Chapter XXXII: The Manchus, the Normans of China (2)

It is proposed, we are told, to limit slavery to minors--freedom ensuing on the attainment of majority. This would greatly ameliorate the evil, but the evil is so crying that it demands not amelioration, but extinction. Let the legislators of China take for their model the provisions of British law, which make it possible to boast that "as soon as a slave touches British soil his fetters fall." Let them also follow that lofty legislation which defines the rights and provides for the well-being of the humblest subject. Let the old system be uprooted before a new one is inaugurated, otherwise there is danger that the limiting of slavery to minors will leave those helpless creatures exposed to most of the wrongs that accompany a lifelong servitude.

The number and extent of the reforms decreed or effected are such as to make the present reign the most illustrious in the history of the Empire. May we not hope that in dealing with polygamy and domestic slavery, the action of China will be such as to lift her out of the class of Turkey and Morocco into full companionship with the most enlightened nations of Europe and America.

[Page 302] III.

A NEW OPIUM WAR

The fiat has gone forth--war is declared against an insidious enemy that has long been exhausting the resources of China and sapping the strength of her people. She has resolved to rid herself at once and forever of the curse of opium. The home production of the drug, and all the ramifications of the vice stand condemned by a decree from the throne, followed by a code of regulations designed not to limit, but to extirpate the monster evil.

In this bold stroke for social reform there can be no doubt that the Government is supported by the best sentiment of the whole country. Most Chinese look upon opium as the beginning of their national sorrows. In 1839 it involved them in their first war with the West; and that opened the way for a series of wars which issued in their capital being twice occupied by foreign forces.

Their first effort to shake off the incubus was accompanied by such displays of pride, ignorance and unlawful violence that Great Britain was forced to make war--not to protect an illegal traffic, but to redress an outrage and to humble a haughty empire. In this renewed onslaught the Chinese have exhibited so much good sense and moderation as to show that they have learned much from foreign intercourse during the sixty-seven years that have intervened.

[Page 303] Without making any appeal to the foreigner, they courageously resolved to deal with the evil in its domestic aspects. Most of the mandarins are infected by it; and the licensed culture of the poppy has made the drug so cheap that even the poor are tempted to indulge.

The prohibitory edict asserts that of the adult population 30 or 40 per cent. are under the influence of the seductive poison. This, by the way, gives an enormous total, far beyond any of the estimates of foreign writers.

Appalled by the signs of social decadence the more patriotic of China's statesmen were not slow to perceive that all attempts at reform in education, army, and laws must prove abortive if opium were allowed to sap the vigour of the nation. "You can't carve a piece of rotten wood," says Confucius. Every scheme for national renovation must have for its basis a sound and energetic people. It was this depraved taste that first made a market for the drug; if that taste can be eradicated the trade and the vice must disappear together, with or without the concurrence of Great Britain.

Great Britain was not, however, to be ignored. Besides her overshadowing influence and her commercial interests vast and varied, is she not mistress of India, whose poppy-fields formerly supplied China and are still sending to the Chinese market fifty thousand chests per annum? No longer an illegal traffic, this importation is regulated by treaty. Concerted action might prevent complications and tend to insure success. The new British Government was approached on the [Page 304] subject. Fortunately, the Liberals being in power, it was not bound by old traditions.

A general resolution passed the House of Commons without a dissentient voice, expressing sympathy with China and a willingness to adopt similar measures in India. "When asked in the House what steps had been taken to carry out the resolution for the abolition of the opium traffic between India and China, Mr. Morley replied, that he understood that China was contemplating the issue of regulations restricting the importation, cultivation, and consumption of opium. He had received no communication from China; but as soon as proposals were submitted he was prepared to consider them in a sympathetic spirit. H. B. M.'s minister in Peking had been instructed to communicate with the Chinese Government to that effect."

The telegram containing these words is dated London, October 30. The imperial edict, which initiated what many call "the new crusade," was issued barely forty days before that date (viz., on September 20). Let it also be noted that near the end of August a memorial of the Anti-Opium League, suggesting action on the part of the Government, was sent up through the Nanking viceroy. It was signed by 1,200 missionaries of different nations and churches. Is it not probable that their representations, backed by the viceroy, moved the hand that sways the sceptre?

The decree runs as follows:

"Since the first prohibition of opium, almost the whole of China has been flooded with the poison. Smokers of opium have wasted their time, neglected their employment, ruined their constitutions, and impoverished their households. Thus for several decades China has presented a [Page 305] spectacle of increasing poverty and weakness. It rouses our indignation to speak of the matter. The Court is now determined to make China powerful; and it is our duty to urge our people to reformation in this respect.

"We decree, therefore, that within a limit of ten years this harmful muck be fully and entirely wiped away. We further command the Council of State to consider means for the strict prohibition both of opium-smoking and of poppy-growing."

Among the regulations drawn up by the Council of State are these:

That all smokers of opium be required to report themselves and to take out licenses.

Smokers holding office are divided into two classes. Those of the junior class are to cleanse themselves in six months. For the seniors no limit of time is fixed. Both classes while under medical treatment are to pay for approved deputies, by whom their duties shall be discharged.

All opium dens are to be closed after six months. These are places where smokers dream away the night in company with the idle and the vicious.

No opium lamps or pipes are to be made or sold after six months. Shops for the sale of the drug are not to be closed until the tenth year.

The Government provides medicines for the cure of the habit.

The formation of anti-opium societies is encouraged; but the members are cautioned not to discuss political questions.

The question no doubt arises in the mind of the reader, Will China succeed in freeing herself from bondage to this hateful vice? It is easy for an autocrat to issue a decree, but not easy to secure obedience. It [Page 306] is encouraging to know that this decisive action is favoured by all the viceroys--Yuan, the youngest and most powerful, has already taken steps to put the new law in force in the metropolitan province. A flutter of excitement has also shown itself in the ranks of Indian traders--Parsees, Jews, and Mohammedans--who have presented a claim for damages to their respectable traffic.

On the whole we are inclined to believe in the good faith of the Chinese Government in adopting this measure, and to augur well for its success. Next after the change of basis in education, this brave effort to suppress a national vice ranks as the most brilliant in a long series of reformatory movements.

W. A. P. M.
PEKING, January, 1907.

[Page 307] INDEX

[Page 309] INDEX

Adams, John Quincy, on the Opium War, 153 Albazin, Cossack garrison captured at, 57 Alphabet, a new, invented by Wang Chao, 217 Amherst, Lord, declines to kneel to Emperor, 168 Amoy, seaport in Fukien province, 14 its grass cloth and peculiar sort of black tea, 15 Anhwei, province of, home of Li Hung Chang, 49 Anti-foot-binding Society, supported by Dowager Empress in an edict, 217 Anti-foreign Agitation, 244-266 American influence in the Far East and, 245-251 "Appeal from the Lion's Den," 176 Army, the Chinese, 200-202 _Arrow_ War, the, 162-169 allied troops at Peking, 168 Canton occupied by British troops, 164 China abandons her long seclusion, 169 crew of the _Arrow_ executed without trial, 163 negotiations of the four powers with China, 165 seizure of the lorcha _Arrow_, 162

Bamboo tablets, writings of Confucius engraved on, 106 Battle of the Sea of Japan, 191-192 Bell-tower, boy's soul supposed to be hovering in, 21 Black-haired race, Chinese style themselves the, 151 Bowring, Sir John, Governor of Hong Kong, and the _Arrow_ case, 162-163 Boxer War, the, 172-180 a Boxer manifesto, 175 Boycott, the, 247, 252, 253, 259 Bridges, 16, 41, 42 Bridgman, Dr., pioneer missionary to China, 282 founds the Chinese Repository, 282 Buddhism, introduction of, into China, 95 "Apotheosis of Mercy," a legend of Northern Buddhism, 108 number of Buddhist monasteries, 108 rooted in the minds of the illiterate, 108 Burden, Bishop, of the English Church Mission. Hang-chow, 23 Burlingame, Hon. Anson, U. S. Minister to China, 212

Cambalu, Mongol name for Peking, 59
[Page 310]
Camöens, tomb of, at Macao, 9
Canton, the most populous city of the Empire, 9-12
American trade suffers most in Canton from boycott of 1905, 13
averts bombardment by payment of $6,000,000 ransom, 154
Christian college, 10
cock-fighting the popular amusement, 10
crowds of beggars, 12
excellence of tea and silk produced in the vicinity, 13
"flower-boats," 9
historical enigma contests, 11
narrowness of streets, 12
passion for gambling, 11
Canton (Kwangtung), province of, 7-13
Viceroy of, has also Kwangsi under his jurisdiction, 13
Caravan Song, 61
Chang Chien, legend of, 63
Chang-fi, rescues son of Liu Pi from burning palace, 114
Chang Tien-shi, arch-magician of Taoism, 109
Chang Chi-tung, Viceroy of Hukwang, his life and public career, 219-241
first to start the Emperor on the path of reform 213
case of Chunghau, 223-224
his commercial developments at Wuchang, 231
official interviews with, 238-241
Chang Yee, an able diplomatist of the Chou period, 99
Chao, Prince of, is offered fifteen cities for a Kohinoor belonging to
him, 98
Chau-siang subjugates Tung-chou-Kiun, last monarch of the Chou dynasty, 99
Chefoo (Chifu), port in Shantung province, 32
Chéhkiang, province of, smallest of the eighteen provinces, 17-24
Cheng-wang, "the completer," a ruler of the Chou dynasty, 86-87
his successors, 87-88
Chentung, Liang, Sir, interview with Dr. Martin with reference to the
Exclusion Laws and the boycott, 252
Chin, one of the Nan-peh Chao, 117
China, probable derivation of name, 101
agency of missionaries in diffusing secular knowledge in, 281-291
American exclusion laws, 253
anti-opium edict, 304-305
boycott, 247, 252, 253, 259
condition after five wars, 181
displays of barbarity during the Boxer War, 180
effect of her defeat by Japan, 171
effects of Russo-Japanese War, 193
eighteen provinces, 6
[Page 311]
five grand divisions, 3
Grand Canal, 31
Great Wall, 4, 31, 32, 101
interference in Tongking, 62
interference in Korea, 62
physiographical features, 4
reforms in, 196-218
rivers, 19, 15, 18, 25, 41, 52
sincerity of reformatory movements, 306
China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company, 200
Chingtu-fu, capital of the state of Shuh, 113
Chinhai, city at the mouth of the Ningpo, 18
Chosin, Prince of, 196
Chou dynasty, founded by Wen-wang, 84
annals of, 84-88, 96, 99
form of government praised by Confucius, 96
term _Chung Kwoh_, "Middle Kingdom," originates in, 85
Chou-sin, brings ruin on the house of Shang, sets fire to his own palace,
and perishes in the flames, 81
Christians, attitude of Chinese Government towards, 261
newspapers and the Christian faith, 263
Chu Fu-tse, the philosopher, 128
Chu Hi, the Coryphæus of Mediæval China, 128
Chu-koh Liang, a peasant who became minister to Liu Pi, 114-115
_Chuang Yuen_, Chinese term for senior wrangler; his importance
and privileges 123
Chungchen, last of the Mings, hangs himself after stabbing his daughter,
139
Chunghau and the restoration of Ili, 223
accused by Chang Chi-tung, 224
Chunking, city on the Yangtse, 51
Chusan, Archipelago and Island, 17
Chu Yuen Chang, Father of the Mings, 135
Chwan-siang, exterminates the house of Chou, 99
Confucius, birth and parentage of 89, 90
account of his education, 90
describes himself as "editor, not author," 91
edits the Five Classics, 92
Golden Rule the essence of his teaching, 92
number of his disciples, 90
passion for music, 91
search for lost books by Liu-Pang, 106
tomb of, 30-31
worshipped by his people, 92-93
writings burned and disciples persecuted by Shi-hwang-ti, 102-103
Control of Chinese over foreigners throughout Empire, 258
_Corvée_, myriads of labourers drafted by, for construction of
the Grand Canal, 32
[Page 312]
Corvino, missionary, 133
his church at Peking perishes in the overthrow of the Mongols, 137
Cotton produced in all the provinces, 3
Cue, abolition of, requisite to confirm loyalty to Manchus, 278

Degrees, literary, 122-123 Diaz and da Gama, voyage to India, 136 Diplomacy, becomes an art under the Chou dynasty, 97 Diplomatic College, 209 Dr. Martin president of, 209 "Drinking Alone by Moonlight," poem by Lipai, 120

Eclectic Commission, the, 197-198
Educational reforms, 210
the Imperial University, 210
Elgin, Lord, and the Tai-pings, 161, 166
Elliott, Captain Charles, and the Opium War, 154
Empress Dowager, and the Boxer War, 172-174, 179-180
celebrates her seventieth birthday with great pomp, 274
convert to the policy of progress, 197
_coup d'état_, 272
full name, 276
parentage, 271
personal description of, 275
reactionary clique and, 174
type of the Manchu woman, 276
England takes lease of Wei-hai-wei, 174
Eunuchism, 112, 297
Examinations, system of civil service, instituted by the Hans, 109
continued for twelve centuries, 121
details of, 122-124
developed under the T'angs, 121
reforms in, 213
Exclusion laws, the, Chinese resentment of, 253
most feasible way to deal with, 255
President Roosevelt on, 251

Factories, the, at Canton, 150,152 Favier, Bishop, defends his people in the French Cathedral, Peking, 176 Fishing, queer methods of, 19 Five dynasties, the, factions contending for the succession on the fall of the house of T'ang, 126 the later Liang, T'ang, Ts'in, Han, and Chou are united after fifty-three years in the Sung dynasty, 126-127 Foochow (Fuchau), on the River Min, 15 fine wall and "bridge of ten thousand years," 16 Kushan, its sacred mountain, 15 Manchu colony, 16 [Page 313] Formosa, Island of, colonised by people of Fukien, 14 France takes lease of Kwang-chou-wan, 174 France, war with, 169 allowed to retain Tong-king, 170 French seize Formosa, 170 Fraser, Consul, and Viceroy Chang in the Boxer War, 227 Fuchau (Foochow), province of Fukien, 15 large and prosperous missions in, 16 Fuhi, mythical ruler, teaches his people to rear domestic animals, 72 Fukien (Fuhkien), province of, 14-16 derivation of name, 15 dialect, 14 inhabitants bold navigators, 14 Fungshui, a false science, 202 Fungtao, inventor of printing, 116

Gabet and Huc, French missionaries, reach Lhasa in Tibet, 63
Gama, da, voyage to India, 136
Gaselee, General, and his contingent relieve the British Legation,
Peking, 177
Genghis Khan, splendour of his court eclipsed by that of his grandson,
Kublai Khan, 131
Gods, the numerous, of the Chinese, 82
worship of many of them referred to the Shang dynasty, 82
Gordon, General, victorious over the Tai-pings, 161
Grand Canal, journey down from Tsi-ning, 31
as useful to-day as six hundred years ago, 31
constructed by Kublai Khan, 31-32
its object, 32
Grand Lama, the Buddhist pope, 62, 109
Great Wall, the, origin of, 4
an effete relic, 31
built by Ts'in, 101
its construction overthrows house of its builder, 32
Gunpowder, early known to the Chinese, but not used with cannon, 115
spoken of by Arabs as "Chinese snow," 115

Han dynasty, founded by Liu-pang, 105
annals, 105-111
civil service examinations inaugurated, 109
marked advance in belles-lettres, 109
Hangchow, capital of Chéh-kiang province, its streets first trodden
by white men in 1855, 22
its "bore", 24
its magnificent West Lake, 22
"The Japanese are coming," 23
Hanlin Academy, contest before the Emperor for seats in, 123
[Page 314]
Han Yu, eminent writer of the eighth century, ridicules the relics of
Buddha, 107
Hart, Sir Robert, his opportune services in the war with France, 170
development of the maritime customs, 206-208
father of the postal system, 206
many honours of, 207
Hayes, Dr., president of first provincial university in China, 286
Helungkiang, province of Manchuria, 56
Hia dynasty, founded by Ta-Yü, 78
together with the Shang and Chou dynasties, known as the San Tai
or San Wang, 78
Hien-feng, Emperor, escapes to Tartary and dies there, 168
Himalayas, a bulwark to China, 4
_Hiao Lien_, literary degree, now _Chu-jin_, equivalent to
A. M., 122
Hiunghu, supposed ancestors of the Huns, 111
Honan province of, 41-44
agricultural resources, 42
bridge over the Hwang Ho,41
Hong Kong, "the Gibraltar of the Orient," ceded to Great Britain, 7
British make it chief emporium of Eastern seas, 8
rapid development of, 8
Huc and Gabet, French missionaries, make their way to Lhasa, 63
Hung Siu-tsuen, leader of the Tai-pings, 157
his aid Yang, 158
invites his first instructor, Rev. Issachar Roberts, to visit his
court, 160
new method of baptism 160
raises the flag of rebellion in Kwangsi, 157
Huns, supposed ancestors were the Hiunghu, 111
Hupeh, province of, 45-49
Hankow, Hupeh province, a Shanghai on a smaller scale, 45
Hanyang, Hupeh province, a busy industrial centre, 46
Wuchang, capital of Hupeh, 45
Hwai, Prince, regent during minority of Shunchi, 141
called Amawang by the Manchus, 141
effects the subjugation of the eighteen provinces, and imposes the
tonsure and "pigtail," 141
Hwan, Duke, of western Shan-tung, convokes the States-General nine
times, 96
_Hwang-ti_, term for "Emperor," first used by the builder of the
Great Wall, 78
Hwei-ti, a ruler of the Han dynasty, 106

Ichang, city on the Yang-tse, 15 [Page 315] Ili, Chunghau and the restoration of, 223-224 Ito, Marquis, 196 I-yin, a wise minister who had charge of the young ruler T'ai-kia, 80-81

Japan, war with, provoked by China's interference in Korea, 170
Japanese expel Chinese from Korea, and take part of Manchuria, 171
Japan left in possession of Port Arthur and Liao-tung, 171
Russia is envious and compels her to withdraw, 171
having defeated Russia unreservedly restores Manchuria to China, 195
Jews, of K'ai-fung-fu, 43
ancestors of, reach China by way of India, 43
Shanghai, help their K'ai-fung-fu brethren, 44
Jin-hwang, Tién-hwang, and Ti-hwang, three mythical rulers, 71

K'ai-fung-fu, formerly the capital under Chou and Sung dynasties, 42 visit to the Jews of, 43 Kairin, province of Manchuria, 56 Kalgan, Mongolia, a caravan terminal, 58, 61 Kanghi, the greatest monarch in the history of the Empire, 142 alienated by the pope, 144 patron of missionaries, 142 Kanghi, progress of Christianity during his reign, 143 Kang Yuwei, urges reform on the Emperor, 213 Kansuh, province of, comparatively barren, and climate unfavourable to agriculture, 55 Kao-tsung, son of Tai-tsung, raises Wu, one of his father's concubines, to the rank of empress, 121 Ketteler, Baron von, killed during siege in Peking, 176 Kiachta, a double town in Manchuria, 58 Kiak'ing, succeeds on the abdication of his father, Kienlung, 144 a weak and dissolute monarch, 145 Kiangsu province, 25-29 derivation of name, 25 Kiao-Chao (Kiau-Chau), port occupied by Germans, 30, 165 Kiayi, an exiled statesman, dates a poem from Changsha, 110 Kié, last king of the Hia dynasty, his excesses, 80 Kien Lung, emperor poet, lines inscribed by him on rock at Patachu, 35 abdicates, after a reign of sixty years, for the reason that he did not wish to reign longer than his grandfather, 144 adds Turkestan to the empire, 144 dynasty reaches the acme of splendour in his reign, 144 [Page 316] Kin Tartars, obtain possession of Peking, and push their way to K'ai-fung-fu, the Emperor retiring to Nanking, 129 Kin Tartars, the, 140 Kingdoms, the three, Wei, Wu, and Shuh, 112-113 King Sheng Tau, annotator of popular historical novel, 113 Kinsha, "River of Golden Sands," 52 Komura, Baron, and Portsmouth treaty, 193 Korea, the bone of contention between Japan and Russia, 182, 183, 186, 192 Kuanyin Pusa, a legend of, "The Apotheosis of Mercy," 108 Kublai Khan, absorbs China, 131 Kung, Prince, and the Empress Dowager, 273 disgraced and confined in his palace, 273 personal characteristics, 277 restored to favour but not to joint regency, 273 Kuropatkin, General, and the Russo-Japanese War, 185-192 Kwangsi, province of, subordinate to Canton, 13 in an almost chronic state of rebellion, 13 Kwangsu, Emperor, and the Empress Dowager, 172, 173 his desire for reforms, 197 imprisoned in a secluded palace, 173, 174 influenced by Kang Yuwei 173 Kwangtung (Canton), province of, 7-13 Kweichau, province of, the poorest province of China, 52 one-half its population aborigines, 52 Kweilang, secretary to the Empress, 272 prompts Prince Kung to strike for his life, 273

Lao-Tse, founder of Taoism, his life and influence, 94 Lhasa, treaty of, 62 Li and Yu, two bad kings of the house of Chou, 88 Liang, one of the Nan-peh Chao, 116 Liang Ting Fen, letter to Dr. Martin requesting his good offices with President Roosevelt, 252-253 Liaoyang, battle of, 187 Lienchow, attack on Americans at, 248, 255 Lien P'o, a general of Chao, who threatens to kill the envoy Lin at sight, 98 makes friends with his adversary, 99 Li Hung Chang, a native of Anhwei, 49 preëminent in the work of reform, 212 sent to Japan to sue for peace he is shot by an assassin, 171 wins earldom through Gordon's victory, 161 [Page 317] Li Ling, a commander for whom Sze-ma Ts'ien stood sponsor, and who surrendered to the enemy, 110 Lin, Commissioner, and the opium traffic, 152 Lin Sian Ju, a brave envoy, 98 Lineivitch, General, and the Russo-Japanese War, 190-192 Lipai, the Pope of Chinese literature, 119 Li-Sze, chancellor of Shi-hwang-ti, denounces the works of Confucius to that ruler, and causes them to be burned, 102 Little, Mrs. Archibald, and the Anti-foot-binding Society, 217 Liu-pang founds the Han dynasty, 105 Liu Pi founds the state of Shuh, 113 Li Yuen, assassinates Yang-ti and sets up the T'ang dynasty, 118 Lo Kwan-chung, author of a popular historical novel, 113 Lo-yang, capital of the state of Wei, 112 Lu, Empress, holds the Empire in absolute subjection for eight years, 106

Macao, Portuguese town of, 8
burial place of Camöens and Robert Morrison, 8
McCartee, Dr., annual issued by, 287
Manchuria, 3
consists of three regions or provinces under one governor-general, 56
home of the Manchus, 56
ignorance of Manchus in their original habitat, 57
Japan takes possession of parts of, 171
population and products, 57
restored by Japan to China, 195
Russia occupies the very positions from which she compelled Japan to
withdraw, 171
sacred city of Mukden, 56
Manchus, the, ignorance of those remaining in Manchuria, 57
give to China a better government than any of her native dynasties, 142
the Normans of China, 267-280
they settle at Mukden and await an opportunity to descend on China, 140
Marco Polo. See Polo
Maritime customs, the, 206-208
Sir Robert Hart's long and valuable services, 206-209
Martin, Dr. W. A. P., head of the Tung-wen College, 209
in siege at Peking, 176, 177
president of the Imperial University, 210
Mateer, Dr. C. W., founds Teng-chow College, 285
[Page 318]
Meadows, Consul T. T., reports in favour of the Tai-pings, 159
Medhurst, Dr., his description of the Chinese Classical language, 290
Mencius, more eloquent but less original than Confucius, 93
his tribute to Confucius, 94
owed much to his mother's training, 93
Merchant marine, the, 200
Mings, last of, stabs daughter and hangs himself, 139
Ming-ti, sends embassy to India to import Buddhist books and bonzes, 107
Mining enterprises, 202
Min River, 15
Missions, development of, 264
Minister Rockhill's address upon, 266
Missionaries, attacks on, 40, 180, 248, 260, 261, 262
agency of, in the diffusion of secular knowledge, 263-291
apostles of science, 263
creators of Chinese journalism 290
medical work, 284
lead a vernacular revolution, 290
preparation of text-books, 287
presidents of government colleges, 289
teaching and preaching, 263
Mongolia, the largest division of Tartary, 57, 61
contribution to the luxuries of the metropolis, 50
inhabitants nomadic, 58
has only three towns, 58
Russians "came lean and went away fat," 58
Russians granted privilege of establishing an ecclesiastical mission, 57
Mongols, liable to military service, but prohibited from doing garrison
duty in China, 59
dress, 60
forty-eight Mongolian princes, 59
Mongol monks at Peking, 60
nomadic wanderings, 58
princes visit Cambalu (Peking), in winter, 59
their camel, 60
victorious over the Sungs, 130
Yuen or Mongol dynasty, 131-134
Morrison, John R., son of Dr. Morrison the missionary, attempts to
establish a printing-press, 283
Morrison, Robert, pioneer of Protestant missions to China, tomb of, at
Macao, 9, 282
Moule, Bishop, makes Hang-chow seat of his diocese, 23
Mukden, city of, sacred to every Manchu, 56
battle of, 189
Mu-wang, a Chou ruler, who seeks relief from ennui in foreign travel, 87

[Page 319] Nanking, chief city of Kiangsu province, 25, 26 called _Kiangning_ by the Manchus, 26 pillaged by Tartars, 129 Nanking, treaty of, 7 Nan-peh Chao, "Northern and Southern Kingdoms" four factions arising on the fall of the Tsin dynasty, 116 Napier, Lord, appointed superintendent of British trade in China, 153 arrives at Macao and announces his appointment by letter to the prefect of Canton, who "tosses it back," 153 dies of chagrin at Macao, 153 Napoleon, Louis, and Annam, 165 Navy, the Chinese, 199-200 "Nest-builder, The," 71 Nevius, Rev. J. L., missionary at Hangchow, 23 at Chefoo, where he plants a church and a fruit garden, 32 Nevius, Mrs., at Chefoo, 32 Newspapers, reforms in, 215 covertly criticise Government and its agents, 215 Ningpo, province of Chéhkiang, 19 its handsome people and their literary and commercial prominence, 20 residence of the author for ten years, 20 Ningpo River, 18 Nogi, General, and the Russo-Japanese War, 188-192

O'Connor, Mr., British chargé d'affaires, 179
Omesham Mountains, 51
Opening of China, the, a drama in five acts, 149
result of collisions between Oriental conservatism and Occidental
progress, 149, 150
Opium, extent of trade in, 303
20,000 chests destroyed at request of Captain Charles Elliott, 154
Opium traffic, Commissioner Lin directed by Emperor Tao Kwang to abolish
it, 152
attitude of British Government, 304
decree ordering its total abolition, 304
regulations of Council of State, 305
Opium War, the, its causes, precipitation, and effects, 150-162
Oyama, Field-marshal, in the Russo-Japanese War, 187-192

P's, the three--pen, paper, and printing, invention of, 116
Palmerston, Lord, invites cooperation of France, Russia and the United
States concerning the _Arrow_ case, 164
P'an-keng, of the house of Shang, moves his capital five times, 81
P'anku, the "ancient founder," 71
[Page 320]
Paoting-fu, in Chihli province, scene of martyrdom of missionaries, 40
Parker, Dr. Peter, missionary at Canton, 284
Parkes, Consul and the _Arrow_ case, 162, 163, 164
Patachu, summer resort near Peking, 34-35
its eight Buddhist temples, 35
Pearl River, 9
Peking, northern capital of China, 34
approaches to new foreign quarter fortified, 37
Byron's lines on Lisbon applied to Peking, 39
climate and low death-rate, 38
Empress Dowager's summer residence, 34
"Forbidden City," 37
French Cathedral defended by Bishop Favier and marines, 176
Legation Street, 36
Prospect or Palatine Hill, 38
siege of legations, 175
summer palaces, 34
Tai-ping expedition against, 159
Tartar and Chinese cities, 35
Temples of Agriculture, Heaven and Earth, 35, 36
Peking Gazette, the, oldest journal in the world, 290
Philosophers of the Sung period, Cheo, Cheng, Chang, and Chu, 127-128
Philosophers:
Chu Hi, 128
Wang Ngan-shi, economist, 128
Pirates, attacks of, on Mr. Russell and the author, 18
Rev. Walter Lowrie is drowned by, 18
Police, reforms in, 218
Polo, Marco, Mattei, and Nicolo, 132
sojourn in China, 132
Port Arthur and Liao-tung, 171, 174, 182, 184, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192
Ports, five, opened to great Britain at close of the Opium War, 155
Portsmouth (N. H.), treaty of, 192
Portuguese, first ships of the, appear at Canton, 136
disapprove missions, 137
obtain a footing at Macao, 137
secretly oppose Dutch traders, 137
Postal system, 206
Pottinger, Sir Henry, moderate conditions imposed by, at close of Opium
War, 155, 156
his action compared with that of Commodore Perry, 156
Psychology, Chinese, its recognition of three souls, 22
Punishments, barbarous, abolished, 214
Putu, the sacred island of, 18
its monasteries, 18
prevalence of piracy in adjacent waters, 18

[Page 321]
Railways, King-Ran road completed to Hankow, 39
first grand trunk road, 39
good work of Belgian constructors, 39
influence of, on people and government, 40
questionable action of American company, 40
reforms in, 203
Rankin, Rev. Henry, with the author, the first white man to enter
Hang-chow, 22
Reading-rooms (not libraries, but places for reading) a new
institution, 216
Red-haired, the, a vulgar designation for Europeans, 151
Reed, Hon, W. B., American Minister to China, and the _Arrow_
case, 165
Reforms in China, 196-218
Anti-foot-binding Society, 217
army, 201
customs, 206
educational, 213
Hart, Sir Robert, and, 206
legal, 204
merchant marine, 200
mining enterprises, 202
newspapers, 215
post office, 205
railways, 203
streets, 218
telegraph, 214
Tung-wen College and The Imperial University, 209-210
writing, 216
Reforms, unmentioned, 292, 301
a change of costume, 292
domestic slavery, 298
polygamy, 295
Religions, the three, Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, their
characteristic features, 107
each religion has a hierarchy, 109
"Hall of the Three Religions," 108
Ricci, after twenty years of effort, effects an entrance to Peking, 138
Rice, grown in all the provinces, 3
Richard, Dr. and the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 287
Richthofen, explorer, 58
River traffic, junks drawn by hundreds of coolies, 50
Rivers, the Yang-tse Kiang, 25
Hwang Ho, 41
Hingpo, 18
Pearl, 9
Kinsha, the "river of golden sands," 52
Min, 15
Roberts, Rev. Issachar, and the leader of the Tai-pings, 160
is invited to visit their court, 160
Rockhill, Mr., the American Minister, and missionary institutions, 266
Roman Catholic missionaries, dissensions in the ranks of, 143
Roosevelt, President, his efforts to end Russo-Japanese War, 193
[Page 322]
awarded Nobel peace prize, 193
interview with Dr. Martin on the subject of the Exclusion Laws and the
boycott, 251
Rozhesvenski, Admiral, and the relief squadron for Port Arthur, 190-192
Russell, Mr., and the author captured by pirates, 18
Russia, compels Japan to evacuate Manchuria and occupies the same districts
herself, 171
designs on Korea, 182
increases her forces in Manchuria during Boxer War, 182
obtains lease of Port Arthur, 174
schemes for conquest, 182, 183
surprised by Japan's commencement of the war, 184
Russo-Japanese War, the, 181-195

Sages of China, the, Confucius, 89-93 Lao-tse, 94 Mencius, 93-94 Saghalien, Island of, Japan and Russia to divide possession of, 192 Schaal, Father, is president of Astronomical Board, casts cannon, and builds churches in Peking, 143 Sea of Japan, Battle of, 191-192 Seng Ko Lin Sin (nicknamed "Sam Collinson" by British), Lama prince who heads northern armies against Tai-ping rebels, 59, 159 defeated by British and French before Peking, 59 Shang dynasty, founded by Shang-tang, 80 annals of, 80, 82 "made religion the basis of education," 82 Shanghai, one of the five treaty ports, 26 colleges and schools, newspapers and translation bureaux, 28 foreign Concessions, opulent business houses, and luxurious mansions, 27 leading commercial emporium, 26 _Shang-ti_ and _Tien_, Roman Catholics and the terms, 143 Shangyang, a statesman of the Chou dynasty, converts the tenure of land into fee simple, 85 Shansi, province of, 54 prolific of bankers, 54 rich in agricultural and mineral resources, 54 Shantung, province of, 30-32 apples, pears, and peaches grown, 30 railway built by Germans from the sea to Tsinan-fu,30 Shanyu, a forerunner of the Grand Khan of Tartary, 111 [Page 323] Shaohing, city, in Chéhkiang province noted for its rice wine and lawyers, 23 Sheffield, Dr., president of Tung-chow College, 286 Shengking, province of Manchuria, 56 Shensi, province of, earliest home of the Chinese, 55 monument at Si-ngan commemorating the introduction of Christianity by Nestorians, 55 Shi-hwang-ti, real founder of the Chinese Empire, 102 devout believer in Taoism, 104 sends a consignment of lads and lasses to Japan, 103 though one of the heroes of history he is execrated for burning the writings of Confucius, 102 Shin-nung, "divine husbandman," mythical ruler, worshipped as the Ceres of China, 72 _Shu-king_, the, or "Book of History," one of the Five Classics edited by Confucius, 76 Shun, successor of Yao, rejects his own son and leaves throne to Ta-yü, 74 Shunteh-fu, American mission at, 40 Shun-ti, last monarch of the Yuen dynasty, 133 Si-ngan, city in Shensi, 55 capital of the Chous, 55 capital of the T'angs, 121 Empress Dowager takes refuge there, 42 monument commemorating the introduction of Christianity by Nestonans, 121 _Sing Su Hai_, "Sea of Stars," cluster of lakes in Tibet, 63 Siun Kien founds the state of Wu, 112 _Siu-tsai_, literary degree equivalent to A. B., 122 Smith, Dr. Arthur, and thanksgiving service at raising of siege of British Legation, Peking, 178 Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 266 Solatium to encourage honesty in public officials, 208 Spaniards, the, trade and relations with China, 137 St. John's College, Shanghai, 287 Stoessel, General, and his defence of Port Arthur, 188 "Strange Stories of an Idle Student," a popular work in Chinese depicting conditions prior to Opium War, 150-151 Streets, improvement in construction and protection of, 218 Sü of Shanghai, baptised by the name of Paul by Ricci, 138 his daughter Candida also baptised, 138 Suchow, in Kiangsu, the Paris of the Far East, 25 musical dialect, of, 26 Su Ts'in, the patient diplomat, whose reputation is ruined by his own passions, 99 [Page 324] Sui dynasty, the, founded by Yan Kien, lasts less than thirty years, 117 Sundius, Mr., British consul at Wuhu, 227 Sung, one of the Nan-peh Chao, 116 Sung dynasty, founded by Chao-kwang-yun, 127 annals, 127-128 encroachment of the Tartars, 127 rise of a great school of philosophy, 127-129 Southern Sungs, 127 Superstitions of the Chinese, concerning wandering spirits, 21 Sven Hedin, explorer, 58 Swatow, Canton province, American Baptists' Mission at, 15 Szechuen, province of, 50-51 fratricidal wars under Ming dynasty, 51 great variety of climate, 51 Szema Ts'ien, the Herodotus of China, 110 barbarously treated by his people, 110

T'ai-kia, successor of Shang-tang, 80 Tai-ping Rebellion, the, a result of the Opium War, 156 details of, 157-162 Tai-pings, the, try to establish a new empire, the _Tai-ping Tien-kwoh_, 158 commonly called "Chang-mao," long-haired rebels, owing to their rejection of the tonsure and cue, 161 defeated by Gordon, 161 descend into the plains of Hunan, pillage three cities, and capture Nanking, massacring its garrison of 25,000 Manchus, 158-159 go into winter quarters, and, dividing their forces, are cut off in detail, 159 hold Nanking for ten years, 159 loose morals and travesty of sacred things horrify Christian world, 161 missionaries attracted by their profession of Christianity, 160 queer titles adopted by, 161 sympathy for their cause by Consul Meadows, 159 unsuccessfully attempt to drive the Manchus from Peking, 159 Tai-tsung, second emperor of the T'ang dynasty, 120 Taiyuan-fu, missionaries murdered at by the governor, 180 Ta-Ki, a wicked woman by whom Chou-sin is said to have been led into his evil courses, 81 _Ta Kiang_, "Great River," the Chinese name for the Yang-tse Kiang, 28 Taku, at the mouth of the Peiho, 33 capture of forts by British and French, repulse of allied forces in following year, 33 [Page 325] Tamerlane, Mongolian origin of, 61 born in Turkestan, 61 Tanao, a minister of Hwang-ti, author of the cycle of sixty, 77 T'ang dynasty, founded by Li Yuen, 118 an Augustan age, 119 annals, 119-125 Tang Shao-yi, a Chinese, one of two ministers appointed to take charge of the entire customs service, 208 Tao Kwang, Emperor, resolves to put a stop to opium traffic, 152 Tartars, encroach on the Flowery Land, 117 suspicious of other foreigners, 151 Tartary, Grand Khan of, 111 Tatnall, Commodore, his kind action at Taku, 167 Ta-ts'ing dynasty, the, its annals, 140-145 Ta-yü, or Yu the Great, early emperor, subdues the waters of a deluge, 75 casts 9 brazen tripods, 79 departs from practice of his predecessors and leaves throne to his son, 76 devotes nine years to the dredging and diking of rivers, 75 his acts and reign, 78-79 monuments commemorating his labours, 75 Telegraph and telephone, introduction of, 204-205 Temples of Heaven, Earth and Agriculture, 36 Teng-chow College, founded by Dr. C. W. Mateer, 285 Tenney, Dr., and the University of Tientsin, 213 Text-books, prepared by missionaries--Edkins, Martin, Muirhead, Williamson and Wylie, 287-288 Theatre, the Chinese, 114 Three Kingdoms, the, states of Wei, Wu and Shuh, 112 Lo Kwan-chung, author of a historical novel, 113 Tibet, the land of the Grand Lama, 62 called by the Chinese "the roof of the world," 63 Chinese influence in is nearly _nil_, 62 explored by Huc and Gabet, 63 mother of great rivers, 63 polyandry prevalent, 63 Tieliang, a Manchu, one of two ministers appointed to take charge of the entire customs service, 208 _Tien_ and _Shang-ti_, question among Catholics concerning the terms, 143 _Tien Chu_, substitution of, for _Shang-ti_ repulsive to pious Chinese, 144 _Tien Ho_, "River of Heaven," Chinese term for the Milky Way, 63 Tién-hwang, Ti-hwang, and Jin-hwang, three mythical rulers who reigned eighteen thousand years each, 71 [Page 326] _Tiensheng_, Chinese name for province of Yünnan 52 Tientsin, province of Chihli, rises anew from its half-ruined condition, 33 ranks as third of treaty ports, 34 treaties of, 166 Ti-hwang, Jin-hwang, and Tién-hwang, three mythical rulers, 71 Togo, Admiral, in Russo-Japanese War, 184, 185, 188, 191, 192 Tongking, French left in possession of, 170 Translators, corps of, Dr. John Fryer's prominent connection with, 288 Tsao Tsao founds the state of Wei, 112 Tsai Lun, inventor of paper 116 Ts'ang-Kié, the Cadmus of China, author of its written characters, 77 Ts'in dynasty, Yin Cheng brings the whole country under his sway and assumes title of _Shi-Hwang-ti_ "Emperor First," 101 annals of, 101-104 builds Great Wall, 101 lasts for a century and a half, 116 Ts'in, Prince of, offers fifteen cities for a kohinoor, 98 Tsinan-fu, railway from the sea to, built by the Germans, 30 _Tsin-shi_, "Literary Doctor," degree of, 123 Tsungming, Island of, formed by the waters of the Yang-tse Kiang, 28 and Tunking coupled in popular proverb, 28 Tsushima, Battle of, 191-192 Tuan Fang, governor of Hupeh, 242-243 favourable specimen of a Manchu, 276 Tuan, Prince, father of the heir apparent, 174 Tufu, poet of the T'ang dynasty, 119 Tung-chi, Emperor, death of, 273 Tung-chou-kiun, last monarch of the Chou dynasty, 99 Turkestan, 3, 61 majority of the inhabitants Mohammedans, 61 most of the khanates absorbed by Russia, 61

Union Medical College, Peking, 285 Urga, Mongolia, a shrine for pilgrimage, 58 Uriu, Admiral, in Russo-Japanese War, 184

Verbiest, the Jesuit, made president of Board of Astronomy, 143

Wall, Great, see Great Wall Wang Chao, invents new alphabet, 217 Ward, Frederick G., the American, and the Tai-ping rebellion, 160 Ward, Hon. J. E., American minister, proceeds to Peking by land, 167 [Page 327] declines to kneel to Emperor, 168 Wei, one of the Nan-peh Chao, 116 Weihien, in Shantung, destined to become a railway centre, 30 Weihwei-fu, city on the border of Chihli and Honan, 41 Wensiang, success of Prince Kung's administration largely due to him, 277 contests with Tungsuin in extemporaneous verse, 277 Wen-ti, "patron of letters," a ruler of the house of Han, 107 Wen-wang, the real founder of the Chou dynasty, 84 encourages letters, 84 known as a commentator in the _Yih-king_, 84 Whales, the river near Hang-chow a trap for, 23 Wheat, produced in all the provinces, 3 Williams, Dr. S. Wells, takes charge of American Board printing press at Canton, 283 labours, 283 "The Middle Kingdom," 283 Witte, Count, and Portsmouth treaty, 193 Women in China, considered out of place in attempting to govern, 82 Writing, reform in, 216 new alphabet invented, 217 Wu, Empress, succeeds Kao-tsung and reigns for twenty-one years, 121 Wu Pa, the five dictators, 96 Wu San-kwei, a traitorous Chinese general, makes terms with the Manchus, 140-141 Wu Ti, Liang emperor, who became a Buddhist monk, 117 Wu-ti, "the five rulers," 71 Wu-ting-fang, Chinese minister at Washington, and legal reforms, 214 Wu-wang, the martial king, rescues the people from the oppression of the Shangs, 83

Xavier, St. Francis, arrives at Macao, is not allowed to land, and dies
on the Island of St. John, 138

Yang, chief supporter of the leader of the Tai-pings, 157-158 Yang Chia Kow, called by foreign sailors "Yankee Cow," at the mouth of the Yellow River, 29 Yang-tse Kiang, possible Tibetan source of, 63 new islands made by, 28 Yan Kien, a Chinese general sets up the Sui dynasty, 117 Yao, type of an unselfish monarch, 73 astronomical observations, 76 passes by son in naming his successor, 73 Yeh, Viceroy, and the _Arrow_ War, 162 [Page 328] Yellow River, source of, 63 forsakes its old bed, 29 "Yellow ruler, the," reputed inventor of letters and the cycle of sixty years, 72 Yellow Sea, why so called, 28 Yermak, 182 Yu and Li, two bad kings of the house of Chou, 88 Yuen or Mongol dynasty 131-134 Yuen Shi Kai, Viceroy, preeminent in the work of reform, 212 Yungcheng, succeeds Kanghi and reigns fourteen years, 144 Yungloh, emperor of the Ming dynasty, 136 "Thesaurus of," 136 Yünkwei, viceregal district of, 15, 52 Yünnan, province of, 52, 53 coal measures and copper mines, 52 hundred tribes of aborigines within its borders, 52 unhealthful climate, 52