Chapter III: Preface: iii

Introduction—Frontinus 1

I. AQUA APPIA.

Passages from Frontinus 3

Sources in the Lucullan fields 4

—— near the old Via Prænestina 5

The course underground 6

It entered Rome at the north-east end of the Sessorium ib.

—— passed along the Cœlian Hill ib.

Reservoir in the garden of the Villa Cœlimontana, now the Arch
of Dolabella 7

It crossed the valley to the Aventine on an ancient earthwork,
near the Porta Capena 8

to the Piscina Publica 9

Under the Aventine the _Specus_ is visible in a stone quarry
nearly under S. Sabba ib.

Wells to descend into it ib.

The branch added by Augustus entered Rome in the garden of the
Sessorium 11

—— near the Gemelli ib.

Torquatian and Pallantian gardens ib.

II. ANIO VETUS.

Passages from Frontinus 13

Sources—a branch from the river Anio ib.

_Specus_ in the cliff of the valley 14

—— visible in the “Valley of the Arches” above Tivoli ib.

—— and in the promenade of Carciano below it 15

—— Its course underground 16

Piscinæ at the fourth, and at the second, mile from Rome, on
the Via Latina ib.

Crossing of the Aqueducts at the Torre Fiscale 17

Castellum Aquæ near the Porta Furba, two miles from Rome 18

—— near the Via Appia Nova ib.

The _Specus_ faced with _Opus Reticulatum_ 19

_Specus_, or _spes_ (?) _vetus_, on the high banks ib.

Another branch on the bank near the Wall of Rome 20

And another branch along the Cœlian, and passing near the Port
Capena, to the Aventine 21

Appendix, _Spē_ or _Spc̄_, _Spes_ (?) or _Specus_ (?) 22

—— Facsimile from MS. at Monte Cassino 26

Passages relating to the word _Specus_ 27-31

III. AQUA MARCIA.

Passages from Frontinus 32

The Piscinæ 34

Source of the Marcia ib.

_Specus_ carried along the valley of the Anio 35

Principal source in the Acqua Serena ib.

Old _Specus_ under water, discovered in 1869 36

—— It crossed the river at S. Cosimato ib.

—— and again in the Valley of the Arches, above Tivoli, on a bridge ib.

_Specus_ and reservoir in the Promenade of Carciano, below Tivoli ib.

Reservoir faced with Cyclopean Masonry there 37

_Specus_ passes near Ponte di S. Antonio ib.

After reaching the City it is divided into several branches ib.

One along the Cœlian and over the Porta Capena to the Aventine 38

Another upon the old _agger_, and over the Porta Tiburtina to the
Prætorian Camp ib.

Excellent qualities of the Aqua Marcia ib.

IV. TEPULA.

Sources near Grotta Ferrata 39

_Specus_ joins the Marcia at the _Piscinæ_ 40

—— is carried into Rome on the Marcian arcade ib.

_Castellum Aquæ_ for it near the Porta Tiburtina (S. Lorenzo) ib.

V. JULIA.

Sources on Mons Algidus (near Tusculum), Frascati, and Grotta
Ferrata 41

_Specus_ passed near the Pagus Lemonius 42

—— on an arcade of rough stone ib.

—— then through a tunnel in the valley ib.

The Nymphæum of Alexander Severus, where the Trophies of Marius
were hung, was _not_ for the Aqua Julia, though usually called
so. It is at too high a level for that, and was for the Claudia
and Anio Novus united 43

_Cippi_ of _the three_ Aqueducts, found in 1869, near the railway
station 45

Remains of a reservoir near the Porta Chiusa, found in 1869 ib.

VI. VIRGO (AQUA DI TREVI).

Passages from Frontinus 46

Sources on the Via Collatina ib.

_Specus_ subterranean, but easily traced by the line of respirators 47

—— It follows the old road towards the Porta Maggiore 48

—— but turns to the north and enters Rome through the Pincian Hill,
under the Villa Medici ib.

—— It supplies the lower town and the fountain of Trevi ib.

—— Original termination in front of the Septa, near the Pantheon ib.

VII. ALSIETINA.

Passages from Frontinus 50

Lacus Alsietina, Lago di Martignano ib.

Aqua Paola 51

Lacus Sabatina ib.

Junction of two _specus_ at the Cariæ (Osteria Nuova) 52

Casale Bianca, additional springs ib.

In Tunnels to Rome 53

VIII. CLAUDIA. IX. ANIO NOVUS.

Passages from Frontinus 54

River Anio 56

Cascades at Valle-Pietra 57

Bridge of Communacchio ib.

Sacro Speco ib.

Monasteries of S. Benedict and S. Scholastica ib.

Subiaco ib.

Lacus—Lakes or Lochs of Nero 58

Villa Sublacensis ib.

Great dam at Piè-di-lago ib.

Bridge of S. Mauro ib.

_Specus_ of the Anio Novus, cut in the rock of the cliff ib.

Ruins of _piscinæ_ 59

Lowest loch circular 60

_Piscina Limaria_, forty-two miles on the Via Sublacensis ib.

_Specus_ of Claudia 61

Bridges at Vicovaro and in the Valley of the Arches, two miles
above Tivoli ib.

Cascade at Tivoli ib.

Promenade of Carciano ib.

Bridge of S. Antonio and Ponte Lupo 62

—— near the road to Poli ib.

The _Piscinæ_ 63

_Specus_ of the Claudia of stone, of the Anio Novus of brick over
it, on a stone arcade ib.

_Piscina_ at the Porta Furba 64

Other reservoirs ib.

The Neronian Arches ib.

Porta Maggiore, inscriptions on 65

Architect of the Claudia 66

Arcade on the Cœlian ib.

Reservoir over the Arch of Dolabella 67

Three branches from that high reservoir: 1. to the Claudium and
the Colosseum; 2. to the Palatine and Capitol; 3. to the Aventine,
over the Porta Capena ib.

Smaller reservoirs for subdividing 68

Rebuildings by Frontinus under Trajan ib.

Springs called _Cæruleus_ and _Curtius_ 69

The _Piscinæ_ 70

Appendix—The Nine Aqueducts of Frontinus 71

Tables of Dates, Names, Levels, Length of Channel, Supply,
Distribution 73, 74

Calculations 74-79

The Curator Aquarum 80

Repairs by the Popes ib.

Popular notions erroneous 81

These stone _specus_ necessary for the main stream, and leaden
pipes for distribution 82

Brass cocks and leaden pipes often stolen, as mentioned in a
letter of King Theodoric ib.

X. SABATINA, TRAJANA, A.D. 110, AND PAOLA, A.D. 1540.

Lacus Sabatina, di Bracciano, or Anguillara 83

This aqueduct connected with the Alsietina (VII.) ib.

The line traced backwards by the respirators from the terminus on
the Janiculum ib.

Procopius amazed at the quantity of water brought by this aqueduct
in the sixth century ib.

Restorations of the Popes 84

Inscriptions of Paul V. ib.

Cascade on the Janiculum, turns the wheels of the flour-mills ib.

_Specus_ in the wall of the garden of the Villa Pamphili-Doria 85

—— but chiefly underground, traced by the respirators ib.

XI. TRAJANA (?), HADRIANA (?), ALEXANDRINA (?).

Passage from Frontinus 86

Sources near Gabii and Labicum, now La Colonna ib.

Several springs were collected in a central reservoir, on which
an inscription of Hadrian was found by E. Q. Visconti ib.

One of these springs had petrifying qualities ib.

Singular effects of the petrifying stream 87

_Specus_ choked up with stalactite, and cascades petrified ib.

The same water used for the Aqua Felice, but the petrifying
stream excluded 88

A fine arcade for miles, from the source to Cento-Celle ib.

Part of it of the first century, other part of the third.
Alexandrina (?) ib.

Aqueduct of Hadrian mentioned by Spartianus, but not in the
Regionary Catalogue 89

Branch from the great aqueducts to the Mausoleum of S. Helena
(Torre Pignattara) and to the Villa of the Gordiani (Torre
de’ Scavi) 90

—— not connected with this aqueduct ib.

—— but also has _piscinæ_ of the first and third centuries ib.

Branch of Trajan to the Aventine from the Cœlian ib.

XII. AURELIA, A.D. 185. XIII. SEVERIANA, A.D. 190.

The Aurelia made by Marcus Aurelius 92

—— to convey water to the Villa de Quintilii ib.

—— continued by Commodus and Septimius Severus to their _thermæ_
in Regio I. ib.

Remains of _piscinæ_ outside of the Porta Latina ib.

Remains of the _thermæ_ inside of that gate ib.

Sources on the hill of Marino 93

_Specus_ partly underground, part on arcade at the Torre di
Mezza, Via di Albano ib.

Large reservoir at the Villa de Quintilii ib.

Others on the Via Appia, between that Villa and Rome ib.

—— at the Circus of Romulus ib.

—— at S. Urbano ib.

—— at the Nymphæum in the valley of the Caffarella (miscalled
the Fountain of Egeria) ib.

_Specus_ visible in the cliff of that valley, near the Dio Ridicolo 94

Remains of the _thermæ_ in the Monte d’Oro ib.

XIV. ANTONINIANA, A.D. 215.

This aqueduct enters Rome at the south-east corner 95

—— passes over the arch of Drusus ib.

—— along the inner side of the great bank on which the Wall of
Aurelian is built ib.

—— to the _piscina_ of the Thermæ of the Antonines or of Caracalla ib.

Fine _piscina_ and _castellum_ on the edge of the hill overlooking
the valley of the Caffarella ib.

Remains of others on the Via Latina 96

—— and one near the Porta Furba, at two miles from Rome, at the
foot of the great aqueduct ib.

A branch of the Anio Vetus (?) ib.

XV. ALEXANDRINA.

This aqueduct mentioned by Lampridius 97

—— Made to bring water to the Thermæ of Alexander Severus, near
the Pantheon ib.

—— Probably a branch from the great aqueducts near the Porta
Maggiore ib.

An inscription found near that point ib.

Remains of arcade of this period between that gate and the Minerva
Medica 98

Nymphæum of Alexander Severus, where the Trophies of Marius were
hung 99

Nymphæum, a hall of the Thermæ for women; Pantheum, a similar
hall for men ib.

Wall of Aurelian built against this tall arcade ib.

XVI. ALGENTIANA.

This aqueduct made to supply water to the Thermæ of Diocletian 100

Remains of a large _piscina_ were found on the site of the
railway station ib.

The water is said to have been brought by a branch from the
Marcia at the Porta di S. Lorenzo ib.

Others say it came from Mons Algidus, near Tusculum, and was
brought underground, with reservoirs on the tops of hills
in the Campagna, supplied by syphons ib.

XVII. AQUA CRABRA AND MARRANA.

These streams united are brought into Rome in the bed of the
River Almo 101

Sources of the Aqua Crabra, near Rocca di Papa ib.

Those of the Marrana near Marino ib.

The two united at the foot of the hill of Marino 102

_Piscina_ in the valley under Marino ib.

_Specus_ traced in the same valley near the quarries of _peperino_
or _lapis Albanus_ ib.

—— passes under the sources of the Aqua Julia ib.

The two streams united near a bridge on the road to Grotta
Ferrata, ten miles from Rome ib.

Part of the united water runs into the river Anio ib.

Another part is brought through the tunnel of the Aqua Julia (V.) ib.

—— then in a cutting to the bed of the small river Almo ib.

It is carried alternately in that deep bed when the ground is
high, and in a bank of clay when the ground is low 103

The stream is divided at a loch between Roma Vecchia and the
Torre Fiscale ib.

One branch follows the line of the great aqueducts towards Rome,
in the bed of the Almo ib.

It enters Rome in that bed, under the bridge on which the Porta
Metronia stands ib.

It then passes the Garden of Crassipes, now the Orto Botanico 104

—— turning to the north, under the Aventine, to the Piscina Publica ib.

—— passes through the Circus Maximus, and under several mills ib.

—— to the mouth of the river Almo in the Tiber, through an
opening left for it in the Pulchrum Littus ib.

This Aqueduct was made under Pope Calixtus II. in A.D. 1124 ib.

Another branch of it is carried by the side of the other branch
of the river Almo, in the valley of the Caffarella, and the
other _specus_, which is open on the top, has lochs in it there 105

XVIII. AQUA FELICE, A.D. 1587.

So called after Pope Sixtus V. (Felice Peretti) 106

Source under La Colonna ib.

Reservoir made under Gregory XIII., A.D. 1572-1585 ib.

The arcade and _specus_ were made under Sixtus V., but other
reservoirs were not completed until Urban VIII., A.D. 1623-44 ib.

The _fistula Urbana_ of marble ib.

The piers and foundation of the old arcade used ib.

The _specus_ enters Rome near the Porta Maggiore 107

The water is then divided into different branches ib.

Junction of this arcade with the old one of the Claudia 108

From the Porta Maggiore the main line is carried upon the same
high bank as the old Aqueducts ib.

It turns at the Porta di S. Lorenzo 109

—— and is carried on an arcade to the great _agger_ on the
Viminal, and to the fountain of the Termini, called that of Moses ib.

SUMMARY.

Frontinus mentions _nine_ Aqueducts 110

The Regionary Catalogue of the fourth century enumerates
_nineteen_ Aquæ in Rome ib.

Some of these were natural watercourses 111

Procopius in the sixth century mentions _fourteen_ only 112

LEVELS OF THE AQUEDUCTS 113

AQUEDUCTS.—LIST OF PLATES.

PHOTO-ENGRAVINGS.

PLATE

I. Source of the Aqua Appia, in a very ancient Stone-quarry of the
time of the Kings, on the bank of the river Anio.

II. Source of another Spring of the Aqua Appia in another ancient
Stone-quarry, (near to the former).

III. 1. THE AQUEDUCTS ABOVE SUBIACO.

2. —— River Anio, the Upper Lochs.

—— —— the third Loch and the Bridge over it.

IV. 1. —— Anio Novus, the third Loch.

2. —— —— The Specus.

V. —— Anio Novus—a Castellum Aquæ, and Line of the Specus cut in the
cliff.

VI. The Claudia, Anio Vetus, and Novus, and Marcia, in the Valley of
the Arches below Subiaco and above Tivoli.

VII. Two other Views of the Ruins of the Arcades of the Claudia and
Anio Novus (in the Valley of the Arches above Tivoli).

VIII. Aqueducts at Tivoli—Cascades of the Anio, with the Round Temple
of the Sibyl at the top.

IX. Aqueducts below Tivoli—The Marcia—a great Castellum Aquæ on the
Via di Carciano, B.C. 145.

X. Aqueducts below Tivoli—Aqua Marcia—Reservoir, or Castellum Aquæ.
Views of the two chambers.

XI. Aqueducts below Tivoli—1. Anio Novus—Castellum.
2. Marcia—Castellum rebuilt by Trajan.

XII. The Claudia and Anio Novus in the Campagna of Rome, near Roma
Vecchia, over the fine arcade, four miles from Rome.

XIII. The Claudia and Anio Novus passing over the Marcia, Tepula, and
Julia, at the Tor Fiscale, and view near the Porta Furba.

XIV. 1. The Marcia on the bank within the wall of Aurelian, at the
Porta Tiburtina.

2. Claudia and Anio Novus at the angle of the Sessorium.

XV. Aqueducts at the Porta Maggiore—

1. Marcia, Tepula, and Julia, entering Rome, passing through
the Wall.

2. Marcia, &c., within the Wall.

XVI. 1. Claudia and Anio Novus over the Porta Maggiore.

2. Anio Novus on the Cœlian, over the arch of Dolabella.

XVII. 1. Arches of Nero within the Porta Maggiore, crossing the great
inner _fosse_ of the Sessorium on a double arcade.

2. Aqua Marcia within the Porta Maggiore, as shewn in an
excavation in 1871.

XVIII. 1. The Claudia and Anio Novus, in the North Wall of the Gardens
of the Sessorium, now of S. Croce.

2. Nymphæum of Alexander Severus, where the trophies of Marius
were hung.

XIX. Great Reservoir on the Arches of Nero over the Arch of Dolabella,
on the Cœlian.

PLANS AND DIAGRAMS.

PLATE

I. Plan of the Sources of the Appia and Virgo, in the meadows of
Lucullus, on the bank of the river Anio.

II. The Appia at the Porta Capena, the specus passing through one
of the towers of the Porta Capena, now a gardener’s cottage.

III. The Appia under S. Sabba. The specus in an old stone quarry on
the Pseudo-Aventine.

IV. Mouth of the Appia under the Aventine, and at the Porta Trigemina,
now in a Cave under S. Alexio and the Priorato.

V. Aqua Appia—Reservoir in Garden of the Sessorium, now of S. Croce,
called the Thermæ of S. Helena.

VI. Anio Vetus.—Reservoir near the Porta Furba.

VII. Loch in the Aqua Julia, near the Imperial Villa, called the Sette
Bassi.

VIII. Aqueducts and River Almo, near the Porta Furba.

IX. The Seven Aqueducts at the Tor Fiscale. Plan and Section.

X. Piscina of the Anio Novus, entering Rome through a tower in the
wall of Aurelian in the garden of the Sessorium.

XI. The Aqueducts at the Porta Maggiore and the Porta Tiburtina.
Plan and Section.

XII. Nymphæum, where the Trophies of Marius were hung. Plan and
Section.

XIII. River Almo—Division into two Branches, now a Loch of the Marrana.

XIV. River Almo, now the Marrana.—Entrance into Rome under the Porta
Metronia.

XV. River Almo—Mouth in the Pulchrum Littus. View.

XVI. —— Plan.

XVII. Sources of the Aqua Appia, near the bank of the river Anio, in
a very ancient stone quarry.

XVIII. Aqua Appia, or Appian Aqueduct, crossing the valley from
the Cœlian to the Aventine upon the short Agger of Servius
Tullius, and over the Porta Capena.

XIX. Plan and Sections of the Aqueducts in a Cave in the Aventine,
under S. Sabba, with the Excavations made in 1875 and 1876.

XX. Plan and Section of the Aqueducts, from the great Reservoirs on
the Cœlian Hill, near the Arch of Dolabella and the Claudium,
to the Colosseum, and to the Drain under the road from the
Arch of Constantine to the Clivus Scauri.

XXI. Sections of the Specus or Conduits of fifteen different Aqueducts.

Plan of the Aqueducts on parts of the Cœlian and the Esquiline Hills,
from the great Reservoirs and Piscinæ called Sette Sale, on the
Esquiline, to the Colosseum; and the Three Branches from the great
Reservoir on the Cœlian, and over the Arch of Dolabella, and the
Piazza della Navicella, to the Aventine, the Palatine, and the
Colosseum.

Map of the Aqueducts on the Eastern side of Rome, from their Sources
above Subiaco, and on the bank of the river Anio, to Rome, and their
mouths in the Tiber.

—— Western side of Rome, from their Sources in the lakes on the hills,
called Alseatina and Sabatina, or Anguillara.