', long. 102 deg. 03', elev. 1050 m. A
hacienda about 24 kilometers south of Uruapan; arid tropical
scrub forest, many streams, rice fields.

Sahuayo.--Lat. 20 deg. 05', long. 102 deg. 43', elev. 1550 m. A town
just south of the eastern end of Lago de Chapala;
mesquite-grassland.

Salada (La).--Lat. 19 deg. 07', long. 102 deg. 00', elev. 580 m. A
ranch southwest of Lombardia; arid tropical scrub forest.

Salto (Arroyo El).--Lat. 18 deg. 45', long. 103 deg. 04', elev. 1370
m. A valley of the Rio Flores about 3 hours by mule
east-southeast of Coalcoman; pine-oak forest.

San Andres (Cerro).--Lat. 19 deg. 48', long. 100 deg. 35', elev.
3950 m. at summit. A mountain, the summit of which is about
16 kilometers north-northwest of Ciudad Hidalgo; oak forest
to 2500 m. and pine and fir forest above 2500 m.

San Jose (de la Cumbre).--Lat. 19 deg. 41', long. 100 deg. 50',
elev. 2750 m. A ranch 51 kilometers by road east of Morelia;
pine and fir forest.

San Jose (de la Montana).--Lat. 18 deg. 25', long. 103 deg. 06',
elev. 750 m. A village sometimes called La Guitarra, located
14 hours by mule south-southeast of Coalcoman; tropical
semi-deciduous forest.

San Pedro Naranjestila.--Lat. 18 deg. 17', long. 103 deg. 06', elev.
500 m. An Indian village in the southern foothills of the
Sierra de Coalcoman; tropical semi-deciduous forest.

San Salvador.--Lat. 18 deg. 25', long. 102 deg. 08', elev. 700 m. A
small village in the Sierra de Coalcoman, 37 kilometers by
road northeast of Arteaga; arid tropical scrub forest.

San Telmo (Ojos de Agua de).--Lat. 18 deg. 37', long. 103 deg. 42',
sea level. A small settlement at the base of Punto San Juan
de Lima; tropical semi-deciduous forest and groves of oil
palms.

San Telmo (Punta).--Lat. 18 deg. 18', long. 103 deg. 29', sea level.
A rocky promontory jutting into the Pacific Ocean, on which
there is a lighthouse (El Faro); arid tropical scrub forest.

Santa Ana.--Lat. 18 deg. 27', long. 102 deg. 06', elev. 600 m. A
ranch about 4 kilometers by road northeast of San Salvador;
arid tropical scrub forest.

Tacambaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 05', long. 101 deg. 22', elev. 1820 m. A
town in the Cordillera Volcanica; pine forest.

Tacicuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 38', long. 101 deg. 18', elev. 2000 m. A
village 21 kilometers east-southeast of Quiroga;
mesquite-grassland and scrubby oak forest.

Tafetan.--Lat. 19 deg. 43', long. 100 deg. 52', elev. 1000 m. A
village 40 kilometers by road south of El Temazcal; arid
tropical scrub forest.

Tancitaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 20', long. 102 deg. 22', elev. 1850 m. A
small town on the southern slope of Cerro de Tancitaro;
pine-oak forest.

Tancitaro (Cerro de).--Lat. 19 deg. 25', long. 102 deg. 18', elev.
3870 m. at summit. An old volcano in the Cordillera
Volcanica; the southern slope drops into the Tepalcatepec
Valley; the summit is about 30 kilometers west of Uruapan;
pine and oak forest on lower slopes replaced by pine or fir
forest above.

Tangamandapio.--Lat. 19 deg. 56', long. 102 deg. 25', elev. 1700 m.
A small town on the Mexican Plateau between Jiquilpan and
Zamora; mesquite-grassland and irrigated fields.

Tangancicuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 52', long. 102 deg. 13', elev. 1770 m.
A town 12 kilometers by road southeast of Zamora;
mesquite-grassland and irrigated fields.

Tarascos (Sierra de los).--A name applied to that part of
the Cordillera Volcanica extending eastward from Cerro de
Tancitaro and Sierra Patamba to Patzcuaro.

Tarecuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 53', long. 102 deg. 29', elev. 1700 m. A
village on the Mexican Plateau, 26 kilometers southwest of
Zamora; mesquite-grassland and pine-oak forest.

Tecatas (Las).--Lat. 18 deg. 36', long. 103 deg. 17', elev. 1950 m.
A ranch located about 10 hours by mule south-southwest of
Coalcoman; oak forest.

Temazcal (El).--Lat. 19 deg. 40', long. 100 deg. 56', elev. 2200 m.
A road junction, 29 kilometers east of Morelia; here the
road to Huetamo leads south from the Mexico City-Morelia
highway; pine forest.

Tepalcatepec.--Lat. 19 deg. 10', long. 102 deg. 50', elev. 570 m. A
village in the upper Tepalcatepec Valley; arid tropical
scrub forest.

Tepalcatepec (Rio).--A large river having its headwaters in
southeastern Jalisco and flowing through a broad valley,
which separates the Cordillera Volcanica from the Sierra de
Coalcoman, to the Rio Balsas.

Ticuiz (El).--Lat. 18 deg. 40', long. 103 deg. 40', elev. 10 m. A
village on the coastal plain about 11 kilometers south of
Coahuayana; arid tropical scrub forest and tropical
semi-deciduous forest.

Tinguidin.--Lat. 19 deg. 45', long. 102 deg. 28', elev. 1800 m. A
small town, 17 kilometers north of Los Reyes; pine-oak
forest.

Tizupan (Rio).--Lat. 18 deg. 09', long. 102 deg. 55' (mouth). A
small river flowing southward from the Sierra de Coalcoman
to the Pacific Ocean.

Tlalpujahua.--Lat. 19 deg. 48', long. 100 deg. 10', elev. 2600 m. A
mining town in the northeastern part of the state; pine and
fir forest.

Tumbiscatio.--Lat. 18 deg. 32', long. 102 deg. 20', elev. 900 m. A
town in the Sierra de Coalcoman; arid tropical scrub forest.

Tupataro.--Lat. 19 deg. 53', long. 100 deg. 15', elev. 2050 m. A
village in the northeastern corner of the state, 13
kilometers northwest of Tlalpujahua; oak forest.

Tuxpan.--Lat. 19 deg. 35', long. 100 deg. 27', elev. 1850 m. A town
in a basin nearly surrounded by mountains and near the
headwaters of the Rio Tuxpan, 19 kilometers by road
east-southeast of Ciudad Hidalgo; arid mesquite-grassland
and irrigated fields.

Tuxpan (Rio).--A river draining the mountains in the eastern
part of the state and flowing southward into the Rio Balsas.

Tzararacua (Cascada).--Lat. 19 deg. 18', long. 102 deg. 02', 1430 m.
A waterfalls of the Rio Cupatitzio, 10.5 kilometers by road
south of Uruapan; oak forest with scattered pines.

Tzintzuntzan.--Lat. 19 deg. 38', long. 101 deg. 35', elev. 2170 m. A
village at the site of the seat of the ancient Tarascan
empire on the eastern shore of Lago de Patzcuaro; grasslands
and marshes.

Tzitzio.--Lat. 19 deg. 35', long. 100 deg. 55', elev. 1630 m. A
village 16 kilometers by road south of El Temazcal; pine-oak
and arid tropical scrub forest.

Ucareo (Serrania de).--A part of the Cordillera Volcanica,
including Cerro San Andres.

Undameo.--Lat. 19 deg. 34', long. 101 deg. 17', elev. 2000 m. A
village 20 kilometers west-southwest of Morelia;
mesquite-grassland.

Uruapan.--Lat. 19 deg. 25', long. 102 deg. 02', elev. 1630 m. A
large town on the southern slopes of the Cordillera
Volcanica; pine-oak forest.

Zacapu.--Lat. 19 deg. 48', long. 101 deg. 47', elev. 2000 m. A town
on the Mexican Plateau; mesquite-grassland.

Zamora.--Lat. 19 deg. 59', long. 102 deg. 17', elev. 1570 m. A large
town on the Mexican Plateau; mesquite-grassland.

Zicuiran.--Lat. 18 deg. 53', long. 101 deg. 55', elev. 190 m. A
small village 23 kilometers east-southeast of Cuatro
Caminos; arid tropical scrub forest.

Zinapecuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 52', long. 100 deg. 49', elev. 1900 m. A
town near the southeastern end of Lago de Cuitzeo;
mesquite-grassland and pine-oak forest.

Ziracuaretiro.--Lat. 19 deg. 25', long. 101 deg. 52', elev. 1230 m.
A village 19 kilometers by road east of Uruapan; transition
between pine-oak forest and arid tropical scrub forest.

Zirimicuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 24', long. 101 deg. 56', elev. 1300 m. A
hacienda 13 kilometers by road east of Uruapan; pine-oak
forest and fields of sugar cane.

Zitacuaro.--Lat. 19 deg. 25', long. 100 deg. 21', elev. 2100 m. A
town in the highlands of eastern Michoacan; pine-oak forest.

Zurumbeneo.--Lat. 19 deg. 43', long. 101 deg. 02', elev. 2100 m. A
ranch 19 kilometers by road east of Morelia; scrubby oak
forest.

SUMMARY

The preceding analysis of the amphibians and reptiles of the state of Michoacan shows that the herpetofauna is composed of 176 species and subspecies definitely recorded from the state, plus ten others that probably occur there. Ten species are reported for the first time from Michoacan: _Pseudoeurycea robertsi_, _Leptodactylus occidentalis_, _Microbatrachylus pygmaeus_, _Pternohyla fodiens_, _Hypopachus caprimimus_, _Phyllodactylus homolepidurus_, _Anolis dunni_, _Sceloporus bulleri_, _Sceloporus heterolepis,_ and _Geagras redimitus_. Five species that have been reported previously from Michoacan are based on specimens having unreliable locality data or on misidentifications; therefore, the following species are not considered to be a part of the herpetofauna of Michoacan: _Caiman crocodilus fuscus_, _Urosaurus irregularis_, _Geophis nasalis_, _Tropidodipsas fasciata guerreroensis_, and _Micrurus fitzingeri fitzingeri_.

Systematic studies based at least in part on specimens from Michoacan have resulted in a redefinition of nine species and subspecies: _Bufo marmoreus_, _Bufo perplexus_, _Anolis nebulosus_, _Anolis nebuloides_, _Sceloporus bulleri_, _Sceloporus heterolepis_, _Sceloporus melanorhinus calligaster_, _Hypsiglena torquata torquata_, and _Hypsiglena torquata ochrorhyncha_.

Nine species that previously have been recognized as valid have been placed in synonymy. These are: _Bufo horribilis_ Wiegmann, 1833, and _Bufo angustipes_ Smith and Taylor, 1945, as synonyms of _Bufo marinus_ (Linnaeus), 1758. _Microbatrachylus albolabris_ Taylor, 1940, _Microbatrachylus minimus_ Taylor, 1940, and _Microbatrachylus imitator_ Taylor, 1942, as synonyms of _Microbatrachylus pygmaeus_ (Taylor), 1937. _Phrynohyas corasterias_ Shannon and Humphrey, 1957, as a synonym of _Phrynohyas inflata_ (Taylor), 1944. _Hyla microeximia_ Maslin, 1957, as a synonym of _Hyla eximia_ Baird, 1854. _Hylella azteca_ Taylor, 1943, as a synonym of _Hyla smaragdina_ Taylor, 1940. _Loxocemus sumichrasti_ Bocourt, 1876, as a synonym of _Loxocemus bicolor_ Cope, 1861. _Eleutherodactylus vocalis_ Taylor, 1940, is considered to be a subspecies of _Eleutherodactylus rugulosus_. The populations of _Thamnophis dorsalis_ in the Tepalcatepec Valley are shown to be distinct from those inhabiting the highlands of the state; _Thamnophis dorsalis postremus_ Smith, 1942, is revived for the population in the Tepalcatepec Valley.

Descriptions are given of the tadpoles of _Bufo occidentalis_ and _Hyla bistincta_.

LITERATURE CITED

ANDERSON, J. D.

1960. _Storeria storerioides_ in western Mexico. Herpetologica, 16:63-6, March 31.

BOGERT, C. M., and OLIVER, J. A.

1945. A preliminary analysis of the herpetofauna of Sonora. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:297-426, March 30.

BOULENGER, G. A.

1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum, vol. II. London, xiii + 497 pp., November 15.

1894. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum, vol. II, London, xi + 382 pp., September 23.

CONANT, R.

1953. Three new water snakes of the genus _Natrix_ from Mexico. Nat. Hist. Misc., 126:1-9, September 15.

CONTRERAS ARIAS, A.

1942. Mapa de las provincias climatologicas de la Republica Mexicana. Dir. Meteoro, Hidro. Inst. Geog. Mexico, xxvii + 54 pp.

COPE, E. D.

1861. Contributions to the ophidiology of Lower California, Mexico, and Central America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 13:292-306, December 28.

1887. Catalogue of batrachians and reptiles of Central America and Mexico. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 32:1-98.

DAVIS, W. B.

1954. Three new anoles from Mexico. Herpetologica, 10:1-6, April 20.

DAVIS, W. B., and DIXON, J. R.

1957. Notes on Mexican snakes (Ophidia). Southwest. Nat., 2:19-27, January.

DAVIS, W. B., and SMITH, H. M.

1953. Lizards and turtles of the Mexican state of Morelos. Herpetologica. 9:100-108, July 22.

DIXON, J. R.

1957. Geographic variation and distribution of the genus _Tomodactylus_ in Mexico. Texas Jour. Sci., 9:379-409, December.

1960. Two new geckos, genus _Phyllodactylus_ (Reptilia: Sauria), from Michoacan, Mexico. Southwest. Nat., 5:37-42, April 15.

DOWLING, H. G.

1960. A taxonomic study of the ratsnakes, genus _Elaphe_ Fitzinger. VII. The _triaspis_ section, Zoologica, 45:53-80, August 15.

DUELLMAN, W. E.

1954a. The salamander _Plethodon richmondi_ in southwestern Ohio. Copeia, 1950 (1):40-45, February 19.

1954b. The amphibians and reptiles of Jorullo Volcano, Michoacan, Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 560:1-24, October 22.

1955. A new whiptail lizard, genus _Cnemidorphorus_, from Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 574:1-7, December 23.

1956a. The frogs of the hylid genus _Phrynohyas_ Fitzinger, 1843. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 96:1-47, February 21.

1956b. A new snake of the genus _Leptotyphlops_ from Michoacan, Mexico. Copeia, 1956 (2):93-94, May 29.

1957a. Sexual dimorphism in the hylid frog _Agalychnis dacnicolor_ Cope, and the status of _Agalychnis alcorni_ Taylor. Herpetologica, 13:29-30, March 30.

1957b. Notes on snakes from the Mexican state of Sinaloa. Herpetologica, 13:237-240, October 31.

1958a. A monographic study of the colubrid snake genus _Leptodeira_. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 114:1-152, February 24.

1958b. Comments on the type locality and geographic distribution of _Urosaurus gadowi_. Copeia, 1958 (1):48-49, February 21.

1958c. A preliminary analysis of the herpetofauna of Colima, Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 589:1-22, March 21.

1959. Two new snakes, genus _Geophis_, from Michoacan, Mexico. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 605:1-9, May 29.

1960a. A new subspecies of lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacan, Mexico. Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:587-598, May 2.

1960b. A taxonomic study of the Middle American snake Pituophis deppei, Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 10:599-610, May 2.

1960c. Variation, distribution, and ecology of the Mexican teiid lizard _Cnemidophorus calidipes_. Copeia, 1960(2):97-101, June 29.

1960d. A distributional study of the amphibians of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 13:19-72, August 16.

DUELLMAN, W. E., and DIXON, J. R.

1959. A new frog of the genus _Tomodactylus_ from Michoacan, Mexico. Texas Jour. Sci., 11:78-82, March.

DUELLMAN, W. E., and DUELLMAN, A. S.

1959. Notes on the variation, distribution, and ecology of the iguanid lizard _Enyaliosaurus clarki_. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 598:1-10, February 16.

DUELLMAN, W. E., and WELLMAN, J.

1960. A systematic study of the lizards of the _deppei_ group (Genus _Cnemidophorus_) in Mexico and Guatemala. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 111:1-80, February 10.

DUGES, A.

1884. Dos reptiles de Mexico. La Naturaleza, 6:359-362.