Chapter XXIX: A Velón 168 (7)

Cannon of a primitive kind were used in Spain comparatively early. A large variety of names was given to these pieces, such as _cerbatanas_, _ribadoquines_, _culebrinas_, _falconetes_, _pasavolantes_, _lombardas_ or _bombardas_, and many more; but the oldest, commonest, and most comprehensive name of all was _trueno_, "thunder," from the terrifying noise of the discharge. This word was used for both the piece and the projectile. The Count of Clonard quotes Pedro Megía's _Silva de Varias Lecciones_ to show that gunpowder was known in Spain as early as the eleventh century. "Thunders" of some description seem to have been used at the siege of Zaragoza in 1118; and a Moorish author, writing in 1249, describes in fearsome terms "the horrid noise like thunder, vomiting fire in all directions, destroying everything, reducing everything to ashes." Al-Jattib, the historian of Granada, wrote at the beginning of the fourteenth century that the sultan of that kingdom used at the siege of Baza "a mighty engine, applying fire thereto, prepared with naphtha and with balls." The Chronicle of Alfonso the Eleventh describes in a quaint and graphic passage the crude artillery of that period, and the panic it occasioned. At the siege of Algeciras in 1342, "the Moors that were within the city threw many 'thunders' at the (Christian) host, together with mighty balls of iron, to such a distance that several overpassed the army, and some did damage to our host. Also, by means of 'thunders' they threw arrows exceeding great and thick, so that it was as much as a man could do to lift them from the ground. And as for the iron balls these 'thunders' hurled, men were exceedingly afraid thereof; for if they chanced to strike a limb they cut it off as clean as with a knife, and though the wound were but a slight one, yet was the man as good as dead; nor was any chirurgery that might avail him, both because the balls came burning hot, like flame, and because the powder which discharged them was of such a kind that any wound it made was surely mortal; and such was the violence of these balls, that they went through a man, together with all his armour."

Towards the close of the same century the testament of Don Pedro Tenorio (see p. 256), the bellicose archbishop of Alcalá de Henares, who ruled that diocese from 1376 to 1399, contains the following passage:--"_Item_. We bought crossbows and bassinets both for foot and horse, together with shields, pikes, javelins, darts, lombards, hemp, powder, and other munitions for the castles of our Church; of which munitions we stored the greater quantity at Talavera and at Alcalá de Henares, purposing to deposit them at Cazorla and in the castles of Canales and of Alhamin, which we are now repairing after they were thrown down by the King Don Pedro, and for the tower of Cazorla, which we are now erecting. And it is our will that all of these munitions be for the said castles and tower; and that no one lay his hand on them, on pain of excommunication, excepting only the bishop elected and confirmed who shall succeed us; and he shall distribute them as he holds best among the aforesaid castles. And all the best of these munitions shall be for the governorship of Cazorla, as being most needed there to overthrow the enemies of our faith; and we have duly lodged the shields and crossbows, parted from the rest, upon the champaign of Toledo; whither should arrive more shields from Valladolid, that all together may be carried to Cazorla."

The article from which I quote this passage adds that the palace of the archbishop at Alcalá de Henares was fortified with cannon until the beginning of the nineteenth century.[141]

[141] Escudero de la Peña; _Claustros, Escalera, y Artesonados del
Palacio Arzobispal de Alcalá de Henares_; published in the _Museo
Español de Antigüedades_.

Cannon are mentioned with increasing frequency throughout the fifteenth century; and in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella we read of lombards of enormous size, which had to be dragged across the Andalusian hills and plains by many scores of men and beasts; which frequently stuck fast and had to be abandoned on the march; and which, even in the best of circumstances, could only be discharged some twice or thrice a day.

In reading documents and chronicles of older Spain, it is easy to confound the early forms of cannon with the engines similar to those employed by the Crusaders in the Holy Land, and built for hurling stones or arrows of large size. Such engines were the _trabuco_, the _almajanech_ or _almojaneque_, the _algarrada_, and the _fundíbalo_ or Catalan _fonevol_. Beuter, in his _Chronicle of Spain and of Valencia_, describes the latter as "a certain instrument which has a sling made fast to an extremity of wood ... made to revolve so rapidly that the arm, on being released, projects the stone with such a force as to inflict much harm, even in distant places, whither could reach no missile slung by the hand of man."

Turning to portable Spanish firearms, we find that the precursor of the arquebus, musket, and rifle seems to have been a weapon which was introduced about the middle of the fifteenth century, and called the _espingarda_. Alfonso de Palencia says it was employed against the rebels of Toledo in 1467; and the Chronicle of Don Alvaro de Luna relates that when this nobleman was standing beside Don Iñigo d'Estúñiga, upon a certain occasion in 1453, "a man came out in his shirt and set fire to an _espingarda_, discharging the shot thereof above the heads of Don Alvaro and of Iñigo d'Estúñiga, but wounding an esquire."

As time advanced, portable firearms of first-rate quality were made throughout the northern Spanish provinces, and also in Navarra, Cataluña, Aragon, and Andalusia. The inventory of the Dukes of Alburquerque mentions, in 1560, "four flint arquebuses of Zaragoza make ... another arquebus of Zaragoza, together with its fuse," and "arquebuses of those that are made within this province" (_i.e._ of Segovia). Cristóbal Frisleva, of Ricla in Aragon, and Micerguillo of Seville were celebrated makers of this arm; but probably these and all the other Spanish masters of this craft derived their skill from foreign teaching, such as that of the brothers Simon and Peter Marckwart (in Spanish the name is spelt _Marcuarte_,) who were brought to Spain by Charles the Fifth.[142]

[142] The brothers Marckwart, or possibly one or other of them, are
believed to have stamped their arquebuses with a series of small
sickles, thus:

The Royal Armoury contains some finely decorated guns, made for the kings of Spain at the close of the seventeenth century and early in the eighteenth, by Juan Belen, Juan Fernandez, Francisco Baeza y Bis, and Nicolás Bis. The last-named, pupil of Juan Belen, was a German; but all these gunsmiths lived and worked at Madrid. Nicolás was arquebus-maker to Charles the Second from 1691, and afterwards held the same post from Philip the Fifth. He died in 1726, and the Count of Valencia de Don Juan says that in 1808--that is, before it was plundered by the mob--the Royal Armoury contained no fewer than fifty-three weapons of his manufacture. One of the guns which bear his mark, and still exist, is inscribed with the words, "I belong to the Queen our lady" (Isabel Farnese, first wife of Philip the Fifth), combined with the arms of León and Castile, and of the Bourbon family. This weapon was used, or intended to be used, for hunting.

Diego Esquivel, another gunsmith of Madrid, was also famous early in the eighteenth century, as, later on, were Manuel Sutil, José Cano, Francisco Lopez, Salvador Cenarro, Isidro Soler (author of a _Compendious History of the Arquebus-makers of Madrid_), Juan de Soto, and Sebastián Santos.

Swinburne wrote from Cataluña in 1775; "the gun-barrels of Barcelona are much esteemed, and cost from four to twenty guineas, but about five is the real value; all above is paid for fancy and ornament; they are made out of the old shoes of mules."

Until 1793, the smaller firearms of the Spanish army were made at Plasencia in Guipúzcoa. In that year the government factory, where hand-labour alone continued to be used till 1855, was removed to Oviedo. To-day this factory employs about five hundred workmen. In 1809 Laborde wrote that "firearms, such as fusees, musquets, carbines, and pistols are manufactured at Helgoivar, Eybor, and Plasencia; at Oviedo, Barcelona, Igualada, and at Ripoll; the arms made at the latter city have long had a distinguished reputation. Seven hundred and sixty-five gunsmiths, it is estimated, find employment in the factories of Guipúzcoa."

Both Townsend and the foregoing writer give a good account of Spanish cannon at this time. According to Laborde, "two excellent founderies for brass cannon are royal establishments at Barcelona and Seville; in the latter city copper cannon are cast, following the method recommended by M. Maritz. Iron ordnance are made at Lierganez and Cavada." Townsend wrote of Barcelona, in 1786; "The foundery for brass cannon is magnificent, and worthy of inspection. It is impossible anywhere to see either finer metal, or work executed in a neater and more perfect manner. Their method of boring was, in the present reign, introduced by Maritz, a Swiss. Near two hundred twenty-four pounders are finished every year, besides mortars and field-pieces."

SADDLERY AND COACHES

Probably no relic of the former of these crafts in Spain is older or more curious than the iron bit (Plate lvii., No. 8), inlaid with silver dragons' heads and crosses, and attributed, from cruciform monograms which also decorate it, to the Visigothic King Witiza (who died in 711), or sometimes to the conqueror of Toledo, Alfonso the Sixth (eleventh century). The spurs or _acicates_ (Plate lvii., No. 9) of Ferdinand the Third of Castile, who conquered Seville from the Moors, are also treasured in the Royal Armoury, and bear upon an iron ground remains of gold and silver decoration representing castles. The Count of Valencia de Don Juan believed these spurs to be authentic, because they are identical with the ones which Ferdinand wears in his equestrian seal, preserved among the National Archives of France, and dating from the year 1237.

Saddles of various kinds were used in Spain throughout the Middle Ages. Among them were the ordinary travelling-saddle or _silla de barda_ (Arabic _al-bardá_); saddles _de palafrén_,[143] the _silla de la guisa_, or _de la brida_ or _bridona_, for riding with long stirrups, and consequently the antithesis of the _gineta_ saddle;[144] or saddles made for use exclusively in war, on which the rider was accustomed to make the sign of the cross before or after mounting, such as the _lidona_, _gallega_ ("_siellas gallegas_" are mentioned in the _Poem of the Cid_), and _corsera_ or _cocera_ (Arabic _al-corsi_), or else the _silla de conteras_, "whose hindmost bow," according to the Count of Valencia de Don Juan, "terminated in converging pieces to protect the wearer's thighs."

[143] An old account copied into a book (see p. 89, _note_) in the
National Library at Madrid, and dating from the reign of Sancho
the Fourth, states that Pedro Ferrández, saddler, received a
certain sum for making various saddles, including two "_de
palafrés_, wrought in silk with the devices of the king."

[144] "In mediæval Spain, good riders were often designated as 'Ginete
en ambas sillas,' that is, accustomed to either saddle, _i.e._
the Moorish and the Christian, and I now understand why
chroniclers have taken the trouble to record the fact. Strangely
enough, the high-peaked and short-stirruped saddle does not cross
the Nile, the Arabs of Arabia riding rather flat saddles with an
ordinary length of leg. The Arab saddle of Morocco, in itself, is
perhaps the worst that man has yet designed; but, curiously
enough, from it was made the Mexican saddle, perhaps the most
useful for all kinds of horses and of countries that the world has
seen." Cunninghame Graham: _Mogreb-El-Acksa_, p. 66. The same
writer naïvely adds the following footnote to the words _Ginete en
ambas sillas_. "This phrase often occurs in Spanish chronicles,
after along description of a man's virtues, his charity, love of
the church, and kindness to the poor, and it is apparently
inserted as at least as important a statement as any of the
others. In point of fact, chronicles being written for posterity,
it is the most important."

A saddle known as the _silla de rua_, or "street saddle," was generally used in Spain throughout the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries. It was intended, not for war, but promenade and show, and therefore richly decorated. The Royal Armoury has nineteen of these saddles, all of which are Spanish-made. In the same collection is a plain _bridona_ saddle (Plate lix.), with iron stirrups and two gilt-metal bells, such as were commonly used in tournaments or other festivals. This saddle has been erroneously ascribed to the thirteenth century. It dates from the beginning of the fifteenth century, and proceeds from Majorca.

The old belief that one of the saddles in this armoury, whose bows are chased with a design in black and gilt of leaves and pilgrim's shells, was once upon a time the Cid Campeador's, has been exploded recently. The saddle in question is known to be Italian, dates from the sixteenth century, and bears the arms of a town in the duchy of Montferrato.

The inventory (1560) of the dukes of Alburquerque mentions some curious saddles, including one "_de la brida_, of blue velvet, with the bows painted gold, and on the front bow a cannon with its carriage, and on the hind bow another cannon with flames of fire." Among the rest were "a _gineta_ saddle of red leather, used by my lord the duke," together with saddles of bay leather, of dark brown leather, of "smooth leather with trappings of blue cloth," of Cordova leather, and "a date-coloured _gineta_-saddle, complete."

The same inventory specifies innumerable smaller articles of harness, such as stirrups, spurs, reins, headstalls, and poitrals or breast-leathers. Many of these pieces were richly ornamented; _e.g._, "some silver headstalls of small size, enamelled in blue, with gilt supports of iron,"[145] as well as "some silver headstalls, gilded and enamelled green and rose, with shields upon the temples." Others of these headstalls were made of copper, and nearly all were colour-enamelled.

[145] As I have stated in another chapter, the precious stones and
metals were continually employed in arms and harness, both of
Spanish Moors and Spanish Christians. In 1062 Pedro Ruderiz
bequeathed to the Monastery of Arlanza all his battle harness,
together with his silver bit (_frenum argenteum_). Thousands of
such bequests have been recorded. The Chronicle of Alfonso the
Eleventh says that after the victory of the Rio Salado, this
monarch found among his spoil "many swords with gold and silver
fittings, and many spurs, all of enamelled gold and silver....
And all this spoil was gathered by the king into his palaces
of Seville (_i.e._ the Alcázar), the doubloons in one part, and
the swords in another part." The testament (sometimes considered
to be a forgery) of Pedro the Cruel mentions "my sword in the
Castilian manner, that I caused to be made here in Seville with
gems and with _aljofar_." In 1409 Yusuf, King of Granada,
presented Juan the Second and the Infante Don Enrique with
silver-fitted swords. Referring to a later age, Davillier
discovered at Simancas a detailed list of weapons sumptuously
decorated with gold and coloured enamels, made for Philip the
Second by Juan de Soto, "_orfebrero de su Alteza_." _Recherches_,
pp. 149-151.

The stirrups included "two Moorish stirrups of gilded tin, for a woman's use";[146] "some large Moorish stirrups, gilt, with two silver plates upon their faces, enamelled gold, green, and blue, and eight nails on either face"; "some other Moorish stirrups, wrought inside with _ataujía_-work in gold, and outside with plates of copper enamelled in green, blue, and white; the handles gilt, with coverings of red leather"; and "some silver stirrups with three bars upon the floor thereof, round-shaped in the manner of an urinal, with open sides consisting of two bars, a flower within a small shield on top, and, over this, the small face of a man."

[146] The women of mediæval Spain had few amusements besides riding.
Another--though owing to the temperate climate it must have been
on few occasions--was skating, since this inventory mentions
"two pairs of skates, for a man, for travelling over ice. Two
pairs of skates, for the same purpose, for a woman." This entry
almost matches in its quaintness with the "irons for mustaches,"
or the "triggers for extracting teeth," set forth in Spanish
documents such as the _Tassa General_ of 1627.

The many sets of reins included several of Granada make, coloured in white, red, and bay; while one of the most elaborate of the poitrals was of "red leather, embroidered with gold thread, with fringes of rose-coloured silk, buckles, ends, and rounded knobs; the whole of copper enamelled green, and blue, and white."

Small but attractive accessories to these handsome sets of mediæval Spanish harness were the decorative medals (Plate lx.) hung from the horse's breast in tourneying or in war. In France these medals were known as _annelets volants_, _branlants_, or _pendants_; although in Spain, where it is probable that they were used more widely than in other countries, they have no definite name. The term _jaeces_ is sometimes applied to them; but _jaez_ properly means the entire harness for a horse, and the word is thus employed by classic Spanish authors, such as Tirso de Molina. A recent term, invented by a living writer, is _jaeces colgantes_, or "hanging _jaeces_."

These ornaments, which had their origin among the Romans and Byzantines, are figured in certain of the older Spanish codices such as the _Cántigas de Santa Maria_. In Christian Spain, however, their vogue was greatest in the thirteenth and the fourteenth centuries. They disappeared altogether in the sixteenth century; and among the Spanish Moors their use, though not unknown, was always quite exceptional.

The mottoes and devices on these little plates are very varied. Sometimes the motto has an amorous, sometimes a religious import. Sometimes the vehicle of the motto is Latin, sometimes Spanish, sometimes French. Sometimes the device contains, or is composed of, a blazon, and commonly there is floral or other ornament. A collection of nearly three hundred of these medals belonged to the late Count of Valencia de Don Juan, all of which were probably made in Spain. The material as a rule is copper, adorned with _champlevé_ enamelling, and the colours often used to decorate and relieve the interspaces of the gilded metal are red, blue, black, white, and green.

According to Florencio Janer, coaches were not known in Spain until the middle of the sixteenth century. Before that time the usual conveyance was the litter. The Madrid Armoury contains an object which is thought to have been the campaigning-litter of Charles the Fifth (Plate lxi.). The Count of Valencia de Don Juan also inclined to this belief from the circumstance that an engraving exists in the British Museum which represents a German litter of the sixteenth century, identical in all respects with this one. Probably, however, these litters were the same all over Europe. The inventory of the Dukes of Alburquerque includes, in 1560, a "cowhide litter, black, lined with black serge; also poles stained black, and harness for mules." This, together with other travelling gear, belonged to "my lady the duchess"; and it is worth noting that the litter attributed to Charles, though cased with a protective covering of whitish canvas, is also of black leather and lined with black serge, besides being evidently built for carriage by two mules. The interior contains a small armchair rising some inches only from the floor, and which, requiring him to keep his legs continually outstretched, could hardly fail to prove excruciatingly uncomfortable to the traveller.

Mendez Silva says that the precise date of the introduction of coaches into Spain was 1546, and other writers do not greatly differ from him. The Alburquerque inventory includes "two four-wheeled coaches," as well as "a triumphal car with four wheels, its body painted with red and gold stripes." Vanderhamen, who says that the first coach ever seen in Spain was brought here by a servant of Charles the Fifth in 1554, adds that within a little time their use became "a hellish vice that wrought incalculable havoc to Castile." Certainly this vehicle for many years was far from popular among the Spaniards, and was assailed with special vehemence by all who lacked the income to support one. The Duke of Berganza is said to have remarked that "God had fashioned horses for the use of men, and men had fashioned coaches for the use of women"; while a priest, Tomás Ramón, declared that it was "a vast disgrace to see bearded men, with rapiers at their side, promenading in a coach." Even the governing powers thought fit to interfere. In 1550, 1563, and 1573 the Cortes demanded the total prohibition of these modish yet detested vehicles, while the Cortes of 1578 decreed four horses as the statutory and invariable number for a private carriage. A further law enacted in 1611 that coaches must be strictly private property, and not, on pain of rigorous chastisement, be lent or hired by their owner;[147] while the owner, to own or use a coach at all, required a special licence from the Crown.

[147] This prohibition was not inopportune. Swinburne wrote towards the
end of the eighteenth century; "Having occasion one day for a
coach to carry us about, the stable-boy of our inn offered his
services, and in a quarter of an hour brought to the door a coach
and four fine mules, with two postillions and a lacquey, all in
flaming liveries; we found they belonged to a countess, who, like
the rest of the nobility, allows her coachman to let out her
equipage when she has no occasion for it; it cost us about nine
shillings, which no doubt was the perquisite of the servants."

Some curious facts relating to these vehicles in older Spain are instanced by Janer. In the seventeenth century a Spanish provincial town would normally contain a couple of hundred coaches. Among such boroughs was Granada. Here, in 1615, the authorities, backed by nearly all the citizens, protested that the coaches ploughed the highway into muddy pits and channels, and gave occasion, after nightfall, to disgraceful and immoral scenes.[148] After a while the protest grew so loud that the use of coaches in this capital was totally suppressed. One of the first persons to employ a coach in Granada had been the Marquis of Mondejar; and yet, in spite of his extensive influence, this nobleman, each time he wished to drive abroad, required to sue for licence from the town authorities, and these, in making out the written permit, took care to specify the streets through which he was allowed to pass.

[148] Towns still exist in Spain where vehicles are not allowed to
proceed at more than a walking-pace through any of the streets.
One of such towns is Argamasilla de Alba (of _Don Quixote_ fame),
where I remember to have read a notice to this effect, painted,
by order of the mayor, on a house-wall of the principal
thoroughfare.

Assailed by numerous pragmatics,[149] chiefly of a sumptuary tenor and repeated at spasmodic intervals until as late as 1785, the private coach became at last an undisputed adjunct to the national life of Spain. Doubtless the use by royalty of gala-coaches or _carrozas_ went far to sanction and extend their vogue. However, I will not describe these lumbering, uncouth, and over-ornamented gala-carriages (some of which were made in Spain) belonging to the Spanish Crown, but quote the following pragmatic, dated 1723, as aptly illustrative of the progress of this industry, and other industries akin to it, in the Peninsula:--

"In order to restrain the immoderate use of coaches, state-coaches, _estufas_, litters, _furlones_,[150] and calashes, we order that from this time forth no one of these be decorated with gold embroidery or any kind of silk containing gold, nor yet with bands or fringes that have gold or silver points; but only with velvets, damasks, and other simple silken fabrics made within this realm and its dependencies, or else in foreign countries that have friendly commerce with us. Also, the fringes and galloons shall be of silk alone; and none, of whatsoever dignity and degree, shall cause his coach, state-coach, etc., to be decorated with the fringes that are known as net-work, tassel-pointed, or bell-pointed; but only with undecorated, simple fringes, or with those of Santa Isabel; nor shall the breadth of either kind of these exceed four fingers. Also, he shall not cause his coach, state-coach, etc., to be overlaid with any gilt or silvered work, or painted with any manner of design--meaning by such, historic scenes, marines, landscapes, flowers, masks, knots of the pattern known as coulicoles, coats of arms, war devices, perspectives, or any other painting, except it imitate marble, or be marbled over of one single colour chosen at the owner's fancy; and further, we allow in every coach, state-coach, etc., only a certain moderate quantity of carving. And this our order and pragmatic shall begin to rule upon the day it is made public; from which day forth no person shall construct, or buy, or bring from other countries, coaches or _estufas_ that infringe our law herein expressed; wherefore we order the _alcaldes_ of this town, our court and capital, to make a register of all such vehicles that each house contains, without excepting any. Nevertheless, considering that if we should prohibit very shortly those conveyances that now be lawful, the owners would be put to great expense, we grant a period of two years wherein they may consume or rid themselves thereof; upon the expiration of which term our law shall be again made public, and thenceforward all, regardless of their quality and rank, shall be compelled to pay obedience to the same. Also we order that no person make or go abroad in hand-chairs fitted with brocade, or cloth of gold or silver, or yet with any silk containing gold and silver; nor shall the lining be embroidered or adorned with any of the stuffs aforesaid; but the covering of the chair, inside and out, shall only be of velvet, damask, or other unmixed silk, with a plain fringe of four fingers' breadth and button-holes of the same silk, and not of silver, gold, or thread, or any covering other than those aforesaid; but the columns of such chairs may be adorned with silken trimmings nailed thereto. And we allow, as in the case of coaches, a period of two years for wearing out the hand-chairs now in use.... Also, we order that the coverings of coaches, _estufas_, litters, calashes, and _furlones_ shall not be made of any kind of silk, or yet the harness of horses or mules for coaches and travelling litters; and that the said coaches, gala-coaches, _estufas_, litters, calashes, and _furlones_ shall not be back-stitched (_pespuntados_), even if they should be of cowhide or of cordwain (goatskin); nor shall they contain any fitting of embroidered leather."

[149] A royal degree of 1619 disposed that "every one who sows and tills
twenty-five _fanegas_ of land each year, may use a coach."

[150] The _estufa_ (literally _stove_) was a form of family-coach. The
_furlon_ is described in an old dictionary as "a coach with four
seats and hung with leather curtains."

PRINTED BY

NEILL AND COMPANY, LIMITED,

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* * * * * *

Transcriber's note:

The original spelling and minor inconsistencies in the spelling and formatting have been maintained.

Inconsistent hyphenation and accents are as in the original if not marked as an misprint.

The text decoration above IV DE LA FVETE has been omitted on page 222.

The table below lists all corrections applied to the original text.

p. xii: Old Keys; Seville Cathedral 126 -> 131
p. 11: for securing the cloak; the _torquis_ -> _torques_
p. 12: _Fibulae_ -> _Fibulæ_
p. 17: Amador de los Rios -> Ríos
p. 28: Amador de los Rios -> Ríos
p. 28: de joyaux les plus precieux -> précieux
p. 65: is generally of the fifteeenth -> fifteenth
p. 70: He carried, too, a -> "a
p. 72: The goldsmiths' and the silversmiths -> silversmiths'
p. 82: Mores ont caché leurs tresors -> trésors
p. 90: a friar of Guadelupe -> Guadalupe
p. 91: Juan González -> Gonzalez
p. 93: As soon as Cristobal -> Cristóbal
p. 94: fué deste cuento, Jan -> Juan
p. 102: et cela luy feioit -> fetoit
p. 105: pearls or other stones. -> stones."
p. 123: in the _Museo Español de Antigüedades_ -> Antigüedades_)
p. 140: Museo Español de Antiguedades -> Antigüedades
p. 143: Museo Español de Antiguedades -> Antigüedades
p. 176: the emir of the Mussulmans Abi-Abdillah -> Abu-Abdillah
p. 180: D.C.C.C.C.XIII. -> D.C.C.C.C.XIII."
p. 181: and the Puertas del Perdon -> Perdón
p. 188: consisted of "a -> a !!!
p. 205: among the Germans _panzerbrecher_ -> _Panzerbrecher_
p. 206: frock (the _waffenrock_ -> _Waffenrock_
p. 220: which specifies "a bard -> band
p. 222: It has a _verga_ -> _verja_
p. 229: as well as the chape -> shape
p. 232: button and a black tassel. -> tassel."
p. 244: published in the _Boletin -> _Boletín
p. 262: and the burnisher. -> burnisher.
p. 264: making good files or razors. -> making good files or razors."
p. 273: of Segovia). Cristobal -> Cristóbal