Chapter X

History of Discovery in the Arctic Regions--Expeditions of
Thorne and Hore--Of Sir Hugh Willoughby--Martin Frobisher
and his adventures--Discoveries of Davis--Hudson, his
discovery of Hudson Bay, Jan Mayen, and Cape Wolstenholm--His
fate--Baffin’s voyages--Highway to the North Pole--Expedition
of Ross and Parry--Parry’s second expedition--Loss of the
_Fury_--Overland journeys--Franklin’s last expedition--The
search after Franklin--Discovery of relics--Captain Penny’s
expedition--Sir Robert M’Clure’s discovery of the North-West
Passage--Voyage of M’Clintock--Lieutenant Hobson’s
discoveries--Dr. Kane’s expedition--Explores Smith
Sound--Discovers the Humboldt Glacier and Kennedy
Channel--Wintering in the Arctic Regions--Dr. Hayes’
expedition--Voyage of the _Germania_ and the _Hansa_--Loss
of the latter--Escape of the crew on an ice-raft--Arrival
at Greenland--Adventures of the _Germania_--Barents and
Carlsen--Austrian expedition under Payer--Voyage of the
_Polaris_--Death of Hall--Tyson’s voyage on an
ice-raft--Rescued by the _Tigress_--Captain Buddington
abandons the _Polaris_--His winter quarters--Boat voyage--Safe
arrival--British expedition of 1875–76--Departure of the
_Alert_ and _Discovery_--Narrative of the expedition--Winter
amusements--The sledging-parties--Important discoveries--No
road to the Pole--Return home--Cruise of the Pandora 222–337

List of Illustrations.

1. THE CREW OF THE “HANSA” DRAGGING THEIR BOATS ACROSS
THE ICE (FRONTISPIECE).

2. A DESERT OF ICE IN THE ARCTIC REGION, 13

3. THE SWAMPS OF THE OBI, 16

4. IN THE FOREST ZONE OF THE NORTH (FULL-PAGE), 17

5. THE MIDNIGHT SUN (FULL-PAGE), 23

6. OFF THE COAST OF GREENLAND, 25

7. MOONLIGHT IN THE POLAR WORLD, 26

8. THE AURORA BOREALIS, 28

9. THE AURORA BOREALIS--THE CORONA, 29

10. ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS:--REFLECTION
OF ICEBERGS, 32

11. ADVENT OF SPRING IN THE POLAR REGIONS, 35

12. URSA MAJOR AND URSA MINOR, 36

13. NEBULA IN ANDROMEDA, 39

14. ARCHED ICEBERG OFF THE GREENLAND COAST, 42

15. AMONG THE BERGS--A NARROW ESCAPE, 43

16. ICEBERG AND ICE-FIELD, MELVILLE BAY, GREENLAND, 45

17. ORIGIN OF ICEBERGS--EXTENSION OF A GLACIER SEAWARDS, 47

18. THE ALETSCH GLACIER, SWITZERLAND, FROM THE ÆGGISCHHORN,
SHOWING ITS MORAINES, 48

19. THE MARJELEN SEA, SWITZERLAND, 48

20. FALL OF AN ICEBERG (FULL-PAGE), 51

21. IN AN ICE-PACK, MELVILLE BAY, 53

22. CHANNEL IN AN ICE-FIELD, 54

23. “NIPPED” IN AN ICE-FIELD, 54

24. AMONG THE ICE-HUMMOCKS (FULL-PAGE), 57

25. HUNTING THE WALRUS, 61

26. THE WALRUS, OR MORSE, 63

27. A WALRUS FAMILY, 64

28. FIGHT BETWEEN A WALRUS AND A POLAR BEAR, 64

29. BOAT ATTACKED BY A WALRUS (FULL-PAGE), 65

30. FIGHT WITH A WALRUS, 68

31. HERD OF SEALS, NEAR THE DEVIL’S THUMB, BAFFIN SEA,
GREENLAND, 71

32. THE COMMON SEAL, 73

33. SHOOTING A SEAL, 74

34. THE OTARY, 75

35. THE HOODED SEAL, 76

36. AN ESKIMO SEAL-HUNTER, 77

37. THE GREENLAND WHALE, 79

38. NARWHALS, MALE AND FEMALE, 82

39. A SHOAL OF DOLPHINS, 83

40. POLAR BEARS, 84

41. BEAR CATCHING A SEAL, 86

42. BEARS DESTROYING A CACHE, 88

43. FIGHT WITH A WHITE BEAR (FULL-PAGE), 89

44. STALKING A BEAR, 94

45. SEA-BIRDS IN THE POLAR REGIONS, 97

46. THE GREAT AUK--RAZOR-BILLS--THE PUFFIN, 98

47. PUFFINS, 99

48. THE GOOSANDER, 100

49. A BIRD “BAZAAR” IN NOVAIA ZEMLAIA (FULL-PAGE), 101

50. THE BLACK-BACKED GULL, 103

51. THE EIDER-DUCK, 103

52. THE HAUNT OF THE WILD SWAN, 105

53. VARIOUS FORMS OF SNOW-CRYSTALS, 109

54. EXHIBITION OF ICE-FLOWERS BY PROJECTION, 110

55. ICE-FLOWERS, 110

56. MOULDING ICE, 112

57. A POLAR GLACIER, 118

58. GLACIER, ENGLISH BAY, SPITZBERGEN, 119

59. GLACIER, BELL SOUND, SPITZBERGEN, 120

60. STEAMER “CHARGING” AN ICEBERG, UPERNAVIK, GREENLAND
(FULL-PAGE), 121

61. FORCING A PASSAGE THROUGH THE ICE (FULL-PAGE), 125

62. THE GLACIER OF SERMIATSIALIK, GREENLAND (FULL-PAGE), 129

63. PROTOCOCCUS NIVALIS, 136

64. WILD REINDEER, 145

65. THE MUSK-OX, 150

66. ARCTIC FOXES, 152

67. A FOX-TRAP, 153

68. THE ERMINE, OR SABLE MARTEN, 156

69. THE GLUTTON, OR WOLVERINE, 157

70. PTARMIGAN, 160

71. AN ICELANDIC LANDSCAPE, 163

72. MOUNT HEKLA, FROM THE VALLEY OF HEVITA, 164

73. THE GREAT GEYSER, 166

74. HARBOUR OF REIKIAVIK, 169

75. ICELANDERS FISHING FOR NARWHAL, 174

76. UPERNAVIK, GREENLAND, 176

77. DISKO ISLAND, GREENLAND, 177

78. GODHAV’N, DISKO ISLAND, GREENLAND, 177

79. DANISH SETTLEMENT OF JACOBSHAV’N, GREENLAND, 178

80. BUILDING AN ESKIMO HUT, 181

81. THE ESKIMO KAYAK, 182

82. THE ESKIMO OOMIAK, 183

83. DR. HAYES FALLS IN WITH HANS THE HUNTER (FULL-PAGE), 187

84. ESKIMO DOGS, 191

85. ESKIMO SLEDGE AND TEAM (FULL-PAGE), 193

86. REINDEER IN LAPLAND, 200

87. TRAVELLING IN LAPLAND, 201

88. FISHER LAPPS, 203

89. SAMOJEDE HUTS ON WAIGATZ ISLAND, 209

90. A SAMOJEDE FAMILY, 210

91. JAKUT HUNTER AND BEAR, 212

92. KAMTSCHATKANS, 213

93. A KAMTSCHATKAN SLEDGE AND TEAM, 215

94. THE LOSS OF THE “SQUIRREL,” 224

95. SHIP OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, 225

96. SCENERY OF JAN MAYEN, 226

97. THE “HECLA” AND “FURY” WINTERING AT WINTER ISLAND, 229

98. THE “FURY” ABANDONED BY PARRY, 230

99. DISCOVERY OF THE CAIRN CONTAINING SIR JOHN FRANKLIN’S
PAPERS, 235

100. RELICS OF THE FRANKLIN EXPEDITION BROUGHT BACK TO
ENGLAND, 235

101. DISCOVERY OF ONE OF THE BOATS OF THE FRANKLIN EXPEDITION, 236

102. THE “THREE BROTHER TURRETS,” 238

103. MORTON ON THE SHORE OF THE SUPPOSED POLAR OCEAN, 240

104. DR. KANE PAYING A VISIT TO AN ESKIMO HUT AT ETAH, 241

105. TRYING TO LASSO A BEAR (FULL-PAGE), 247

106. THE MIDNIGHT SUN, GREENLAND, 249

107. A BEAR AT ANCHOR, 249

108. SKATING--OFF THE COAST OF GREENLAND, 250

109. SNOW LINNETS AND BUNTINGS VISITING THE CREW OF THE
“HANSA,” 254

110. THE CREW OF THE “HANSA” BIVOUACKING ON THE ICE
(FULL-PAGE), 255

111. A RASH INTRUDER, 259

112. BEAR-HUNTING, GREENLAND, 260

113. “INTO A WATER-GAP,” 261

114. THE CREW OF THE “GERMANIA” IN A SNOW-STORM (FULL-PAGE), 263

115. MATERIALS FOR THE HOUSE, 266

116. ATTACK ON A BEAR, 267

117. SETTING FOX-TRAPS, 268

118. RELIEVED, 269

119. FUNERAL OF CAPTAIN HALL (FULL-PAGE), 273

120. AN ARCTIC SNOW-STORM, 276

121. THE CASTAWAYS ON THE ICE (FULL-PAGE), 279

122. ADRIFT ON THE ICE-FLOE, 281

123. RECOVERY OF THE BOAT BY CAPTAIN TYSON, 282

124. IGLOES CONSTRUCTED BY THE CASTAWAYS, 283

125. HANS MISTAKEN FOR A BEAR, 284

126. DIFFICULT TRAVELLING (FULL-PAGE), 285

127. THE GUIDING LIGHT, 287

128. DRAGGING A SEAL, 288

129. RETURN OF THE SUN (FULL-PAGE), 289

130. SHOOTING NARWHAL, 291

131. DRAGGING THE OOGJOOK, 292

132. SUNLIGHT EFFECT IN THE ARCTIC REGION (FULL-PAGE), 293

133. FIRST SIGHT OF A WHALE, 295

134. FACE TO FACE WITH A POLAR BEAR, 296

135. AN ARCTIC ICE-SCAPE (FULL-PAGE), 297

136. ON BOARD THE BOAT, 299

137. BREAKING UP OF THE ICE, 300

138. JOE CAPTURES A SEAL, 300

139. A NIGHT OF FEAR (FULL-PAGE), 301

140. A “HELL OF WATERS,” 303

141. DRAGGING THE BOAT ON TO A FLOE, 304

142. CLINGING TO THE BOAT (FULL-PAGE), 305

143. SAVED! (FULL-PAGE), 309

THE ARCTIC WORLD.