Chapter XIII: Part II: 1, The os occipitale (1, dorsal; 2, two lateral; 3, ventral (12)

In these series there should be studied the heart and circulation, which will be found similar to the sections from the embryo seventy-two hours old.

Work out a summary of the relations of the allantois and the yolk stalk to the intestines; the relations of the Wolffian ducts to the intestines; the origin of the ureters from the Wolffian ducts; the relations of the lungs, the liver, and the thyroid gland; the relations of the blood-vessels; a study of the muscle plates; the relations of epiphysis, hypophysis, infundibulum, mouth, and pharynx; the relations of the vagus, or pneumogastric, trifacial, acoustico-facialis, and glosso-pharyngeal nerves to the visceral arches.

In addition to the study of embryos at the end of each of the first four days of incubation, a study should be made of preserved museum specimens each of which represents the development of a day up to and including the twenty-first day.

THE DERIVATIVES OF THE GERM-LAYERS

From the three primary germ-layers are developed the various tissues and organs of the body by metamorphoses which may be referred to the two fundamental processes of specialization, or the adaptation of structure to function, and of unequal growth, which latter results in the formation of folds, ridges, and constrictions.

From the ectoderm are produced:

The epidermis and its appendages, including the nails, the epithelium in connection to the feathers and the feathers.

The infoldings of the epidermis, including the epithelium of the mouth, epithelium of the salivary glands and the anterior lobe of the pituitary body, or hypophysis.

The epithelium of the nasal tract with its glands and communicating cavities.

The epithelium lining the external auditory canal, including the outer stratum of the membrana tympani.

The lining of the anus.

The epithelium of the conjunctiva and of the anterior part of the cornea, the crystalline lens.

The spinal cord, the brain with its outgrowths, including the optic nerve, the retina, and the posterior lobe of the pituitary body.

The epithelium of the inner ear.

From the entoderm are produced:

The epithelium of the respiratory tract.

The epithelium of the digestive tract, from the back part of the pharynx to the anus, including its associated glands, the liver, and the pancreas.

The epithelial parts of the middle ear and of the eustachian tube.

The epithelium of the thymus and the thyroid bodies.

From the mesoderm are developed:

Connective tissue in all its modified forms, such as bone, cartilage, lymph, blood, fibrous and areolar tissue.

Muscle tissue.

All endothelial cells, as of joint-cavities, bursal sacs, lymph sacs, blood-vessels, pericardium, and endocardium, pleura, and peritoneum.

The spleen.

The kidneys and ureters.

The testicles and the system of excretory ducts.

The ovary and oviduct.

PREPARATION OF STRUCTURES FOR STUDY

It is hoped that the following suggestions will be helpful in the laboratory work.

=Directions for Dissecting Muscles.=—The muscles that are brought into great play in movements of the bird’s limbs are dark carmine in color, while those which are not brought greatly into use are pale or white in color.

The tendons are made up of white fibrous connective tissue, are very dense, and pearly white in color.

In securing a bird for dissection of muscles it is best to select one in rather poor flesh, as the fat is annoying. The bird may be chloroformed or killed in a bell jar by aid of illuminating gas. After the bird is dead pluck all the feathers and immerse it in a 10 per cent. solution of formaldehyde or of 80 per cent. alcohol. It is best to puncture the abdominal wall so that the fluid may at once fill the abdominal cavity and more readily gain access to the chest cavity; and to puncture the skin at various points so that the liquid may more quickly become disseminated among the muscular structures. Post-mortem changes quickly take place if these precautions are not taken. The liquid surrounding the carcass should be at least twice the quantity of the bulk of the carcass.

The first dissection should be to lay bare the dermal muscles. The dermal muscles are of two kinds, true dermal and dermo-osseous. The dermal muscles have their origin and insertion in the skin, and control the movements of the different groups of feathers. The dermo-osseous have their origin on some part of the skeleton, and insert to the integuments.

The dermal muscles vary with the characteristics of the bird, we do not find all the known dermal muscles in any one specimen. A cock of the Cornish breed will show these muscles best developed. Birds possess an enormous system of minute muscles divided up into an infinite number of fasciculi, to act harmoniously upon the feather quills and to agitate collectively the plumage. By the aid of a low-power lens the action of the feather muscles in the large quill butts of the wing or the tail may be studied.

The muscles may be studied in groups as outlined in the text. Make an incision through the skin down to the bone on the superior part of the head, parallel and close to the base of the upper mandible, and extending completely across. From the outer end of this make an incision backward and down to the skull and posteriorly. The muscles of the upper part of the neck will then be exposed. The straight incision should extend to about a half inch on the inside of the upper eyelid of the same side. Reflect the flap of skin from the top of the skull, and carefully examine the under side of it in the median line, where it overlies the frontal region. The dermo-frontalis will be observed if it be present. In many birds, especially in females, it may not be discernible, and may be considered absent. To expose the circumconcha make an incision completely around the ear; then carefully dissect to the ear base. A dermal circular muscle should be observed. To expose the dermo-temporalis extend the longitudinal incision down the back of the neck to a point between the clavicular heads, carrying it just through the skin and about one-fourth of an inch to the side of the median line. Remove the skin from the throat and the anterior portion of the chest. Lay open the alar and parapatagial duplicatures of the skin. This exposes a number of dermal muscles. The dermo-temporalis is now observed to extend from a small depression just above and anterior to the temporal fossa. It makes slight attachments to the temporal muscle, which it covers, and extends backward as a thin ribbon-shaped muscle, the fibers blending with those of the cleido-trachealis, and becomes lost upon the skin in front and opposite the shoulder-joint. At times its fibers blend with those of the dermo-tensor patagii.

As the musculature of the fowl is loosely arranged, the rest of the dissection is easily done if care be exercised.

The ligaments may be dissected after the completion of the study of muscles, using the same subject or, a two pound broiler be prepared by killing in the gas chamber, plucking the feathers and parboiling just till the flesh becomes tender and is easily removed, it will be observed that all structures can be removed from the points exposing the ligaments distinctly. The ligaments appear swollen and more easily observed for study.

=Directions for the Study of the Viscera.=—Carefully remove the right and the left abdominal and thoracic walls, allowing a strip of tissue to remain in the median line to hold the organs in their normal position. To open these cavities it is necessary to use the bone saw and the scalpel. The organs may now be studied from each side. To make a longitudinal section through the median line, select a small bird, one weighing not more than 2 pounds, kill, and preserve in a 10 per cent. solution of formaldehyde for three days. Then with a sharp, thin, long-bladed knife make an incision at one sweep through the median line of the body down to the back bone, and with the bone saw section through the vertebræ. If it is difficult to cut through the breast-bone, saw through before making the incision. In small birds the entire cut may be made without the aid of the saw.

=Directions for the Study of Arteries.=—Arteries should be injected. Veins are usually more or less filled with blood so that the tracing of these is not so difficult as the tracing of uninjected arteries. Nerves are white and no difficulty is usually encountered in tracing them.

The courses of arteries, veins, and nerves are side by side, and many of them, as in mammals, are arranged in the order of veins, arteries, nerves, the veins being in front.

The injection apparatus consists of the following parts: air-compression chamber, to which is attached a pressure pump. A manometer made of glass tubing 6 millimeters in diameter, inside measurement. This tube is partly filled with mercury, and a scale in centimeters is made from the top of the right-hand tube (Fig. 84, No. 8). This ruling, or gauge, should be about 15 centimeters long. Extending from the right extremity of the U-tube is a small rubber tubing which is attached to the chamber containing the injection fluid; and extending from the inferior part of this chamber is another tubing which has the injection needle attached to the free end.

The injection should be done under 120 millimeters pressure. The stop cock of the pressure chamber is released sufficiently to raise the mercury in the U-tube six centimeters, which multiplied by 2, the amount of work required to raise two columns, makes 120 millimeters pressure. If this pressure be maintained, all vessels should be injected without rupture. The same process may be used in injecting the air cells through the trachea.

The injecting material may consist of one part finely sifted plaster of Paris, four parts water, and sufficient gentian violet to make a violet color. For the coloring, red aniline may be used in preparing this material. The dye should be dissolved in the water to be used in making the injection liquid. Caution must be used and the work rapidly done, as the plaster soon sets, or becomes solid, in the needle or in the tubing. A small cannula should be used, since the endothelial lining of the arteries are easily injured and difficulty may thus be created.

Select for arterial dissection an old cock, as in a bird of this kind the arteries are larger and the difficulties are reduced. Select for bleeding and injection the ischiadic artery in the thigh region. With the sharp point of the thin blade of a knife make an incision lengthwise of the artery being careful not to strip back the endothelial lining of the artery. Allow as much of the blood as will escape before injecting; in fact, the arteries should be thoroughly emptied, so that there is no longer danger of a clot’s plugging some vessel and thus preventing its filling. Since the blood of most birds coagulates in about thirty seconds, this work must be done rapidly, care being exercised to keep the flow running as long as possible. After bleeding is completed, insert the cannula and tie the vessel tightly around the cannula to prevent the escape of the injecting fluid. See that all connections are sufficiently tight to prevent the escape of liquid under pressure. After the injection is completed, remove the cannula and tie the artery with a small twine, preferably cotton. Quickly remove all injecting fluid from the needle, the tubing, and the injecting chamber.

During the operation of bleeding the cock may be chloroformed, care being taken not to administer chloroform to kill him; for it is necessary to maintain life as long as possible so that the heart may be kept beating and all blood possible drained from the arteries. After the injection is completed the bird may be plucked and immersed in the preservative fluid in the same manner as in the preparation for dissection for muscles.

The arteries, the veins, and the nerves may now be dissected and studied in relation to one another and in relation to the muscles, the bones, and other structures. The skin should not be removed from the shanks till it is desired to dissect these parts, as the tissues quickly dry out. In fact, the tendons of the shanks and toes can best be dissected while the specimen is fresh.

=A Study of the Structure of Bones.=—Longitudinal and transverse sections of old bone may be made by making thin longitudinal and transverse sections with the bone saw, and then by making them very thin with a fine three-cornered file. Examining under the low power microscope, we note the lacunæ, the canaliculi, and the Haversian system.

Similar sections in green bone may be studied if prepared as follows. Secure specimen of bone just removed from a fowl and place it for three days in a 10 per cent. aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid. Test by puncturing with a needle, and, if all the mineral salts are removed, place in a water bath and wash for four hours. Pass it through the fluids usually employed in preparing specimens for sectioning with the microtome. Stain as sections of other tissue for microscopic study. See the description below. If the ends of the bone be included, it will enable the student to study not only compact bone but also cancellated bone and articular, or hyaline cartilage, and in some of the bones, as the femur, the red marrow.

=Special Technic for the Dissection of Cranial and Spinal Nerves.=—It is rather difficult to dissect the cranial and spinal nerves of the fowl, owing to the fact that the structures are very small. The bone is rather hard and the nerve tissue so delicate that great skill must be attained to achieve any degree of success.

A simple technic has been developed as follows: Place the head and neck, or other structures of the spinal column in a 10 per cent. aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid for three or more days, the time depending on the size of the specimen and the amount of soft structures surrounding it. This solution removes all the calcium salts from the bone and makes the removal of the bony structures a less difficult task.

=Directions for the Study of Soft Structures.=—Secure a specimen of the tissue to be studied—lung, muscle, intestine, liver, pancreas—from a normal fowl just killed. The specimen should be not more than ½ inch square. After first hardening three days in 10 per cent. formaldehyde. Pass through the following fluids:

1. Alcohol, 95 per cent. 24 hours 2. Alcohol, absolute 24 hours 3. Alcohol and ether, equal parts 24 hours 4. 1 per cent. celloidin 24 hours 5. 2 per cent. celloidin 24 hours 6. 4 per cent. celloidin 24 hours 7. 6 per cent. celloidin 24 hours 8. 10 per cent. celloidin 24 hours 9. Place on block, and as soon as solid, place in 80 per cent. alcohol until ready to section. Histoloid or parlodion will take the place of celloidin.

In placing specimen on the block be careful that the specimen lies conveniently for cutting the sections in the right direction. As soon as the surface has hardened a little, add a few drops of thick celloidin, and repeat until there is a good body of celloidin. Allow to stand until the tissues are quite firmly fastened to the block, but not long enough to permit shrinking. Then place in 80 per cent. alcohol until the specimen is perfectly firm, 12 or more hours, before cutting.

All tissues, cut sections, and mounted blocks are to be placed in 80 per cent. alcohol. As containers for this purpose shell vials will be most handy.

Cut the sections with the microtome as thin as possible, the thinner the better. The following process of staining will make the nucleus blue and the cytoplasm reddish.

1. Float section in a tumbler of tap water.

2. Place section on slide, and immerse in hematoxylon for five to ten
minutes.

3. Immerse in acid alcohol from two to five seconds.

5. Place on slide, and immerse in eosin from one-half to three
minutes.

6. Wash thoroughly in alcohol.

7. Clarify in oil of cloves, oil of cedar, or beechwood creosote, ten
minutes.

8. Mount in balsam.

9. Label and study.

Delafield’s hematoxylon is prepared as follows:

Hematoxylon crystals 4 grams
Alcohol, 95 per cent 25 c.c.
Saturated aqueous solution of ammonia alum 400 c.c.

Add the hematoxylon dissolved in the alcohol to the alum solution, and expose in an unstoppered bottle to the light and air for three or four days. Filter and add:

Glycerin 100 c.c.
Alcohol, 95 per cent. 100 c.c.

Allow the solution to stand in the light until the color is sufficiently dark; then filter, and keep in a tightly stoppered bottle. The solution keeps well and is extremely powerful. So long as it is good the solution has a purplish tinge. If time permits, it would be wise to combine the alum, the hematoxylin, and the water, and to ripen the solution for two or three weeks before adding the other ingredients, which have a tendency to prevent oxidation.

The acid alcohol is made as follows:

Absolute alcohol 70 c.c.
Distilled water 30 c.c.
Mix.

Above solution 99 c.c.
Hydrochloric acid 1 c.c.

Eosin is sold in two forms, that soluble in water and that soluble in alcohol. The eosin soluble in water is preferred, because with it a greater degree of diffusion in stain can be obtained.

Keep on hand a saturated aqueous solution and dilute with water as needed. The strength of the solution to be used varies somewhat with the tissue and the reagent in which it is to be fixed; but usually the strength should be between ⅒ and ½ per cent. when eosin is used after hematoxylin. The diluted solutions should contain 25 per cent. of alcohol, otherwise they will not keep well. When eosin is used before an aniline dye, such as methylene blue, a 5 per cent. or even a saturated solution should be used.

=To Stain Sections of Liver for the Study of Kupffer Cells.=—To bring out this reaction Keys suggests the following technic:

Fix small blocks of the fresh tissue of spleen or liver for eighteen to twenty-four hours in Müller’s fluid plus 5 per cent. mercuric sublimate. Imbed in paraffin and section to 4 microns. Fix sections to slide, and stain twenty to forty minutes with acid carmine. Wash, and transfer to equal parts of a 2 per cent. aqueous solution of potassium ferrocyanid and of a 2 per cent. aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid. Remove after three to ten minutes, wash in distilled water, and pass quickly through a 0.5 per cent. aqueous erythrosin solution. Dehydrate in alcohol, clarify in xylol, and mount in Canada balsam.

=To Prepare Anatomical Specimens for a Museum.=—The Keiserling method gives the best results, since by this method the tissues retain their normal color. The three steps are as follows:

1. Place the specimen in the following solution and leave from one to seven days, the length of time depending upon the size of the specimen.

Formalin 200 c.c.
Potassium acetate 30 grams
Potassium nitrate 15 grams
Water 1000 c.c.

2. Pass the specimen through each of the following solutions, leaving it in each twenty-four hours or until the normal color is obtained. The specimen should be removed from alcohol as soon as color is attained. If it is left in the alcohol too long it will again lose some of its color.

Alcohol 40 per cent.
Alcohol 60 per cent.
Alcohol 80 per cent.
Alcohol full strength

3. Place the specimen in the following permanent solution, label, and place in museum.

Glycerin 40 c.c.
Potassium acetate 40 grams
Distilled water 400 c.c.

A small piece of thymol must be placed on the top of the liquid in each jar, or mold will develop and spoil the specimen.

=To Make Specimens Transparent.=—Specimens may be rendered transparent by the method of Spalteholz.

The steps are essentially as follows:

I. Preparation of the fresh tissue. If any parts are to be made conspicuous, as blood-vessels, or the lymphatic system, they must be injected with an insoluble, unbleachable substance. Spalteholz recommended carmine or methylene blue, and carbon. I have found Higgin’s ordinary black carbon ink excellent for this purpose. The system or systems are injected with this substance while the tissue is perfectly fresh.

II. Fixation. The tissues are fixed preferably in 10 per cent. formalin. The length of time for fixation depends on the size of the tissue. In formalin it requires from eight hours upward to fix completely.

III. Rinsing. Running tap water for five or ten minutes accomplishes the rinsing. If it is impracticable to pass directly into the bleaching fluid, the tissues may be kept temporarily in 60 per cent. or 70 per cent. alcohol. They should then be rinsed again thoroughly in water when ready to bleach.

IV. Bleaching. The bleaching fluid used is hydrogen peroxid to which ammonia is added until a white precipitate forms. The proportion is approximately two parts of peroxid and one of ammonia. The material is bleached until all the color is removed and the tissue looks perfectly clear or slightly opaque. It may be quite transparent as the protein coagulate is somewhat white, but all yellow or reddish color should be bleached away.

V. Washing. Rinse thoroughly in running tap water or through several changes of water until the odor of ammonia is quite gone.

VI. Dehydration. Pass gradually through alcohol solutions, 30 per cent., 50 per cent., 60 per cent., 70 per cent., 80 per cent., 95 per cent., and last through absolute alcohol. The time required for dehydration will vary with the size of the material, but in either 95 per cent. solution or in absolute alcohol the tissue should remain until well hardened, twenty-four hours or more. Dehydration is completed by passing from absolute alcohol, to a fluid one-half absolute alcohol and one-half benzol; thence for a few days to pure benzol.

VII. Clarifying. From benzol the material is finally clarified in winter-green oil or any other standard clearer, and put up in its final position in the museum jar.

In commenting on this method Dr. A. F. Contant says: “I have found this to work very successfully in the injection of the lymphatics of the human skin, which, as you know, is a rather delicate injection and has been difficult of demonstration by other methods. With this method, however, I have prepared whole portions, as the side of the face, the leg, etc., of small animals and embryos which show clearly the whole course of the lymphatic vessels and nodes, in situ, and their relations to surrounding parts.”

EQUIPMENT FOR THE DISSECTION LABORATORY

Figure 84 illustrates some essential equipment for the dissection laboratory. The equipment should consist of a pump, No. 1, which forces air through the rubber tube, No. 2, into the pressure tank, No. 4, which is guarded by the valve at No. 3. A dial, No. 5, indicates the pressure of the air within the tank. The air as needed is released through an outlet valve. The air now passes through the rubber tube, No. 6, into the left arm of the manometer at No. 7. The manometer is simply a glass tubing filled with mercury to the point indicated at No. 7. By the side of the opposite arm there is made a scale graduated in centimeters. The tube at No. 9 being attached to the Y-tube, conveys air under the same pressure into the injection chamber as that supporting the column of mercury of the manometer. It is necessary to have a pinch cock, as indicated at No. 11, to control the liquid within the tube. No. 12 illustrates the tube in the end of which, No. 13, there is inserted a trocar which is introduced into the artery and tightly tied with a cord.

FIG. 84.—Photograph showing injection apparatus, dissection
instruments, dissection pan and death chamber.

1, Pump. 2, Rubber tube leading from pump to compression chamber. 3,
Stop cock. 4, Compression air tank. 5, Pressure indicator. 6, Rubber
tube leading from pressure tank to manometer. 7, Top of mercury in
manometer tube. 8, Open end of glass tube showing scale in
centimeters. 9, Tube leading from 4 to injection chamber. 10,
Injection chamber containing injection fluid. 11, Pinch cock on
rubber tube connecting injection chamber with injection canula. 12,
The tube. 13, Injection canula. 14, A metal dissection tray. 15,
Death chamber. 16, Base of same. 17, Rubber tube connecting gas cock
with death chamber. 18, Bone saw. 19, Bone cutter. 20, Scapula. 21,
Tenaculum. 22, Forceps. 23, Straight scissors. 24, Small pair of
curved scissors.
]

A convenient dissection tray may be made from galvanized iron. It should be 16 inches square and about 1 inch deep (Fig. 84, No. 14).

A death chamber is made by using a bell jar 12 inches in diameter at the bottom. This is used on a perfectly smooth board 16 inches square. Through the center of this board is inserted a glass tube ⅜ inch in diameter. To this glass tube is attached a rubber tube the other end of which is attached to a gas jet.

The instruments needed in dissecting are illustrated in Fig. 84. No. 18 is a bone saw; No. 20 is a scalpel; No. 21 is a tenaculum; No. 22 is a pair of forceps; No. 23 is a pair of straight scissors; and No. 24 is a small pair of curved scissors.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BAUM AND ELLENBERGER, Handbuch der Vergleichenden Anatomie, Berlin,
1912.

BARROWS, H. R., _Me. E. S. Bull._ 232, pp. 16, plates 6, 1914.

BRADLEY, O. CHARNOCK, The Structure of the Fowl, pp. 146,
illustrations 73.

CHAVEAU, A., Comparative Anatomy of Domestic Animals, New York, 1893.

CURTIS, M. R., Ligaments of the Oviduct of the Fowl, _Me. E. S. Bull._
206, 1910.

DUVAL, ——, Atlas of Embryology.

FOSTER AND BALFOUR, Elements of Embryology.

GADOW, H., AND SELENKA, E., Vögel. I. Anatomischer Theil (Dr. H. G.
Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs. Sechester Band, Vierte
Ahtheiburg), Leipsig, 1891.

GRAY, HENRY, Anatomy Descriptive and Surgical, New York, 1908.

HEISLER, J. C., Embryology, Philadelphia, 1901.

KAUPP, B. F., Male Reproductive Organs of the Fowl, _Am. Jr. Vet.
Med._, vol. x, 11, 2.

KAUPP, B. F., Female Reproductive Organs of the Fowl, _Am. Vet. Rev._,
vol. 49, 11, 4.

Leisering Atlas of Anatomy, edited by W. ELLENBERGER, translated by A.
T. PETERS, Chicago, 1905.

LILLIE, F. R., Embryology of the Chick, Chicago, 1906.

OWEN, R., Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrates, London,
1866.

SCHMEISSER, H. C., A Study of the Blood of Fowls, Johns Hopkins
Hospital, 1915.

SHUFELDT, R. W., Myology of the Raven, pp. 318, illustrations 76,
London, 1890.

Strangeways’ Veterinary Anatomy, edited by I. VAUGHAN, Edinburgh,
1892.

SURFACE, F. M., Histology of the Oviduct of the Fowl, _Me. E. S.
Bull._, 206, 1912.

INDEX

Abdominal air-sac, 202
cavity, 156

Abducens nerve, 270

Abductor minimi digiti muscle, 110

Accessorius spinalis nerve, 274

Accessory organs of digestion, 152

Acetabulum, 48

Achillis tendon, 69

Acoustic lamina, 323
nerve, 306
vesicle, 322

Adductor longus muscle, 117
magnus muscle, 117

Adrenal gland, 191

Adventitia, 201

Afferent nerves, 300

Air-sacs, 199, 325
abdominal, 202
anterior diaphragmatic, 202
thoracic, 200
cervical, 201
femoral extensions, 203
humeral extension, 200
posterior diaphragmatic, 202
subpectoral prolongation, 200
subscapular prolongations, 200
suprarenal extensions, 203

Alæ cinereæ, 291
orbitale, 28
temporales, 29

Albumin, 180
portion of oviduct secreting, 185

Allantois, 321

Alula, 311

Alveolar glands, 141
nerve, 270

Amnion, 320, 327

Ampullæ, 306

Ampullar dilatations, 322

Anapophyseal ridge, 38

Anatomic specimen, preparation of, 349

Anconeus muscle, 107

Angiology, 206

Angular glands, 141
groove, 52

Annular ligament, 58

Annulus fibrosus, 58

Anterior coraco-brachialis nerve, 284
diaphragmatic air-sac, 202
fossa, 25
thoracic nerve, 284

Aortic arch, 325
bulb, 324

Aponeurosis, 59

Apparatus, circulatory, 206
digestorius, 135
respiratory, 193
uro-genitalis, 169
vocal, 195

Appendages, structure of, 309

Appendico-costales muscle, 99

Appendicular skeleton, 13

Apteria, 34

Aqueduct of Sylvius, 268, 289

Arachnoid, 288, 289

Arbor vitæ, 291

Arch, hemal, 38
scapular, 40

Area opaca, 332
pellucida, 332
vasculosa, 332

Arteria cerebri profunda, 217

Artery or arteries, 209, 325
acromial, 222
anterior circumflex humeral, 222
vertebral, 221
aorta, 211
auricular, 220
axillary, 222
basilar, 217
brachialis, 222
brachio-cephalic sinister, 212
bronchialis, 215
carotid trunk, 215
carotis cerebralis, 215
communis, 215
externa, 215
celiac axis, 226
cerebral, 217
cerebri profunda, 217
cervicalis ascendens, 221
circumflex femoris, 228
clavicular, 222
coccygeal laterales, 232
collateralis radialis, 223
common aorta, 211
coronary, 209
crural, 228
esophageal, 224
ethmoidal, 218
ethmoidales externa, 218
external facial, 220
thoracic, 222
facial, 220
femoral 228
hemorrhoidalis intima, 232
hepatica dextra, 227
hyoid, 218
iliac, 229
inferior cerebellar, 217
esophageal, 215
thoracic, 222
intercostal, 224
internal alveolar, 220
ethmoid, 218
facial, 220
mammary, 222
maxillary, 220
ophthalmic, 217
pelvic, 228
thoracic, 222
lacrimalis, 217
lingualis, 220
lumbar, 225
median coccygeal, 232
hemorrhoidal, 227
meningeal, 216
mesenteric, 227
muscularis, 207
occipital, 216
occipitalis profunda, 216
sublimis, 216
ophthalmica externa, 216
ovarian, 226
plexus palpebralis, 217
temporalis, 216
posterior aorta, 224
circumflex humeral, 223
mesenteric, 227
vertebral, 221
profunda communis, 231
penis, 232
pudenda externa, 232
pulmonalis dexter, 213
sinister, 213
pulmonary, 213
radial, 223
ramus anterior, 217
posterior, 217
profundus, 209
superficialis, 209
recurrent ciliaris posticus, 217
ilio-celiacus, 227
intestinalis, 227
renalis, 229
sinister, 227
superior hemorrhoidal, 227
ulnar, 223
renal, 226
retinæ centralis, 217
sacralis media, 229, 232
spermatic, 226
sphenoid, 217
spheno-maxillaris, 217
splenic, 227
sternal, 222
sterno-clavicularis, 221
subclavian, 212
subcutaneous colli, 215
subscapular, 222
superior cervical, 215
laryngeal, 218
sylvian, 217
temporal, 216
thoracic, 222
thyroid, 215
tibialis antica, 230
postica, 230
ulnar, 223
umbilical, 228
vertebral, 215

Arthrology, 56

Articulo-jugale, 58

Arytenoid cartilage, 194

Atlas, 37

Auricle, 324

Auricular appendage, 208
meatus, 305
ossicles, 305
ventricular valve, 207

Axial skeleton, 23

Axillaris nerve, 23

Axis, 37
cylinder process, 277

Axolemma, 277

Axone, 277
hill, 277

Barbes, 310

Barbules, 310

Basi-branchial bone, 35

Basi-hyal bone, 33, 36

Basilar artery, 217

Beak, 139, 310, 316

Biceps band, 114
brachii, 104
flexor cruris, 113

Biventer cervicis muscle, 77, 83

Blastema, 322

Blastoderm, 318

Blood, 257
coagulation, 260
composition, 260
formation, 260
function, 257
plasma, 260
reaction, 257
vascular system, 206
vessels, 209

Bloom, 188

Bone or bones, 17
atlas, 37
axis, 37
cancellous, 18
carpus, 44, 47
classification, 20
compact, 17
composition, 21
cervical vertebræ, 35, 37
coccygeal, 35, 41
dorsal vertebræ, 35, 39
entoglossal, 35
ethmoidal, 23, 27
femur, 50
fibula, 53
flat, 21
frontal, 23, 29
furculum, 24
growth, 20
humerus, 44, 45
hyoid, 35, 36
ilium, 49
inferior maxilla, 23, 34
irregular, 21
ischium, 49
jugale, 23, 31, 33
lacrimal, 23, 31, 33
long, 20
lumbo-sacral, 35, 39
maxillæ, 23, 31, 32
metacarpus, 44, 47
metatarsus, 53
nasal, 23, 31, 32
occipital, 23, 35
of cranium, 23
of face, 31
of fore limb, 44
of hind limb, 50
of pelvis, 48
of shoulder, 43
of skull, 23
of thorax, 42
of vertebræ, 26
palatine, 23, 31, 33
parietal, 23, 29
phalanges, 44, 47
premaxilla, 23, 31
pterygoid, 23, 31, 33
pubis, 50
pygostyle, 24
quadrate, 23, 34
quadrate-jugale, 23, 33, 36
radius, 44, 46
ribs, 41
scapular arch, 40
sesamoid, 54
sphenoid, 25, 28
supplied with air, 204
tarsus, 53
temporal, 23, 29
tibia, 52
turbinated, 34, 193
ulna, 44, 46
vomeral, 23, 31, 32
zygomatic, 23, 31, 32

Bowman’s capsule, 171

Brachial nerve plexus, 282

Brain, 288
alæ cinereæ, 291
anterior commissure, 296
aqueduct of Sylvius, 289
arbor vitæ, 291
calamus scriptorius, 290
cerebral peduncles, 291
choroid plexus, 296
corpora restiformia, 289
corpus callosum, 296
striatum, 296
coverings, 288
crura cerebelli, 291
cerebri, 289
fore, 290
fourth ventricle, 290
hind, 290
hippocampus, 297
hypophysis, 289
inferior pyramids, 291
lamina terminales, 295
lateral ventricles, 297
medulla oblongata, 290
mid-, 290
nervi amygdales, 296
optic chiasm, 289
lobes, 289
pars commissuralis, 289
pons varolii, 289
processus cerebri mammillares, 297
pyramidal columns, 291
sulcus centralis, 291
superior pyramids, 291
thalami optici, 289
tubercula olfactoria, 297
valve of Vieussens, 290
ventricles, lateral, 297

Bronchi, 193, 197
diaphragmatic, 197

Bronchial artery, 215
tubes, 197

Bronchialis anticus, 89, 105
longus inferior nerve, 284
superior nerve, 283
posticus, 89

Broncho-trachealis anticus, 38
brevis, 89

Brunner’s glands, 149

Bulla tympaniformis, 195

Bursa of Fabricius, 152

Cæca, 151

Calamus, 310
scriptorius, 290

Canal or canals, caroticus et jugulare, 27
Haversian, 17
hypotarsal, 53
ilio-lumbalis, 48
neural, 38
of Petit, 305
urinary, 170
Volkmann’s, 17

Canaliculi, 17

Cancelli, 17

Capillaries, 209

Capsular ligament, 57

Caput costæ, 42

Carotid trunk, 215

Carotin, 314

Carotis cerebralis artery, 215
communis, 215
externa artery, 215

Carpi radiale, 47
ulnare, 47

Carpus, 44, 47

Cartilage semi-lunaris, 69

Cavity, cotyloid, 49
glenoid, 44
glenoidalis interna, 67
nasal, 35
sigmoid, 46

Cavum cranii, 23
ilio-lumbale dorsales, 48

Celiac axis, 226

Cera, 310

Cerato-branchial cartilage, 35

Cerato-glossus muscle, 80

Cerato-hyoideus muscle, 80

Cerebellar cortex, 293

Cerebellum, 25, 295

Cerebral lobes, 322
peduncles, 291

Cerebro-spinal axis, 288
nervous system, 265

Cerebrum, 25

Ceroma, 37

Cervical air-sac, 201
artery, superior, 215
nerve ganglion, 270
sympathetic nerve ganglion, 275
vertebræ, 35, 37

Chalazæ, 180

Chamber, nasal, 193

Chorion, 321, 327

Choroid coat, 323

Choroidea, 303

Chromophilic bodies, 280

Chromosomes, 318

Ciliary ganglion, 271
nerve, 304
process, 304, 323

Circulatory system, 206

Circumconcha muscle, 128

Circumduction, 57

Clavicle, 44

Clavicular artery, 222

Claws, 310

Cleido-trachealis muscle, 75

Cloaca, 151

Clothing feathers, 310

Coccygeæ laterales arteries, 232
vertebræ, 33, 41

Cochlearis, 305

Collum costæ, 42

Color of skin, 314

Columella, 31, 305

Column, vertebral, 35

Columnæ carnæ, 207

Complex nerve ganglion, 271

Complexus muscle, 81

Composition of bone, 21
of egg, 181

Condyle, external, of femur, 50
inner, of femur, 51

Conjunctiva, 303

Constrictions of Ranvier, 277

Coprodeum, 151

Coraco-brachialis muscle, 103

Coraco-humeralis muscle, 101

Coracoid bone, 194

Corium, 313

Cornea, 323

Corneum, 309

Cornu, hyoid, 35

Coronary artery, 209

Corpora restiformia, 289

Corpus ciliare, 303

Costal bronchial tubes, 197
process of sternum, 24

Cotyloid cavity, 65

Course of food, 152

Cranial cavity, 23

Cranium, 23

Cricoid, 194

Crico-trachealis ligament, 194

Cristiilii, 48
sterni, 42

Crop, 142

Crura cerebelli, 291
cerebri, 289

Crural artery, 228
nerve plexus, 283

Crystalline lens, 303, 304, 303, 322, 323

Cuneiform bone, 46

Cutaneous brachii superior nerve, 283
follicle, 323

Cutis, 313

Deglutition, 143

Deltoid, 104

Dendrites, 297

Depressor caudæ muscle, 95
coccygis muscle, 95
glossus muscle, 80
palpebræ inferioris, 125

Derivatives of germ layer, 342

Dermis, 313

Dermo-cleido dorsalis, 75

Dermo-dorsalis, 72

Dermo-frontalis, 72

Dermo-humeralis, 72

Dermo-iliacus, 75

Dermo-pectoralis, 73

Dermo-spinalis, 75

Dermo-temporalis, 73

Dermo-tensor patagii, 72

Dermo-ulnaris, 76

Diaphragm, 165

Diaphragmatic bronchial tubes, 197

Diapophysis, 38

Digastric muscle, 78

Digestive apparatus, 135

Digits, 54

Dissection, 343
laboratory, 351
of arteries, 345
of bone, 346
of muscles, 343
of nerves, 347
of viscera, 344

Division of skeleton, 22

Dorsal ligament of oviduct, 188
vertebræ, 35

Dorso-cutaneous nerve plexus, 283

Ductless glands, 148, 329
adrenal, 191
parathyroid, 191
spleen, 155
thymus, 190

Ductus arteriosus, 325, 329
Botalli, 214

Duodenum, 148, 150

Dura mater, 288

Ear labyrinth, 305

Ectoderm, 320

Efferent nerves, 300

Egg, 180
composition, 181
tooth, 327

Embryology, 318

Endocardium, 206, 207, 208

Endolymph, 306

Endothelium, 206

Entoderm, 320

Entoglossal bone, 35

Entotympanic, 77

Epicondyloid fossa, 52

Epidermis, 176, 207, 313

Epididymis, 176

Epineural appendage, 38

Equipment, 351

Erythrocytes, 258
fate of, 261

Esophageal artery, 224
inferior, 215

Esophagus, 142

Esthesiology, 303

Ethmoid bone, 27

Eustachian tube, 29, 136

Extensor annularis brevis muscle, 121
brevis digitorum muscle, 120
digitorum communis muscle, 106
femoris muscle, 113
hallucis brevis muscle, 119
indicis longus muscle, 108
longus digitorum muscle, 119
metacarpi radialis longior muscle, 105
ossis metacarpi pollicis muscle, 107
proprius pollicis muscle, 109

External facial artery, 220
thoracic artery, 222

Extremitas vertebralis, 42

Fabricius, bursa of, 152

Facial artery, 220

Falx cerebri, 289

Fasciculi, 70, 71
deep, 71
superficialis, 71

Feathers, 311
alula, 311
coverts, 311
primaries, 311
rectrices, 311
rudder, 41
scapularies, 311
secondaries, 311
tertiaries, 311

Female generative organs, 178

Femoral artery, 228

Femoro-caudal, 114

Fenestra ovalis, 31
rotunda, 31
vestibularis, 105

Fertilization, 318, 319

Fetal circulation, 329

Fibers of Sharpey, 20

Fibrin ferment, 261
formation, 261

Fibrinogen, 261

Fibrino-globulin, 261

Fibular bone, 53
ridge, 52

Fifth cranial nerve, 268
inferior maxillary division, 268
ophthalmic division, 268
superior maxillary division, 268

Filiform papillæ, 41

Filo-plume, 311

Flesh, 70

Flexor brevis pollicis muscle, 109
capitis inferior muscle, 82
carpi ulnaris brevior muscle, 109
muscle, 108
digitorum profundus muscle, 108
sublimis muscle, 108
hallucis brevis muscle, 121
longus muscle, 122
metacarpi brevis muscle, 111
radialis muscle, 106
minimi digiti muscle, 110
brevis muscle, 110
perforans digitorum profundus muscle, 124
perforatus annularis primus pedis muscle, 122
indicis primus pedis, 123
medius primus pedis, 123
secundus pedis, 121, 122

Fontanel, 27

Foramen intervertebralis, 39
ischiadic, 24, 49
magnum, 23
Monro, 295
nutrient, 52
oblongum, 24
optic, 27
ovale, 306, 207, 329
pneumatic, 42, 43, 45
triossium, 44, 61

Fore brain, 290
limb, 44

Fossa anterior, 25
articularis transversa, 54
cranii media, 25
posterior, 25
epicondyloid, 52
epitrochlear, 51
intercondyloid, 51
middle, 25
ovalis, 207
pneumatic, 45
posterior, 25
subcondyloid, 27
trochanteric, 50

Fourth ventricle, 290

Fovea cardiaca, 324
ischiadica, 48
lumbalis, 48
pudendalis, 48

Fowl skeleton, 21

Frontal bone, 29

Function, centers of, 301
muscles of, 128

Funnel portion of oviduct, 183

Furculum bone, 24

Gall-bladder, 154

Ganglion, 300
cardiacum, 299
cervical, 270
sympathetic, 275
ciliary, 271
complex, 271
Gasserian, 268
geniculate, 271
inferior cervical, 299
orbito-nasal, 270
petrosal, 272
spheno-palatine, 270
spinal, 276
structure of, 277
superior cervical, 299
sympathetic, 272
thoracic, 299
vagi radicis, 272

Gastrocnemius muscle, 117

Gemellus muscle, 116

Genio-hyoideus muscle, 79

Genital system, 169

Germ layer, 342

Gland, alveolar, 141
angular, 141
ductless, 190
lacrimal, 303
meibomian, 303
mouth, 141
mucous, 136
oil, 41
pharynx, 141
sublingual, 141
thymus, 190
thyroid, 190
uropygii, 309

Glosso-hyal element, 35

Glottis, 194

Gluteus medius muscle, 112
minimus muscle, 112
primus muscle, 112
profundus muscle, 112

Gray matter of cord, 292

Groove, angular, 52
tendonal, 54

Growth of bone, 20

Hallux, 54

Hand, 47

Hard palates, 136, 139

Haversian canals, 17

Heart, 206
structure of, 207
ventricles of, 324

Hemal arch, 38

Hemapophysis, 38

Hemophage, 262

Hemorrhoidalis intima artery, 232

Henle’s limb, 171
loop, 171

Hepar, 153

Herbst’s corpuscles, 307

Hind brain, 290
limb, 50

Hormone, 190

Humerus, 44, 45

Hyoid, 218
arch, 324
bone, 35

Hyoideus transversus muscle, 80

Hypapophysis, 38

Hypocleidum, 24, 44

Hypoglossal nerve, 274

Hypophysis, 289, 295

Hyporachis, 313

Hypotarsal canal, 53

Hypotarsus, 53

Ilio-lumbalis dorsalis, 48

Ilium bone, 49

Immovable joints, 56

Inferior alveolar artery, 220
cerebellar artery, 217
larynx, 193
maxillary bone, 34
pyramids, 291
thoracic artery, 222
tuberculum ossis carpi radialis, 47

Infracoccygis muscle, 96

Infraorbital sinus, 32

Ingluvies, 142

Inner ear, 306

Interarticulares muscles, 85

Intercostal arteries, 224
nerve, 285

Intercostales muscles, 98

Internal adhesio cornu antici cartilaginis lunatæ, 67
ethmoidal artery, 218
facial artery, 220
mammary artery, 222
mandibular vein, 237
maxillary artery, 220
ophthalmic artery, 217, 218
pelvic artery, 228
secretion, 190
thoracic artery, 222

Interosseous ligament, 58

Interosseus dorsalis muscle, 110
palmaris muscle, 111

Interspinales muscles, 85

Intertransversales muscles, 86

Intestine, free portion, 150
large, 150
small, 147

Intestinum tenue, 147

Iris, 323, 303, 304

Ischiadic artery, 229
foramen, 49
nerve, 286

Ischium, 49

Isthmus, 186

Joints, 56
immovable, 56
mixed, 56
movements, 56

Jugal bone, 23, 31, 33

Jugular vein, 233

Kerato-hyalin, 314

Kerato-hyoideus muscle, 80

Kidneys, 169

Lacrimal bone, 23, 31, 33
duct, 303
gland, 303
sac, 303

Lacunæ, 17

Lamellæ, 17
circumferential, 17
concentric, 17
interstitial, 17

Lamina perpendicularis, 28

Laminæ terminale, 29

Langerhans, islands of, 303

Large intestine, 150

Larynx, 141
bronchio-trachealis, 194
false, 194
inferior, 193
superior, 193
true, 194

Lateral process, 38

Lateralis caudæ muscle, 95
coccygeus muscle, 95

Latissimus dorsi muscle, 96
nerve plexus, 282

Leucocytes, 258
basophile, 259
eosinophile, 258
lymphocyte, 259
mast cell, 259
mononuclear, 259
polymorphonuclear, 258

Levator caudæ muscle, 93
coccygis muscle, 93
palpebræ superioris muscle, 124
scapulæ muscle, 103

Levatores costarum muscle, 98

Lien, 155

Ligament or ligaments, 57
annular, 58
annulare radii, 61
anterior cruciatimi genu, 69
anterius ossis carpi metacarpi et primæ, 69
phalangis digiti secundi, 64
patellar, 67
antero-inferior humero-coracoideum, 61
anticum, 69
articulo-jugale, 58
capsular, 57
capsulare atlantico-epistrophicum odontoideum, 59
atlantico-occipitale, 58
capituli fibulæ, 68
cubiti, 61
digitorum pedis, 69
obliquum, 59
ossis tibio-metatarsi, 69
carpi interosseum, 64
radialis internum, 64
claviculosternal, 44
coraco-furculare, 61
coraco-humeralis, 61
coraco-scapulare, 61
inferius, 61
internum, 61
crico-trachealis, 194
cubiti teres, 62
elasticum interspinale profundum, 59
superficiale, 59
externum, 69
extero-laterale genu, 65
furculo-scapulare, 61
humero-scapulare, 61
ilio-pubic, 65
ilio-sacrale, 65
inferius, 61
internum, 64
intero-laterale genu, 66
interosseous, 58
interosseum, 69
intervertebral, 38
laterale cubiti externum, 61
internum, 61
nuchæ, 59
obliquo-carpi ulnaris, 62
of carpal joint, 61
of ear, 58
of elbow-joint, 59
of finger, 64
of hip-joint, 65
of jaws, 58
of knee-joint, 65
of liver, 153
of oviduct, 188
of pelvis, 56
of ribs, 59
of shoulder-joint, 59
of sternum, 59
of tibio-metatarsal joint, 69
of toes, 69
of vertebræ, 58
ossis carpi radialis internum et metacarpi, 64
ulnaris externum et metacarpi, 64
internum et metacarpi, 64
pollicare, 64
popliteum, 67
posterior cruciatum genu, 67
posterius, 64
posticum ulnare carpi ulnaris, 63
Poupartii, 65
radiale carpi radialis externum, 64
structure, 57
superius, 69
suspensorium corporum vertebralium, 58
suspensorium dentis epistrophei, 58
tibio-fibulare, 68
transversale commune, 67
transversum, 59
atlantis, 58, 59
externum, 59
triangulare, 59
ulnare carpi radialis, 63
internum, 63
metacarpi externum, 64
internum, 64

Limb, fore, 44
hind, 50

Lingua, 139

Linguales arteries, 220

Lipochrome, 314

Liquor pericardii, 207
sanguinis, 258

Liver, 152, 153
ducts, 155

Longissimus capitis et atlantis, 85
dorsi, 92

Longus colli dorsalis muscle, 83
muscle, 83
posticus muscle, 83

Lumbar arteries, 225

Lumbo-sacral vertebræ, 35, 39

Lumbo-sacrales nerves, 285

Lung, 195, 325
tubules, 197, 199
primaries, 197
secondaries, 198
tertiaries, 198

Lymph vascular system, 206, 254

Lymphocytes, 259

Malaris muscle, 125

Male generative organs, 175

Malpighian body, 155, 156, 171

Mandibular arch, 324

Marrow, 20
red, 20
yellow, 20

Masseter muscle, 77

Mast cells, 259

Maxilla, 23, 31, 32

Maxillary arch, 324

Median coccygeal artery, 323
hemorrhoidal artery, 227
nerve, 284

Medulla oblongata, 25, 290
ossium flava, 20
rubrum, 20

Meibomian glands, 303

Melanin, 316

Membrana nictitans, 303, 324
putaminæ, 329
semi-lunaris, 195
testacea, 187
tympana interna, 195

Membranæ obturatoræ intervertebrales posteriores, 59

Meningeal artery, 216

Meninges, 288

Meniscus, 56
intervertebralis, 58

Mesentery, 156, 157

Metacarpus, 44, 47

Metasternum, 42

Mid brain, 290

Middle fossa of cranium, 25
meningeal artery, 217

Molting, 313

Motor oculi, 267

Mouth, 135

Movable joints, 56

Mucous glands, 136

Müllerian duct, 184

Muscle or muscles, 70
abductor minimi digiti, 110
adductor longus, 117
magnus, 117
anconeus, 107
biceps, 104
flexor crurus, 113
biventer cervicis, 83
maxillæ, 77
brachialis anticus, 105
bronchialis anticus, 89
posticus, 89
broncho-trachealis anticus, 88
brevis, 89
posticus, 89
cerato-glossus, 80
cerato-hyoideus, 80
ciliary, 304
cleido-trachealis, 75
complexus, 81
constrictor glottidis, 87
coraco-brachialis, 102
coraco-humeralis, 101
deltoid, 104
depressor caudæ, 95
coccygis, 95
glossus, 80
dermal, 70, 71
dermo-cleido-dorsalis, 75
dermo-dorsalis, 72
dermo-frontalis, 72
dermo-humeralis, 72
dermo-iliacus, 75
dermo-osseous, 70, 73
dermo-pectoralis, 73
dermo-spinalis, 75
dermo-temporalis, 73
dermo-tensor patagii, 72
dermo-ulnaris, 76
diaphragm, 90
digastricus, 78
entotympanic, 77
expansor secundarium, 62
extensor digitorum communis, 106
femoris, 113
indicis longus, 108
metacarpi radialis longior, 105
ossis metacarpi pollicis, 107
proprius pollicis, 107
femoro-caudal, 114
flexor brevis pollicis, 109
capitis inferior, 82
carpi ulnaris, 108
brevior, 109
digitorum sublimis, 108
metacarpi brevis, 111
radialis, 106
minimi digiti, 110
brevis, 110
profundus, 108
gastrocnemius, 117
gemellus, 116
genio-hyoideus, 79
gluteus maximus, 50
medius, 112
gluteus minimus, 112
primus, 112
heart, 71
hyoideus transversus, 80
infracoccygis, 96
interarticulares, 85
internal obturator, 49
interosseus dorsalis, 110
palmaris, 111
interspinales, 85
intertransversales, 86
involuntary, 70
striated, 71
lateralis caudæ, 95
coccygis, 95
latissimus dorsi, 96
levator caudæ, 93
coccygis, 93
scapulæ, 103
levatores costarum, 98
longissimus dorsi, 92
longus colli anticus, 84
posticus, 83
masseter, 77
mylo-hyoides, 79
nomenclature, 71
obliquo-transversales, 82
obliquus abdominis externus, 90
internus, 91
colli, 83
obturator externus, 116
internus, 116
of abdomen, 90
of air passage, 86
of anterior pectoral region, 99
of brachial region, 104
of cervical region, 81
of coccygeal region, 93
of costal region, 96
of digit, 109
of dorso-lumbar region, 92
of forearm and hand, 105
of head, 76
of inferior larynx, 86
of pectoral region, 100
of posterior limb, 111
of scapular region, 101
of sternum, 90
of superior larynx, 86
of tibial region, 117
of tongue, 79
pectoralis major, 100
secundus, 100
tertius, 100
peroneus longus, 118
platysma myoides, 74
pronator brevis, 107
longus, 107
pterygoideus externus, 78
internus, 78
lateralis, 78
medius, 74
rectus abdominis, 91
capitis anticus minor, 81
lateralis, 84
posticus major, 82
rhomboideus, 17
sacro-lumbalis, 92
sartorius, 111
scalenus medius, 86
scapulo-humeralis, 101
semimembranosus, 114
semitendinosus, 114
accessorius, 114
serratus magnus anticus, 97
parvus anticus, 97
skeletal, 70, 76
soleus, 118
sphincter, pupillary, 304
sterno-trachealis, 89
stylo-hyoideus, 79
subclavius, 102
subscapularis, 103
supraspinatus, 102
temporal, 76
tensor patagii brevis, 99
longus, 99
teres et infraspinatus, 98
minor, 102
thoraco-scapularis, 103
thyreo-arytenoideus, 85
trachelo-mastoideus, 85
tracheo-lateralis, 87
transversalis abdominis, 90
transversus peronei, 94
trapezius, 97
triceps, 104
true dermal, 71
voluntary-striated, 70

Myelon, 322

Myeloncephalus columns, 320

Myocardium, 208

Nails, 316

Nasal bone, 23, 31, 32
cavity, 35
chambers, 193

Naso-premaxillary process, 324

Nerve or nerves, 264
abducens, 70
accessorius spinalis, 274
acoustic, 271
afferent, 300
alveolar, 270
anterior coraco-brachialis, 284
spinal branches, 281
thoracic, 284
axillaris, 283
brachial plexus, 282
brachialis longus inferior, 284
superior, 283
cells, 280
centers, 30
ciliary, 304
cranial, 265
crural plexus, 285
cutaneous brachialis et inferior brachialis, 284
brachii superior, 283
dorsal spinal, 281
dorsalis plexus, 282
dorso-cutaneous plexus, 283
efferent, 300
ethmoidalis, 269
facialis, 286
function, 300, 301
furcularis, 286
glosso-pharyngeal, 272
hypoglossal, 27, 37, 274
intercostal, 285
ischiadic, 49, 286
latissimus dorsi, 282
lumbo-sacral, 285
median, 284
medullated, 277
motor oculi, 267
neurolemma, 277
non-medullated, 277
obturator, 286
olfactorius, 34, 265
optic, 267
patheticus, 268
peroneus profundus, 287
plexus pedundus, 288
pneumogastric, 273
posterior coraco-brachialis, 284
ramus secundus, 269
recurrent cardiacus, 274
externa, 269
hepatici, 274
infra-orbitale, 269
laryngeus, 274
linguales, 273
pharyngeus, 272
pulmonale, 274
subcutaneous, 270
ventralis, 281
rhomboideus profundus, 282
superficialis, 282
scapulo-humeralis, 282
serratus plexus, 282
spinal cord, 275
sterno-coracoideus, 284
subcoraco-scapularis, 282
superficialis peroneus, 287
serratus, 282
supra-coracoideus, 283
trifacial, 31, 268
ulnar, 284
vagus, 27, 31, 273
group, 273

Nerve trunks, structure of, 277

Nervous system, 264, 300

Neural arch, 38
spines, 38, 39

Neurofibrils, 280

Neurones, 268, 279

Nostril, 193

Notocord, 322

Oblique process, 39

Obliquo-transversales muscle, 86

Obliquus abdominis externus muscle, 90
internus muscle, 91
dorsalis, 125
inferior, 127
superior, 125
ventralis muscle, 121

Obturator externus, 116
internus, 116
nerve, 286

Occipital artery, 215
bone, 23, 25

Occipitale laterales bone, 25

Occipitalis inferius bone, 25
profunda artery, 215
sublimis artery, 215
superioris bone, 25

Odontoid process, 37

Oil gland, 41

Olecranon, 46

Olfactory cavities, 322
cerebral crura, 295
glomeruli, 265
nerve, 265

Oögenesis, 319

Ophthalmic vesicle, 322

Ophthalmica externa, 216

Optic chiasm, 289
lobes, 322, 289
nerve, 267

Orbicularis oculi, 124
palpebrarum muscle, 124

Orbit, 323

Orbital process, 30

Orbito-nasal ganglion, 270

Organ of hearing, 304, 322
of sight, 303
of smell, 307
of taste, 307
of touch, 307

Os angulare, 30
articulare, 30
transversale, 105

Osseous structure, 17
tissue, 17

Ostium tubæ abdominale, 183

Otocrane, 323

Otoliths, 322

Ovarian artery, 226
pocket, 189

Ovary, 325

Oviduct, 182, 325

Ovum, 318

Palatal papillaries, 141

Palatine glands, 141

Palatinus bone, 23, 31, 33

Palatum durum, 139

Palpebral plexus, 217

Pancreas, 152, 155

Papilla, 141

Parapophysis, 38

Parietal bone, 29

Pars commissuralis, 289
glandularis, 143
muscularis, 143
renalis, 251

Partes pedunculares, 294

Patella, 53

Patheticus, 268

Pecten, 303, 323

Pectoralis major, 100
secundus, 100
tertius, 101

Pelvic cavity, 156
girdle, 48

Pericardium, 207

Perimysium, 70

Periosteum, 18

Peritoneum, 156

Peroneus longus, 118
nerve, 287

Pessulus, 195

Petrosal ganglion, 272

Phalanges, 44, 47, 54

Pharynx, 54, 141

Pia mater, 288

Pineal gland, 295

Pituitary body, 25, 289, 295

Placenta, 321

Planum coccygeum, 48

Plasma, 261

Platysma myoides muscle, 74

Pleurapophysis, 38

Plexus, abdominal, 299
anterior splanchnic, 300

Plexus, lacrimal, 217
mesenteric, 299
muscularis, 217
pedundus, 288
posterior splanchnic, 300
thoracic, 299

Plica primitivæ, 320

Pneumatic foramen, 42, 43, 45

Pons varolii, 289

Post-acetabular ridge, 48

Posterior aorta, 224
circumflex artery, 223
diaphragmatic air-sac, 202
fossa, 25
nares, 136
orbitalis, 30
vena cava, 247
vertebral artery, 221
vein, 234

Poupart’s ligament, 65

Prezygapophyses, 39

Primaries, 311

Primitive streak, 321

Process, costal, 43
lateral, 37, 39
oblique, 37, 39
of sternum, 42
odontoid, 37
xiphoid, 43

Processus acusticus externus, 31
ciliaris, 304
coracoideus, 44
cubitalis humeri, 45
frontalis, 32
anterior, 32
posterior, 32
furcularis, 43
humeralis, 43
intermaxillaris, 32
ischiadicus, 49
maxillaris, 32
anterior, 32
odontoid, 37
olecranalis coracoideus, 46
orbicularis, 28, 29
orbitalis, 29
palatinus, 32
posterior orbitalis, 30

Processus uncinatus, 24
zygomaticus, 28, 30

Profunda penis, 232

Pronation, 57

Pronator brevis muscle, 107
longus, 107

Proteids of plasma, 261
of serum, 261

Proventriculus, 143

Provertebra, 320

Pterygoideus externus muscle, 78
internus muscle, 78
lateralis muscle, 78
medialis muscle, 78

Pterylæ, 311

Pubis, 50

Pudenda externa artery, 232

Pulmonalis dextra, 213
sinistra, 213

Pulmonary artery, 213
vein, 233

Pulp, 311

Punctum saliens, 320

Purkinje cells, 293

Pyramidal columns, 291

Quadrate, 34

Quadrato-jugale, 23, 31, 33

Quadratus nictitans, 125

Quill, 310
feathers, 310

Rachis, 310, 313

Radial artery, 223

Radius, 44, 46

Rami communicantes, 276
glottis, 194

Ramus ascendens ossis ischii, 49
ciliaris posticus, 217
posterior artery, 217
profundus artery, 209
superficialis artery, 209

Rectrices, 41, 311

Rectus abdominalis muscle, 91
capitis anticus minor muscle, 81
dorsalis major muscle, 82
posticus major muscle, 82

Rectus capitis ventralis muscle, 82
dorsalis muscle, 127
externus muscle, 127
inferior muscle, 127
internus muscle, 128
lateralis muscle, 127
medialis muscle, 128
superior muscle, 127
ventralis muscle, 127

Recurrent cardiacus nerve, 274
hepatici nerve, 274
infraorbital nerve, 269
intestinalis nerve, 227
laryngeus nerve, 273
lingualis nerve, 273
pharyngeus nerve, 272
pulmonale nerve, 274
renal artery, 223
renales nerves, 229
sinister artery, 227
subcutaneous nerve, 270

Red blood cells, 258
shape, 258
size, 259
structure, 259

Reflex action, 301

Renal artery, 226
corpuscle, 171

Respiratory apparatus, 193

Rete malpighii, 313

Retina, 303, 304, 323

Rhomboideus muscle, 97
profundus nerve, 282
superficialis nerve, 282

Ribs, 41
false, 41
true, 41

Ridge, ectonemial, 52
fibrillar, 52
post-acetabular, 48
procnemial, 52
trochanteric, 50

Rotation, 57

Round ligament, 65

Rudder feathers, 41

Sacralis media artery, 229, 232

Sacro-lumbalis muscle, 92

Sacs, air, 199

Sarcolemma, 70

Sartorius muscle, 111

Scala tympani, 306
vestibuli, 306

Scalenus medius muscle, 86
muscle, 86

Scapho-lunar bone, 47

Scapula, 43

Scapulo-humeralis muscle, 101
nerve plexus, 282

Sclerotic coat, 303, 304

Secondaries, 311

Secretion, internal, 190

Semilunar cartilage, 67

Semimembranosus muscle, 114

Seminiferous tubules, 318

Semitendinosus muscle, 114
accessorius muscle, 114

Sense of hearing, 305
of sight, 303
of smell, 307
of taste, 307
of touch, 307
organ, 303

Sensory nerves, 300

Septum nasi, 33

Serous cavity, 156
membrane, 156
sac, 156

Serratus magnus anticus muscle, 97
nerve plexus, 282
parvus anticus muscle, 97

Serum, 261
albumin, 261
globulin, 261

Sesamoid bone, 54

Sharpey’s fibers, 20

Sheath of Schwann, 277

Shell bloom, 188
gland, 187
membrane, 181
structure, 181
tint, 181

Shoulder girdle, 43

Sinus foraminis occipitales, 240
foveæ hemispherii cerebelli, 241
infraorbitalis, 32

Sinus longitudinalis, 239
occipitalis, 240
externus, 240
petrosus sphenoideus, 240
rhomboideus, 276
semicircularis, 240
temporales, 332
temporo-sphenoideus, 240
transversus, 240
venosus annularis basilaris, 240

Skeleton, 21, 24
appendicular, 43
axial, 22
division, 22

Skin, 309, 323

Small intestine, 147

Smooth muscle, 70

Soleus muscle, 118

Somatic cell, 318

Spermatic artery, 226

Spermatids, 318

Spermatocyte, 318

Spermatogenesis, 318

Spermatogonia, 318

Spermatozoa, 176, 318

Sphenoid artery, 217
bone, 28
rostrum, 29

Spheno-maxillary artery, 217

Spheno-palatine nerve ganglion, 270

Spinal cord, 38
nerves, 281
nervous system, 264

Splanchnology, 135

Splanchnopleure, 327

Spleen, 152, 155

Splenic artery, 227
capsule, 155
pulp, 155

Spur, 54, 317

Squamous epithelium, 137

Sternal artery, 222

Sterno-clavicularis artery, 221
muscle, 284

Sterno-coracoideus nerve, 284

Sterno-hyoideus muscle, 80

Sterno-trachealis muscle, 89

Sternum, 42

Stigmen, 179

Stomach, 143

Stratum corneum, 141, 313, 314
germinativum, 314
granulosum, 314
lucidum, 344
Malpighii, 314

Stylo-hyoideus muscle, 79

Styloid process of ulna, 46

Subclavian artery, 234

Subcondyloid fossa, 27

Subcoraco-scapularis nerve, 282

Subcutis, 309

Subscapularis artery, 222

Succus entericus, 152

Sulcus ilio-lumbalis dorsalis, 48
centralis, 291, 294
longitudinalis, 291

Superficialis peroneus nerve, 287
serratus nerve, 282

Superior laryngeal artery, 218
larynx, 193
median fissure of cord, 276
pyramidalis, 291
sympathetic ganglion, 272
tuberculum ossis carpi radialis, 47

Supra-coracoideus nerve, 283

Sylvian artery, 217

Sympathetic caroticus cephalicus, 298
nervous system, 264, 297
ophthalmic plexus, 298
recurrent cardiacus, 299
temporo-lacrimalis, 298
thoracic trunk, 299

Symphysis ilio-sacralis, 49
ilio-sacri, 49

Synovial apparatus, 57, 156

Tarso-metatarsus, 53

Tears, 303

Temporal arterial plexus, 216
artery, 215
bone, 29
petrosal portion, 31
squamous portion, 30

Temporalis muscle, 76

Tendon Achillis, 69

Tendonal groove, 54

Tensor patagii brevis, 99
longus, 99
tympani, 128

Teres et infraspinatus muscle, 98
minor muscle, 103

Testicles, 175

Thalamus optici, 289

Thorax, 41

Thymus gland, 190

Thyroid artery, 215
gland, 190

Tibialis anticus muscle, 119

Tissue, osseous, 17

Toes, 54

Tongue, 139, 140

Touch corpuscle, 307

Trachea, 194

Trachelo-mastoideus muscle, 85

Transparent specimens, 350

Transversales abdominis muscle, 92

Transverse fissure, 289
vein, 233

Transversus peronei, 94

Trapezius muscle, 97

Triangularis sterni muscle, 90

Triceps brachii, 104
muscle, 104

Trifacial nerve, 268

Trochanter, 50

Trochanteric fossa, 50
ridge, 50

Trochlea, femoral, 50

True joints, 56

Tuba auditiva, 29, 136

Tuber cinereum et infundibulum, 289

Tuberculum costæ, 42

Tuberositas furcularis, 44
humeralis, 44
muscularis, 64
radii, 46
scapularis, 44

Tubuli seminiferi, 176, 318
uriniferi corticales, 170

Tunica adventitia, 210
intima, 210
media, 210

Turbinate bones, 34, 193

Tympanic membrane, 31

Ulna, 44, 46

Ulnar nerve, 284

Umbilical artery, 228

Umbilicus, 31

Ureter, 174, 187

Urinary apparatus, 169
canals, 170

Urodeum, 151

Urogenital system, 169

Uro-hyal process, 35

Vagina, 187