Chapter XVII: Part IV (3)

Liver in Chelonians, 144
comparative anatomy of, 144
derivation of, 34
development of, 141
function of, 195
lobation of, 144
in Ophidia, 144
peritoneal lines of reflection in embryo, 167
in foetus at term, 171
peritoneal relations of, 167
of _Petromyzon_, 141
unilobar type, 144

_Lophius_, biliary ducts in, 145
_piscatorius_, mucosa of midgut, 197
pyloric appendices in, 120
stomach of, 46

Lungs, derivation of, 34

_Lutra_, biliary ducts in, 145
stomach of, 48

Lymphoid tissue of intestinal mucosa, 196

_Macacus cynomolgus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
descending mesocolon of, 140
lesser omentum of, 176
mesosigmoidea in, 140
_nemestrinus_, cheek-pouches of, 48
_ochreatus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
peritoneum of infra-colic compartment, 136
_pileatus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
relations of spleen and great omentum, 139
_rhesus_, abdominal viscera, 77
ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214

Mammalia, ileo-colic junction of, 204
pancreatic ducts in, 117

_Manatus americanus_, ileo-colic junction and bifid caecum of, 208
stomach of, 48

_Manis longicauda_, ileo-colic junction of, 208

Manidae, colic bend of, 234

Marsupalia, ileo-colic junction of, 204
types of ileo-colic junction and caecum in, 218

Meckel's diverticulum, 35
serous folds connected with, 262, 263

Medullary canal, 21
groove, 21
plates, 21

Membrane, cloacal, 24

Mesenchyma, 30

Mesenteric peritoneum, definition of, 32

Mesentery, absorption of, 33
definition of, 101
jejuno-ileal, line of attachment, 86
of umbilical loop, development of, 56
relation to adult mesocolon and mesentery, 72

Mesoblast, 21

Mesocola in cat, 86

Mesocolic fossa, 97

Mesocolon, ascending, adhesion of, 82
in monkeys, 83
relation of, to right kidney, 83
definition of, 101
descending, adhesion of, 82
in foetus, 83
line of attachment of, 83
in lower mammals, 83
in _Macacus_, 140
in monkeys, 83
transverse, root of, 85

Mesoderm, 21
derivatives of, 28

Mesoduodenum, adhesion of, 67
definition of, 101

Mesorectum, definition of, 101

Mesosigmoidea, definition of, 101
in _Macacus_, 140

Mesothelium, 21

Metanephros, 24

_Midas geoffrei_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
_ursulus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214

Midgut, 192
extent of, 38

_Monodon_, ileo-colic junction of, 209

Monotremata, ileo-colic junction of, 204

Monotreme, structure of penis, 26

Monotremes, biliary ducts in, 145

Morphology, general, of vertebrate intestine, 190
of human caecum and appendix, 237

Morula, 20

_Moschus_, stomach of, 49

Muscular stomach of birds, 50

Musculo-cutaneous vein in Anure Amphibian, 158

_Mustela_, ileo-colic junction of, 212

_Mycetes cobaya_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
_fuscus_, ileo-caecal folds of, 264
ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 215

_Myoxus_, alimentary canal of, 211, 212
stomach of, 46

_Myrmecophaga jubata_, ileo-colic junction of, 207

_Myxinoids_, pancreas in, 117

_Nasua rufa_, duodenal fold of, 92
ileo-colic junction of, 212
pancreatico-gastric folds of, 181

_Necturus_, alimentary canal of, 40
_maculatus_, alimentary tract of, 52
ileo-colic junction of, 201
stomach of, 43
venous system of, 158

Neuro-enteric canal, 23

Non-vascular ileo-caecal folds, 262

Nucleolus, 19

Nucleus, 19

Nutritive yolk, 19

_Nycticebus tardigradus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 213
spiral colon of, 234

_Nyctipithecus commersonii_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214

OEsophageal gutter of ruminants, 49

OEsophageo-gastric junction, 45

Omega loop, development of, 77

Omental bursa, 107
early stages of, 104

Omentum, great, 107
layers of, 107
peritoneal adhesions in adult, 131
relation of, to transverse colon, transverse colon and duodenum,
129
lesser, as part of ventral mesogastrium, 165
divisions of, 172
in _Macacus_, 176

Omnivora, gastric diverticula of, 48

Omphalo-mesenteric arteries, 64, 146
artery, persistence of rudiments of, 65
duct, 22
veins, 146

Ophidia, intestinal villi of, 195
liver in, 144
stomach of, 44, 46

Oral pouches, 48

_Ornithorhynchus anatinus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 204

_Orycteropus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 208

_Oryx leucoryx_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 210
spiral colon of, 233

_Otolicnus crassicaudatus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 213

_Ovis aries_, spiral colon of, 233

Ovum, structure of, 19

Owl, stomach of, 50

Pancreas, adhesion of, 67
adhesion of mesoduodenal segment, 123
in _Ammocoetes_, 117
in Chelydra, 117
comparative anatomy of, 116
concealed, of Teleosts, 117
derivation of, 34
development of, in Amphibia, 115
of, in cat, 115
of, in chick, 115
of, in fish, 115
of, in lower vertebrates, 115
of, in man, 111, 115
of, in sheep, 115
in foetal pig, 123
function of, 195
in _Myxinoids_, 117
peritoneal relations, 122
vascular and visceral relations of adult, 125
in _Protopterus_, 117
relation to dorsal mesogastrium, 123
to mesoduodenum, 122
to omental bursa, 123
in Selachians, 116

Pancreatic ducts in Mammalia, 117
normal arrangement, 113
secondary, 111
variations, 114

Pancreatico-gastric folds in man, 187
in _Nasua rufa_, 181

Papilla Vateri, 114

_Paradoxurus typus_, ileo-colic junction of, 212

_Paralichthys_, pyloric appendices in, 120

Parietal mesoderm, 21
peritoneum, definition of, 32

_Pelamys_, pyloric appendices in, 120

Pelvic vein in Anure Amphibian, 158

_Perameles nasuta_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 206

_Perca_, pyloric appendices in, 120

Perennibranchiates, stomach of, 44, 46

Perissodactyla, ileo-colic junction of, 210

Peritoneal cavity, lesser, summary and development of structure, 180
relations and position of appendix, 250
of appendix, variations of, 258
sac, lesser, of cat, 128

Peritoneum, arrangement in infra-colic compartment, 78
of cat, compared with human arrangement, 73
of infra-colic compartment in adult human subject, 88
lesser cavity of, in relation to liver, 174
of liver, in relation to lesser sac, 174
secondary lines of reflection, 73
of supra-colic compartment, general considerations, 99

_Petromyzon_, alimentary canal of, 200
liver of, 141
spiral intestinal valve of, 119

Peyer's patches, 196

_Phascolarctos cinereus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 205
colic loop in, 234

_Phascolomys wombat_, ileo-colic junction, caecum and appendix of, 206

_Pteropus medius_, ileo-colic junction of, 212

_Phoca_, biliary ducts in, 145
_vitulina_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 212
stomach of, 45

_Phocaena communis_, ileo-colic junction of, 209
intestinal folds, 196

Phylogeny of types of ileo-colic junction and caecum, 217

_Physeter_, ileo-colic junction of, 209

Physiology of vertebrate intestine, 190

Pickerel, pyloric valve of, 45
stomach of, 44

Pinnipedia, ileo-colic junction of, 212

_Pipa_, stomach of, 46

Piscivorous divers, caeca of, 203

_Pithecia satanas_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 215

Placental circulation, 146

Placentalia, definition of, 36

Plates, medullary, 21, 28

_Platypus anatinus_, male genito-urinary tract and cloaca, 26

_Pleuronectes maculatus_, ileo-colic junction of, 201
pyloric appendices in, 120

Pleuro-peritoneal cavity, 28

Plicae coli, 199

_Polypterus_, pyloric appendix in, 120

Portal circulation, development of, 147
vein, development of, 148

Position and peritoneal relations of appendix, 250

Post-anal gut, 23

Post-cardinal veins in Urodele Amphibian, 157

Post-cava in Anure Amphibian, 158
in _Iguana_, 159
in Urodele Amphibian, 157

Post-caval vein, 151

Pre-cava in Anure Amphibian, 158

Primates, ileo-colic junction of, 213
types of ileo-caecal folds in, 265

Primitive aortae, 63
common dorsal mesentery, 33
dorsal mesentery after rotation, 79
mesentery, effect of intestinal rotation on, 59
mesenteric segment, 72
mesocolic segment, 72
jugular veins, 147

Proboscidea, ileo-colic junction of, 210

Proctodaeum, 24, 26
in human embryos, 27

Protoplasm, 19

_Protopterus_, pancreas in, 117

_Proteus_, alimentary canal of, 40
_anguineus_, stomach of, 43

_Proteles lalandii_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 212

Proventriculus, 50

Psalterium, 49

_Pseudemys elegans_, alimentary canal of, 55
ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 201

Pyloric appendices, 119
function of, 221
in _Accipenser_, 120
in _Gadus_, 120
in _Lophius_, 120
in _Paralichthys_, 120
in _Pelamys_, 120
in _Perca_, 120
in _Pleuronectes_, 120
in _Rhombus_, 120
in _Scomber_, 120
in _Thynnus_, 120
relation to pancreas, 121
significance of, 120
appendix in _Ammodytes_, 120
in _Echelus_, 120
in _Polypterus_, 120
caeca, 119
function of, 221
stomach, 50
valve, 44
in fishes, 45
of loon, 45

_Rana_, alimentary canal of, 55
_catesbiana_, ileo-colic junction of, 201
_esculenta_, venous system of, 158

Ratitae, ileo-colic junction and caeca of, 203

Rectal gland of Selachians, 201

Rectangular ileo-colic junction, 225

Recto-coccygeal muscles, 33

Recto-uterine muscles, 33

Rectum, development of, 54
separation from genito-urinary sinus, 27

Renal-portal circulation in Urodele Amphibian, 156
system in Selachian, 154
in _Iguana_, 159

Reptilia, abdominal vein, 167
biliary ducts in, 145
ileo-colic junction of, 201

Retro-gastric peritoneal space, boundaries of, 175
space, rudimentary form of, 105

Retro-peritoneal hernia, 92

Reticulum, 49

_Rhombus_, pyloric appendices in, 120

Rodentia, caecal pouch of, 229
compound stomach of, 49
ileo-colic junction of, 211
spiral colic valve of, 231

Rodents, saccus lymphaticus of, 196

Round ligament of liver, 152

Rumen, 49

Ruminantia, structure of stomach in, 49

Saccus lymphaticus of _Lepus cuniculus_, 211
of Rodents, 196

_Salamandra maculosa_, venous system of, 158

Salivary glands, derivation of, 34

Saurians, stomach of, 44, 46

Sciatic vein in _Iguana_, 160

_Scincus ocellatus_, stomach of, 45

_Scomber_, pyloric appendices in, 120

Segmental veins in _Iguana_, 160

Segmentation, 20

Segmentation-cavity, 20

Selachian, caudal vein in, 154
digitiform gland of, 201
duct of Cuvier, 155
hepatic portal system of, 155
lateral vein of, 155
pancreas in, 116
rectal gland of, 201
renal portal system of, 154
spiral intestinal valve in, 119
venous system, 154

_Semnopithecus_, stomach of, 47

Septum urogenitale, 27
transversum, 142

Serous folds in cases of Meckel's diverticulum, 262, 263
membrane, derivation of, 31

Shape of caecum and origin of appendix, 245
of embryonic caecum, 245

Sheep, biliary ducts in, 145
development of pancreas, 115

Sigmoid flexure, development of, 54, 77

_Simia satyrus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 216

Sinus venosus, 146

Sirenia, ileo-colic junction of, 208

Soft palate, 42

Somatic mesoderm, 21

Somatopleure, 22, 29

Spigelian lobe, boundaries of, 170
development of, 169
recess of lesser sac, 177

Spiral coil of colon, 233
colic valve of Rodentia, 231
colon of _Bos indicus_, 233
of _Cervus sika_, 233
of _Dasyprocta agouti_, 234
development of, 233
of _Nycticebus tardigradus_, 234
of _Oryx leucoryx_, 233
of _Ovis aries_, 233
fold of intestinal mucous membrane, function of, 220
intestinal valve in _Ceratodus_, 119
in Cyclostomata, 119
in Dipnoeans, 119
in _Petromyzon_, 119
valve of gastric diverticulum in _Sus_, 48

Splanchnic mesoderm, 21

Splanchnopleure, 22, 29

Spleen, development and relation to dorsal mesogastrium, 108
and great omentum in _Macacus_, 139
pancreas and great omentum in cat, 127
peritoneal relations, 110
vascular connections, 108

Splenic artery, 65, 108
flexure, development of, 54, 76
vessels, peritoneal relations, 109

Stomach of _Alligator_, 51
assumption of special functions modifying form of, 48
of _Anguilla anguilla_, 47
of Batrachians, 44, 46
of _Bradypus_, 51
caecal diverticula of, 47
of Carnivora, 46, 47
of carnivore birds, 50
of _Castor_, 46
cellular structures connected with, 47
of Cetaceans, 49
changes in position during development, 102
of Chelonians, 45, 46
of _Coluber natrix_, 44
comparative anatomy of, 42
of Crocodiles, 46, 51
of the _Cyprini_, 44
definition of, as segment of foregut, 43
embryonic borders and surfaces, 41
factors modifying form of, 43
first differentiation in human embryos, 40
further development in human embryos, 40
glandular, of birds, 46
of _Gobius_, 45
of _Halmaturus_, 47
of heron, 50
of Herbivora, 46, 47
of herbivorous birds, 50
influence of habitual amount of food on form of, 44
of size and shape of abdominal cavity on form of, 46
of volume and character of food on form of, 46
of Teleosts, 46, 47
of _Labrus_, 44
of _Lophius_, 46
of _Lutra_, 48
of _Manatus americanus_, 48
of _Moschus_, 49
masticating surfaces of, 48
of _Myoxus_, 46
of _Necturus maculatus_, 43
of Ophidia, 44, 46
of owl, 50
of Perennibranchiates, 44, 46
of _Phoca vitulina_, 45
of the pickerels, 44
of _Pipa_, 46
of _Proteus anguineus_, 43
relation to vagus nerve, 43
ruminant type of, 43
of Saurians, 44, 46
of _Scincus ocellatus_, 45
of _Semnopithecus_, 47
storage compartments of, 48
structural modifications of, increasing action of gastric juice, 46
of _Tamandua_, 51
transverse position of, 45
type-form of, 43

Stomadaeum, 24
in human embryos, 27

_Strix_, caeca of, 203

Structural modifications of colon, 230

_Struthio africanus_, ileo-colic junction and caeca of, 204

Sturgeon, pyloric valve of, 45

Subintestinal veins, 147

Submucosa, derivation of, 30

Superior mesenteric artery, 64, 65
relation to umbilical loop, 66

Suspensory ligament of liver, derived from ventral mesogastrium, 165

_Sus scrofa_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 209
spiral valve of gastric diverticulum in, 48

Symmetrical type of ileo-colic junction, 221

Taenia coli-, 199

_Tamandua_, alimentary tract of, 56
_bivittata_, foramen of Winslow in, 183
ileo-colic junction and caeca of, 208
stomach of, 51

_Tapirus americanus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 210

_Tarsius_, biliary ducts in, 145
_spectrum_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 213

_Taxidea americana_, ileo-colic junction of, 212

_Tatusia novemcincta_, ileo-colic junction of, 207

Teleosts, anal and genito-urinary orifices in, 25
concealed pancreas of, 117
development of liver in, 143
gastric diverticula of, 47
intestinal canal of, 191
stomach of, 46, 47
without pyloric appendices, 120

_Thalassochelys_, intestinal folds of, 197

Thymus, derivation of, 34

_Thynnus_, pyloric appendices in, 120

Thyroid, derivation of, 34

_Tolypeutes_, ileo-colic junction of, 207

Transverse anal fissure, 27
colon, development of, 54, 244
differentiation of, 76
mesocolon, development of, 80

_Trichosurus vulpinus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 205

_Trigla_, biliary ducts in, 145

_Troglodytes niger_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 217

Types of ileo-caecal folds in Primates, 265
ileo-colic junction and caecum, phylogeny of, 217

Umbilical arteries, 63
hernia of embryo, 52
loop, derivation of adult intestinal segments from, 53
divisions of, 52
of embryonic intestine, 52
relation of vitello-intestinal duct to, 52
veins, 147
changes after birth in, 152
final arrangement, 151
further changes in, 149
intra-hepatic distribution, 152
vesicle, 22

Umbilicus, 21

Ungulata, caecal pouch of, 229
ileo-colic junction of, 209

Urinary bladder, in human embryos, 27
relation to allantois, 24

_Urinator imber_, diverticulum caecum vitelli, 35
_lumme_, diverticulum caecum vitelli, 35
pyloric valve of, 45

Urodaeum, 25

Urodele Amphibian, abdominal vein in, 157
caudal vein in, 156
ducts of Cuvier in, 156
hepatic-portal system of, 157
iliac vein in, 157
post-cardinal veins in, 157
post-cava in, 157
renal-portal system in, 156
venous system of, 156

Uro-genital cleft, 27

_Ursus_, ileo-colic junction of, 212
_maritimus_, intestinal villi, 195

Uvula, 42

Vagus, gastric distribution of, 43

Valves of Kerkring, 196, 197

Valvulae conniventes, 196, 197

Variations of caecum and appendix, 244
in the peritoneal relations of the appendix, 258

Vasa intestini tenuis, 66

Vascular mesenteric folds of ileo-colic junction, 262
system of liver, development of, 145

Vein, portal, development of, 148

Veins, anterior cardinal, 147
hepatic, 148
omphalo-mesenteric, 146
posterior cardinal, 147
primitive jugular, 147
subintestinal, 147
umbilical, 147
vitelline, 146
hepaticae advehentes, 147
revehentes, 147

Venous system in Anure Amphibian, 158
of bird, 161
of human foetus at term, 162
of _Necturus maculatus_, 158
of _Rana esculenta_, 158
in Selachian, 154
of _Salamandra maculosa_, 158
of Urodele Amphibian, 156

Ventral mesentery, early condition and derivation, 31
mesogastrium, 163
in _Iguana_, 166
and liver, 140
relation to duodenum, 164
relation to liver, 105
to umbilical vein, 165
vascular ileo-caecal fold, 262

Vertebrate intestine, general morphology and physiology, 190

Visceral mesoderm, 21
peritoneum, definition of, 32

Vitelline arteries, 64, 146
membrane, 19
sac, 20
veins, 146
anastomosis of, 147

Vitello-intestinal duct, 22

Vitellus, 19

_Vulpes fulvus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 212

Water-cells of camel's stomach, 49

Wolffian duct, relation to primitive intestine, 24

_Xenurus_, ileo-colic junction of, 207

_Xiphias_, biliary ducts in, 145

Yolk, 19

Yolk-sac, 20

_Zalophus gillespiei_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 212

Zona pellucida, 19