Chapter XVIII: Appendix: Bees at the Exhibition of 1862

The annexed figure represents our stand in the Agricultural Department of the International Exhibition of 1862. The space granted us in the World's Great Fair was somewhat limited; but we were able to exhibit a tolerably complete stock of apiarian apparatus, and all the more important beehives. Amongst these was a unicomb hive stocked with Italian bees. This was an object of great attention, and daily hundreds of visitors flocked round our stand in order to watch the movements of the Italian queen with her gay and busy subjects. The entrance-way for the bees being in the "Open Court," to which all visitors had access, it was necessary to place the hive in an elevated position, so that it should be beyond the reach of incautious passers-by, and to obviate any chance of annoyance to the vast crowds of people continually around.

CASES OF ACCLIMATISING BEES.

Among others who took a deep interest in the exhibition just described was Mr. Edward Wilson, President of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria. This gentleman requested us to pack four stocks of the Italian bees for conveyance to Melbourne. With the assistance of Mr. Woodbury--whose aid was, indeed, essential--these stocks were sent off on the 25th of September, 1862, by the steamship "Alhambra," so as to arrive at the colony during the Austral summer. The hives were Woodbury frame-hives, having ample space and ventilation, as well as the means of supplying water to their inmates during the voyage; there was also a sufficient store of honey to last until the following March. The bees arrived at Melbourne, where they were released after an imprisonment of seventy-nine days, and have since rapidly multiplied, the climate and pasturage of Australia greatly favouring the increase of this superior variety of the bee.

Mr. Wilson was so well pleased with the careful manner in which these stocks were fitted out for their voyage across the seas, that he subsequently instructed us to prepare him three more hives, which were sent out in a sailing vessel. Owing to the mismanagement of the water supply during the voyage, only one stock survived in this instance. Mr. Wilson informs us that one of these hives contained 136lb. of honey on the 25th of December, 1864 (Midsummer in Australia).

Upwards of twenty years ago we sent a Nutt's hive stocked with bees to New Zealand. We then adopted the plan of fixing the hive in a meat safe, so that the bees could fly about a little, and also cleanse the hive of their dead, they being always very attentive to sanitary arrangements.

Several more recent exportations of Italian bees have been made by us. We have sent two stocks to Madras, which arrived safely, and we hear are doing well, also a stock to South Africa under the care of the lady who ordered them, and who was herself going out. We had the satisfaction of receiving the following note:--

"Grahamstown, Nov. 3, 1875.

"Mrs. Mullens is very pleased to inform Messrs. Neighbour and
Sons that the stock of Ligurian bees supplied to her on board the
'Nyanza' at Southampton on July 23rd have arrived quite safely.
Mrs. Mullens thinks they were exceedingly well packed; they had a
trying journey by bullock waggon two days after leaving the sea.
They were released from the hive on September 3rd, and appeared
weak at first, but began to work in less than an hour. A large
number of dead bees were found at the bottom of the hive on
opening--most likely caused by the boat in which the bees were
having water in it."

This report we consider very favourable. There would naturally be a great mortality during such long confinement, and for the reasons also which Mrs. Mullens mentions.

PHILADELPHIA EXHIBITION OF 1876.

_Dated Dec. 12th._

Award of Prize Medal to G. Neighbour and Sons,

For a large and varied collection of economical beehives so arranged that the honey can be taken without the destruction of the bees. Special attention is directed to the Unicomb Hives with Venetian blinds to allow the bees to be exposed to light, whilst the sun's rays are excluded. Also to a Honey Extractor by centrifugal force, which removes the honey from the combs without injuring the latter, which can be returned to the hives.

(Signed,) John Coleman,
On behalf of the Judges.
Approved of group of Judges.
[5 names.]

CALEDONIAN APIARIAN SOCIETY.

The head-quarters of this Society are at Glasgow; and, taking example from the British Bee Keepers' Association, shows are held and prizes given for beehives and their produce; also living bees at work in glass hives are exhibited. In addition to which, manipulations connected with bee economy, such as transferring, handling bees in bar-frame and other hives, are demonstrated to beholders.

The exhibition of this year (1877) was held at Edinburgh, in connection with the annual gathering of the Highland and Agricultural Society, and which was very successful.

There was a separate charge for admission to the bee and honey department, which was visited by great numbers of people. In consequence of the poor honey harvest, but a small quantity of honeycomb was sent for competition.

With other beehive makers, we exhibited a large collection of our hives, also living bees, with all the appliances needed in bee-culture. The first prize was awarded us for the best and largest display. This prize consists of a handsome silver cup and 40s.

Amongst our interesting collection were a dozen or so of Italian Alp queens in small boxes, each within a separate box, with a few worker bees. These had been sent over expressly for this show, and would therefore take no harm by being kept a few days, until purchased by some of the enterprising Scotch bee-keepers, and substituted for ordinary queens in the manner explained in the body of this work.

One of the transparent single-comb hives brought from the neighbourhood of Glasgow and exhibit ed by the indefatigable honorary secretary of the Society, Mr. Bennett, was thought to possess no queen, as no brood was to be seen, and there were so many drones present in the hive. In order to supply what we considered the deficiency, we appropriated one of the boxes containing a foreign queen, and in the evening allowed her majesty quietly to pass into the hive through an opening on top, taking the precaution to cover up the hive.

As originally erected in the Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park.]

On making an inspection next morning we were surprised to find a very dark Italian queen, as we thought. A few hours later we witnessed an interesting scene, no less than a single combat between the real Italian queen and the queen of the hive; for although we had judged the hive to be queenless there was one in the hive all the time, but she was a virgin. At the moment of our observation the two queens were engaged in mortal conflict, and we were able to summon our worthy secretary and a few apiarian friends to witness the battle. After some few minutes (each being curled round against the other) the English or rather the Scotch queen dropped dead to the bottom of the hive and was seen no more. It would have been interesting to have gained possession of the dead queen for examination under the microscope, but the construction of the hive and the position it was in did not allow of searching for her. The Italian mother, who was for some time after greatly excited and evidently much discomposed, reigned supreme, the monarch of the hive; and being already fertilised, the worker bees paid her due attention, but began worrying and tormenting the drones, because they were now not wanted.

These assaults of the little active working bees on the burley drones very much interested the spectators. The queen proceeded with her duties of egg-laying, and the bees having exit through the hording, the usual work of the hives was carried on fully exposed to view. Not the least gratifying feature was the sight of these little labourers travelling in and out under the glazed covered way.

More active manipulation, such as driving bees from one hive to another, gaining possession of the queen, and exhibiting her in the hand, was carried on in another portion of the shed, and became a source of wonderment to spectators.

Many of the local newspapers had paragraphs descriptive of this new exhibition in connection with a Scotch agricultural show.

INDEX.

Abbott, C. N., Frame-hives, 146
Abdomen of bees, 102
Accident at Stafford House, 164
Acclimatising Bees (Appendix), 349
Advice by Butler, 333
American Bee Journal, 190
Anatomy of bees, Plates I. and II., facing pages 34 and 86
Anecdote from Butler, 336
" of French clergyman, 334
" showing provision made for swarming, 78
Antennæ of bees, 94
Apiary, Geo. Neighbour & Sons, (frontispiece)
" description of, 330
Applying supers, 264
Artificial swarming, 233
Asiatic bees, 49
Austrian ditto (Lower), 46

Bar-frame holder, 192
Bar Supers, 183
Bath and West of England Agricultural Association, 42
Bee as an insect, 7
" dress, 208
" feeders, Nutt's, 126
" bottle, 203
" can, 204,
" round, 205; wood, 206
" houses, 166-179
" traps, 201
" veil, 210
Beehives, various, 108 to 165
Bee-keeping in London, 322
" Zoological Gardens, 328
" Horticultural Gardens, 329
" St. John's Wood, 329
" Hampstead, 330
Bees, do they go to sleep? 31
" increase of, 82
" head of, 88
" eye of, 90
" mouth, 91
" tongue, 92
" mandibles, 93
" sense of hearing, 95
" " smell, 96
" antennæ. 96
" thorax and organs of motion, 97
" breathing, 100
" stomach, 102
" honey bag, 102
" produce of wax, 103
" sting, 104
" dislike to hive, 221
" enemies of, 315
" profitably kept, 336
Bell glasses, see glasses
Berlepsch, Baron von, 4, 6, 10, 36, 42, 49, 75, 211
" theory of drone-breeding, 69
" on swarming, 77
" breeding superfluous princesses, 81
Bevan, Dr., 3, 18, 66
Black Bees, 71
Book-keeping recommended, 332
Box Fumigator, 206
British Bee-keepers' Association, 6, 48

Caledonian Apiarian Society (Appendix), 354
Carbolic acid, use of, 208, 220, 305
Carniolan bees, 45, 46, 53, 78
Change of frame-hives beneficial in spring, 223
Cheshire's (F.) frame-hive, 145
" nucleus hive 197
" transferring board, 192
" wax guide-maker, 191
Comb-building in supers, 338
" fixing in ditto, 262
" foundations (American), 190
Combs, placing in frame-hives, 223
Common cottager's hive, 108
Corri, Herr, 47, 78
Cottage hive, improved, 114
Cottager's hive, no
" improved ditto, 112
" improved frame-hive, 142
Cotton, Rev. W. C., 5, 45, 78
Covers, zinc, for hives, 171, 172
" wood, 172, 174, 175, 177, 179
Cowan's (Mr.) plan of working frame-hives, 255
Crystal Palace skep, 109
Cyprian bees, 47

Darwin, Dr. 56, 57
Dathe, 53
" plan of fertilizing queens with Italian drones, 253
Diseases of bees, 306
Dönhoff, Dr. 5, 65, 96
Driving, 226
" best condition for, 228
" useful for taking honey, 229
Drone bee, 19, 62
" " has no father, 64
" eggs, theory of production, 62, 252
" trap, 201
" comb, to be used sparingly, 224
Drone comb, building of, sometimes to be avoided, 238
Dummy frame, 140, 143
Dzierzon, Dr., 4, 10, 36, 42, 44
" description of the round of the bees' concerns, 32
" on swarming, 77
" not a smoker, 210

Egg-laying, 10, 67
Eggs and transformations, 59
Ekes, description of, 186
Epitaph on brimstoned bees, 85
Evans' (Dr.) poem on bees, 3,
quotations from, 59, 75, 76, 107, 165
Extracting honey from comb, 274
Extractor, honey, 193
Eyes of bees, 89

Faculties, and functions, 54
Feeder, Nutt's, 126
Feeders, (various), 202
Feeding, 279
Fertile workers, 62, 67
Fittings and apparatus (outside), 166
Flat-topped glasses, 182
Foul brood, 307
" Langstroth, Woodbury, and Dzierzon on, 308, 312
Fox, Mr. George, 278
" Mr. S. Bevan, 278, 332
Frame-hive, putting swarm into, 219
" facility for placing combs, 223,
" with cover and stand, 175, 177, 179
Frames, removing, 268
French exhibition, 165
Fumigators, 206
Fumigating, description of, 231

General hints on frame-hives, 254
" remarks, 332
Gerstäcker, 54
Glass hives, ladies' observatory, 120
" frame, 138
" with cover and super, 177, 178
Glasses for supers, 180, 181, 182
Guide comb, 188, 261-264
" maker (Cheshire's), description of, 191

Hawkins, Mr. Waterhouse, 50
Head of bee, 88
Hearing of bees, 95
Heath bees, 46
Hints, general, on frame-hives, 254
Hives, modern, 108 to 165
" sometimes destroyed by entrance being stopped, 343
Hiving swarms, 212
Honey bag of bees, 102
" cutters, 193
" description of, 296
" extractor, 193
" test when adulterated, 297
Houses for hives, 166
Hruschka, Von, 193
Huber, 62
Hunter's, Mr., support for hive when driving, 229

Impressed wax sheets, 187
Improved cottage hive, 113
" cottager's hive, 112
" ditto, no windows, 119
Increase of bees, 82
Insects necessary for existence of flowers, 59
Italian bee, 34, 35, 41
Italianising hives, 251

Kerner, 58
Kleine, Herr, 5, 35, 244
Klipstein, Von, anecdotes of queens, 22, 66
Knowledge of bee-keeping necessary for a gardener, 343

Ladies' Observatory Hive, 120
Lanarkshire bee-keeper, 297
Lanarkshire hive, 155
Langstroth, Rev. L. L., 3, 5, 10, 43. 83. 85, 129, 346
Langstroth, Rev. L. L., on transferring swarms, 220
Lee's supers, 145, 146
Legs of bees, 98
Leuckart, Professor, 64, 66
Ligurian bee, 7, 34
London apiaries, 325
Lower Austrian bees, 46
Lubbock, Sir John, 6, 57, 59

Mahan, Mr., 9
Mandibles of bees, 91
Manipulation with bees, 212
" " frame-hives, 269
Mel-extractor, 196
Melting down combs, 275
Mouth of bees, 91
Munn, Major, 129

Nadirs, description of, 186
Neighbours' improved cottager's hive, 113
Neighbours' improved cottage-hive, 114
Neighbours' new frame-hive, 139
New cover and stand for frame-hives, 175, 176, 179
New wood feeder, 206
Nucleus hive, 197
Nutt's hive, 123

Orchard, good place for an apiary, 56
Organs of sensation, 88
" motion, 97
" reproduction, 62

Parthenogenesis, 64
Pasturage for bees, 293
Payne's (I. H.) glass, 182
Perforated zinc adapter, 141, 143, 144, 200
Philadelphia Exhibition, 160;
and Appendix, 350
Philadelphia hive, 143
Pollen basket, 98
" preservation from incursions of ants, 58
" description of, 298
" substitute for, 299
Position of hives, 292
Propolis, 300

Queen, 8
Queen, power of egg-laying, 10
" homage paid to fertile, 12
" no attention bestowed on virgins, 13
" two queens in a hive, 15
" sting of used for depositing eggs, 15
" some queens will not fight, 15
" consternation at loss of, 16
" life of, 19
" fertilisation of, 11, 20, 22, 24
" in relation to sexes, 63
" at swarming time, 73
" and drone preventers, 200
" rearing, 17, 27, 77, 243
" cells, 17, 244
" securing, 228, 240
" introducing stranger, 247
" cages, 198, 244
Quilts, 180

Rationale of swarming, 72
Relation of sex to cells, 67
" plants to insects, 56, 57
Removing bees, 259
" supers, 266
" frames, 268
Reproductive economy, 62
Renfrewshire bee-keeper, 24, 41, 154
" queen cage, 199
" instructions on supering, 337
Robbing, 225, 305
Rorl's (Mr.) way to get quit of fertile workers, 67
Round feeder, 205
Royal cells, 17, 244
" " transferring, 198
" duels, 15, and Appendix

Salt obtained by bees, 30, 97
Samuelson's work,. The Honey Bee, 5, 91, 96
Siebold, Von, on Parthenogenesis, 64
Skep, Crystal Palace, 109
" (old), transferring combs from, 223
Slow feeding, 204
Smelling, sense of, largely possessed by bees, 96
Smith, Mr. J., 48
Smyrnæan bees, 47
Society of Arts, 57
Stands for hives, 118, 170
Stewarton hive, 146 to 155, 337
Sting, 104
" prevention and cure, 286
Stocks (old) transferring, 222
Stomach of bees, 102
Straw frame-hive, 136, 141
" hives, round, 108 to 120
Stupefying bees, 207
Supers, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185
Superstitions about bees, 341
Supplying natural comb, 261
Swammerdam, 63
Swarm, number of bees composing, 79
" second flight disastrous, 214
" often mix, 214
" taking, 214
" sending to a distance, 217
" conveyance of, 217
" transferring, 218
" returning, 218
" brought from a distance, 219
" should be fed, 221
" truant, 78, 317
" artificial, 233
Swarming, rationale of, 72
" provision made for, 74, 78
" signs of, 80
" a provision of Nature, 212

Taylor, the late Mr. H., 37
Taylor's glasses, 181
Thorax of bee, 97
Tongue of bee, 92
Transferring board, 192
" swarms, 218
" old stocks, 222
Tristram, Rev. H. B., extract from his book, 51
Tube fumigator, 207

Unicomb observatory hive, outdoor, 157
Unicomb observatory hive, directions for, 160
Unicomb observatory hive, indoor, 162
Uniting weak colonies, 229

Ventilation performed by bees, 30, 285
Ventilators, 124
Vulcanite for feeding-stage, 203

Wasps, 315
Warder, Dr., experiment with swarm, 77
Water for bees, 30, 331
Wax, how produced, 103
" impressed sheets of, 187
" secretion of, 302
Weighing hives, 276
Wildman's bees, 322
Wings for bees, 97
Winter precautions, 283
Wood cover, 172
" feeder, 206
Woodbury, T. W., 37, 42, 49, 50
" frame-hive, 134
" mode of hiving swarm, 216
" mode of transferring swarm, 220
" hive cover, 174

Xenophon's army poisoned with honey, 298

Zinc covers, ornamental, 171
" " plain, 172
" rests, 140
" adapters, perforated, 141, 143, 144, 200

Hazell, Watson, and Viney, Printers, London and Aylesbury.

PRICE LIST

OF

_NEIGHBOUR & SONS'_

IMPROVED BEE-HIVES

_For taking Honey without the Destruction
of the Bees._

EXHIBITORS AT THE

Great Exhibition, 1851. Dublin Exhibition, 1853.
Exposition Universelle, 1855.
International Exhibition, 1862. Dublin Exhibition, 1866.
Paris Exposition Universelle, 1867.
Annual International Exhibition, 1873.
British Bee-Keepers' Shows, Crystal Palace, 1874, 1875.
Alexandra Palace, 1876.
International Philadelphia Exhibition, 1876.
Caledonian Apiarian Show at Edinburgh, 1877.

List of Prices.

_No._ £ s. d.

1. Nutt's Collateral Bee-Hive 5 5 0
Stand for ditto 0 16 0
2. Single Box Hive 3 3 3
3. Neighbours' New Frame Stock Hive 1 5 0
Super 1 5 0
Cover for ditto 27s. and 2 0 0
4. Carr's Bar and Frame Hive 0 19 6
Super for ditto 0 19 6
5. Neighbours' Improved Cottage Hive 1 15 0
Stand for ditto 0 10 6
6. Ditto, without Windows 1 5 0
7. Ladies' Observatory Hive 2 5 0
8. The Cottager's Hive 0 10 6
9 and 10. Bee Feeders each 5s. and 0 4 0
11. and 12, Fumigators " 2s. " 0 2 6
13. Honey Cutters per pair 0 5 0
14. Improved Cottager's Hive 1 1 0
15. Honey Extractor for hand use 15s. and 0 17 6
16. Woodbury Bar Super 0 10 6
17. Neighbours' New Supers, Wood and Glass 1 1 0
Ditto ditto Straw and Wood 1 5 0
18. Taylor's Glass, to contain about 8 lb. 0 3 6
19. Payne's Glass, with hole in centre, to afford additional
space to supers partly filled 0 3 0
20. Neighbours' Revolving Indoor Unicomb Hive 3 10 0
21. New Can Feeder, on the principle of a fountain,
adapted for slow, stimulating feeding (3 pints) 0 5 0
22. New Frame Stand, to be used when manipulating
with movable combs 0 5 6
23. American Sectional Supers per set of 14 0 3 6
24. Taylor's Super Glass
25. Bell Glass, to contain about 9 lb 0 4 0
26. Ditto ditto 5 lb 0 2 0
27. Ditto ditto 3 lb 0 1 0
28. New Shape Flat-top Glass, with lid to place on
table inverted 0 3 6
30. Shallow Glasses, 9½ in. wide by 4 in.-deep 0 3 0
Ditto " 13½ in. " 4½ in. " 0 5 6
31. Bee Dress, with Sleeves (post free, 3d. extra) 0 6 0
32. India-rubber Gloves (by post, 2d. extra) per pair 0 6 0
33. Common Straw Hives 0 2 6
34. Small Straw Super Hives 0 2 0
36. Floor Boards, according to description, 2s., 2s. 6d. 0 3 0
37. Zinc Cover for Improved Cottage Hive 0 15 6
38. Ornamental Zinc Cover 2 2 0
39. Bee House, to contain two Improved Cottage' Hives 4 4 0
42. Woodbury Bar and Frame Hive 0 18 0
Ditto ditto with Window 1 1 0
Cover 1 1 0
Stand 0 10 6
44. The Bottle Feeder 0 2 6
45. Woodbury Straw Bar and Frame Hive, 18s. 6d. and 1 2 0
46. Outdoor Unicomb Hive, to take Woodbury Frames 5 10 0
Stand 0 11 6
47. Common Cottage Hive, 5s. 6d. each. Six for 1 10 0
49. Glass Frame Hive 1 10 0
51. Improved Wax Sheets per doz. 0 6 0
52. Lee's Octagon Straw Hive 1 0 3
Super 0 11 6
Cover and Stand 1 12 6
53. Lee's Octagon Hive, in Mahoghany 0 17 6
54. Ditto ditto Pine 0 6 0
55. Ditto ditto Glass Sides 0 9 0
56. Ditto ditto smaller, in Mahoghany 0 12 6
57. Ditto ditto Wooden Sides, Glass Top 0 5 6
58. Stewarton Hive (3 Stock Boxes, 1 Honey Box) 1 1 0
59. New Wood Bee Feeder 0 5 0
60. Neighbours' Cottage Frame Hive 0 7 6
61. Neighbours' Divisional Super, 3s. 6d. per pair 0 6 6
62. Cover for Neighbours' Frame Hive 0 8 6
63. Cottage Frame Hive, Woodbury Frames 0 7 6
64. Cheshire's Frame Hive, complete--Stand, Super, and
Cover, the latter painted 1 17 6
65. Abbott's ditto ditto 1 17 6
66. Lanarkshire Stock Hive 0 16 6
Super 0 6 6
Roof 0 7 0
67. Neighbours' New Bee Veil (by post, 2d. extra) 0 2 6
68. Flat-top Glass with 3 inch hole in centre (similar to
Payne's), for adding space to Supers 0 3 6
69. Same construction as above, 6½ in. wide, 3 in. deep 0 2 0
70. Lee's Double Super per pair 0 5 6
71. Cheshire's Nucleus Hive, for Queen Rearing 0 12 6
72. Cheshire's Transferring Board 0 10 6
73. Cheshire's Prize Smoker 0 2 0
74. Cheshire's Drone Trap 0 4 6
75. Syrup Can and Shovel 0 6 6
76. Vulcanite Feeding Plates each 6d. and 0 0 9
(Less by the dozen)
77. Bligh Bee Quieter each 0 2 6
78. Queen and Drone Preventers 1s. and 0 1 6
79. Crystal Palace Skep 0 4 6
Floor Board 0 3 0
Super 0 2 6
80. Neighbours' Straw Frame Hive, with New-shaped
Cover and Stand, grained and varnished 3 11 6
81. New Cottage Frame Stock Hive, with Window 0 12 6
82. New Cover and Stand for the above (painted) 1 7 0
83. Neighbours' Cylindrical Honey Extractor 2 10 0
Two Wire Cases 0 12 0
84. Bee House for One Hive 2 10 0
85. Renfrewshire Stewarton Movable Comb Hive, consisting
of 3 Stock Boxes and 1 Honey Box 1 8 0
86. Bee Traps, for clearing Bees from Supers 0 2 6
87. Philadelphia Hive, with Super, Stand, and Cover 2 2 0
88. Sectional Supers the set 0 4 6
89. New Cover for Cottage Frame Hive (carries its
own Stand) 1 7 0
90. Quinby Smoker 0 6 6

* * * * *

PUBLICATIONS ON BEES.

"The Apiary;" or, Bees, Beehives, and Bee Culture,
by Alfred Neighbour. 0 5 0
Hive and Honey Bee, by Rev. L. L. Langstroth (American).
A New Edition 0 9 6
Quinby's Bee-Keeping (American) 0 8 6
Italian Alp Bee, by Hermann 0 1 0

* * * * *

PRIZE MEDALS AWARDED AT THE
PHILADELPHIA
AND OTHER EXHIBITIONS.

GEO. NEIGHBOUR & SONS'

PRICE CURRENT OF

Genuine Italian Alp or Ligurian Bees.

An Italian Queen in a small Box, accompanied by a few Worker Bees, with full directions for uniting to English Stocks, each from April and May, 12s.; June, 11s.; July, 10s.; August, 9s.; September, 8s.; October, 7s.

Orders should be given in advance.

For parcels of Six Queens at one time, 1s. each less.

A Stock, with genuine Italian Queen, packed so as to travel by rail with comparatively no risk of damage, including the Straw Frame Hive with window, £4; or if in New Cheap Frame Hive, No. 60 or 63, which has no window, £3 5s.

_Swarms and Stocks of English Bees can be obtained._

* * * * *

Transcriber Note

Minor typos corrected. Hyphenation was standardized to the most frequently used version with the exception of beehive which was used by the author and bee-hive in quotations from other works.