Chapter III: Part 3

These Fibres are likewise the immediate visible Cause of the shape of the Leaf: For if the nethermost Fibre or Fibres in the Stalk be in proportion greater, the Leaf is long, as in _Endive_, _Cycory_, and others: If all of a more equal size, it spreads rounder, as in _Ivy_, _Doves-foot_, _Colts foot_, &c. And although a _Dock-Leaf_ be very long, whose Fibres notwithstanding, as they stand higher in the Stalk, are disposed into a Circle all of an equal size; yet herein a peculiar fibre, standing in the Center betwixt the rest, and running through the length of the Leaf, may be observed.

In correspondence also to the size and shape of these Fibres, is the Leaf flat: In that either they are very small, or if larger, yet they never make an entire Circle or Ring; but either half of one, as in _Borage_, or at most three parts of one, as in _Mullen_, may be seen. For if either they were so big, as to contain; or so entire, as perfectly to include a _Pith_, the Energy of the _Sap_ in that _Pith_, would cause the said _Lignous Ring_ to shoot forth on every side, as it doth in the _Root_ or _Trunk_: But the said Fibres being not figur’d into an entire Ring, but so as to be open; on that hand therefore where open, they cannot shoot any thing directly from themselves, because there they have nothing to shoot; and the _Sap_ having also a free vent through the said opening, against that part therefore which is thereunto opposite, it can have no force; and so neither will they shoot forth on that hand; and so will they consequently that way only which the force of the _Sap_ directs, which is only on the right and left.

The several Fibres in the Stalk, are all inosculated in the Leaf, with very many Sub-divisions; according as these Fibres are inosculated near, or at, or shoot directly to the edge of the Leaf, is it even or scallop’d. Where these Inosculations are not made, there we have no _Leaves_, but only a company of _Ramulets_, as in _Fennel_.

The Formations and Fouldings of Leaves have one Date, or are the contemporary works of Nature; each Leaf obtaining its distinct shape, and proper posture together; both being perfect, not only in the outer, but Central and minutest Leaves, which sometimes are five hundred times smaller than the outer; both which in the Cautious opening of a _Germen_ may be seen.

Nor is there greater Art in the Forms, than in the Foulds or Postures of _Leaves_; both answerably varying, as this or that way they may be most agreeable. Of the _Quincuncial_ posture, so amply instanc’d in by the Learned Dr. _Brown_, I shall omit to speak. Others there are, which though not all so universal, yet equally necessary where they are; giving two general advantages to the Leaves, Elegancy and Security, _sc._ in taking up, so far as their Forms will bear, the least room; and in being so conveniently couch’d, as to be capable of receiving protection from other parts, or of giving it to one another; as for instance,

First, There is the _Plain-Lap_, where the Leaves are all laid somewhat convexly one over another, but not plaited; being to the lengthy, breadth and number of Leaves most agreeable; as in the Buds of _Pear-tree_, _Plum-tree_, &c. But where the Leaves are not thick set, as to stand in the _Plain-lap_, there we have the _Plicature_; as in _Rose-tree_, _Strawberry_, _Cinquefoyl_, _Burnet_, &c. For the Leaves being here plaited, and so lying in half their breadth, and divers of them thus also collaterally set together, the thickness of them all, and half their breadth, are much alike dimensions; by which they stand more secure within themselves, and in better consort with other _Germen-Growths_ in the same Truss. If the Leaves be much indented or jagg’d, now we have the same Duplicature; where there are divers Plaits in the same Leaf, or Labels of a Leaf, but in distinct Sets, a lesser under a greater; as in _Tansey_, &c. When the Leaves stand not collaterally, but single, and that they are moreover very broad; then we have the _Multiplicature_; as in _Gooseberries_, _Mallows_, &c. the Plaits being not only divers in the same Leaf, but of the same set continuant, and so each Leaf gather’d up in five, seven, or more Foulds, in the same manner as our Gentlewomens Fans: Where either the thickness of the Leaf will not permit a _flat lap_, or the fewness of their number, or the smallness of their Fibres, will allow the _Rowl_, there this may be observed; which is sometimes single, as in _Bears-Ears_; sometimes double, the two _Rowls_ beginning at each edge of the Leaf, and meeting in the middle. Which again, is either the _Fore-Rowl_, or the _Back-Rowl_. If the Leaf be design’d to grow long, now we have the _Back-Rowl_, as in _Docks_, _Primroses_, &c. For the main Fibres, and that with a considerable part of the _Cortical Body_ standing prominent from the _Back-plain_ of the Leaf, they thus stand securely couch’d up betwixt the two _Rowls_; on whose security the growth of the Leaf in length depends. But _Bears-Ears_, _Violets_, &c. upon contrary respects, are rowled up inwards. Lastly, there is the _Tre-Rowl_, as in _Fern_; the _Labels_ whereof, though all rowled up to the _main Stem_, yet could not stand so firm and secure from the Injuries either of the Ground or Weather, unless to the _Rowls_ in breadth, that by the length were super-induc’d; the _Stalk_ or _main Stem_ giving the same protection here, which in other Plants by the Leaves, or some particular _Mantling_, is contriv’d.

For according to the Form and Foulding of every Leaf or _Germen_, is its protection order’d; about six wayes whereof may be observ’d; _sc._ by _Leaves_, _Surfoyles_, _Interfoyles_, _Stalks_, _Hoods_ and _Mantlings_. To add to what we have above given, one or two Instances. Every Bud, besides its proper Leaves, is covered with divers Leafy _Pannicles_ or _Surfoyls_; which, what the Leaves are to one another, are that to them all: For not opening except gradually, they admit not the Weather, Wet, Sun or Ayr, to approach the Leaves, except by degrees respondent, and as they are leisurely inur’d to bear them. Sometimes, besides _Surfoyls_, there are also many _Interfoyls_ set betwixt the Leaves, from the Circumference to the Center of the _Bud_; as in the _Hasel_: For the Fibres of these Leaves standing out so far from a plain surface; they would, if not thus shelter’d, lie too much expos’d and naked to the Severities of the Weather. Where none of all the Protections above-named, are convenient, there the Membranes of the Leaves by continuation in their first forming (together with some Fibres of the _Lignous Body_) are drawn out into so many _Mantles_ or _Veins_; as in _Docks_, _Snakeweed_, &c. For the Leaves here being but few, yet each Leaf and its Stalk being both exceeding long, at the bottom whereof the next following Leaf still springs up; the form and posture of all is such, as supersedes all the other kinds of protection, and so each Leaf apart is provided with a Veil to it self.

The Uses of the Leaves, I mean in respect of their service to the Plant it self, are these; first, for Protection, which, besides what they give to one another, they afford also to the _Flower_ and _Fruit_: To the _Flower_ in their Foulds; that being, for the most part, born and usher’d into the open Ayr by the _Leaves_. To the _Fruit_, when afterwards they are display’d, as in _Strawberries_, _Grapes_, _Rasps_, _Mulberries_, &c. On which, and the like, should the Sun-Beams immediately strike, especially while they are young, they would quite shrivel them up; but being by the Leaves screened off, they impress the circumjacent Ayr so far only as gently to warm the said Fruits, and so to promote their Fermentation and Growth. And accordingly we see, that the Leaves above-named are exceeding large in proportion to the _Fruits_: whereas in _Pear-trees_, _Apple-trees_, &c. the _Fruit_ being of a solider _Parenchyma_, and so not needing the like protection, are usually equal with, and often wider in Diameter than the _Leaves_.

Another use is for Augmentation; or, the capacity for the due spreading and ampliation of a Tree or Plant, are its Leaves: For the _Lignous Body_ being divided into small Fibres, and these running all along their lax and spongie _Parenchyma_; they are thus a Body fit for the imbibition of _Sap_ and easie growth. Now the _Sap_ having a free reception into the Leaves, it still gives way to the next succeeding in the _Branches_ and _Trunk_, and the voyding of the _Sap_ in these, for the mounting of that in the _Root_, and ingress of that in the Mould. But were there no Leaves to make a free reception of _Sap_, it must needs be stagnant in all the parts to the _Root_, and so the _Root_ being clogg’d, its fermenting and other Offices will be voyded, and so the due growth of the whole. As in the motion of a Watch, although the original term thereof be the Spring, yet the capacity for its continuance in a due measure throughout all the Wheels, is the free and easie motion of the Ballance.

Lastly, As the Leaves subserve the more copious advancement, so the higher purity of the _Sap_: For this being well fermented both in the Root, and in its Ascent through the _Trunk_, and so its Parts prepar’d to a farther separation; the grosser ones are still deposited into the Leaves; the more elaborate and essential only thus supplied to the _Flower_, _Fruit_ and _Seed_, as their convenient Aliment. Whence it is, that where the _Flowers_ are many and large, into which the more odorous Particles are copiously receiv’d, the green Leaves have little or no smell; as those of _Rose-tree_, _Carnations_, _French-Marigold_, _Wood-bind_, _Tulips_; &c. But on the contrary, where the Flowers are none or small, the green Leaves themselves are likewise of a strong savour; as those of _Wormwood_, _Tansie_, _Baum_, _Mint_, _Rue_, _Geranium Moschatum_, _Angelica_, and others.

_An Appendix._

_Of Thorns, Hairs and Globulets._

_Thorns_ are of two kinds, _Lignous_ and _Cortical_. Of the first are such as those of the _Hawthorn_, and are constituted of all the same substantial Parts whereof the _Germen_ it self, and in a like proportion: which also in their Infancy are set with the resemblances of divers minute Leaves. In affinity with these are the _Spinets_ or _Thorny Prickles_ upon the Verges and Tops of divers Leaves, as of _Barberry_, _Holly_, _Thistle_, _Furze_, and others; all which I think are the filamentous extremities of the _Lignous Body_ sheathed in the _Skin_.

_Cortical Thorns_ are such as those of the _Rasberry_ Bush, being not, unless in a most extraordinary small proportion propagated from the _Lignous Body_, but almost wholly from the _Cortical_ and _Skin_, or from the _Barque_.

The growth of this _Thorn_ may farther argue what in the Second Chapter we supposed; _sc._ That as the proper tendency of the _Lignous Body_, is to ascend, so of the _Cortical_ to descend. For as the _Lignous Thorn_, like other Parts upon the _Trunk_, in its growth ascends; this being almost wholly _Cortical_, pointeth downward. The use of _Thorns_ the very Ingenious Mr. _Sharrock_ observed.

Upon the Leaves of divers Plants two Productions shew themselves, _sc._ _Hairs_ and _Globulets_. Of _Hairs_, only one kind is taken notice of, although they are various. Ordinarily they are plain; which when fine and thick set, as on most _Hairy Buds_; or fine and long, as on those of the _Vine_, we call them _Down_.

But sometimes they are not plain, but branched out, from the bottom to the top, reciprocally on every side, in some resemblance to a _Stags-Horn_; as in _Mullen_. And sometimes they are _Astral_, as upon _Lavender_, and some other Leaves, and especially those of _Wild Olive_; wherein every _Hair_ rising in one round entire Basis a little way above the Surface of the Leaf, is then disparted. Star-like, into several, four, five or six points, all standing at right Angles with the said perpendicular Basis.

The Uses of Hairs are for Distinction and Protection. That of Distinction is but secondary, the Leaves being grown to a considerable size. That of Protection is the prime, for which they were originally form’d together with the Leaves themselves, and whose service they enjoy in their Infant-estate: For the _Hairs_ being then in form of a _Down_, alwayes very thick set, thus give that protection to the Leaves, which their exceeding tenderness then requires; so that they seem to be vested with a Coat of _Frieze_, or to be kept warm, like young and dainty Chickens, in Wooll.

_Globulets_ are seen upon _Orach_, both Garden and wild; and yet more plainly on _Mercury_ or _Bonus Henricus_. In these, growing almost upon the whole Plant, and being very large, they are by all taken notice of.

But strict Observation discovers, that these _Globulets_ are the natural and constant Off-spring of very many other Plants. Both these _Globulets_, and likewise the diversity of _Hairs_, I find the Learned Mr. _Hook_ hath already observed. They are of two kinds; _Transparent_, as upon the Leaves of _Hysop_, _Mint_, _Baume_, and many more: _White_, as upon those of _Germander_, _Sage_, and others. All which, though the naked Eye will discover, yet by the help of Glasses we may observe most distinctly. The use of these we suppose the same with those of the _Flower_, whereof we shall speak.

CHAP. V.

_Of the Flower._

We next proceed to the _Flower_. The general Parts whereof are most commonly three; _sc._ the _Empalement_, the _Foliation_, and the _Attire_.

The _Empalement_, whether of one or more pieces, I call that which is the utmost part of the _Flower_, encompassing the other two. ’Tis compounded of the three general Parts, the _Skin_, the _Cortical_ and _Lignous Bodies_; each _Empaler_ (where there are divers) being as another little Leaf; as in those of a _Quince-Flower_, as oft as they happen to be overgrown, is well seen. As likewise in the _Primrose_, with the green Flower, commonly so call’d, though by a mistake; for that which seems to be the _Flower_, is only the more flourishing _Empalement_, the _Flower_ it self being white; but the continuation of all the three aforesaid Parts into each _Empaler_, is discoverable, I think, no where better than in an _Artichoke_, which is a true _Flower_, and whose _Empalers_ are of that amplitude, as fairly to shew them all: As also, that the Original of the _Skin_ of each _Empaler_ is not distinct from that of the rest; but to be all one piece, laid in so many Plaits or Duplicatures as there are _Empalers_, from the outermost to the inner and most central ones.

The Design of the _Empalement_, is to be security and Bands to the other two Parts of the _Flower_: To be their security before its opening, by intercepting all extremities of Weather: Afterwards to be their Bands, and firmly to contain all their Parts in their due and most decorous posture; so that a _Flower_ without its _Empalement_, would hang as uncouth and taudry as a _Lady_ without her _Bodies_.

Hence we have the reason why it is various, and sometimes wanting. Some _Flowers_ have none, as _Tulips_; for having a fat and firm Leaf, and each Leaf likewise standing on a broad and strong Basis, they are thus sufficient to themselves. _Carnations_, on the contrary, have not only an _Empalement_, but that (for more firmitude) of one piece: For otherwise, the foot of each Leaf being very long and slender, most of them would be apt to break out of compass; yet is the top of the _Impalement_ indented also; that the Indentments, by being lapp’d over the Leaves before their expansion, may then protect them; and by being spred under them afterwards, may better shoulder and prop them up. And if the feet of the Leaves be both long and very tender too, here the _Empalement_ is numerous, though consisting of several pieces; yet those in divers Rounds, and all with a counterchangeable respect to each other (which also the Learned Dr. _Brown_ observes) as in all _Knapweeds_, and other _Flowers_; whereby, how commodious they are for both the aforesaid ends, may easily be conceiv’d; and well enough exemplified by the Scales of Fishes, whereunto, as to their position, they have not an unapt resemblance.

The _Foliation_ also, is of the same substantial nature with the green Leaf; the _Membrane_, _Pulp_, and _Fibres_ whereof, being, as there, so here, but the continuation of the _Skin_, the _Cortical_ and _Lignous Bodies_.

The Foulds of the _Flower_ or _Foliation_ are various, as those of the green Leaf; but some of them different. The most general are, First, The _Plain Couch_, as in _Roses_, and many other double _Flowers_. then the _Concave Couch_ as in _Blattaria flore albo_. Next the _Plait_, as in some of the Leaves of _Pease-Blooms_, in the Flowers of _Coriander_, &c. which is either single, as in those nam’d; or double, as in _Blew-Bottle_, _Jacea_, and more of that rank. Next, the _Couch_ and _Plait_ together in the same Flower, as in _Marigolds_, _Daisies_, and all others of an agreeing form: where the first apparent Fould or Composture of the Leaves is in _Couch_; but the Leaves being erect, each likewise may be seen to lie in a double _Plait_ within it self. Then the _Rowl_, as in the _Flowers_ of _Ladies-Bower_, the broad top of each Leaf being by a double _Rowl_ foulded up inwardly. Next, the _Spire_, which it the beginning of a _Rowl_; and may be seen in the Flowers of _Mallows_, and others. Lastly, the _Plait_ and _Spire_ together, where the part analogous to the _Foliation_, is of one piece, the _Plaits_ being here laid, and so carried on by Spiral Lines to the top of the _Flower_, as is in divers, and I think in _Convolvulus Doronici folio_ more elegantly seen. The reason of all which varieties, a comparative consideration of the several parts of the _Flower_ may suggest. Ile only mention, that no _Flower_ that I find, hath a _Back-Rowl_, as hath the green Leaf, for two Reasons; because its Leaves have not their Fibres standing out much on their backside, as the green Leaves have; and because of its Attire, which it ever embosomes, and cannot so well do it by a _Back-Rowl_.

The usual Protections of _Flowers_ by the Precedents are express’d, _sc._ _Green Leaves_ and _Empalements_. Some have another more peculiar, that is a _double Vail_; as the _Spring-Crocus_. For having no _Empalement_, and starting up early out of the Mould, even before its _Green Leaves_, and that upon the first opening of the Spring; lest it should thus be quite starved, ’tis born swath’d up in a double Blanket, or with a pair of Sheets upon its Back.

The Leaves of divers _Flowers_ at their Basis have an _hairy Tuft_; by which _Tufts_ the Concave of the _Empalement_ is fill’d up; that, being very choice and tender, they may thus be kept in a gentle and constant warmth, as most convenient for them.

The Leaves of the _Flower_, though they are not hairy all over, yet in some particular parts they are often set with a fine Downy Velvet; that, being by their shape and posture in those parts contiguous to their delicate and tender Attire, they may thus give it a more softly and warmer touch. Thus in the Flower of _Ladies Bower_, those parts of its Leaves which rowl inward, and lie contiguous to the Attire, are Downy; whereas the other parts are plain and smooth: So the Flowers of _Pease_, _Spanish Broom_, _Toad-Flax_, and many others, where contiguous to their Attires, are deck’d with the like _Hairy Velvet_.

As upon the Green Leaves, so upon the Flowers are _Globulets_ sometimes seen; as upon the backside of that of _Enula_. On none more plainly than that kind of _Blattaria_ with the white Flower; where they are all transparent, and growing both on the Stalk and Leaves of the _Flower_, each shewing likewise its _Peduncle_ whereon it is erected.

The use of the _Flower_, or the _Foliation_ whereof we now speak, (that is, as to its private service) is for the protection of the Attire; this, as its under, and the _Empalement_ as its upper Garments; as likewise of the _Fruit_: The necessity of which Service, in some Cases, by the different situation of the _Flower_ and _Fruit_, with respect to each other, is evident; _Apples_, _Pears_, and several other _Fruits_, standing behind or under the _Flower_; but _Cherries_, _Apricots_, and divers others, within it; for these, being of a very tender and pulpous Body, and withal putting forth with the colder part of the Spring, could not weather it out against the Variations and Extremities of the Air, (as those of a more solid _Parenchyma_ can) except lodged up within their _Flowers_.

And as the _Flower_ is serviceable to the safety of the _Fruit_, so is it to its growth; _sc._ in its Infancy, or _Embryo_-estate; for which purpose, as there is a Flower, so that Flower is greater or less, according as the nature of the Fruit to which it belongs, and the plenty of the _Sap_ by which the Fruit is fed, doth require. Thus, where the young Fruit is of a solider constitution, and the ascent of the _Sap_ less copious, were there here no _Flower_ to promote the said ascent thereof into the Fruit (in the manner as is effected by the Green Leaves) it must needs pine and die, or prove less kindly. On the contrary, should the Flower be over-large, it would not only promote the ascent of the _Sap_ up to the Fruit, but being as yet over-proportionate to it, would likewise it self exhaust the same _Sap_, as fast as ascendent; like a greedy Nurse, that prepares the Meat for her Child, and then eats it up her self. Thus we see _Apples_ and _Pears_ with a _Flower_ of a moderate size, like their Body; of a middle Constitution, and their _Sap_ of a middle quantity: But _Quinces_, being more solid, besides that they have as great a _Flower_, the _Impalers_ of their _Flower_ also thrive so far as to become handsom Leaves, continuing also after the _Flower_ is fallen, firm and verdent a great while; so long till the _fruit_ be able to provide for it self. On the other hand, _Plums_ being more tender and Sappy than _Apples_ and _Pears_, besides that their _Empalers_ are much alike, their _flower_ is less, and _Gooseberries_ and _Currans_, which are still more Pulpy, and the course of the _Sap_ towards them more free, have yet a _flower_ far less. And _Grapes_, whose _Sap_ is still of quicker Ascent, have scarce any _flower_ at all; only some small resemblance thereof, serving just upon the setting of the _fruit_, and no longer.

The _Attire_ I find to be of two kinds, _Seminie_ and _Florie_: That which I call _Seminie_, is made up of two general parts, _Chives_ and _Semets_, one upon each _Chive_. These _Semets_ have the appearance (especially in many _flowers_) of so many little _Seeds_; but are quite another kind of Body: For upon enquiry we find, that these _Semets_, though they seem to be solid, and for some time after their first formation, are entire; yet are they really hollow; and their side, or sides, which were at first entire, at length crack asunder: And that moreover the Concave of each _Semet_ is not a meer vacuity, but fill’d up with a number of minute Particles, in form of a Powder; which, though common to all _Semets_, yet in some, and particularly those of a _Tulip_, being larger, is more distinctly observable.

These _Semets_ are sometimes fastned so, as to stand erect above their _Chive_, as those of _Larks-heel_. Sometimes, and I think usually, so as to hang a little down, in the manner and figure of a _Kidney_; as in _Mallows_. Their Cleft or Crack is sometimes single, but for the most part double: At these Clefts it is that they disburse their Powders; which as they start out, and stand betwixt the two Lips of each Cleft, have some resemblance to the common Sculpture of a _Pomegranate_ with its Seeds looking out at the Clefts of its _Rind_: This must be observ’d when the Clefts are recently made, which usually is before the expansion of the _Flower_.

The Particles of these Powders, though like those of Meal or other Dust, they appear not easily to have any regular shape; yet upon strict observation, especially with the assistance of an indifferent Glass, it doth appear, that they are nothing else but a _Congeries_ of so many perfect _Globes_ or _Globulets_: That which obscures them; is their being so small. In _Dogs-Mercury_, _Borage_, and very many more Plants, they are extreamly so. In _Mallows_, and some others, more fairly visible.

Some of these Powders are yellow, as in _Dogs-Mercury_, _Goats-Rue_, &c. and some of other colours: But most of them I think are white; and those of yellow _Henbane_ very elegant; the disburs’d Powders whereof, to the naked eye, are white as Snow; but each _Globulet_, through a Glass, transparent as Crystal; which is not a fallacy from the Glass, but what we see in all transparent Bodies whatsoever, lying in a Powder or small Particles together.

The _Florid Attire_, is commonly known by the blind and rude Name of _Thrums_; as in the Flowers of _Marigold_, _Tansie_, &c. How adequate its imposition is, observation will determine: For the several _Thrums_ or rather _Suits_, whereof the _Attire_ is made up, however else they may differ in various Flowers, in this agree, that they are ever consistent of more than one, sometimes of two, and for the most part of three pieces (for which I call them _Suits_) and each piece of a different, but agreeable and comely form.

The _outer part_ of every _Suit_, is its _Floret_: whose _Body_ or _Tube_ is divided at the top (like that of the _Cowslip_) into divers distinct Leaves; so that a _Floret_ is the Epitome of a _flower_; and is all the _flower_ that many Plants, as _Mugwort_, _Tansie_, and others, have. What the Learned Dr. _Brown_ observeth of the number Five as to the Leaves of the _flower_, is still more universally holding in these of the _Floret_.

Upon the Expansion of the _Floret_, the next part of the _Suit_ is from within its _Tube_ brought to sight; which we may (with respect to that within it) call the _Sheath_: For this also, like the _Floret_, is a concave Body; in its shape very well resembling the Fistulous Pouches of _Wake-Robin_, or of _Dragon_.

The _Sheath_, after some time, dividing at the top, from within its Concave, the third and innermost part of the _suit_, _sc._ the _Blade_ advanceth and displayes it self. This part is not hollow, as the other two, but solid; yet at its point, not originally, but after some time, is evermore divided into two halves.

Upon the division of the said Point, there appears, as upon the opening of a _Semet_; a Powder of _Globulets_, which before lay enclosed up within its Clefts; and are of the same nature with those of a _Semet_, though not so copious: So that all _flowers_ have their _Powders_ or _Globulets_. The whole _Attire_ may in _Knapweed_, _Blewbottle_, &c. be observed.

The use of the _Attire_, how contemptibly soever we may look upon it, is certainly great. And though for our own use we value the Leaves of the _Flower_, or the _Foliation_, most; yet of all the three Parts, this in some respects is the choycest, as for whose sake and service the other two are made. The use hereof, as to Ornament and Distinction, is unquestionable, but is not all. As for Distinction, though by the help of Glasses we may make it to extend far; yet in a passant view, which is all we usually make, we cannot so well. As for Ornament, and particularly in reference to the _Semets_, we may ask, If for that meerly these were meant, then why should they be so made as to break open, or to contain any thing within them? Since their Beauty would be as good as if they were not hollow, and is better before they crack and burst open, than afterwards.

A farther use hereof therefore we must acknowledge, and may observe; and that is for food; for Ornament and Distinction to us, and for Food to other Animals. I will not say, but that it may serve even to these for Distinction too, that they may be able to know one Plant from another, and in their flight or progress settle where they like best; and that therefore the varieties of these small parts are many, and well observed by them, which we take no notice of: Yet the finding out of Food is but in order to enjoy it: Which, that it is provided for a vast number of little Animals in the _attires_ of all _Flowers_, observation perswades us to believe. For why else are they evermore here found? Go from one Flower to another, great and small, you shall meet with none untaken up with these Guests. In some, and particularly the _Sun-flower_, where the parts of the _Attire_, and the _animals_ for which they provide, are larger, the matter is more visible. We must not think, that God Almighty hath left any of the whole Family of his Creatures unprovided for; but as the Great Master, some where or other carveth out to all; and that for a great number of these little Folk, He hath stored up their peculiar provisions in the _Attires_ of _Flowers_; each _Flower_ thus becoming their Lodging and their Dining-Room, both in one.

Wherein the particular parts of the _Attire_ may be more distinctly serviceable, this to one Animal, and that to another, I cannot say: Or to the same Animal, as a _Bee_, whether this for the _Honey_, another for their _Bread_, a third for the _Wax_: Or whether all only suck from hence some _Juice_; or some may not also carry some of the Parts, as of the _Globulets_, wholly away: Or lastly, what may be the primary and private use of the _attire_ (for even this abovesaid; though great, yet is but secondary) I now determine not.

CHAP. VI.

_Of the Fruit._

The general composition of all _Fruits_ is one, that is, their _Essential_ and truly _Vital Parts_, are in all the same, and but the continuation of those which in the other Parts of a _Vegetable_, we have already observed: Yet because by the different Constitutions and Tinctures of these Parts, divers considerably different Fruits result; I shall therefore take a particular view of the more known and principal of them, _sc._ _Apples_, _Pears_, _Plums_, _Nuts_ and _Berries_.

An _Apple_, if cut traverse, appears constituted of four distinct Parts, the _Pill_, the _Parenchyma_, _Branchery_ and _Coare_. The _Pill_ is only the spreading and dilatation of the skin, or utmost part of the Barque in the Branch. The _Parenchyma_, when full ripe, is a tender delicate Meat: Yet as the _Pill_ is but the continuation of the utmost part of the _Barque_; so is this but the continuance and ampliation, or (as I may call it) the swelth and superbience of the _Inner part_ thereof; which upon observation of a young and Infant-_Apple_ especially, is evident. Thus we see the _Pith_, which is often tough, in many Roots, as _Parsneps_, _Turneps_, &c. is tender and edible. So here, the _Parenchyma_, though originally no more than the _Barque_, yet the plenty and purity of its _Sap_ being likewise effectual to the fulness and fineness of its growth, it thus becomes a soft and tender meat. The _Branchery_ is nothing else but the Ramifications of the _Lignous Body_ throughout all the parts of the _Parenchyma_; the greater Branches being likewise by the _Inosculations_ of the less (as in the Leaf) united together. The main Branches are usually fifteen; ten are spred and distributed through the _Parenchyma_, all enarching themselves towards the _Cork_ or _Stool_ of the _Flower_; the other five running from the _Stalk_ in a directer Line, at last meet the former at the said _Cork_, and are there osculated with them. These five are originated from one; which running along the Center of the _Stalk_, and part of the _Parenchyma_ of the _Fruit_, is therein at last divided. To these the Coats of the _Kernels_ are fastned; so that whereas these Branches were originally all extended even beyond the _Fruit_, and inserted into the _Flower_ for the due growth thereof; the _Fruit_ afterwards growing to some head, and so intercepting and preying upon the Aliment of the _Flower_, starves that, and therefrom supersedes the service of the said Branches to it self, ten for its _Parenchyma_, and five for its _Seed_. The _Coar_ is originated from the _Pith_; for the _Sap_ finding room enough in the _Parenchyma_, through which to dispence it self all abroad, quits the _Pith_, which thereby hardens into a _Coar_. Thus we see the _Insertions_, although originate from the _Cortical Body_, yet their Parts being, by the _Inosculations_ of the _Lignous_, so much compress’d and made to co-incide together, they become a Body very compact and dense. And in the _Barque_ we see the same effect by _arefaction_ only, or a meer _voydance_ of the _Sap_; the _Inner Part_ whereof, though soft and sappy, yet its superficial _Rind_ is often so hard and smooth, that it may be fairly writ upon.

In a _Pear_ there are five distinct Parts, the _Pill_, the _Parenchyma_, _Branchery_, _Calculary_ and _Acetary_. The three former are here and in an _Apple_ much alike; saving that here the _Inner_ or _Seed-Branches_ are ordinarily ten. The _Calculary_ (most observable in rough-tasted, or _Choak-Pears_) is a _congeries_ of little stony Knots: They are many of them dispersed throughout the whole _Parenchyma_; but lying more continuous and compact together towards the Center of the _Pear_, surround the _Acetary_ there in a somewhat Globular Form. About the _Stalk_ they stand more distant; but towards the _Cork_ or _Stool_ of the _Flower_, they still grow closer, and there at last gather (almost) into the firmitude of a _Plum-stone_ it self. Within this lies the _Acetary_; ’tis of a soure tast, and by the bounding of the _Calculary_ of a _Globular Figure_. ’Tis a simple Body, having neither any of the _Lignous_ branched in it, nor any Knots. It is of the same substantial nature with the _Parenchyma_; but whether it be absolutely one with it, or be derived immediately from the _Pith_, my Enquiries yet made, determine not.

The Original of the _Calculary_ I seem to have neglected: But hereof we may here best say, that whereas all the other Parts are Essential and truly _Vital_, the _Calculary_ is not; but that the several Knots whereof it consists, are only so many meer Concretions or Precipitations out of the _Sap_; as in _Urines_, _Wines_, and other _Liquors_, we often see. And that this _Precipitation_ is made by the mixture and re-action of the Tinctures of the _Lignous_ and _Cortical Bodies_ upon each other: Even as all _Vegetable Nutrition_ or _Fixation_ of Parts is also made by the joynt efficiency of the two same Tinctures, as hath been said. Hence we find, that as the _Acetary_ hath no Branches of the _Lignous Body_, so neither hath it any Knots. Hence likewise it is, that we have so different and contrary a taste in the _Parenchyma_ beyond the _Calculary_, from that in the _Acetary_; for whereas this is soure, that, wherein the said _Precipitations_ are made, is sweet; being much alike effect, to what we find in mixing; of _Corals_, &c. with _Vinegar_ or other _acid Liquor_.

In a _Plum_ (to which the _Cherry_, _Apricot_, _Peach_, _Walnut_, &c. ought to be referr’d) there are four distinct Parts, the _Pill_, the _Parenchyma_, _Branchery_ and _Stone_. The _Pill_ and _Parenchyma_ are, as to their Original, with those of an _Apple_ or _Pear_ both alike: As likewise the _Branchery_, but differently ramified. In _Plums_ (I suppose all) there are five main _Out-Branches_, which run along the Surface of the _Stone_ from the _Basis_ to the point thereof, four of them by the one Ridge, and one by the other opposite to it. In an _Apricot_ there is the same number, but the single Branch runs not upon the Surface, but through the Body of the _Stone_. There are likewise two or three smaller Branches, which run in like manner under the other Ridge for some space, and then advancing into the _Parenchyma_, therein disperse themselves: These latter sort in _Peaches_ are numerous throughout: But notwithstanding the different disposition of the Branches of the _Fruits_ aforesaid; yet is there one Branch dispos’d in one and the same manner in them all: The entrance hereof into the _Stone_ is at its _Basis_; from whence running through its Body, and still inclining or arching it self towards its Concave, is at last about its Cone thereinto emergent, where the Coats of the _Seed_ are appendent to it. Of the _Seed-Branch_ ’tis therefore observable that after its entrance into the _Fruit_, ’tis alwaies prolonged therein to a considerable length; as is seen not only in _Apples_, &c. where the _Seed_ stands a good distance from the _Stalk_; but in _Plums_ likewise, where it stands very near it; in that here the _Seed-Branch_, as is said, never strikes through the _Stone_ into the Coats of the _Seed_ directly, but about its Cone or remoter end. The _Stone_, though it seem a simple Body, yet it is compounded of different ones: The Inner Part thereof, as it is by far the thinnest, so is it the most dense, white, smooth and simple. The Original is from the _Pith_; difficult, but curious to observe: For the _Seed-Branch_, not striking directly and immediately quite through the _Basis_ of the _Stone_, but in the manner as is above described, carries a considerable part of the _Pith_, now gathered round about it, as its _Parenchyma_, along with it self, which, upon its entrance into the concave of the _Stone_ about its farther end, is there in part spred all over it, as the Lining thereof. The outer and very much thicker Part consisteth partly of the like _Precipitations_ or concrete Particles, as in a _Pear_, being gathered here much more closely, not only to a Contiguity, but a coalition into one entire Stone; as we see in _Pears_ themselves, especially towards the _Cork_, they gather into the like Stoniness; or as we see a _Stone_, _Mineral_ or _Animal_, oftentimes the product of accumulated _Gravel_: But as the _Parenchyma_ is mixed with the Concretion in the _Calculary_, so is it also, though not visibly, with these in the _Stone_, the ground of the _Stone_ being indeed a perfect _Parenchyma_; but by the said Concretions so far alter’d, as to become dry, hard and undistinguishable from them.

In a _Nut_ (to which an _Achorn_ is analogous) there are three general Parts, the _Cap_, _Shell_ and _Pith_. The _Cap_ is constituted of a _Pill_ and _Parenchyma_ derived from the _Barque_, and _Ramulets_ from the _Lignous Body_ of the _Branch_. The _Shell_ likewise is not one simple Body, but compounded. The Superficial Part thereof is originated from the _Pill_ or _Skin_ of the _Cap_, from the inside whereof it is in a Duplicature produc’d and spred over the _shell_: which, if you look at the _Basis_ of the _shell_, is farther evident; for that being continuous with the _Parenchyma_ of the _Cap_, without the interposure of the _Skin_, the said superficial Part is there wanting. The thicker and inner part of the _shell_ consisteth of the same _Parenchyma_ as that of the _Cap_, with a _congeries_ of _Precipitations_ filled up, as in a Stone. And as the _Lignous Body_ is branched in a Stone, so, with some difference, in a Shell. The _Outer Branches_ or _Ramulets_ are numerous, each issuing out of the _Parenchyma_ of the _cap_, and entring the _Shell_ at the Circumference of its _Basis_ and so running betwixt its superficial and inner parts towards its _cone_, in a Round. The _Inner_ or _Seed-Branch_ is single, entering in, as do the other, at the _Basis_ of the _shell_, but at the _center_ thereof; from whence it runs, not through the _Shell_, as in _Plums_ through the _Stone_; but through the _Pith_, as far as the _cone_, where the Coats of the _Seed_ hang appendent to it. The _Pith_, whether derived from the same part both in name and nature in the _Branch_ and _Stalk_, or from the _Cortical Body_, I yet determine not.

A _Berry_, as a _Gooseberry_ (to which _Currans_, _Grapes_, _Hipps_, &c. are to be referr’d) consisteth, besides the _Seed_, of the three general Parts, _Pill_, _Parenchyma_ and _Branchery_: The _Pill_ is originated as in the foregoing Fruits. The _Parenchyma_ is double, as likewise in some other _Berries_: The _outer_ is commonly, together with the _Pill_, call’d the _Skin_, and is that part we spit out, being of a soure taste. As the _Pill_ is originated from the _outer_, so this from the _inner part_ of the _Barque_; and accordingly the Pores thereof may be observed plainly of a like shape with those both of the _Cortical Body_ and _Pith_. The _inner_ is of a sweet taste, and is the part we eat: It is of a constitution so laxe and tender, as it would seem to be only a thicker or jellied Juice; although this likewise be a true _Parenchyma_, something like that of an _Orange_ or _Limon_, with its Pores all fill’d up with Liquor. The _Branchery_ is likewise double: The _Exterior_ runs betwixt the _Pill_ and outer _Parenchyma_ in arched Lines, from the _Stalk_ to the _Stool_ of the _Flower_. These outer Branches, though of various number at the _Stalk_, yet at the _Cork_ are usually ten principal ones; five for the five Leaves of the _Flower_, and five for the _Chives_. The inner main Branches are two, diametrically opposite to each other, and at the _Cork_ with the other inosculated. From these two are branched other smaller, every one having a _Seed_ appendent to it, whose Coats it entreth by a double Filament, one at the _Basis_, the other at the _Cone_. They are all very white and turgent; and by a slaunt cut, may be observ’d concave; thus representing themselves analogous to so many true _spermatick Vessels_.

The Uses of _Fruits_ are for _Man_, (sometimes also other _Animals_, as are _Akerns_ and _Haws_) and for the _Seed_. For Man, they are so variously desirable, that till our Orchards and Store-Chambers, _Confectioners_ Stores and _Apothecaries_ Shops, our Ladies Closets, their Tables or Hands are empty of them, I shall not need to enquire for what. If it be asked, how the Fruit becomes, generally above all the other Parts, so pleasant a Meat? It is partly from the _Sap_, the grosser portion thereof being deposited in the Leaves, and so the purer hereunto reserved; partly from the Globular Figure of the Fruit; for the _Sap_ being thus in a greater quantity herein, and in all parts equally diffus’d, the Concoction hereof is with greatest advantage favoured and promoted. Wherefore all Fruits which we eat raw, how small soever, are of a Globular form, or thereunto approaching; and the nearer, the delicater; amongst _apples_, the _Peppin_; amongst _Pears_, the _Burgundian_; and amongst all Fruits, the _Grape_; and amongst _Grapes_, the roundest, are of all the most dainty.

The visible cause of this Globular Figure, is the _Flower_; or the Inosculation of all the main Branches at the _Stool_ of the _Flower_; and upon the fall of the _Flower_, the obtuseness, and with Wind and Sun, as it were the searing of their several ends: For thus the _Sap_ entring the _Fruit_, being not able to effect, either a Disunion, or a shooting forth of the said Branches, and so to carry on their growth in length; they must thus of necessity be enarch’d, and with the _Parenchyma_ more and more expand themselves. Whereas were they dispos’d and qualified otherwise, than as is said, instead of forming a Fruit within bounds, they would run out into all extravagance, and even into another little Tree or Leafy growth.

To the _Seed_, the _Fruit_ is serviceable; First, in order to its being supply’d with a due and most convenient _Sap_, the greater and less elaborated part thereof being, in its passage towards the _Seed_, thereinto received; the _Fruit_ doing the same office to the _Seed_, which the _Leaves_ do to the _Fruit_; the _Sap_ in the _Fruit_ being in a laxe comparison, as the _Wine_; and that for the _Seed_, a small part of the highest Spirit rectified from it.

So likewise for its Protection, in order to the prosperous carrying on and perfecting of its generation, and security being perfected. Which protection it gives not only to the Seminal _Sap_ and _Seed_ it self; but alwaies also to its _Seed-Branch_. Thus we see an _Apple_, besides that it is it self of ample compass, for the sake of its _Seed_, hath likewise its _coar_; as if it were not sufficient, that the Walls of their Room are so very thick, unless also wainscotted. In a _Pear_ again, where the _Parenchyma_ is of less compass than that of an _Apple_, to what protection this affords, that of the _Calculary_ is super-added. But in a _Plum_, where the _Parenchyma_ is exceeding tender, and in a _Peach_, which hangs late, and till Autumn Frosts approach, we have not only the Rubbish of a _Calculary_ but stout Stone-Walls. Within which also, not only the _Seed_ it self; but the _Seed-Branch_ is evermore immur’d. Lastly, in a _Nut_, where the _shell_ being not surrounded with a _Parenchyma_, that protection is wanting without, ’tis answer’d by an ample _Pith_ within it; and the _seed-Branch_ likewise included, not meerly in the Body of the Shell, as in a _Plum_, but within the _pith_ it self. So necessary is this design that what the Hen by Incubation or Hovering, is to the Egg or Chick; that the whole _Fruit_, by comprehension, is to the _Seed_.

CHAP. VII.

_Of the Seed._

As the Original, so the ultimate end & Perfection of _Vegetation_ is the _Seed_. How it is the former, and in its state apt for _Vegetation_, hath already been seen. How the latter, and in its state of Generation, we shall now lastly enquire. In doing which, what in the other state was either not distinctly existent, or not so apparent, or not so intelligible, will occur.

The two general Parts of the _Seed_ are its _Covers_ and _Body_. The _Covers_ in this estate are usually four; the outmost we may call the _Case_: ’Tis of a very various form; sometimes a _Pouch_, as in _Nasturtium_, _Cochlearia_; a _Cod_, as in all _Pulse_, _Galega_; sometimes not entire, but parted, or otherwise open, as in _Sorrel_, _Knotgrass_, with many other forms; I think alwaies more heterogeneous to that of the _Seed_, by which it differs from the proper Coats. To this the Caps of _Nuts_, and the _Parenchyma’s_ of Fruits are analogous.

The two next are properly the Coats: In a _Bean_ especially, and the like; from whence to avoyd Confusion, the denomination may run common to the responding Covers of other _Seeds_. The Colour of the outer is of all degrees, from White to the Blackness of _Jett_: Its Figure sometimes Kidney’d, as in _Alcea_, _Behen_, _Poppy_; triangular, as in _Polygonatum_, _Sorrel_; triangular spherical, in _Mentha_, _Melissa_; circular, in _Leucoium_, _Amaranthus_; globular, in _Napus_, _Asperula_; oval, in _Speculum Veneris_, _Tithymalus_; half Globe, in _Coriander_; that which we take for one single round _Seed_, being a Conjugation of two; half Oval, in _Anise_, _Fennel_; Hastal, in _Lactuca_; Cylindrical, as, if I mistake not, in _Jacobæa_, Pyramidal, in _Geranium_, _Althææ Fol._ with many other differences: But the Perfection of one or two of the said Figures lieth in the _Case_: So that as all Lines and Proportions are in the _Flower_, so all Regular Figures in the _Seed_, or rather in its _Covers_.

’Tis sometimes glistering, as in _Speculum Veneris_; Rough-cast, in _Catanance_; Studded, in _Behen_, _Blattaria_; Favous, in _Papaver_, _Antirrhinum_, _Lepidium annuum_, _Alcea Vesicaria_, _Hyosciamus_, and many more, before the _Seeds_ have lain long by; Pounced, in _Phalangium Cretæ_, _Lithospermum_; Ramified, in _Pentaphyllum fragiferum_, _Erectum majus_, resembling the Fibres of the Ears of the Heart; some just _Quinquenerval_, as in _Anisum_, and many more, the _Lignous Body_ being in five main Fibres branched therein.

The Covers of not only _Quince_-Seeds, and those of _Psyllium_ (more usually taken notice of) but those also of _Horminum_, _Nasturtium_, _Eruca_, _Camelina_, _Ocymum_, and divers others, have a _Mucilage_; which, though it be not visible when the Seeds are throughly dry; yet lying a while in some warm Liquor, or only on the Tongue, it swells more or less, and upon them all fairly shews it self. On that of _Ocymum_ it appears grayish; on the other, transparent; and on that of _Nasturtium Hortense_ very large; even emulous of the inner Pulp surrounding a _Gooseberry-seed_. The putting of _Clary-seed_ into the Eye, may have been brought into use from this _Mucilage_, by which alone it may become Medicinal. And thus far of the _Superficies_.

The nature of the outer Coat is various, _Membranous_, _Cartilaginous_ and _Stony_; the like _Precipitations_ being sometimes made herein, as in a Stone or Shell; as in that of the Seeds of _Carthamum_, _Lithospermum_, and others. The Designment hereof, being either with respect to the _Seed_ in its state of Generation; as where the Case is either wanting, or at least insufficient of it self, there for its due protection and warmth; or, in its state of _Vegetation_, for the better Fermenting of its Tinctures and _Sap_; the Fermentations of some _Seeds_ not well proceeding, unless they lie in their Stony Casks in the Mould, like Bottled Liquors in Sand.

All _Seeds_ have their outer Covers open; either by a particular _Foramen_, as in _Beans_, and other _Pulse_, as is said; or by the breaking off of the _Seed_ from its _Peduncle_ or _Stool_, as in those in _Cucumber_, _Cycory_; or by the entering and passage of a _Branch_ or _Branches_, not only into the Concave thereof near the Cone, but also through the Cone it self; as in _Shells_ and _Stones_.

For the sake of this _aperture_ it is, that _Akerns_, _Nuts_, _Beans_, _Cucumbers_, and most other _Seeds_, are in their formation so placed, that the _Radicle_ still standeth next to it; that, upon _Vegetation_, it may have a free and ready passage into the Mould.

The Original of the outer Coat, though from Parts of the same substantial nature, yet is differently made. In a _Plum_, the _Seed-Branch_ which runs, as is described, through the Stone, is not naked, but, as is said, invested with a thin _Parenchyma_, which it carries from the Stalk along with it; and which, by the _Ramification_ of the said _Branch_ within the Stone, is in part dilated into a Coat. That of a _Bean_ is from the _Parenchyma_ of the Cod; the superficial part of which _Parenchyma_, upon the large _peduncle_ of the _Bean_ becoming a thin Cuticle, and upon the _Bean_ it self a _cartilaginous_ Coat.

The Original of the inner Coat of the _Bean_ is likewise from the inner part of the said _parenchyma_; which first is spred into a long Cake, or that which with the _seed-Branch_ maketh the _peduncle_ of the _Bean_; under which Cake, there is usually a black part or spot; by the length of which, the inner part of the Cake is next inserted into the outer Coat, and spred all over the Concave thereof.

This inner Coat, though when the _Seed_ is grown old and dry, ’tis shrunk up, and in most Seeds so far as scarcely to be discern’d; yet in its first and juvenile Constitution, is a very Spongy and Sappy Body; and is then likewise (as the _Womb_ in a pregnant Animal) in proportion very thick and bulky; in a _Bean_, even as one of the _Lobes_ it self: And in a _Plum_ or _apricot_, I think I may safely say, half an hundred times thicker than afterwards, when it is dried and shrunk up; and can scarcely be distinguished from the upper Coat. Upon which Accounts it is, in this estate, a true and fair _Parenchyma_.

In this Inner Coat in a _Bean_, the _Lignous Body_ or _Seed-Branch_ is distributed: Sometimes, as in _French-Beans_, throughout the whole Coat; as it is in a Leaf: In the Great _Garden-Bean_, upon its first entrance, it is bipartite, and so in small Branches runs along the Circumference of the Coat, all meeting and making a kind of Reticulation against the Belly of the _Bean_. In the same manner the main Branches in the outer Coat of a _Kernel_, circling themselves on both hands from the place of their first entrance, at last meet, and mutually inosculate.

So that all the Parts of a _Vegetable_, the _Root_, _Trunk_, _Branch_, _Leaf_, _Flower_, _Fruit_ and _Seed_, are still made up of two substantially different Bodies.