Chapter VII: The Belief in Immortality Among the Hawaiians (4)

Ghosts, fear of, 27, 31, 304 _sq._, 320 _sq._, 369 _sq._, 419 _sq._;
their passage to nether world, 27 _sq._;
live on sweet potatoes, 30;
slaying the, 234;
journeying with the sun, 239 _sqq._;
caught in nets, 242, 244;
eaten by Miru, 242;
driven away by force of arms, 355;
food offered to, 355, 356

Gill, W. W., 221 _n._^1, 225 _n._^1, 227, 228 _n._^1, 237, 238

Girdle, sacred, of kings, 254

God, patron, determined at birth, 200 _sq._, 223

"God-boxes," inspired priests, 228 _sq._

Godless, the Samoans called, 181 _sq._

Gods, chiefs and priests descended from the, 29;
confused with spirits of the dead, 31;
the great Polynesian, 35 _n._;
of the Maoris, 36 _sq._;
of the Tongans, 64 _sqq._;
souls of dead men as, 64 _sq._, 66, 69, 70, 84, 91;
men descended from, 66;
omens sent by, 67;
in form of animals, 66, 92 _sqq._, 182 _sqq._;
the primary or non-human, of Tonga, 68 _sqq._;
national and tribal, of Tonga, 93 _sq._;
temples of, in Tonga, 73 _sqq._, 99 _sqq._;
worship of, 79 _sqq._;
annual feasts in honour of, 187 _sq._;
tame, 191;
vegetable, 192;
totemic, 202;
high gods, 202 _sqq._;
the life of the, 238;
punished, 257;
born of Night (_Po_), 258, 277;
of the sea, 276 _sq._;
of the air, 277;
worship of the gods in the Society Islands, 277 _sqq._;
the causes of disease and death, 299, 351;
Hawaiian, two classes of, 397

Government, monarchical and aristocratic, of the Tongans, 62 _sq._;
democratic, of Samoans, 171 _sqq._;
of the Society Islands, 253;
in the Marquesas, 344 _sq._;
in the Hawaiian Islands, 383 _sq._

Grandfather, soul of, reborn in grandchild, 368 _sq._

Grange, Jerome, 60 _n._^5, 113 _sq._

Grasshoppers, souls of dead children in, 318

Graves, sacred, 99;
in relation to temples, 99 _sqq._;
of Tongan kings, 103, 105;
prayers at, 121, 217;
of great chiefs religiously revered, 120;
enclosed with stones, 211;
in Society Islands, 309;
in Hawaii, 418.
_See_ Tombs

Guardian deity, how obtained, 398

Gudgeon, W. E., 41, 42 _n._^1, 48 _n._^1

Guillemard, F. H. H., 132

_Haamonga_, megalithic monument in Tonga, 125, 126

Haapai (Haabai), one of the Tonga Islands, 52, 95, 126

Haddon, A. C., 6 _n._^2

Hahunga, Maori festival, 22

Hair cut in mourning, 19, 303 _sq._, 420_sq._;
ceremonies at cutting the, 44 _sq._;
used in evil magic, 300, 325, 405;
offered by mourners to the dead, 303, 304;
sacrificed to volcano, 400

Hale, Horatio, 6 _n._^2, 63, 214

Hands tabooed, 38, 45, 137, 138, 209, 312, 404

Happahs (Happas), a tribe of Marquesans, 364, 365

_Harepo_, sacred recorder, 296, 298

Harris, J. Rendel, 267 _n._^1

Havaiki, subterranean region of the dead, 363. _Compare_ Avaiki

Hawaii, 375, 376, 378, 394, 400, 406, 409, 410, 411, 413, 426, 429

Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands, 375 _sqq._

Hawaiians or Sandwich Islanders, 377 _sqq._

Hawaiki, original home of Maoris, 5 _sq._, 29, 155

Head, sanctity of the, 44, 212, 388

Heads of dead dried and preserved, 23 _sq._;
of chiefs cut off and buried separately, 212;
of children moulded, 224;
of pigs attached to biers, 355;
of slain enemies kept as trophies, 362

Heart the special seat of the soul, 85

Heaven, ascent of souls to, 24 _sqq._, 29

"Heavenly family," gods incarnate in animals, 228

Hebrew prophets, Renan on the, 147

_Heiau_, temple, 409, 410, 411, 412 _n._^1, 418

Herero, of S.W. Africa, customs as to twins among the, 273 _sq._

Herons sacred, 95;
omens from, 190;
superstition about, 277 _n._^2

Hervey, Philip, 123, 125 _n._^1, 127

Hervey or Cook Islands, 219 _sq._

Hervey Islanders, 220 _sqq._

_Heva_, ceremony observed after a death, 306

Higgolayo, god of the dead, 86

Hikuleo, god of the dead, 88 _sq._, 90

Hina (O-Heena), a goddess, perhaps of the moon, 266, 267, 287

Hine-nui-te-po, the Maori goddess of death, 17 _sq._

Hiro, god of thieves, 326

Hivaoa (Dominica), one of the Marquesas Islands, 328, 337, 364

Hogs, sacrificed, 79;
to volcano, 399.
_See_ Pigs

Holiness and uncleanness blent in taboo, 173

Honolulu, 376 _n._^2

Hos of Togo, customs as to twins among the, 271 _sq._

_Hotooas_ (_atuas_), gods, 64

Houmis, a tribe of Marquesans, 347

House, dead buried in, 20, 27, 418;
dying people removed from the, 39;
abandoned after a death, 356

Houses, Maori, 8;
Samoan, 163 _sq._;
in the Society Islands, 250;
of the Marquesans, 335 _sqq._;
of the Hawaiians, 380 _sq._

Huahine, one of the Society Islands, 117, 246, 280, 283, 284, 289,
293, 326

Human sacrifices at burials, 24;
to the sun, tradition of, 158;
not offered by Samoans, 158;
at making king's girdle, 254;
offered to Oro, 258 _sq._;
in the Society Islands, 291 _sq._;
offered to living men, 349 _sq._;
at deification of men, 351 _sq._;
at the death of chiefs and priests, 365 _sqq._, 421 _sq._;
to sharks, 402 _sq._;
in Hawaii, 413 _sq._, 421 _sq._, 425 _sq._

Hunchbacks thought to be favourites of spirits, 153

Hurricanes in Samoa, 153 _sq._

Idols, Hawaiian, 412 _sq._ _See_ Images

_Ifi_ tree, 74, 121, 133, 137

Image of basket-work, 275 _sq._;
wooden, of deified man, 398

Images of the gods, 290, 391 _sq._;
in which the souls of the dead were supposed to lodge, 287 _sq._,
313 _sq._, 324 _sq._;
carried to battle, 397;
spirits conjured into, 398;
of the gods, Hawaiian, 411 _sqq._

Immortality, belief in, its effect on the Maoris, 51;
restricted to chiefs and their ministers, 85;
of the human soul, 313. _See_ Soul

Incantations, Maori, 13 _sqq._;
of sorcerers, 325;
Hawaiian, 405, 417

Incarnation of gods in animals, 182 _sqq._

Inconsistency of savage thought, 84, 90 _sq._

Indonesians, 3

Infanticide, in Polynesia, 157;
among the Areois, 263

Infants, souls of dead, cause disease, 49, 299

Inspiration by drinking kava, 75, 77 _sqq._;
by souls of dead, 91;
of Samoan priests, 194;
of priests, in the Society Islands, 293 _sqq._;
of men by deities, 351

Inspired men, 350 _sqq._

Iron in Tonga, 61 _n._^2

---- tools among the Hawaiians, 382

Irrigation practised by Maoris, 9;
artificial, in Hawaii, 378 _sq._

Jarves, J. J., 383 _n._^2, 425

Jaw-bones of human victims hung in temple, 258

Jumping-off stone of souls of the dead, 214, 215.
_See_ Leaping-off place

Jupiter, the planet, emblem of deified chiefs, 204;
the shrine of a god, 228

Justice, administration of, in Samoa, 159 _sq._

_Kahuna_, priest, 417

Kaili. _See_ Tairi

Kamehameha (Tamehameha), king of Hawaii, 384, 388, 389, 400, 409, 415,
420, 422, 425, 427, 430, 431

Kanaloa, a great Hawaiian deity, 392, 393, 394, 395

Kane, a great Hawaiian deity, 392, 393, 394, 395, 398

Kaonohiokala, "eye-ball of the sun," a Hawaiian god, 431

Kapihe, a priest, 430, 431

_Kapu_, taboo, in Hawaiian dialect, 387

Karakakooa Bay in Hawaii, 391

_Karakias_, prayers or spells (Maori), 32, 39

Kauai, one of the Sandwich Islands, 375

Kava as source of inspiration, 75, 78, 229;
offered to the gods, 79, 187;
offered to whales, 93;
offered at graves, 121, 205;
drunk by the Marquesans, 334;
by the Hawaiians, 380

Keolakuhonua, the first woman, 393

Kilauea, volcano in Hawaii, 375, 399, 401

King, Captain, 378, 379, 385 _sq._, 391, 402, 408, 410

King, of Samoa, 176 _sq._;
customs observed on the death of a king in Hawaii, 420 _sqq._

"King of Fiji," a Samoan family god, 192

Kingfisher sacred, 93;
superstition about, 277 _n._^2

Kingfishers, incarnations of war-god, omens from, 190;
gods of families, villages, or districts, embodied in, 193;
consulted oracularly, 196

Kings, two, in Tonga, one civil, the other religious, 62 _sq._;
the priests or mouthpieces of a god, 224;
sacred, in the Hervey Islands, 224 _sq._;
primary and secondary, in Mangaia, 225;
as gods or descended from gods in the Society Islands, 253 _sq._;
as high-priests, 253, 255;
in Hawaii, 383 _sq._

Kingship, double, 63

Kitchen, dying chief carried into the, 82

Koreamoku, a deified man, 398

Kotzebue, O. von, 385 _n._^4, 388 _sq._, 416

Kpelle, of Liberia, their superstitions about twins, 269, 274

Krusenstern, A. J. von, 346, 348, 362, 371, 372

Ku, a great Hawaiian deity, 392, 393

Kuahairo, a Hawaiian god, 431

Kumuhonua, the first man, 393

La Perouse, 149

Labillardiere, 81

Langsdorff, G. H. von, 118, 341, 351 _n._^2, 371, 372

Language, Polynesian, 2;
special form of, used in speaking of chiefs, 173 _sqq._

Leaping-off place for souls of dead, 27, 241.
_See_ Jumping-off stone

Leeward Islands, 246, 319

Lifuka (Lefooga), one of the Tonga Islands, 52, 73, 109

Lightning, omens from, 191

Lipolipo, king of Hawaii, 389 _sq._, 427

Lisiansky, U., 338, 366 _sq._, 368 _sq._, 371, 372, 411, 412, 414,
421, 422, 423

Litany chanted after a death, 355

Liturgies, in the Society Islands, 296

Liturgy, ancient Hawaiian, 394

Liver, the seat of courage, 85;
a disease of, attributed to breach of taboo, 76 _sq._;
of pig a god, 98

Lizard, the tempter in the form of a, 393

Lizards feared as causes of disease, 50;
gods in, 66, 92, 94, 96, 182, 227, 228;
omens from, 190

Lono (Rono), a great Hawaiian deity, the equivalent of Rongo, 392,
393, 395;
Captain Cook identified with, 396

Lord of Mangaia, 224

Lucifer, the Hawaiian, 393

Macahity, a Hawaiian festival, 414 _sqq._

Mafanga, burial-place of chiefs in Tongataboo, 120, 121

Mafuie, god of earthquakes, 203

Magic, among the Maoris, 13 _sqq._;
among the Tongans, 68;
black, not practised in Samoa, 161;
in the Society Islands, 300, 325 _sq._;
in Hawaii, 405 _sq_.
_See_ Sorcerers

Magicians (Maori), 13 _sqq._

Mahoike, god of the infernal regions, original possessor of fire, 350

Mahoui, a god, apparently identical with Maui, 266 _n._^4, 286 _n._^5

Maitea, one of the Society Islands, 246

Malays, how related to the Polynesians, 2 _sqq._

Man, the creation of, 393

_Mana_, 42

Manaia, 13, 23

Mangaia, one of the Hervey Islands, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 228,
232, 233, 237, 238, 239, 240, 244

Manona, Samoan island, 149

Manua, group of Samoan islands, 149, 155, 158, 162, 215

Maoris, 5 _sqq._;
their culture, 8 _sqq._;
beliefs concerning the souls of the living, 10 _sqq._;
beliefs concerning the souls of the dead, 19 _sqq._;
their notion as to the cause of death, 16;
their story of the origin of death, 16 _sqq._;
mourning, 19 _sq._;
disposal of the dead, 20 _sqq._;
their conception of deity, 35 _sq._;
taboo among the, 37 _sqq._, 432

Mapuhanui, a Marquesan god, 368

_Marae_. _See Morai_

_Marae_, a sacred grove, 225 _n._^3, 240, 241

_Marai_. _See Morai_

Marchand, Captain E., 358 _n._^6, 371

Marcuse, A., 393

Mariner, William, 62, 64, 67, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78 _sq._, 80,
82, 83, 86, 90, 91, 92, 93, 97, 98 _n._, 99, 102,
103, 110 _n._^1, 127, 135, 136, 138, 141, 142, 143

Marquesan islanders, 331 _sqq._

Marquesas Islands, 328 _sqq._;
_morais_ (_marais_) in the, 116 _sqq._

Marriage rites, 288 _sq._, 311

Martin, John, 64

Maruiwi, primitive inhabitants of New Zealand, 8

Mask worn by an actor personifying a ghost, 306

Masons in Tonga, 127

_Matabooles_, minister of Tongan nobles, 65, 66, 74, 85, 76, 77, 79,
85, 87, 121, 136, 139

Mateialona, Governor of Haapai, 126

Mats, fine Samoan, 168 _sq._;
Hawaiian, 381 _sq._

Maui, mythical Polynesian hero, 266 _n._^4;
his contest with the goddess of death, 16 _sqq._;
said to have drawn up the Tongan Islands on a fish-hook, 72;
puts god Hikuleo in durance, 88;
said to have brought great stones from Uea, 125;
a kind of Polynesian Hercules, 126;
brought fire to men, 226, 239;
his exploits, 275, 287 _n._, 396;
his image, 275 _sq._;
steals fire from Mahoike, 350

---- one of the Sandwich Islands, 375, 429

---- Atalanga, mythical first owner of fire, 57

---- Kijikiji, the Polynesian Prometheus, 57

Mauike, the fire-god, 226, 238, 239

Mauna Kea, mountain in Hawaii, 376

---- Loa, volcano in Hawaii, 375, 376

Mausoleum of the kings of Hawaii, 426

Medicine, the Hawaiian god of, 398

Megalithic monuments of the Tooitongas, 119;
in the Pacific, Dr. Rivers's theory as to, 119;
of the Tongans, 123;
in Lefooga (Lifuka), 128 _sq._;
their supposed relation to sun-worship, 266 _n._^4;
in the Marquesas, 360 _sq._

Megalithic tombs, 119, 123, 132

Meinicke, C. E., 118 _n._^2

Melanesian blood, admixture of, in the Hervey Islands, 221

---- type, 6;
population of New Zealand, 6 _sq._

---- totemism, 218

Melanesians, now related to Polynesians, 2 _sq._;
magic among the, 161;
sham-fights at funerals among the, 212

Melville, Hermann, 330, 332, 333, 338, 354, 357 _n._^3, 360 _sq._,
361 _sq._, 373

Men deified in their lifetime, 349;
deified after death, 351 _sq._, 397

Metals unknown to the Polynesians, 61, 222, 250, 335

Metempsychosis, theory that Melanesian totemism has been developed out
of, 218

Milu (Miru), king of the nether world, 427, 428, 429, 430.
_See_ Miru

----, a rebel spirit, 392

Minstrels, wandering, in the Marquesas, 342

Miru, king of the nether world, 427;
goddess of hell or of the dead, 428 _n._^1;
the Hades of the Sandwich Islanders, 431.
_See_ Milu

----, an infernal hag, devours ghosts, 242

Moerenhout, J. A., 118, 263 _n._^2, 264 _n._^3, 266 _n._^4, 284,
286 _n._^5, 297, 308 _n._^1

Monarchy, absolute, in Hawaii, 383

Mooa, old capital of Tongataboo, 106, 108, 111, 112

_Mooas_, middle-class in Tonga, 66, 85

Moomooe (Moomooi), king of Tonga, 83, 91, 108, 133, 141, 145

Moon, family god in, 192;
tradition of sacrifice to the, 394;
festival of the new, 414

Moon-goddess, 267, 287 _n._

Mo'ooi (Maui), Tongan god, 72

_Morai_ (_marai_, _marae_), burial-place, temple, 103, 116, 117, 118,
119;
dead buried in, 117 _sqq._, 282 _sqq._;
in the Society Islands, 278 _sqq_.

_Morais_, bones of dead chiefs buried in, 311;
burial-places, 357 _sq._, 361 _sq._;
mummies deposited in, 357;
in Hawaii, 391, 406 _sqq._;
dead chiefs buried in, 407 _sq._

Morality reinforced by superstitious terrors, 83;
not influenced by religion, 318

Mortality of souls of commoners, 66, 85

Motoro, a great god in the Hervey Islands, 241

Mourning for death of divine owl, 186 _sq._

---- customs of Maoris, 19 _sq._;
in Tonga, 132 _sqq._;
in Samoa, 208 _sq._;
in the Hervey Islands, 231;
among the Society Islands, 301 _sqq._;
of the Marquesans, 353 _sqq._;
in Hawaii, 420 _sqq._

Mouth and nostrils of dying stopped to prevent the escape of the soul,
352

Mueu, a female demon of death, 235

Mukasa, great god of the Baganda, 270

Mullets sacred, 95, 184

Mummies kept in the house or deposited in a _morai_, 357

Muru, a god, spreads a net to catch ghosts, 244

Mythology of the Society Islanders, 257 _sq._, 277;
of the Marquesans, 348 _sqq._

Nails, parings of, used in evil magic, 325, 405

Names of relatives changed after a death, 233;
of kings sacred, 254;
new, given at admission to the Society of the Areois, 261;
exchange of, 339

Namuka, one of the Tonga Islands, 52

Nature, personifications of, 32, 34;
worship of, 93

Necromancy among the Maoris, 30 _sq._

Negritoes, 3

Net to catch ghosts, 242, 244

New Zealand, the Maoris of, 5 _sqq._;
Melanesian population of, 6 _sq._

Neyra, Alvaro Mendana de, 328

Ngati-apa, a Maori tribe, 23

Nicholas, J. L., 16 _n._^3

Night, or the primaeval darkness (_Po_), 258, 276, 277, 298 _n._^1,
305, 315, 323, 393, 397, 427;
burials by, 419

Nightmare caused by a ghost, 419

_Noa_, common, 38, 39, 40;
general, as opposed to _taboo_, sacred, 388

Noah, the Hawaiian, 393, 394

Nobility traced in female line in Tonga, 75

Nobles, souls of dead, as gods, 64, 66, 84, 91

North Cape of New Zealand, place of departure for souls of the dead,
27, 28, 30

Nukahiva, one of the Marquesas Islands, 328, 337, 350, 352, 360, 361,
364, 368, 371, 372

Nuu, the Hawaiian Noah, 393, 394

O-Heena, a goddess, 287 _n._
_See_ Hina

O-rongo, in Mangaia, 225

Oahu, one of the Sandwich Islands, 375, 376 _n._^2, 385, 395, 411, 429

Obsequies of kings and chiefs in Tonga, 133 _sqq._;
of the Tooitongas, 140 _sqq._;
of Samoan chiefs, 211 _sq._;
of chiefs, in the Society Islands, 303

Octopus, god in, 95, 96, 183

Offerings to gods, 79;
to Samoan deities, 187, 188, 189;
to priests, 195;
to the dead, 311;
of food at tombs, 362;
to volcanic goddess, 401.
_See_ Sacrifices

Omens sent by gods, 67;
from sacred birds, animals, or fish, 189 _sq._;
from sacrificial victims, clouds, and rainbow, 397, 414

Opoa, metropolis of idolatry in the Society Islands, 255, 258, 259,
289

Oracles delivered by priests, 295;
given by priests in the name of gods, 404

_Oramatuas_ or _oromatuas_, worshipful spirits of departed relatives,
277, 299, 323 _sq._;
sacred feathers called, 291

Origin of Samoan gods of families, villages, and districts, 200 _sqq._

Oro, war-god in the Society Islands, 255, 255 _n._^1, 258, 259, 261,
263, 265, 266, 289, 295, 315, 326

Orono, head of a priestly order in Hawaii, 391

Orotetefa, patron deity of the Areoi Society, 263, 265, 267

Ovens, souls of dead in, 26 _sq._;
of hot stones, 222, 379

Owl god, festival of, 188;
kept tame, 191

Owls sacred, 95, 182;
mourning for dead, 186 _sq._;
omens from, 190

Pantheon recruited by dead men, 98

Papa, goddess of earth, 34 _n._^2;
wife of Vatea, 226

Papatea, mythical island, 158

Papo, Samoan war-god, 186

Paradise of the Society Islanders, 319, 327

Parliamentary form of government in Samoa, 179 _sq._

_Pas_, Maori forts, 8 _n._^3

Pele, goddess of the volcano Kilauea in Hawaii, 399 _sqq._

Personifications of nature, 32, 34;
of ghost by an actor, 306

Pied fantail in Maori story of origin of death, 18 _sq._

Pigeons, divine, 184;
kept tame, 191

Pigs' liver a god, 96

Pigs offered to the dead, 231;
sacrificed, 264, 265, 291;
for recovery of sick, 351;
to the dead, 368.
_See_ Hogs

Planets, the shrine of a god, 228

Pleiades, emblems of deified chiefs, 204

Po, region of departed souls (Maori), 27

_Po_, Night or the primaeval darkness, the abode of the gods and of
the dead, 258, 277, 298 _n._^1, 305, 308, 315, 316,
317, 323, 393, 397, 427

Pollution caused by death, 312 _sq._, 427

Polack, J. S., 7 _n._^1

Polyandry among the Marquesans, 337 _sq._

Polygamy in the Hervey Islands, 223

Polynesians, 1 _sqq._;
their origin and language, 2 _sqq._;
mode of life, 4;
dispersal from Savaii (Hawaiki), 6, 154 _sq._;
or from Tonga, 56;
their knowledge of fire, 56 _sq._;
ignorant of metals, 61, 250

Polytheism developed out of totemism, 94

Porpoises, gods in, 66, 92

Porter, Captain David, 330, 332, 344 _n._^1, 350, 353, 357 _n._^3,
362, 364 _sq._, 372

Pottery unknown to the Samoans, 181

Prayers to the gods, 79;
to the dead, 121;
to animal gods, 182;
for temporal benefits, 189;
before going to war, 189;
for the dying, 208;
offered to souls of dead relatives at their graves, 217;
rhythmical and ancient, 225;
offered to kings, 255;
of the Society Islanders, 257;
for the recovery of the sick, 257, 398;
to Oro, 261;
liturgical, 295 _sq._;
over the dead, 310;
for the dead, 318;
at temples, 327;
before battle, 397

"Praying people," sorcerers, 229

Presents brought to dying people, 207 _sq._

Priestess claiming to personify goddess, 401

Priests practise enchantments, 13 _sq._;
descended from the gods, 29;
their souls immortal, 29;
summon up spirits of dead, 31;
Tongan, their inspiration, 77 _sqq._;
Samoan, 192 _sq._;
inspired, 194;
consulted as to cause of sickness, 207;
inspired, called "god-boxes," 228 _sq._;
speaking in name of gods, 258, 293 _sqq._;
of shark gods, 276;
in the Society Islands, 292 _sqq._;
inspired by sharks, 403;
Hawaiian, 404

Property buried with the dead, 20, 140 _sq._, 211, 232 _sq._;
private, in relation to taboo, 47 _sq._;
rights of, in Samoa, 169 _sqq._

Prostitution, general, of women at the death of a great chief, 423

Pukapuka, Danger Island, 230

Pulotu, Samoan name for abode of the dead and of the gods, 204, 205,
214, 216, 217.
_Compare_ Bolotoo

Punishments in Samoa, 159 _sq._

Purification of king at installation, 255 _n._^1;
of land after defilement, 287 _sq._;
after contact with the dead, 210, 313;
of the souls of the dead, 316

Pyramidal tombs, 115

Pyramidical temples of Tahiti and the Marquesas, 119

Pyramids, stepped or terraced, 116, 117, 278 _sqq._;
of stone, stepped or terraced, in Hawaii, 408 _sqq._

Quiros, Fernandez de, 246

Ra, the sun-god, caught by Maui in nooses, 226

Radiguet, M., 338, 341, 357 _n._^1, 358, 373

Raiatea, one of the Society Islands, 246, 255, 258, 259, 266, 289,
315, 317, 318, 319

Rail-bird sacred, 95;
omens from, 190

Rainbow worshipped, 93, 182;
omens from, 191, 397;
emblem of deified chiefs, 204 _sq._;
superstitions about, 267, 269

_Rangatira_, gentleman, 43, 44;
landowners, 224

Rangi, god of sky, 34 _n._^2

Rarotonga, one of the Hervey Islands, 219, 221, 222, 224, 226, 228,
232, 243, 244

Raupa, a burial cave, 237

Recorders, sacred, 295 _sq._, 298

Red, bones of dead painted, 21;
tabooed, 227;
feathers regarded as divine, 290 _sq._

---- Cave, 239, 240

Reincarnation of the dead, 368 _sq._

Reinga, leaping-off place of souls (Maori), 27

Religion of Maoris concentrated on worship of dead kinsfolk, 34;
homogeneity of Polynesian, 35 _n._;
the Tongan, 64 _sqq._;
ethical influence of the Tongan, 146 _sq._;
of the Samoans, 181 _sqq._;
of the Hervey Islanders, 225 _sqq._;
early stage of, 226;
of the Society Islanders, 256 _sqq._;
without influence on morality, 318;
of the Marquesans, 348 _sqq._;
of the Hawaiians, 390 _sqq._

Remy, J., 412 _n._^1, 415 _n._^1

Renan, Ernest, on the Hebrew prophets, 147

Respect for chiefs in Samoa, 171 _sqq._

Resurrection of the dead, Hawaiian notions about the, 430 _sq._

Rewards, posthumous, no belief in, 67, 146

Rhodesia, Northern, belief as to mother of twins in, 269

Rib of the first man, the first woman created out of the, 393 _sq._

Rites, of burial and mourning in Tonga, 132 _sqq._;
funeral, in the Hervey Islands, 231 _sqq._;
religious, of the Society Islanders, 257;
of purification, 288.
_See_ Ceremonies

River of the Water of Life (Maori), 28;
in the nether world, 216

Rivers, W. H. R., 4 _n._^1, 119, 124 _n._^1, 128, 202, 218, 266 _n._^4

Roberts, E., 371

Rohutu, the abode of the dead, 319 _sq._, 327

Rongo, god of peace and agriculture, 35 _n._;
a great Polynesian god, 224, 225, 226, 392, 395;
his sacred stream and grove, 240, 241;
god, inventor of circumcision, 224

Rono, a great Hawaiian god, 404, 416.
_See_ Lono

Roscoe, J., 271

Routledge, S. and K., 279 _n._^1

Ruahatu, a sea-god, 276

S[=a]-le-Fe'e, the Samoan Tartarus, 216

Sacredness of chiefs, 172 _sqq._

Sacrifice of children, 75 _sq._, 81 _sq._;
of hogs, 79;
of fingers, 80;
of first-born sons, 89;
as magical, 83;
of pigs to the dead, 368;
of hogs to volcano, 399

Sacrifices in the Society Islands, 291 _sq._;
of pigs for the recovery of the sick, 351.
_See_ Human sacrifices

Sacrilege, 67;
its expiation, 74 _sqq._, 183 _sqq._

Samoa, general name for the group of islands, 148;
original seat of Polynesian race, 154

Samoan Islands, 148 _sqq._;
volcanic activity in, 151 _sq._;
climate, 152 _sqq._

---- Islanders, their appearance and character, 156 _sqq._;
houses, agriculture, and industries, 163 _sqq._;
rights of property, 169 _sqq._;
government, 171 _sqq._;
religion, 181 _sqq._

---- worship of natural objects, 93, 96 _sq._;
of animals and other natural objects developed out of totemism,
200 _sqq._, 218

Sanctity of kings in the Society Islands, 253 _sq._;
of priest of Tani (Tane), 293

Sanctuaries for criminals, 282

Sandwich or Hawaiian Islands, 375 _sqq._

Sandwich Islanders, 377 _sqq._;
their four chief gods, 35 _n._

Saturnalia at the death of a king or high chief in Hawaii, 421 _sqq._

Savage thought inconsistent, 84, 90 _sq._

Savages not addicted to sun-worship, 131

Savaii, one of the Samoan islands, centre of Polynesian dispersion, 6,
148 _sq._, 150 _sq._, 154 _sq._, 192, 195, 202, 215

Saveasiuleo, the king of the lower regions, 216 _sq._

Scalps of slain foes taken, 162

Sea, gods of the, 276 _sq._

---- eels sacred, 93, 94, 185

---- gull sacred, 93

---- -snake as god, 185

---- -urchin, family god in, 183

Second death, 29

Secret burial, 21

Semites sacrifice first-born sons, 89

Serfdom, alleged, in Hawaii, 385

Shadow, soul associated with, 205 _sq._

Sham fights at obsequies of Samoan chiefs, 211, 212;
at Melanesian funerals, 212;
after a death, 234, 235, 236, 303

Shark-gods, 227, 276

Shark's teeth, omens from, 191

Sharks as ministers of justice, 77;
gods in, 96, 182;
sacred, 93;
still-born children turned into, 398, 403;
worshipped in Hawaii, 402 _sqq._

Shells (_Murex namoces_) in which the souls of the dead were supposed
to lodge, 325

Shortland, E., 6 _n._^2

Sick people carried to temple, 195

Sickness supposed to be caused by evil spirits, 417.
_See_ Disease

Sinnet tenanted by a god, 228

Sins of the dead buried in a hole, 305

Sisters, curses of, specially dreaded, 207

Skins of the dead preserved as relics, 367

Skulls of dead kept in houses, 118;
of ancestors kept in temple or house, 288, 311;
of dead rulers worshipped, 324;
of dead hidden in caves, 357

Sky raised by Maui, 226, 275

Slaves killed to accompany their dead lords, 24;
in the Society Islands, 253

"Slaying the ghosts," 234

Smith, E. W. and Dale, A. M., 425

----, S. Percy, 155

Snakes, water, gods in, 66, 92

Sneezing, Hervey Islanders' theory of, 229

Social ranks in Samoa, 171 _sqq._;
in Rarotonga, 224;
in the Society Islands, 253;
among the Marquesans, 344;
in Hawaii, 383 _sqq._

Society Islanders, 248 _sqq._

Society Islands, 246 _sqq._

Songs in honour of the dead, 236.
_See_ Dirges

Sorcerers (Maori), 13 _sqq._;
disease and death ascribed to arts of, 300, 325 _sq._;
Hawaiian, 405.
_See_ Magic

Soul, Maori ideas concerning the, 10 _sqq._;
as shadow, 11;
as breath, 11;
departure of soul from body, 12 _sqq._;
its fate after death, 24 _sqq._, 66, 86 _sqq._, 213 _sqq._,
238 _sqq._, 313 _sq._, 427 _sqq._;
survival of, 24;
ascent to heaven, 24 _sqq._, 29;
Tongan theory of, 66, 84 _sqq._;
Samoan belief concerning the, 205 _sq._;
associated with shadow, 205 _sq._;
of the same shape as body, 205;
belief of the Society Islanders concerning the, 297 _sqq._;
beliefs of the Hervey Islanders concerning the, 229 _sqq._;
beliefs of the Marquesans concerning the, 352;
Hawaiian beliefs concerning the, 417

Souls of commoners mortal, 29;
souls of chiefs and priests immortal, 29;
of the dead appear in dreams, 31, 91 _sq._;
of ancestors cause disease, 49;
of dead infants cause disease, 49, 299;
of dead nobles as gods, 64 _sq._, 66, 84, 91;
of dead men as gods, 64, 66, 69, 85, 91, 351 _sq._, 397;
of Tongan commoners mortal, 66, 85;
caught in traps, 230 _sq._;
leaping-place of, 27, 241;
ascribed to animals, trees, and stones, 297;
of the dead eaten by the gods, 315, 427;
of children supposed to transmigrate into sharks, 403

Spells (Maori), 13 _sqq._

Spencer, Herbert, his theory that temples are derived from tombs, 100

Spirit world, Maori ideas of, 29 _sq._

Spirits of the dead become gods, 31 _sq._;
threatened, 208.
_See_ Gods, Souls

Spittle used in magic, 15, 300, 325, 405;
collected to prevent its use in magic, 405 _sq._

Stair, J. B., 152, 173 _n._^1, 203 _n._^2, 206 _n._^1

Star, shooting, worshipped, 93

Stars observed by the Samoans, 161

Sterndale, H. B., 197, 198, 199

Stewart, C. S., 157 _n._^7, 337 _sq._, 340 _sq._, 344 _n._^1,
348 _sq._, 349 _sq._, 358, 372, 377, 424

Stick-and-groove mode of kindling fire, 181

Stilts, racing or combating on, 339 _sq._

Stinging ray fish, divine, 184, 185;
taboo to some Marquesans, 347

Stone-cutting in Tonga, craft of, 127

Stone monuments in Samoa, 197 _sqq._

Stone temple, ruins of, in Samoa, 196 _sq._

Stone tools and weapons, 10, 61, 180, 250 _sq._, 335, 382;
in Tonga, 61;
in Samoa, 180

Stonehenge, trilithons at, 123, 129, 130

Stones worshipped, 182, 187;
piled on graves to prevent the dead from rising, 232

Succession of eldest sons at their birth, 255 _sq._

Sugar-cane cultivated, 379

Suicides, their fate after death, 363

Sun, supposed secret worship of the, in the Pacific, 119;
Stonehenge supposed by some to be a temple of the, 130;
Tongans not worshippers of the, 131;
tradition of human sacrifices to, 158;
not worshipped in Samoa, 192;
ghosts journeying with the, 239 _sqq._;
caught and stopped by Maui, 275, 287 _n._, 396;
not worshipped by the Society Islanders, 286;
souls of the dead gather in the, 320

Sun god caught by Maui, 226;
supposed worship of, 266, 286 _n._^5

Sun worship, savages not addicted to, 131

"Sun-dried gods," title applied to embalmed bodies of chiefs, 205

Superstitious terrors reinforce morality, 83

Taaroa (Taroa), a great god, 255 _n._^1, 258, 266, 267, 276, 287 _n._;
supreme god of Polynesia, 290.
_Compare_ Tanaroa, Tangaloa, Tangaroa

Taboo (_tapu_) among the Maoris, 32, 34, 37 _sqq._, 432;
contracted by contact with the dead, 39, 209;
of sacred chiefs, 41 _sqq._;
its effect in confirming the rights of private property, 47 _sq._;
ultimate sanction of, 49;
supposed effects of breaking a, 76 _sq._;
consequent on touching a dead body, 137 _sq._;
comprises ideas of holiness and uncleanness, 173;
signified by white cloth, 344;
in the Marquesas, 345 _sqq._;
a definition of, 348;
in Hawaii, 387 _sqq._;
breaches of, punished with death, 389;
abolished in Hawaii, 389 _sq._;
rigour of, 416;
an aristocratic institution, 432

Tabooed priest, 404

Taboos imposed by chiefs, 175, 432

Tahaa, one of the Society Islands, 246, 258

Tahiti, 246, 247, 255, 266, 279, 282, 283, 314, 321;
_morais_ in, 116 _sqq._, 279 _sqq._

_Tahowa_, priest, 293

Tahuata (Santa Christina), one of the Marquesas, 349, 359, 360, 364,
367

Taipii (Typee), valley of, in Nukahiva, 360, 365

Taipiis or Typees, a tribe of Nukahiva, 330, 332, 365, 373

Tairi (Kaili), the national war-god of Hawaii, 396, 397, 404, 411

Takalaua, a Tooitonga, 108

Tali-y-Toobo, Tongan god of royal family, 70, 73, 77, 79, 121

Tame gods, 191

Tamehameha, king of Hawaii, 384, 423.
_See_ Kamehameha

Tanaroa, Tangaroa, Tagaloa, Taaroa, dialectically different names of
a great Polynesian god, 258, 392

Tane (Tani), a great Polynesian god, 35 _n._, 241, 258, 280, 284, 293,
392, 394, 397

Tane-kio, a god, enshrined in the planets Venus and Jupiter, 228

Tangaloa, god, drew up Tonga Islands on a fishing-hook, 65, 72 _sq._;
god of artificers, 72;
puts god Hikuleo in durance, 88;
ancestor of Tui-ta-tui, 127;
temple of, 196;
principal god of Samoans, the creator, 202 _sq._;
said to have fished up the islands, 202, 203

Tangaroa, god of ocean, 35 _n._;
a great god, brother of Rongo, 226

_Tapu_. _See_ Taboo

Taro the staple food of the Samoans, 165;
of the Mangaians, 222;
and of the Hawaiians, 378

Tattooing, not applied to the Tooitonga, 81;
nor to the sacred kings of Mangaia, 224;
as a punishment in Samoa, 160;
of the Marquesan islanders, 331 _sq._;
marks of, removed from corpse, 368;
of the Hawaiians, 378;
of the tongue in mourning, 421

_Tauas_, inspired men, 350 _sq._

Tauata (Santa Christina), one of the Marquesas Islands, 337

Taylor, R., 7 _n._^1, 32 _n._^1, _n._^2, 36, 42

_Tee_, _teehee_, _tii_, spirit of the dead, guardian spirit, 313, 322,
323 _n._^1

Teeth, loss of, penalty for breach of taboo, 209 _sq._;
knocked out in mourning, 231, 420, 423, 424

Tekuraaki, a god, incarnate in the woodpecker, 228

Temple, dead Areois buried in, 261;
bones of human victims buried in, 292;
bones of dead chiefs buried in, 311

Temples of the gods in Tonga, 73 _sqq._, 99 _sqq._;
and graves, question of, 99 _sqq._;
and tombs, 99 _sqq._;
Samoan, 194 _sqq._;
in the Society Islands, 278 _sqq._;
dedicated to sharks, 402, 403;
Hawaiian, 406 _sqq._

Theft, ordeal for detection of, 77

Thieves, Hiro the god of, 326;
divination to detect, 406

Thunder and lightning, no Tongan god of, 71;
Tongan idea concerning, 90

Thunder-god kept in captivity, 191 _sq._

Thomas, Rev. John, 57 _n._^1, 111 _n._

Thomson, A. S., 6 _n._^2

Thomson, Sir Basil, 87 _n._^1, 106, 107, 115, 116, 124, 125, 126, 127,
128, 129

Tiaio, a god of the Hervey Islanders, 227

Tiaraboo (Tiarroboo, Tairaboo), the southern peninsula of Tahiti, 257,
283

Tiburones, a mythical paradise, 352, 364

Ti'iti'i, hero, robs Mafuie of fire, 203

_Tii_, a worshipful spirit of the dead, 324.
Compare _Tee_

Tiki, the god of the dead, 231, 232

----, a heroine, 239;
warder of the land of the dead, 244 _sq._

----, a Marquesan god, 343, 350 _n._^4

Timatekore, a god of the Hervey Islanders, 226

Tofua, Tongan island, 96

Togo, in West Africa, 271

_Tohunga_, Maori priest, 16 _n._^3

Tombs, megalithic, of the Tooitongas, 99 _sqq._, 105 _sqq._, 119,
123, 132;
and temples, 99 _sqq._

Tonga or Friendly Islands, 52 _sqq._

---- Islanders, 57 _sqq._;
their religion, 64 _sqq._;
their national and tribal gods, 93 _sq._

Tongataboo, 52, 86, 94, 106, 111, 112, 113, 114, 119, 120, 123

Tonga-iti, a god in the Hervey Islands, 227

_Tooas_ (_tuas_), Tongan commoners, 66, 85, 86, 87

Toobo Toty, a Tongan god, 71

Toogoo Ahoo, king of Tonga, 81

Tooi fooa Bolotoo, a Tongan god, 70 _sq._

Tooitonga, sacred chief or king of Tonga, 62, 66, 73, 81, 82, 94,
106, 107, 108, 110, 115, 116, 117, 120, 121,
122, 123, 126, 127, 144, 145;
tombs of the Tooitongas, 105 _sqq._;
obsequies of the, 140 _sqq._

Tooi-tonga-fafine, sister of the Tooitonga, 110

Totemic gods of Samoa, 202

Totemism, Tongan polytheism developed out of, 94;
Samoan worship of animals developed out of, 200 _sqq._, 218;
theory that it has been developed out of metempsychosis, 218;
relics of, in the Hervey Islands, 227 _sq._;
traces of, among the Marquesans, 347;
relics of, in Hawaii, 402

Trade guilds among the Samoans, 167 _sq._

Transmigration of souls not believed in by the Samoans, 218;
of souls of children into sharks, 403

Traps set for souls, 230

Tree, family god in, 192;
on which ghosts perch, 241

Trees, dead deposited on, 20 _sq._;
tenanted by gods, 228;
sacred, 281 _sq._;
worshipped, 402

Tregear, E., 6 _n._^2, 126 _n._^2, 392

Tribes or clans among the Hervey Islanders, 223

Trilithon in Tongataboo, 123 _sqq._

Trilithons at Stonehenge, 123, 129, 130

Trinity, the Hawaiian, 392

Triton-shell, god in, 228

Tropic-bird sacred, 93

Tu, Maori war-god, 35 _n._;
a great Polynesian deity, 392

Tuaraatai, a sea god in the Society Islands, 276

Tufoa, volcanic island, 53

Tui-ta-tui, a Tooitonga, 127, 128

_Tulafales_, householders or gentry in Samoa, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180

Tuoro, in Rarotonga, the meeting-place of ghosts, 243, 244

Turnbull, J., 262

Turner, Dr. George, 183 _n._^1, 203 _n._^2, 206 _n._^1, 212, 213

Turtles, family god in, 183 _sq._

Tutuila, Samoan island, 149, 175, 176, 180, 215

Twins, divine, 226;
heavenly, 267;
customs and superstitions concerning, 267 _sqq._;
thought able to influence the weather, 267 _sq._;
fertilising power ascribed to, 269 _sqq._;
divine Hawaiian, 394

Tyerman and Bennet, 260, 281, 283, 295, 315, 386

Tylor, E. B., 3 _n._^3

Typee. _See_ Taipii

Typees or Taipiis, a tribe of Nukahiva, 330, 332 365, 375

Uea (Wallis Island), 125

Uganda, human sacrifice in, 84

_Uhane_, soul, 417

Ui, a heroine, beloved by the sun, 158

Uli, a Hawaiian god, 405

Umi, king of Hawaii, 411, 413

Unburied dead, Samoan ceremonies for, 205 _sq._

Uncleanness, and holiness blent in taboo, 173;
caused by contact with a corpse, 312 _sq._, 427

Underworld, home of the souls of the dead, 27

Upolu, Samoan island, 149, 152, 155, 162, 185, 196, 202, 214, 215

Upu, a Marquesan goddess of the dead, 367, 368

Uriwera, a Maori people, 15

Urutetefa, patron deity of the Areoi Society, 263, 265, 267

Utakea, a god incarnate in the woodpecker, 228

Vatea, a primary god, 226

Vavau, a Tongan island, 52, 53, 73

Veachi, sacred personage in Tonga, 66

Veeson, George, 86

Vegetable gods in Samoa, 192

Ventriloquism, 370

Venus, the planet, the shrine of a god, 228

Vergnes, P. E. Eyriaud des, 374

Village gods, 182, 185

Villages, Samoan, self-governing, 178 _sq._

Vincendon-Dumoulin, 118, 358, 373

Virtue, Tongan ideas of, 66 _sq._, 146 _sq._

Volcanic activity in Tonga Islands, 53 _sqq._;
in Samoa, 151;
in Hawaii, 375

Volcano, goddess of, in Hawaii, 399 _sqq._;
offerings to, 399 _sq._

_Wahi taboo_, sacred place, temple, 387 _sq._

_Wahine ariki_, 40

Waimate Plains in New Zealand, 23

Wakea. _See_ Akea

Wallis Island (Uea), 125

Wallis rediscovers Society Islands, 246

War gods, Samoan, 186, 188, 189 _sq._

War-gods, images of, carried to battle, 397

Warriors tabooed, 40 _sq._

Warriors, fate of souls of dead, 242 _sq._, 244 _sq._

Water of Life, River of the, 28;
in the nether world, 216

Weaving practised by Maoris, 9

West, Thomas, 114

Whale, soul of dead priest in a, 369

Whales worshipped, 93

_Whattas_, altars, 391, 392

White cloth as mark of taboo, 344;
flags as marks of property, 386

Widowers tabooed, 39

Widows killed to accompany their dead husbands, 24;
tabooed, 39;
strangled and buried with their husbands, 145;
dances of, 353, 354

Wilkes, Charles (Commodore), 57, 61 _n._, 87, 89 _n._^1, 90,
155 _n._^1, 384 _sq._, 411

Williams, John, 80, 157 _n._^7, 158, 181, 185, 221, 231

Wilson, James, 264 _n._^5

Winds imprisoned by two gods, 277

Windward Islands, 246

Wiro, evil spirit, 27

Woman, the first, created out of a rib of the first man, 393 _sq._

Women well treated by Tongans, 61 _sq._;
well treated by the Samoans, 157;
excluded from temples, 288 _sq._;
forbidden to eat with men, 381;
forbidden to partake of sacrifices, 388

Woodpecker, gods incarnate in the, 228

Worms, souls of the dead in the shape of, 29

Worship of ancestors among the Maoris, 32 _sqq._;
of the Tongan gods, 79 _sqq._;
of nature, 93;
of the dead tends to encroach on the worship of the high gods,
97 _sq._;
of animals and other natural objects in Samoa, 182 _sqq._,
200 _sqq._;
of the dead in Samoa, 204 _sq._;
of the dead, elements of the, 205;
of the sun, supposed, 266, 286 _n._^5;
of the dead in the Society Islands, 322 _sqq._;
of animals in Hawaii, 401 _sqq._
_See_ Religion

Wrestling matches as funeral rite, 140, 144, 211;
at obsequies of chiefs, 303

---- and boxing matches at obsequies of Samoan chiefs, 211;
in honour of Lono (Rono), 395, 416

Yam festival in Tonga, 71 _sq._

Yams, new, offered at grave, 122

Young, John, 422 _sq._

Zulu superstition as to twins, 270

THE END

_Printed in Great Britain by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.

WORKS BY SIR J. G. FRAZER

THE
BELIEF IN IMMORTALITY
AND THE
WORSHIP OF THE DEAD

VOL. I.

THE BELIEF AMONG THE ABORIGINES OF AUSTRALIA, THE TORRES STRAITS
ISLANDS, NEW GUINEA, AND MELANESIA.

THE GIFFORD LECTURES, ST. ANDREWS, 1911-1912.

8vo. 12s. 6d. net.

Mr. EDWARD CLODD in the _DAILY CHRONICLE_.--"'If a man die, shall he live again?' is a question asked chiliads before Job put it, and the generations of mankind repeat it. In this profoundly interesting volume, Professor Frazer, out of the treasury of his knowledge, and with consummate art of attractive presentment, gives the answers devised by the Lower Races."

_FOLK-LORE_.--"It displays all the best qualities, both in respect of style and matter, that characterise Dr. Frazer's former works."

_NEW STATESMAN_.--"Dr. Frazer does not profess to explain the ultimate source of religion, but only to attempt to follow the steps of its growth among the races of men. It is his aim to set before us a continent of facts known, or partly known, to the anthropologists, not a solution of the mystery of the Universe. That aim he has achieved with masterly success and lucidity."

Mr. A. E. CRAWLEY in _NATURE_.--"The analysis of belief and practice among the aborigines of Australia, the Torres Straits, New Guinea, and Melanesia, which occupies nearly 400 pages of this volume, is a masterly performance."

_GUARDIAN_.--"The bare facts which Dr. Frazer sets before us are of an absorbing interest.... The Biblical student may gain much from the perusal of Dr. Frazer's work."

_OBSERVER_.--"The importance of the work which Dr. Frazer has undertaken cannot be overrated. His study of religion is a contribution to human knowledge of such quality that the country to which he belongs may well be proud of him.... Dr. Frazer has arranged the mass of detail from which he has had to draw with a skill and judgment which in the work of another man would be surprising; and he tells each story with the point and clarity of an artist, so that, apart from the book's high mission, it could be read as a storehouse of good tales. His comments, moreover, are always brief and decisive."

* * * * *

THE GOLDEN BOUGH

A STUDY IN MAGIC AND RELIGION

Third Edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo.