Chapter XXI: Appendix: C

KEY TO PLACE NAMES

Abancay, town, lat. 12° 35′, Figs. 20, 204.

Abra Tocate, pass, between Yavero and Urubamba valleys,
leaving latter at Rosalina, (Fig. 8).
_See also_ Fig. 55.

Anta, town, lat. 13° 30′, Fig. 20.

Antabamba, town, lat. 14° 20′, Figs. 20, 204.

Aplao, town, lat. 16°, Figs. 20, 204.

Apurimac, river, Fig. 20.

Arequipa, town, lat. 16° 30′, Fig. 66.

Arica, town, northern Chile, lat. 18° 30′.

Arma, river, tributary of Apurimac, lat. 13° 25′, (Fig. 20);
tributary of Ocoña, lat. 15° 30′, (Fig. 20).

Arma, village, lat. 13° 15′, Fig. 20.
_See also_ Fig. 140.

Auquibamba, hacienda, lat. 13° 40′, Fig. 204.

Callao, town, lat. 12°, Fig. 66.

Camaná, town, lat. 16° 40′, Figs. 20, 66, 204.

Camisea, river, tributary of Urubamba entering from right, lat. 11° 15′.

Camp 13, lat. 14° 30′.

Cantas, hacienda, lat. 16° 15′, Fig. 204.

Caraveli, town, lat. 16°, Fig. 66.

Catacaos, town, lat. 5° 30′, Fig. 66.

Caylloma, town and mines, lat. 15° 30′, Fig. 66.

Caypi, village, lat. 13° 45′.

Central Ranges, lat. 14°, Fig. 20.
_See also_ Fig. 157.

Cerro Azul, town, lat. 13°, Fig. 66.

Chachani, mt., overlooking Arequipa, lat. 16° 30′, (Fig. 66).

Chaupimayu, river, tributary of Urubamba entering at Sahuayaco, _q.v._

Chili, river, tributary of Vitor River, lat. 16° 30′, (Fig. 66).

Chinche, hacienda, Urubamba Valley above Santa Ana, lat. 13°, (Fig. 20).

Chira, river, lat. 5°, Fig. 66.

Choclococha, lake, lat. 13° 30′, Figs. 66, 68.

Choqquequirau, ruins, canyon of Apurimac above junction of Pachachaca
River, lat. 13° 25′, (Fig. 20).

Choquetira, village, lat. 13° 20′, Fig. 20.
_See also_ Fig. 136.

Chosica, village, lat. 12°, Fig. 66.

Chuquibamba, town, lat. 15° 50′, Figs. 20, 204.

Chuquibambilla, village, lat. 14°, Figs. 20, 204.

Chuquito, pass, Cordillera Vilcapampa between Arma and Vilcabamba
valleys, lat. 13° 10′, (Fig. 20).
_See also_ Fig. 139.

Coast Range, Figs. 66, 204.

Cochabamba, city, Bolivia, lat. 17° 20′, long. 66° 20′.

Colorada, pampa, lat. 15° 30′, Fig. 204.

Colpani, village, lower end of Canyon of Torontoy (Urubamba River),
lat. 13° 10′. _See_ Fig. 158.

Copacavana, village, Bolivia, lat. 16° 10′, long. 69° 10′.

Coribeni, river, lat. 12° 40′, Fig. 8.

Coropuna, mt., lat. 15° 30′, Figs. 20, 204.

Corralpata, village, Apurimac Valley near Incahuasi.

Cosos, village, lat. 16°, Fig. 204.

Cotabambas, town, Apurimac Valley, lat. 13° 45′, (Fig. 20).

Cotahuasi, town, lat. 15° 10′, Figs. 20, 204.

Cuzco, city, lat. 13° 30′, Fig. 20.

Echarati, hacienda, on the Urubamba River between Santa Ana and
Rosalina, lat. 12° 40′.
_See_ inset map, Fig. 8, _and also_ Fig. 54.

Huadquiña, hacienda, Urubamba River above junction with Vilcabamba, lat. 13° 10′, (Fig. 20). _See also_ Fig. 158.

Huadquirca, village, lat. 14° 15′, Figs. 20, 204.

Huaipo, lake, north of Anta, lat. 13° 25′, (Fig. 20).

Huambo, village, left bank Pachachaca River between Huancarama
and Pasaje, lat. 13° 35′, (Fig. 20).

Huancarama, town, lat. 13° 40′, Fig. 20.

Huancarqui, village, lat. 16° 5′, Fig. 204.

Huascatay, village, left bank of Apurimac above Pasaje,
lat. 13° 30′, (Fig. 20).

Huaynacotas, village, lat. 15° 10′, Fig. 204.

Huichihua, village, lat. 14° 10′, Fig. 204.

(Tablazo de) Ica, plateau, lat. 14°-15° 30′, Fig. 66.

Ica, town, lat. 14°, Figs. 66, 67.

Incahuasi, village, lat. 13° 20′, Fig. 20.

Iquique, town, northern Chile, lat. 20° 15′.

(Pampa de) Islay, south of Vitor River, (Fig. 66).

Jaguey, village, Pampa de Sihuas, _q.v._

La Joya, pampa, station on Mollendo-Puno R.R., 16° 40′, (Fig. 66).

Lambrama, village, lat. 12° 50′, Fig. 20.

Lima, city, lat. 12°, Fig. 66.

Machu Picchu, ruins, gorge of Torontoy, _q.v._, lat. 13° 10′.

Majes, river, Fig. 204.

Manugali, river, tributary of Urubamba entering from left
above Puviriari River, lat. 12° 20′, (Fig. 8).

Maritime Cordillera, Fig. 204.

Matara, village, lat. 14° 20′, Fig. 204.

(El) Misti, mt., lat. 16° 30′, Fig. 66.

Mollendo, town, lat. 17°, Fig. 66.

Moquegua, town, lat. 17°, Fig. 66.

Morococha, mines, lat. 11° 45′, Fig. 66.

Mulanquiato, settlement, lat. 12° 10′, Fig. 8.

Occobamba, river, uniting with Yanatili, _q.v._

Ocoña, river, lat. 15°-16° 30′, Figs. 20, 66.

Ollantaytambo, village. Urubamba River below Urubamba town,
lat. 13° 15′, (Fig. 20), _and see_ inset map, Fig. 8.

Pabellon, hacienda, Urubamba River above Rosalina, (Fig. 20).
_See also_ Fig. 55.

Pacasmayo, town, lat. 7° 30′, Fig. 66.

Pachatusca (Pachatusun), mt., overlooking Cuzco to northeast, lat. 13° 30′.

Pachitea, river, tributary of Ucayali entering from left, lat. 8° 50′.

Paita, town, lat. 5°, Fig. 66.

Pampacolea, village, south of Coropuna, _q.v._

Pampaconas, river, known in lower course as Cosireni,
tributary of Urubamba River, (Fig. 8).
Source in Cordillera Vilcapampa west of Vilcabamba.

Pampas, river, tributary of Apurimac entering from left, lat. 13° 20′.

Panta, mt., Cordillera Vilcapampa, northwest of Arma, lat. 13° 15′, (Fig. 20).
_See also_ Fig. 136.

Panticalla, pass, Urubamba Valley above Torontoy, lat. 13° 10′.

Pasaje, hacienda and ferry, lat. 13° 30′, Fig. 20.

Paucartambo (Yavero), river, _q.v._

Paucartambo, town, head of Paucartambo (Yavero) River,
lat. 13° 20′, long. 71° 40′. Inset map, Fig. 8.

Pichu-Pichu, mt., overlooking Arequipa, lat. 16°, (Fig. 66).

Pilcopata, river, tributary of Upper Madre de Dios
east of Paucartambo, lat. 13°.

Piñi-piñi, river, tributary of Upper Madre de Dios
east of Paucartambo, lat. 13°.

Pisco, town, lat. 14°, Fig. 66.

Piura, river, lat. 5°-6°, Fig. 66.

Piura, town, lat. 5° 30′, Fig. 66.

Pomareni, river, lat. 12°, Fig. 8.

Pongo de Mainique, rapids, lat. 12°, Fig. 8.

Pucamoco, hacienda, Urubamba River, between Santa Ana and Rosalina, (Fig. 20).

Puquiura, village, lat. 13° 5′, Fig. 20.
_See also_ Fig. 158. Distinguish Puqura in Anta basin near Cuzco.

Puqura, village, Anta basin, east of Anta, lat. 13° 30′, (Fig. 20).

Quilca, town, lat. 16° 40′, Fig. 66.

Quillagua, village, northern Chile, lat. 21° 30′, long. 69° 35′.

Rosalina, settlement, lat. 12° 35′, Fig. 8.
_See also_ Fig. 20.

Sahuayaco, hacienda, Urubamba Valley above Rosalina, (Fig. 20).
_See also_ Fig. 55.

Salamanca, town, lat. 15° 30′, Fig. 20.

Salaverry, town, lat. 8°, Fig. 66.

Salcantay, mt., lat. 13° 20′, Fig. 20.

San Miguel, bridge, canyon of Torontoy near Machu Picchu, lat. 13° 10′.

Santa Ana, hacienda, lat. 12° 50′, Fig. 20.

Santa Ana, river, name applied to the Urubamba in the
region about hacienda Santa Ana.

Santa Lucia, mines, lat. 16°, Fig. 66.

Santo Anato, hacienda, La Sama’s hut, 12° 35′, Fig. 8.

Sihuas, Pampa de, lat. 16° 30′, Fig. 204.

Sillilica, Cordillera, east of Iquique, northern Chile.

Sintulini, rapids of Urubamba River above junction of
Pomareni, lat. 12° 10′, (Fig. 8).

Sirialo, river, lat. 12° 40′, Fig. 8.

Soiroccocha, mt., Cordillera Vilcapampa north of Arma,
lat. 13° 15′, (Fig. 20).

Solimana, mt., lat. 15° 20′, Fig. 204.

Soray, mt., Cordillera Vilcapampa, southeast of Mt. Salcantay,
lat. 13° 20′, (Fig. 20).

Sotospampa, village, near Lambrama, lat. 13° 50′, (Fig. 204).

Sullana, town, Chira River, lat. 5°, (Fig. 66).

Taurisma, village, lat. 15° 10′, Fig. 204.

Ticumpinea, river, tributary of Urubamba entering from right
below Pongo de Mainique, lat. 11° 50′, (Fig. 8).

Timpia, river, tributary of Urubamba entering from right, lat. 11° 45′.

Tono, river, tributary of Upper Madre de Dios, east of Paucartambo, lat. 13°.

Torontoy, canyon of the Urubamba between the villages of Torontoy
and Colpani, lat. 13° 10′-13° 15′.

Torontoy, village at the head of the canyon of the same name, lat. 13° 15′.
_See_ inset map, Fig. 8.

Tumbez, town, lat. 4° 30′, Fig. 66.

Tunari, Cerro de, mt., northwest of Cochabamba, _q.v._

Urubamba, river, Fig. 20.

Urubamba, town, lat. 13° 20′, Fig. 20.

Vilcabamba, river, tributary of Urubamba River entering from
left above Santa Ana, lat. 13°, Fig. 8.
_See also_ Fig. 158.

Vilcabamba, village, lat. 13° 5′, Fig. 20.
_See also_ Fig. 158.

Vilcanota, Cordillera, southern Peru.

Vilcanota, river, name applied to Urubamba above lat. of
Cuzco, 13° 30′, (Fig. 20).

Vilcapampa, Cordillera, lat. 13° 20′, Fig. 20.

Vilque, town, southern Peru, lat. 15° 50′, long. 70° 30′.

Vitor, pampa, lat. 16° 30′, Fig. 66.

Vitor, river, Fig. 66.

Yanahuara, pass, between Urubamba and Yanatili valleys, lat. 13° 10′.

Yanatili, river, tributary of Urubamba entering from right
above Rosalina, (Fig. 20).
_See also_ Fig. 65.

Yavero (Paucartambo), river, tributary of Urubamba entering
from right, lat. 12° 10′, Fig. 8.

Yavero, settlement, at junction of Yavero and Urubamba
rivers, lat. 12° 10′, Fig. 8.

Yunguyo, town, southern Peru, lat. 16° 20′, long. 69° 10′.

Yuyato, river, lat. 12° 5′, Fig. 8.

INDEX

Abancay, 32, 62, 64, 78, 92, 93, 181, 189, 221, 243;
suppressing a revolution, 89-91;
temperature curve (diagr.), opp. p. 180

Abancay basin, 154

Abancay to Camaná cross-section map, work, observation and statistics, 315

Abra Tocate, 73, 80, 81;
topography and vegetation from (ill.), opp. p. 19

Abra de Malaga, 276

Acosta, 205

Adams, G. I., 255

Agriculture, 74-76, 152

Aguardiente, 74. _See_ Brandy

Alcohol, 5, 6

Alluvial fans, 60-63, 70, 270

Alluvial fill, 270-273;
view in Majes Valley (ill.), opp. p. 230

Alpacas, 5, 52

Alto de los Huesos (ill.), opp. p. 7

Amazon basin, Humboldt’s dream of conquest, 33-35;
Indian tribes, 36

Amazonia, 20, 26

Ancachs, 171

Andahuaylas, 89

Andrews, A, C., 295

Angulo, Philippi, 317

Anta, 187, 189, 190

Anta basin, 62, 108, 197;
geology, 250;
view looking north from hill near Anta (ill.), opp. p. 184

Antabamba, 52, 53, 95, 96, 99, 101, 189, 197, 243, 303, 316;
Governor, 95-99, 100-101;
Lieutenant Governor, 96-99, 101;
sketch section, 243

Antabamba Canyon, view across (ill.), opp. p. 106

Antabamba Quadrangle, 316, opp. p. 282 (topog. sheet)

Antabamba region, geologic sketch map and section, 245

Antabamba Valley, 96

“Antis,” 39

Aplao, 106, 115, 116, 181, 226, 231, 255, 256, 257, 273, 318;
composite structure section (diagr.), 259;
temperature curve (diagr.), 181

Aplao Quadrangle (topog. sheet), opp. p. 120

Appendix A, 315

Appendix B, 321

Appendix C, 324

Apurimac, 51, 57, 60, 94, 153, 154;
crossing at Pasaje (ills.), opp. p. 91;
regional diagram of canyoned country, 58

Apurimac Canyon, 189;
cloud belt (ill.), opp. p. 150

Arequipa, 52, 89, 92, 117, 120, 137, 284;
glacial features near (sketches), 280

Argentina, 93

Arica, 130, 132, 198

Arma, 67, 189, 212-214

Arrieros, Pampa de, 280

Asymmetrical peaks (ill.), opp. p. 281

Asymmetry, 305-313;
cross-section of ridge (diagr.), 306;
postglacial volcano (diagr.), 306

Auquibamba, 93

Avalanches, 290

Bailey, S. I., 284

Bandits, 95

Basins, 60, 154;
regional diagram, 61;
climatic cross-section (diagr.), 62

Batholith, Vilcapampa, 215-224

Belaunde brothers, 116

Bergschrunds, 294-305

Bingham, Hiram, ix, 104, 157

Block diagram of physiography of Andes, 186

Boatmen, Indian, 13

Bogotá, Cordillera of, 205

Bolivia, 93, 176, 190, 193, 195, 240, 241, 249, 322;
snowline, 275-277

Bolivian boundary, 68

Border valleys of the Eastern Andes, 68-87

Borneo, 206

Bowman, Isaiah, 8, 316

Brandy, 74, 75, 76, 82-83

Bravo, José, 245

Bumstead, A. H., ix

Cacao, 74, 83

Cacti, 150;
arboreal (ill.), opp. p. 90

Calchaquí Valley, 250

Callao, 118;
cloudiness (with diagr.), 133;
temperature (with diagr.), 126-129;
wind roses (diagrs.), 128

Camaná, 21, 112, 115, 116, 117, 118, 140-141, 147, 181,
225, 226, 227, 266, 318;
coastal Tertiary, 253, 254;
plain of, 229;
temperature curve (diagr.), 181

Camaná Quadrangle (topog. sheet), opp. p. 114

Camaná Valley, 257

Camaná-Vitor region, 117

Camino del Peñon, 110

Camisea, 36

Camp 13, 100, 180, 181;
temperature curve (diagr.), 180

Campas, 37

Canals for bringing water, 59, 60, 155;
projected, Maritime Cordillera (diagr.), 118

Cantas, 115, 116, 226, 253, 257, 273, 318

Canyon walls (ills.), opp. p. 218

Canyoned country, regional diagram, 58;
valley climates (diagr.), 59

Canyons, 60, 72, 73, 197, 219;
Majes River (ill.), opp. p. 230;
topographic conditions before formation of deep
canyons in Maritime Cordillera (ill.), opp. p. 184

Caraveli, climate data, 134-136;
wind roses (diagrs.), 136

Carboniferous fossils, 323

Carboniferous strata, 241-247;
hypothetical distribution of land and sea (diagr.), 246

Cashibos, 37

Catacaos, 119

Cattle tracks (ill.), opp. p. 226

Caucho, 29

Caylloma, 164, 165

Caypi, 316

Central Ranges, asymmetrical peaks (ill.), opp. p. 281;
glacial features with lateral moraines (ill.), opp. p. 269;
glacial topography between Lambrama and Antabamba (ill.), opp. p. 280;
steep cirque walls (ill.), opp. p. 286

Cerro Azul, 118

Cerro de Tunari, 176

Chachani, 280, 284

Chanchamayo, 77

Character. _See_ Human character

Chaupimayu Valley, 77

_Chicha_, 86

Chile, 130, 132, 193, 260

Chili River, 120

Chili Valley, opp. p. 7 (ill.), 117

Chimborazo, 281

Chinche, 271, 272

Chira River, depth diagram, 119, 120

Chirumbia, 12

Choclococha, Lake, 120

Chonta Campas, 37

Choqquequirau, 154

Choquetira, 66, 67, 211;
bowldery fill below, 269;
glacial features, 206-207

Choquetira Valley, moraine, (ill.), opp. p. 208

Chosica, 136, 137;
cloudiness (diagr.), 138

_Chuño_, 57

Chuntaguirus, 41

Chuquibamba, 54, 72, 107, 110, 111, 112, 115, 116, 273, 317-319;
sediments, 258

Chuquibambilla, 53, 189, 220, 221, 222, 236, 243;
alluvial fill (diagr.), 272;
Carboniferous, 244;
fossils, 323

Chuquito pass, crossing (ill.), opp. p. 7;
glacial trough (ill.), opp. p. 205

Cirque walls, steep (ill.), opp. p. 286

Cirques, 294-305;
development (diagr.), 300;
development, further stages (diagr.), 301;
mode of formation (diagr.), 297

Clarke, J. M., 321

Clearing in forest (ill.), opp. p. 25

Climate, coast, 125-147;
eastern border, 147-153;
Inter-Andean valleys, 153-155;
_see also_ Meteorological records

Climatic belts, 121-122;
map, 123

Climatology, 121-156

Cliza, 276

Cloud-banners, 16

Cloud belt, 143, opp, p. 150 (ill.)

Cloudiness, 132;
Callao (with diagr.), 133;
desert station near Caraveli (diagrs.), 137;
Machu Picchu, 160;
Santa Lucia (diagr.), 169

Clouds, Inter-Andean Valley, 155;
Santa Ana (ill.), opp. p. 180;
Santa Lucia, 168;
types on eastern border of Andes (diagrs.), 148;
_see also_ Fog

Coast Range, 111, 113, 114, 116, 118, 225-232;
climate, 122-147;
direction, 267;
diagram to show progressive lowering of saturation
temperature in a desert, 127;
geology, 258;
view between Mollendo and Arequipa in June (ill.), opp. p. 226;
wet and dry seasons (diagrs.), 132

Coastal belt, map of irrigated and irrigable land, 113

Coastal desert, 110-120;
regional diagram of physical relations, 112;
_see also_ Deserts

Coastal planter, 6

Coastal region, topographic and climatic provinces (diagr.), 125

Coastal terraces, 225-232

Coca, 74, 77, 82-83

Coca seed beds (ill.), opp. p. 74

Cochabamba, 93;
temperature (diagrs. of ranges), insert opp. p. 178;
weather data, 176-178

Cochabamba Indians, 276

Colombia, 205

Colorada, Pampa de, 114, 317

Colpani, 72, 215, 216, 222, 223;
from ice to sugar cane (ill.), opp. p. 3

Comanchian fossils, 323

Cómas, 155

Compañia Gomera de Mainique, 29, 31, 32

Concession plan, 29

Conibos, 44

_Contador_, 84-85

Copacavana, 176

Cordilleras, 4, 6, 20, 197

Coribeni, 15

Corn, 57, 59, 62

Coropuna, 109, 110, 112, 202, 253, 317, 319;
elevation, 317;
glaciation, 307;
snowline, 283-285

Coropuna expedition, 104

Coropuna Quadrangle, 197, opp. p. 188 (topog. sheet), 319

Corralpata, 51, 59

Cosos, 231

Cotabambas, 78

Cotahuasi, 4, 5, 52, 54, 60, 97, 101, 103, 104, 180, 197, 199, 316, 317;
alluvial fill, 272;
fossils, 322;
geologic sketch maps and cross-section, 247;
rug weaver (ill.), opp. p. 68;
snowline above, 282-283;
temperature curve (diagr.), 180;
view (ill.), opp. p. 57

Cotahuasi Canyon, 247, 248, 316

Cotahuasi Quadrangle (topog. sheet), opp. p. 192

Cotahuasi Valley, geology, 258

Cotton, 76, 116, 117

Crest lines, asymmetrical, 305-313

Cretaceous formations, 247-251

Cretaceous fossils, 323

Crucero Alto, 188

Cuzco, 8, 10, 21, 52, 62, 63, 92, 102, 107, 193, 197;
railroad to Santa Ana, 69-70;
snow, 276;
view (ill.), opp. p. 66

Cuzco basin, 61, 62, 154, 251;
slopes at outlet (diagr.), 185

Deformations. _See_ Intrusions

Derby, Orville, 322

Desaguadero Valley, 193

Deserts, cloudiness (diagrs.), 137;
rain, 138-140;
sea-breeze in, 132;
tropical forest, 36-37;
wind roses (diagrs.), 136

Diagrams. _See_ Regional diagrams

Dikes, 223

Drunkenness, 103, 105-106, 108

Dry valleys, 114-115

Dunes, 114, 254;
Majes Valley, 262-267;
movement, 132;
superimposed (diagrs.), 265

Duque, Señor, 78

Eastern Andes, 204-224;
regional diagram, 22

Eastern border, climate, 147-153

Eastern valley planter, 3

Eastern valleys, 68-87;
climate cross-section (diagr.), 79

Echarati, 10, 77, 78, 80, 82;
plantation scene (ill.), opp. p. 75

Ecuador volcanoes, 281

Epiphyte (ill.), opp. p. 78

Erdis, E. C., 158

Erosion, 192-195, 210, 211, 305;
_see also_ Glacial erosion; Nivation

Erving, Dr. W. G., 13, 101, 316, 317

_Faena_ Indians, 75, 83-87

Feasts and fairs, 175-176

Ferries, 147

Fig tree (ill.), opp. p. 75

Floods, 151

Fog, 132, 139, 143;
conditions along coast from Camaná to Mollendo, 144-145;
_see also_ Clouds

Forest dweller, 1

Forest Indians. _See_ Machigangas

Forests, clearing (ill.), opp. p. 25;
dense ground cover, trees, epiphytes, and parasites (ill.), opp. p. 155;
moss-draped trees (ill.), opp. p. 24;
mountain, 148-153;
mule trail (ill.), opp. p. 18;
tropical, near Pabellon (ill.), opp. p. 150;
tropical vegetation (ill.), opp. p. 18;
type at Sahuayaco (ill.), opp. p. 90

Fossils, 245, 321;
list of, by geologic periods and localities, 321

Frankland, 278, 309

Frost line, 56-57

Garua, 132

Geographical basis of revolutions and of human character, 88-109

Geologic dates, 195-196;
Majes Valley, 258, 261;
west coast fault, 248-249

Geologic development. _See_ Physiographic and geologic development

Gilbert, G. K., 300, 302, 305

Glacial deposits, 268

Glacial erosion, Central Andes, 305-313;
composite sketch of general conditions, 312;
graphic representation of amount during glacial period, 311

Glacial features, 274-313;
Arequipa (sketches), 280;
Central Ranges; lateral moraines (ill.), opp. p. 269;
eastern slopes of Cordillera Vilcapampa (map), 210

Glacial retreat, 208-214

Glacial sculpture, heart of the Cordillera Vilcapampa (map), 212;
southwestern flank of Cordillera Vilcapampa (map), 207

Glacial topography between Lambrama and Antabamba (ill.), opp. p. 280;
Maritime Cordillera, north of divide on 73d meridian (ill.), opp. p. 281

Glacial trough, view near Chuquito pass (ill.), opp. p. 208

Glaciation, 64, 271;
Sierra Nevada, 305;
Vilcapampa, 204-214;
Western Andes, 202

Glaciers, Panta Mountain (ill.), opp. p. 287;
view (ill.), opp. p. 205

Gomara, 34

Gonzales, Señor, 78

Government, bad, 95

Gran Pajonal, 37

Granite, 215-224;
_see also_ Intrusions

Grass (ill.), opp. p. 154

Gregory, J. W., 205

_Hacendado_, 55, 60

_Haciendas_, 78, 83, 86

Hann, J., 126, 176, 278

Hendriksen, Kai, 98, 315

Hettner, 205

Hevea, 29

Highest habitations in the world, 52, 96;
regional diagram of, 50;
stone hut (ill.), opp. p. 48

Highland shepherd, 4

Highlands, 46

Hobbs, W. H., 286, 287

Horses, 66, opp. p. 91 (ill.)

Huadquiña, 70, 71, 72, 75, 82, 86, 219;
hacienda (ill.), opp. p. 73;
terraces, 272

Huadquirca, 243

Huaipo, Lake, 250, 251

Huallaga basin, 153

Huambo, 243

Huancarama, 64, 87, 189, 243, 303;
view (ill.), opp. p. 106

Huancarqui, 257

Huari, 176

Huascatay, 189, 242, 243;
Carboniferous, 244;
fossils, 322

Huasco basin, 275

Huaynacotas, 103, 316;
terraced valley slope (ill.), opp. p. 56;
terraced valley slopes (ill.), opp. p. 199

Huichihua, 278; alluvial fill (diagr.), 272;
(ill.), opp. p. 67

Human character, geographic basis, 88-109

Humboldt, 33-35, 286

Humboldt Current, 126, 143

Huts, 103;
highest in Peru (ill.), opp. p. 48;
shepherds’, 47, 48, 52, 55

Ica Valley, 120;
irrigated and irrigable land (diagr.), 118

Ice erosion. _See_ Glacial erosion

Incahuasi, 51, 155, 285

Incas, 39, 44, 46, 62, 63, 68, 77, 109, 175

Incharate, 78

Indian boatmen, 13

Indians, as laborers, 26-28, 31-32;
basin type, 63-64;
forest, _see_ Machigangas;
life and tastes, 107-108;
mountain, 46-67, 101-102;
plateau, 40-41, 44-45, 100, 106-109;
troops, 90, 91;
wrongs, 14, 102

Ingomwimbi, 206

Instruments, surveying, 315

Inter-Andean valleys, climate, 153-155

Intermont basin. _See_ Basins

Intrusions, deformations north of Lambrama (diagr.), 243;
deformative effects on limestone strata near Chuquibambilla (diagr.), 221;
lower Urubamba Valley (geologic sketch map), 237;
overthrust folds in detail near Chuquibambilla (diagr.), 222;
principles, 217-219

Intrusions, Vilcapampa, deformative effects near Puquiura (diagr.), 216;
relation of granite to schist near Colpani (with diagr.), 216

Iquique, wind roses (diagrs.), 131

Irrigation, 72, 76, 80, 82;
coastal belt (map), 113;
coastal desert, 119-120;
Ica Valley (diagr.), 118

Islay, Pampa de, 114

Italians, 18, 81

Jaguey, 254, 255, 318

Jesuits, 68

Johnson, W. D., 213, 295, 296, 299, 300

Kenia, Mt., 206, 274

Kerbey, Major, 8, 10

Kibo, 206, 274

Kilimandjaro, 205, 206

Kinibalu, 206

Krüger, Herr, 157

Labor, 26-28, 31-32, 42-43, 74-75, 83-84

La Cumbre Quadrangle, 197, 202, opp. p. 202 (topog. sheet)

La Joya, 132, 133;
cloudiness (diagr.), 134;
temperature curves (diagr.), 134;
wind roses (diagrs.), 135

Lambrama, 90, 92, 285, 316;
camp near (ill.), opp. p. 6

Lambrama Quadrangle (topog. sheet), opp. p. 304

Lambrama Valley, deformation types (diagr.), 243

Land and sea, Carboniferous hypothetical distribution
compared with present (diagr.), 246

Landscape, 183-198

Lanius, P. B., 13

La Paz, 93, 109, 276, 321

La Sama, 12, 13, 40

Las Lomas, 318

Lava flows, 199

Lava plateau, 197, 199, 307-308;
regional diagram of physical conditions, 55;
summit above Cotahuasi (ill.), opp, p. 204

Lavas, volume, 201

Lima, 92, 93, 118, 137, 138;
cloud, 132, 143;
temperature, 126

Limestone, sketch to show deformed, 243

Little, J. P., 135, 157

Llica, 275

Lower Cretaceous fossils, 323

Lower Devonian fossils, 321

Machigangas, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, 19, 31, 36-45, 81;
ornaments and fabrics (ill.), opp. p. 27;
trading with (ill.), opp. p. 26

Machu Picchu, 72, 220;
weather data (with diagr.), 158-160

Madeira-Mamoré railroad, 33

Madre de Dios, 1, 2, 33

Majes River, 147, 225, 227, 266, 267;
Canyon (ill.), opp. p. 230

Majes Valley, 106, 111, 116, 117, 120, 226, 227, 229-231, 318;
alluvial fill, 273;
date of formation, 258, 261;
desert coast (ill.), opp. p. 110;
dunes, 262-267;
erosion and uplift, 261;
lower and upper sandstones (ill.), opp. p. 250;
sediments, 255;
snowline, 283;
steep walls and alluvial fill (ill.), opp. p. 230;
structural details near Aplao (sketch section), 255;
structural details on south wall near Cantas (sketch section), 257;
structural relations at Aplao (field sketch), 256;
Tertiary deposits, 253-254;
wind, 130;
view below Cantas (ill.), opp. p. 110;
view down canyon (ill.), opp. p. 144

Malaria, 14, 38

Marañon, 41, 59

Marcoy, 79

Marine terrace at Mollendo (ill.), opp. p. 226

Maritime Cordillera, 52, 199-203, 233;
asymmetry of ridges, 308-309;
glacial features, 307;
glacial topography north of divide on 73d meridian (ill.), opp. p. 281;
pre-volcanic topography, 200;
post-glacial volcano, asymmetrical (diagr.), 306;
regional diagrams, 50, 52;
test of explanation of cirques, 303;
volcanoes, tuffs, lava flows (ill.), opp. p. 204;
western border rocks (geologic section), 257;
_see also_ Lava plateau

Matara, 99, 316

Matthes, F. E., 286, 287, 289

Mature slopes, 185-193; between Ollantaytambo and Urubamba
(ill.), opp. p. 185;
dissected, north of Anta (ill.), opp. p. 185

Mawenzi, 206

Meanders, 16, 17

Médanos, 114

Mendoza, Padre, 11

Mer de Glace, 203

Meteorological records, 157-181

Mexican revolutions, 93

Middendorf, 143

Miller, General, 41, 78, 147

Minchin, 241

Misti, El, opp. p. 7 (ill.), 284

Molina, Christoval de, 175

Mollendo, 93, 105, 117;
cloud belt, 143;
cloudiness (diagr.), 134;
coastal terraces, 225;
humidity, 133;
marine terrace (ill.), opp. p. 226;
profile of coastal terraces (diagr.), 227;
temperature curves (diagr.), 134;
wind roses (diagrs.), 129

Mollendo-Arequipa railroad, 117

Mollendo rubber, 32

Montaña, 148, 149, 153

Moquegua, 117;
geologic relations (diagr.), 255

Moraines, 207, 210-211;
Choquetira Valley (ill.), opp. p. 208;
view (ill.), opp. p. 208

Morales, Señor, 11

Morococha, temperature (diagrs. of ranges), insert opp. p. 172;
weather data (with diagrs.), 171-176

Morococha Mining Co., 157, 171

Morro de Arica, 132

Moss, large ground. _See Yareta_

Moss-draped trees (ill.), opp. p. 24

Mountain-side trail (ill.), opp. p. 78

Mountains, tropical, as climate registers, 206

Mulanquiato, 10, 18, 19

Mule trail (ill.), opp. p. 18

Mules, 23, 24, 94, opp. p. 91 (ill.)

Névé, 286-305

Niño, El, 137-138

Nivation, 285-294;
“pocked” surface (ill.), opp. p. 286

Northeastern border, topographic and structural section (diagr.), 241

Occobamba Valley, 79

Ocean currents of adjacent waters, 121-122 (map), 123

Ollantaytambo, 70, 73, 75, 250, 271;
terraced valley floor (ill.), opp. p. 56

d’Orbigny, 322

Oruro, 93

Pabellon, 80, 82, opp. p. 150

Pacasmayo, Carboniferous land plants, 245

Pachitea, 37, 38

Pacific Ocean basin, 248

Paleozoic strata (ill.), opp. p. 198

_Palma carmona_, 29

Palmer, H. S., 250

Paltaybamba, opp. p. 74

Pampacolca, 109

Pampaconas, 69, 211, 213, 215;
rounded slopes near Vilcabamba (ill.), opp. p. 72;
Carboniferous, 244;
fossils, 322;
snow action, 291

Pampaconas River, 316

Pampas, 114, 198;
climate data, 134-136

Pampas, river, 189

Panta, mt., 214;
view, with glacier system (ill.), opp. p. 287

Pará rubber, 32

Pasaje, 51, 57, 59, 60, 236, 238, 240, 241, 243;
Carboniferous, 244;
crossing the Apurimac (ills.), opp. p. 91

Paschinger, 274

Pastures, 141, 187;
Alpine (ill.), opp. p. 58

Paucartambo, 42, 77

Paucartambo River. _See_ Yavero River

Payta, 225

Penck, A., 205

Peonage, 25, 27, 28

Pereira, Señor, 10, 18

Perene, 155

Physiographic and geologic development, 233-273

Physiographic evidence, value, 193-195

Physiographic principles, 217

Physiography, 183-186;
Southern Peru, summary, 197-198

Pichu-Pichu, 284

Piedmont accumulations, 260

Pilcopata, 36

Piñi-piñi, 36

Pisco, 130;
Carboniferous land plants, 247

Piura, 119

Piura River, depth diagram, 119, 120

Piura Valley, 48

Place names, key to, 324

Plantations, 86;
_see also_ Haciendas

Planter, coastal, 6

Planters, valley, 3, 75, 76

Plateau Indians, 40-41, 44-45, 100, 106-109

Plateaus, 196-197

Pleistocene deposits, 267-273

Pomareni, 19

Pongo de Mainique, 8, 9, 11, 15-20, 40, 71, 179, 239, 241, 242, 273;
canoe in rapid above (ill.), opp. p. 11;
Carboniferous, 244;
dugout in rapids below (ill.), opp. p. 2;
fossils, 322;
temperature curve (diagr.), 178;
upper entrance (ill.), opp. p. 10;
vegetation, clearing, and rubber station (ill.), opp. p. 2

Poopó, 195

Potato field (ill.), opp p. 67

Potatoes, 57, 59, 62

Potosí, 249

Precipitation. _See_ Rain

Profiles, composition of slopes and profiles (diagr.), 191

Pucamoco, 78

Pucapacures, 42

Puerto Mainique, 29, 30

Punas, 6, 197

Puquiura, 67, 87, 211, 216, 236, 238, 239, 243, 277;
Carboniferous, 244;
composition of slopes (ill.), opp. p. 198

Puqura, 250

Quebradas, 145, 155

Quechuas, 44, 45, 77, 83

_Quenigo_, 285

Quilca, 105, 117, 226, 266

Quillabamba, opp. p. 74

Quillagua, 260

Railroads, 74, 75, 76, 93, 101-102, 149;
Bolivia, 93;
Cuzco to Santa Ana, 69-70

Raimondi, 77, 78, 109, 110, 135, 155, 170, 316

Rain, 115, 119, 120, 122, 124-125;
coast region seasonal variation, 131-137;
eastern border of Andes, belts (diagrs.), 148;
effect of heavy, 138-140;
effect of sea-breeze, 131-132;
heaviest, 147-148;
Morococha (with diagrs.), 173-176;
periodic variations, 137;
Santa Lucia (with diagrs.), 164-166;
unequal distribution in western Peru, 145-147

Regional diagrams, 50;
index map, 23;
note on, 51

Regions of Peru, 1, 7

Reiss, 205, 208

Revolutions, geographic basis, 88-109

Rhone glacier, 205

Rice, 76

Robledo, L. M., 9, 30, opp. p. 78

Rock belts, outline sketch along 73d meridian, 235

Rocks, Maritime Cordillera, pampas and Coast Range structural
relations (sketch section), 254;
Maritime Cordillera, western border (geologic section), 257;
Moquegua, structural relations (diagr.), 255;
Urubamba Valley, succession (diagr.), 249

Rosalina, 8, 9, 10, 11, 37, 42, 71, 73, 80, 82, 153, 237

Rubber, 18;
price, 32, 33

Rubber forests, 22-35

Rubber gatherers, Italian, 18, 81

Rubber plant (ill.), opp. p. 75

Rubber trees, 152

Rueda, José, 78

Rug weaver (ill.), opp. p. 68

Rumbold, W. R., 321

Russell, I. C., 205

Ruwenzori, 206, 274

Sacramento, Pampa del, 37

Sahuayaco, 77, 78, 80, 83, 179;
forests (ills.), opp. p. 90;
temperature curve (diagr.), 178

Salamanca, 54, 56, 105, 106, 180, 181;
forest, 285;
temperature curve (diagr.), 180;
terraced hill slopes (ill.), opp. p. 58;
view (ill.), opp. p. 107

Salaverry, 119

Salcantay, 64, 72, opp. p. 3 (ill.)

San Geronimo, 276

Sand. _See_ Dunes

“Sandy matico” (ill.), opp. p. 90

San Gabriel, Hacienda, 316

Santa Ana, 69, 72, 78, 79, 80, 82, 93, 153, 179, 237;
clouds (ill.), opp. p. 180;
temperature curve (diagr.), 178

Santa Ana Valley, 10, 82

Santa Lucia, temperature ranges (diagrs.), insert opp. p. 162;
unusual weather conditions, 169-170;
weather data (with diagrs.), 161-171

Santo Anato, 40, 42, 82, 179;
temperature curve (diagr.), 178

Schists and Silurian slates, 236-241

Schrund. _See_ Bergschrunds

Schrundline, 300-305

Schuchert, Chas., 321

Sea and land. _See_ Land and sea

Sea-breeze, 129-132

Shepherd, highland, 4

Shepherds, country of, 46-67

Shirineiri, 36, 38

Sierra Nevada, 305

Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 205

Sievers, W., 143, 176, 205, 263

Sihuas, Pampa de, 114, 198

Sillilica, Cordillera, 190, 260

Sillilica Pass, 275

Silurian fossils, 321

Silurian slates, 236-241

Sintulini rapids, 19

Sirialo, 8, 15

Slave raiders, 14

Slavery, 24, 25

Slopes, composition at Puquiura (ill.), opp. p. 198;
composition of slopes and profiles (diagr.), 191;
smooth grassy (ill.), opp. p. 79;
_see also_ Mature slopes

Smallpox, 14, 38

Snow, 212;
drifting, 278;
fields on summit of Cordillera Vilcapampa (ill.), opp. p. 268

Snow erosion. _See_ Nivation

Snow motion, curve of (diagr.), 293;
law of variation, 291

Snowline, 52, 53, 66, 122, 148, 203, 205-206, 274-285;
canting (with diagr.), 279;
determination, 282;
difference in degree of canting (diagr.), 281;
glacial period, 282;
view of canted, Cordillera Vilcapampa (ill.), opp. p. 280

Snowstorm, 170

Soiroccocha, 64, 72, 214;
view (ill.), opp. p. 154

Solimana, 4, 202, 317;
glaciation, 307

Soray, 64

Sotospampa, 243

South Pacific Ocean, 125

Spanish Conquest, 62, 63, 77

Spruce (botanist), 153

Steinmann, 249, 276

Streams, Coast Range, 145-147;
physiography, 192;
_see also_ Water

Structure. _See_ Rocks

Stübel, 209

Sucre, 93

Sugar, 73, 74, 75, 76, 82-83, 92

Sullana, 119

Survey methods employed in topographic sheets, 315

Tablazo de Ica, 198

Tarai. _See_ Urubamba Valley

Tarapacá, Desert of, 260

Tarapoto, 153

Taurisma, 317;
geologic sketch map and cross-section, 248

Taylor, Capt. A., 126, 128

Temperature, Abancay curve (diagr.), opp. p. 180;
Callao (with diagr.), 126-129;
Cochabamba, 176-178;
Cochabamba (diagrs. of ranges), insert opp. p. 178;
curves at various points along 73d meridian, 178-181;
La Joya curves (diagr.), 134;
Mollendo curves (diagr.), 134;
Morococha, 171-173;
Morococha (diagrs. of ranges), insert opp. p. 172;
progressive lowering of saturation, in a desert (diagr.), 127;
Santa Lucia, 161-164;
Santa Lucia (diagrs. of ranges), insert opp. p. 162

Tempests, 169-170

Terraces, coastal, 225-232;
physical history and physiographic development (with diagrs.), 228-230;
profile at Mollendo (diagr.), 227

Terraces, hill slopes (ill.), opp. p. 58

Terraces, marine (ill.), opp. p. 226

Terraces, valley (ills.), opp. p. 56, opp. p. 57, opp. p. 66;
Huaynacotas (ill.), opp. p. 199

_Terral_, 130

Tertiary deposits, 249, 251-267;
coastal, 253

Ticumpinea, 36, 38, 251

Tierra blanca, 254, 266

Timber line, 69, 71, 79, 148

Timpia, 36, 38, 252;
canoe at mouth (ill.), opp. p. 19

Titicaca, 161, 176, 195, 321

Titicaca basin, 107

Titicaca-Poopó basin, 251

Tocate. _See_ Abra Tocate

_Tola_ bush (ill.), opp. p. 6

Tono, 36

Topographic and climatic cross-section (diagr.), opp. p. 144

Topographic and structural section of northeastern border
of Andes (diagr.), 241

Topographic map of the Andes between Abancay and the Pacific
Coast at Camaná, insert opp. p. 312

Topographic profiles across typical valleys (diagrs.), 189

Topographic regions, 121-122;
map, 123

Topographic sheets, survey method employed, 315;
list of, with page references, xi

Topographical outfit, 315

Torontoy, 10, 70, 71, 72, 82, 158, 220

Torontoy Canyon, 272, opp. p. 3 (ill.);
cliff (ill.), opp. p. 10

Trail (mountain-side) (ill.), opp. p. 78

Transportation, 73-74, 93, 152;
rains and, 142

Trees, 150;
_see also_ Forests

_Tucapelle_ (ship), 117

Tucker, H. L., ix

Tumbez, 119

Tunari peaks, 276

Ucayali, 42, 44

Uplift, recent, 190

Upper Carboniferous fossils, 322

Urubamba, 1, 41, 42, 62, 187;
village, 70, 73

Urubamba River, 72;
fossils, 322;
physiographic observations, 252-253;
rapids and canyons, 8-21;
shelter hut (ill.), opp. p. 11

Urubamba Valley, 72, 153, 238;
alluvial fans, 270;
alluvial fill, 272-273;
below Paltaybamba (ill.), opp. p. 74;
canyon walls (ill.), opp. p. 218;
dissected alluvial fans (sketch), 271;
floor from Tarai (ill.), opp. p. 70;
from ice to sugar cane (ill.), opp. p. 3;
geologic sketch map of the lower, 237;
line of unconformity of geologic structure (ill.), opp. p. 250;
rocks, 250;
rocks, succession (diagr.), 249;
sketch map, 9;
slopes and alluvial deposits between Ollantaytambo and Torontoy
(ill.), opp. p. 269;
temperature curves (diagrs.), 178-179;
terraced valley slopes and floor (ill.), opp. p. 66;
vegetation, distribution (ill.), opp. p. 79;
view below Santa Ana (ill.), opp. p. 155;
wheat and bread, 71

Valdivia, Señor, 161

Vallenar, 49

Valley climates in canyoned region (diagr.), 59

Valley planters. _See_ Planters

Valley profiles, abnormal, 305-313

Valleys, eastern;
_see_ Border valleys of the Eastern Andes;
_see also_ Dry valleys, Inter-Andean valleys;
topographic profiles across, typical in Southern Peru (diagrs.), 189

Vegetation, 141;
belts (map), 123;
distribution in Urubamba Valley (ill.), opp. p. 79;
shrubbery, mixed with grass (ill.), opp. p. 154;
Tocate pass (ill.), opp. p. 19;
_see also_ Forests

Vicuña, 54

Vilcabamba, 66;
rounded slopes (ill.), opp. p. 72

Vilcabamba pueblo, 211, 277, 296

Vilcabamba Valley, 189

Vilcanota knot, 276

Vilcanota Valley, alluvial fill, 272

Vilcapampa, Cordillera, 15, 16, 22, 51, 53, 64, 66, 67, 197, 204-224, 233;
batholith and topographic effects, 215-224;
canted snowline (ill.), opp. p. 280;
climatic barrier, 73;
composite geologic section (diagr.), 215;
glacial features, 204-214;
glaciers, 304;
highest pass, crossing (ill.), opp. p. 7;
regional diagram, 65;
regional diagram of the eastern aspect, 68;
schrundline, 302;
snow movement, 287-289;
snow fields on summit (ill.), opp. p. 268;
snow peaks (ill.), opp. p. 72;
snowline, 277, 279;
southwestern aspect (ill.), opp. p. 205;
summit view (ill.), opp. p. 205

Vilcapampa Province, 77

Vilcapampa Valley, bowldery fill, 269

Vilque, 176

Violle, 309

_Virazon_, 130

Vitor, Pampa de, 114, 318

Vitor River, 92, 117, 226, 266, 267

Volcanic country, 199

Volcanic flows, geologic sketch, 244

Volcanoes, glacial erosion, 311;
post-glacial, 306-307;
recessed southern slopes (ill.), opp. p. 287;
snowline, 281;
typical form, 310;
views (ills.), opp. p. 204

Von Boeck, 176

Vulcanism, 199;
_see also_ Volcanoes

Ward, R. De C., 126, 143

Water, 59, 60, 116, 139;
projected canal from Atlantic to Pacific slope of the
Maritime Cordillera (diagr.), 118;
streams of coastal desert, intermittent and perennial,
diagrams of depth, 119

Water skippers, 17

Watkins, Mr., 317, 318

Weather. _See_ Meteorological records

Western Andes, 199-203

Whymper, 205

Wind belts, 122;
map, 123

Wind roses, Callao (diagrs.), 128;
Caraveli (diagrs.), 136;
Iquique (diagrs.), 131;
La Joya (diagrs.), 135;
Machu Picchu (diagrs.), 159;
Mollendo (diagrs.), 129;
Santa Lucia (diagrs.), 167;
summer and winter of 1911-1913 (diagrs.), 130

Winds, 114, 116;
directions at Machu Picchu, 158-159;
geologic action, 262-267;
prevailing, 125;
Santa Lucia (with diagrs.), 166-168;
trade, 122, 124;
sea-breeze, 129-132

Wine, 116, 117

Wolf, 205

Yanahuara pass, 170

Yanatili, 41, 42, 44;
slopes at junction with Urubamba River (ill.), opp. p. 79

_Yareta_ (ill.), opp. p. 6

Yavero, 30, 31, 36, 38, 42, 179;
temperature curve (diagr.), 178

Yavero (Paucartambo) River, rubber station (ill.), opp. p. 24

Yuca, growing (ill.), opp. p. 75

Yunguyo, 176

Yuyato, 36, 38

* * * * *

FOOTNOTES:

[1] For all locations mentioned see maps accompanying the text or Appendix C.

[2] The Cashibos of the Pachitea are the tribe for whom the Piros besought Herndon to produce “some great and infectious disease” which could be carried up the river and let loose amongst them (Herndon, Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, Washington. 1854, Vol. 1, p. 196). This would-be artfulness suggests itself as something of a match against the cunning of the Cashibos whom rumor reports to imitate the sounds of the forest animals with such skill as to betray into their hands the hunters of other tribes (see von Tschudi, Travels in Peru During the Years 1838-1842, translated from the German by Thomasina Ross, New York, 1849, p. 404).

[3] The early chronicles contain several references to Antisuyu and the Antis. Garcilaso de la Vega’s description of the Inca conquests in Antisuyu are well known (Royal Commentaries of the Yncas, Book 4, Chapters 16 and 17, Hakluyt Soc. Publs., 1st Ser., No. 41, 1869 and Book 7, Chapters 13 and 14, No. 45, 1871). Salcamayhua who also chronicles these conquests relates a legend concerning the tribute payers of the eastern valleys. On one occasion, he says, three hundred Antis came laden with gold from Opatari. Their arrival at Cuzco was coincident with a killing frost that ruined all the crops of the basin whence the three hundred fortunates were ordered with their gold to the top of the high hill of Pachatucsa (Pachatusun) and there buried with it (An Account of the Antiquities of Peru, Hakluyt Soc. Publs., 1st Ser., No. 48, 1873).

[4] Notice of a Journey to the Northward and also to the Northeastward of Cuzco. Royal Geog. Soc. Journ., Vol. 6, 1836, pp. 174-186.

[5] Walle states (Le Pérou Economique, Paris, 1907, p. 297) that the Conibos, a tribe of the Ucayali, make annual _correrias_ or raids during the months of July, August, and September, that is during the season of low water. Over seven hundred canoes are said to participate and the captives secured are sold to rubber exploiters, who, indeed, frequently aid in the organization of the raids.

[6] Distances are not taken from the map but from the trail.

[7] Compare with Raimondi’s description of Quiches on the left bank of the Marañon at an elevation of 9,885 feet (3,013 m.): “the few small springs scarcely suffice for the little patches of alfalfa and other sowings have to depend on the precarious rains.... Every drop of water is carefully guarded and from each spring a series of well-like basins descending in staircase fashion make the most of the scant supply.” (El Departamento de Ancachs, Lima, 1873.)

[8] Daily Cons. and Trade Report, June 10, 1914, No. 135, and Commerce Reports, March 20, 1916, No. 66.

[9] Reference to the figures in this chapter will show great variation in the level of the timber line depending upon insolation as controlled by slope exposure and upon moisture directly as controlled largely by exposure to winds. In some places these controls counteract each other; in other places they promote each other’s effects. The topographic and climatic cross-sections and regional diagrams elsewhere in this book also emphasize the patchiness of much of the woodland and scrub, some noteworthy examples occurring in the chapter on the Eastern Andes. Two of the most remarkable cases are the patch of woodland at 14,500 feet (4,420 m.) just under the hanging glacier of Soiroccocha, and the other the quenigo scrub on the lava plateau above Chuquibamba at 13,000 feet (3,960 m.). The strong compression of climatic zones in the Urubamba Valley below Santa Ana brings into sharp contrast the grassy ridge slopes facing the sun and the forested slopes that have a high proportion of shade. Fig. 54 represents the general distribution but the details are far more complicated. See also Figs. 53A and 53B. (See Coropuna Quadrangle.)

[10] Commenting on the excellence of the cacao of the montaña of the Urubamba von Tschudi remarked (op. cit., p. 37) that the long land transport prevented its use in Lima where the product on the market is that imported from Guayaquil.

[11] The inadequacy of the labor supply was a serious obstacle in the early days as well as now. In the documents pertaining to the “Obispados y Audiencia del Cuzco” (Vol. 11, p. 349 of the “Juicio de Limites entre el Perú y Bolivia, Prueba Peruana presentada al Gobierno de la República Argentina por Victor M. Maurtua,” Barcelona, 1900) we find the report that the natives of the curacy of Ollantaytambo who came down from the hills to Huadquiña to hear mass were detained and compelled to give a day’s service on the valley plantations under pain of chastisement.

[12] The Spanish occupation of the eastern valleys was early and extensive. Immediately after the capture of the young Inca Tupac Amaru and the final subjugation of the province of Vilcapampa colonists started the cultivation of coca and cane. Development of the main Urubamba Valley and tributary valleys proceeded at a good rate: so also did their troubles. Baltasar de Ocampo writing in 1610 (Account of the Province of Vilcapampa, Hakluyt Soc. Publs., Ser. 2, Vol. 22, 1907, pp. 203-247) relates the occurrence of a general uprising of the negroes employed on the sugar plantations of the region. But the peace and prosperity of every place on the eastern frontier was unstable and quite generally the later eighteenth and earlier nineteenth centuries saw a retreat of the border of civilization. The native rebellion of the mid-eighteenth century in the montaña of Chanchamayo caused entire abandonment of a previously flourishing area. When Raimondi wrote in 1885 (La Montaña de Chanchamayo, Lima, 1885) some of the ancient hacienda sites were still occupied by savages. In the Paucartambo valleys, settlement began by the end of the sixteenth century and at the beginning of the nineteenth before their complete desolation by the savages they were highly prosperous. Paucartambo town, itself, once important for its commerce in coca is now in a sadly decadent condition.

[13] Notice of a Journey to the Northward and also to the Eastward of Cuzco, and among the Chunchos Indians, in July, 1835. Journ. Royal Geog. Soc., Vol. 6, 1836, pp. 174-186.

[14] Bol. Soc. Geog. de Lima, Vol. 8, 1898, p. 45.

[15] Marcoy who traveled in Peru in the middle of the last century was greatly impressed by the sympathetic changes of aspect and topography and vegetation in the eastern valleys. He thus describes a sudden change of scene in the Occobamba valley: “... the trees had disappeared, the birds had taken wing, and great sandy spaces, covered with the latest deposits of the river, alternated with stretches of yellow grass and masses of rock half-buried in the ground.” (Travels in South America, translated by Elihu Rich, 2 vols. New York, 1875, Vol. 1, p. 326.)

[16] According to the latest information (August, 1916) of the Bolivia Railway Co., trains are running from Oruro to Buen Retiro, 35 km. from Cochabamba. Thence connection with Cochabamba is made by a tram-line operated by the Electric Light and Power Co. of that city. The Bulletin of the Pan-American Union for July, 1916, also reports the proposed introduction of an automobile service for conveyance of freight and passengers.

[17] During his travels Raimondi collected many instances of the isolation and conservatism of the plateau Indian: thus there is the village of Pampacolca near Coropuna, whose inhabitants until recently carried their idols of clay to the slopes of the great white mountain and worshiped them there with the ritual of Inca days (El Perú, Lima, 1874, Vol. 1).

[18] Raimondi (op. cit., p. 109) has a characteristic description of the “Camino del Peñon” in the department of La Libertad: “... the ground seems to disappear from one’s feet; one is standing on an elevated balcony looking down more than 6,000 feet to the valley ... the road which descends the steep scarp is a masterpiece.”

[19] Figs. 67 and 68 are from Bol. de Minas del Perú, 1906, No. 37, pp. 82 and 84 respectively.

[20] The Boletín de Minas del Peru, No. 34, 1905, contains a graphic representation of the régime of the Rio Chili at Arequipa for the years 1901-1905.

[21] Hann (Handbook of Climatology, translated by R. De C. Ward, New York, 1903) indicates a contributory cause in the upwelling of cold water along the coast caused by the steady westerly drift of the equatorial current.

[22] This is the elevation obtained by the Peruvian Expedition. Raimondi’s figure (1,832 m.) is higher.

[23] According to Ward’s observations the base of the cloud belt averages between 2,000 and 3,000 feet above sea level (Climatic Notes Made During a Voyage Around South America, Journ. of School Geogr., Vol. 2, 1898). On the south Peruvian coast, specifically at Mollendo, Middendorf found the cloud belt beginning about 1,000 feet and extending upwards to elevations of 3,000 to 4,000 feet. At Lima the clouds descend to lower levels (El Clima de Lima, Bol. Soc. Geogr. de Lima, Vol. 15, 1904). In the third edition of his Süd und Mittelamerika (Leipzig and Vienna, 1914) Sievers says that at Lima in the winter the cloud on the coast does not exceed an elevation of 450 m. (1,500 feet) while on the hills it lies at elevations between 300 and 700 m. (1,000 and 2,300 feet).

[24] In most of the coast towns the ford or ferry is an important institution and the _chimbadores_ or _baleadores_ as they are called are expert at their trade: they know the régime of the rivers to a nicety. Several settlements owe their origin to the exigencies of transportation, permanent and periodic; thus before the development of its irrigation system Camaná, according to General Miller (Memoirs, London, 1829, Vol. 2, p. 27), was a hamlet of some 30 people who gained their livelihood through ferrying freight and passengers across the Majes River.

[25] A dry pocket in the Huallaga basin between 6° and 7° S. is described by Spruce (Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and Andes, 2 vols., London, 1908). Tarapoto at an elevation of 1,500 feet above sea level, encircled by hills rising 2,000 to 3,000 feet higher, rarely experiences heavy rain though rain falls frequently on the hills.

[26] Speaking of Cómas situated at the headwaters of a source of the Perene amidst a multitude of _quebradas_ Raimondi (op. cit., p. 109) says it “might properly be called the town of the clouds, for there is not a day during the year, at any rate towards the evening, when the town is not enveloped in a mist sufficient to hide everything from view.”

[27] Observer: E. C. Erdis of the 1912 and 1914-15 Expeditions.

[28] Percentages given because the number of observations varies.

[29] Observer: Señor Valdivia. For location of Santa Lucia see Fig. 66.

[30] Observations began on May 12.

[31] For the first half of the month only; no record for the second half.

[32] Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima, Vol. 13, pp. 473-480, Lima, 1903.

[33] Boletín del Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Minas del Perú, No. 34, Lima, 1905, also reproduced in No. 45, 1906.

[34] The record is copied literally without regard to the absurdity of the second and third decimal places.

[35] In the Eastern Cordillera, however, snowstorms may be more serious. Prior to the construction of the Urubamba Valley Road by the Peruvian government the three main routes to the Santa Ana portion of the valley proceeded via the passes of Salcantay, Panticalla, and Yanahuara respectively. Frequently all are completely snow-blocked and fatalities are by no means unknown. In 1864 for instance nine persons succumbed on the Yanahuara pass (Raimondi, op. cit., p. 109).

[36] Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima, Vol. 27, 1911; Vol. 28, 1912.

[37] Boletín del Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Minas del Perú, No. 65, 1908.

[38] This figure is approximate: some days’ records were missing from the first three months of the year and the total was estimated on a proportional basis.

[39] Christoval de Molina, The Fables and Rites of the Yncas, Hakluyt Soc. Publs., 1st Ser., No. 48, 1873.

[40] See Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Vol. 5, p. 195, 1888. Also cited by J. Hann in Handbuch der Climatologie, Vol. 2, Stuttgart, 1897; W. Sievers, Süd und Mittelamerika, Leipzig and Vienna, 1914, p. 334.

[41] The Physiography of the Central Andes, Am. Journ. Sci., Vol. 40, 1909, pp. 197-217 and 373-402.

[42] Results of an Expedition to the Central Andes, Bull. Am. Geog. Soc., Vol. 46, 1914. Figs. 28 and 29.

[43] The Physiography of the Central Andes, by Isaiah Bowman; Am. Journ. Sci., Vol. 28, 1909, pp. 197-217 and 373-402. See especially, _ibid._, Fig. 11, p. 216.

[44] Travels Amongst the Great Andes of the Equator, 1892.

[45] Geografía y Geología del Ecuador, 1892.

[46] Das Hochgebirge der Republik Ecuador, Vol. 2, 2 Ost-Cordillera, 1902, p. 162.

[47] Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa; Pt. 1, The Glacial Geology of Mount Kenia, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. 50, 1894, p. 523.

[48] See especially A. Penck (Penck and Brückner), Die Alpen im Eiszeitalter, 1909, Vol. 1, p. 6, and I. C. Russell, Glaciers of Mount Rainier, 18th Ann. Rep’t, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1890-97, Sect. 2, pp. 384-385.

[49] Die Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta und die Sierra de Perijá, Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, Vol. 23, 1888, pp. 1-158.

[50] For a list of the fossils that form the basis of the age determinations in this chapter see Appendix B.

[51] Eastern Bolivia and the Gran Chaco, Proc. Royal Geogr. Soc., Vol. 3, 1881, pp. 401-420.

[52] The Physiography of the Central Andes, Am. Journ. Sci., Vol. 28, 1909, p. 395.

[53] See paper by H. S. Palmer, my assistant on the Expedition to the Central Andes, 1913, entitled: Geological Notes on the Andes of Northwestern Argentina, Am. Journ. Sci., Vol. 38, 1914, pp. 309-330.

[54] The best photograph of this condition which I have yet seen is in W. Sievers, Südund Mittelamerika, second ed., 1914, Plate 15, p. 358.

[55] Paschinger, Die Schneegrenze in verschiedenen Klimaten. Peter. Mitt. Erganz’heft, Nr. 173. 1912, pp. 92-93.

[56] Hann, Handbook of Climatology, Part 1, trans. by Ward, 1903, p. 232.

[57] S. I. Bailey, Peruvian Meteorology, 1888-1890. Ann. Astron. Observ. of Harvard Coll., Vol. 39, Pt. I, 1899, pp. 1-3.

[58] F. E. Matthes, Glacial Sculpture of the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming, Twentieth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1899-1900, Pt. 2, p. 181.

[59] Idem, p. 190.

[60] W. H. Hobbs, Characteristics of Existing Glaciers, 1911, p. 22.

[61] Op. cit., p. 286. Reference on p. 190.

[62] Corrosion of Gravity Streams with Application of the Ice Flood Hypothesis, Journ. and Proc. of the Royal Society of N. S. Wales, Vol. 43, 1909, p. 286.

[63] G. K. Gilbert, Systematic Asymmetry of Crest Lines in the High Sierra of California. Jour. Geol., Vol. 12, 1904, p. 582.

[64] Op. cit., p. 300; reference on p. 582.

[65] Op. cit., p. 300; see pp. 579-588 and Fig. 8.

[66] The observation at Camaná checks very closely with a Peruvian observation the value of which is S. 16° 37′ 00″.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Andes of Southern Peru, by Isaiah Bowman