Chapter II: Turgeneff's World67

We hold to the good old belief that the presumption, in life, is in favor of the brighter side, and we deem it, in art, an indispensable condition of our interest in a deprest observer that he should have at least tried his best to be cheerful. The truth, we take it, lies for the pathetic in poetry and romance very much where it lies for the "immoral." Morbid pathos is reflective pathos; ingenious pathos, pathos not freshly born of the occasion; noxious immorality is superficial immorality, immorality without natural roots in the subject. We value most the "realists" who have an ideal of delicacy and the elegiasts who have an ideal of joy.

[Footnote 67: From "French Poets and Novelists," published by Macmillan & Company, of London.]

"Picturesque gloom, possibly," a thick and thin admirer of M. Turgeneff's may say to us, "at least you will admit that it is picturesque." This we heartily concede, and, recalled to a sense of our author's brilliant diversity and ingenuity, we bring our restrictions to a close. To the broadly generous side of his imagination it is impossible to pay exaggerated homage, or, indeed, for that matter, to its simple intensity and fecundity. No romancer has created a greater number of the figures that breathe and move and speak, in their habits as they might have lived; none, on the whole, seems to us to have had such a masterly touch in portraiture, none has mingled so much ideal beauty with so much unsparing reality. His sadness has its element of error, but it has also its larger element of wisdom. Life is, in fact, a battle. On this point optimists and pessimists agree. Evil is insolent and strong; beauty enchanting but rare; goodness very apt to be weak; folly very apt to be defiant; wickedness to carry the day; imbeciles to be in great places, people of sense in small, and mankind generally, unhappy. But the world as it stands is no illusion, no fantasm, no evil dream of a night; we wake up to it again for ever and ever; we can neither forget it nor deny it nor dispense with it. We can welcome experience as it comes, and give it what it demands, in exchange for something which it is idle to pause to call much or little so long as it contributes to swell the volume of consciousness. In this there is mingled pain and delight, but over the mysterious mixture there hovers a visible rule, that bids us learn to will and seek to understand.

So much as this we seem to decipher between the lines of M. Turgeneff's minutely written chronicle. He himself has sought to understand as zealously as his most eminent competitors. He gives, at least, no meager account of life, and he has done liberal justice to its infinite variety. This is his great merit; his great defect, roughly stated, is a tendency to the abuse of irony. He remains, nevertheless, to our sense, a very welcome mediator between the world and our curiosity. If we had space, we should like to set forth that he is by no means our ideal story-teller--this honorable genius possessing, attributively, a rarer skill than the finest required for producing an artful _réchauffé_ of the actual. But even for better romancers we must wait for a better world. Whether the world in its higher state of perfection will occasionally offer color to scandal, we hesitate to pronounce; but we are prone to conceive of the ultimate novelist as a personage altogether purged of sarcasm. The imaginative force now expended in this direction he will devote to describing cities of gold and heavens of sapphire. But, for the present, we gratefully accept M. Turgeneff, and reflect that his manner suits the most frequent mood of the greater number of readers. If he were a dogmatic optimist we suspect that, as things go, we should long ago have ceased to miss him from our library. The personal optimism of most of us no romancer can confirm or dissipate, and our personal troubles, generally, place fictions of all kinds in an impertinent light. To our usual working mood the world is apt to seem M. Turgeneff's hard world, and when, at moments, the strain and the pressure deepen, the ironical element figures not a little in our form of address to those short-sighted friends who have whispered that it is an easy one.

END OF VOL. X

INDEX TO THE TEN VOLUMES

[Roman numerals indicate volumes, Arabic numerals indicate pages]

Adams, Henry;
biographical note on, X, 219;
Jefferson's retirement, 219.

Adams, John;
biographical note on, IX, 87;
articles by--on his nomination of Washington to be
commander-in-chief, 87;
an estimate of Franklin, 90.

Adams, John Quincy;
biographical note on, IX, 133;
articles by--of his mother, 133;
the moral taint inherent in slavery, 135.

Addison, Joseph;
biographical note on, III, 236;
articles by--in Westminster Abbey, 236;
Will Honeycomb and his marriage, 240;
on pride of birth, 246;
Sir Roger and his home, 251.

Aldrich, Thomas Bailey;
biographical note on, X, 195;
articles by--a sunrise in Stillwater, 195;
the fight at Slatter's Hill, 198;
on returning from Europe, 204.

Andersen, Hans Christian;
biographical note on, VIII, 231;
the Emperor's new clothes, 231.

Aquinas, St. Thomas;
biographical note on, VII, 12;
a definition of happiness, 12.

Aristotle;
biographical note on, I, 149;
articles by--what things are pleasant, 149;
the lite most desirable, 155;
ideal husbands and wives, 158;
happiness as an end of human action, 165.

Arnold, Matthew;
biographical note on, VI, 208;
on the motive for culture, 208.

Ascham, Roger;
biographical note on, III, 40;
article by--on gentle methods in teaching, 40.

Aucassin and Nicolette;
note on the authorship of the work bearing that name, VII, 30;
a passage from the book, 30.

Audubon, John James;
biographical note on, IX, 144;
where the mocking-bird dwells, 144.

Augustine, Aurelius St.;
biographical note on, VII, 3;
on imperial power for good and bad men 3.

Bacon, Francis;
biographical note on, III, 53;
essays by--of travel, 53;
of riches, 56;
of youth and age, 60;
of revenge, 63;
of marriage and single life, 65;
of envy, 67;
of goodness and goodness of nature, 74;
of studies, 77;
of regiment of health, 79.

Balzac, Honoré de;
biographical note on, VII, 210;
articles by--the death of Père Goriot, 210;
Birotteau's early married life, 215.

Bancroft, George;
biographical note on, IX, 217;
the fate of Evangeline's countrymen, 217.

Beaconsfield, Lord;
biographical note on, VI, 31;
on Jerusalem by moonlight, 31.

Bellay, Joachim du;
biographical note on, VII, 87;
why old French was not as rich as Greek and Latin, 87.

Blackstone, Sir William;
biographical note on, IV, 169;
on professional soldiers in free countries, 169.

Boccaccio, Giovanni;
biographical note on, VIII, 167;
the patient Griselda, 167.

Boethius, Anicius;
biographical note on, VII, 6;
on the highest happiness, 6.

Bolingbroke, Lord;
biographical note on, IV, 32;
articles by--of the shortness of human life, 32;
rules for the study of history, 36.

Boswell, James;
biographical note on V, 3;
articles by--Boswell's introduction to Dr. Johnson, 3;
Johnson's audience with George III, 8;
the meeting of Johnson and John Wilkes, 15;
Johnson's wedding-day, 21.

Bradford, William;
biographical note on, IX, 11;
his account of the landing of the Pilgrims, 11.

Bronté, Charlotte;
biographical note on, VI, 119;
of the author of "Vanity Fair," 119.

Brown, John;
biographical note on, VI, 56;
of Rab and the game chicken, 56.

Browne, Sir Thomas;
biographical note on, III, 114;
articles by--of charity in judgments, 114;
nothing strictly immortal, 116.

Bryant, William Cullen;
biographical note on, IX, 194;
an October day in Florence, 194.

Buckle, Henry Thomas;
biographical note on, VI, 198;
articles by--the isolation of Spain, 198;
George III and the elder Pitt, 204.

Bunyan, John;
biographical note on, III, 165;
articles by--a dream of the Celestial City, 165;
the death of Valiant-for-truth and of Stand-fast, 169;
ancient Vanity Fair, 172.

Burke, Edmund;
biographical note on, IV, 194;
articles by--the principles of good taste, 194;
a letter to a noble lord, 207;
on the death of his son, 212;
Marie Antoinette, 214.

Burnet, Gilbert;
biographical note on, III, 195;
on Charles II, 195.

Bury, Richard de;
biographical note on, III, 3;
in praise of books, 3.

Byrd, William;
biographical note on, IX, 38;
at the home of Colonel Spotswood, 38.

Byron, Lord;
biographical note on, V, 134;
articles by--his mother's treatment of him, 134;
to his wife after the separation, 138;
to Sir Walter Scott, 140;
of art and nature as poetical subjects, 143.

Cæsar, Julius;
biographical note on, II, 61;
articles by--the building of the bridge across the Rhine, 61;
the invasion of Britain, 64;
overcoming the Nervii, 71;
the Battle of Pharsalia and the death of Pompey, 78.

Calvin, John;
biographical note on, VII, 84;
of freedom for the will, 84.

Carlyle, Thomas;
biographical note on, V, 179;
articles by--Charlotte Corday, 179;
the blessedness of work, 187;
Cromwell, 190;
in praise of those who toil, 201;
the certainty of justice, 202;
the greatness of Scott, 206;
Boswell and his book, 214;
might Burns have been saved, 223.

Casanova, Jacques (Chevalier de Seingalt);
biographical note on, VIII, 200;
an interview with Frederick the Great, 200.

Cato, the Censor;
biographical note on, II, 3;
on work on a Roman Farm, 3.

Caxton, William;
biographical note on, III, 22;
on true nobility and chivalry, 22.

Cellini, Benvenuto;
biographical note on, VIII, 182;
the casting of his Perseus and Medusa, 182.

Cervantes, Miguel de;
biographical note on, VIII, 218;
articles by--the beginnings of Don Quixote's Career, 218;
how Don Quixote died, 224.

Channing, William E.;
biographical note on, IX, 139;
of greatness in Napoleon, 139.

Chateaubriand, Viscomte de;
biographical note on, VII, 182;
in an American forest, 182.

Chaucer, Geoffrey;
biographical note on, III, 17;
on acquiring and using riches, 17.

Chesterfield, Lord;
biographical note on, IV, 66;
articles by--on good manners, dress and the world, 66;
of attentions to ladies, 71.

Cicero;
biographical note on, II, 8;
articles by--the blessings of old age, 8;
on the death of his daughter Tullia, 34;
of brave and elevated spirits, 37;
of Scipio's death and of friendship, 43.

Clarendon, Lord;
biographical note on, III, 144;
on Charles I, 144.

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor;
biographical note on, V, 70;
articles by--does fortune favor fools? 70;
the destiny of the United States, 76.

Comines, Philipe de;
biographical note on, VII, 46;
the character of Louis XI, 46.

Cooper, James Fenimore;
biographical note on, IX, 170;
articles by--his father's arrival at Otsego Lake, 170;
running the gantlet, 178;
Leather-stocking's farewell, 185.

Cowley, Abraham;
biographical note on, III, 156;
articles by--of obscurity, 156;
of procrastination, 159.

Cowper, William;
biographical note on, IV, 217;
articles by--on keeping one's self employed, 217;
Johnson's treatment of Milton, 219;
the publication of his books, 221.

Curtis, George William;
biographical note on, X, 183;
our cousin the curate, 183.

Dana, Charles A.;
biographical note on, X, 146;
Greeley as a man of genius, 146.

Dana, Richard Henry (the younger);
biographical note on, X, 93;
a fierce gale under a clear sky, 93.

D'Angoulême, Marguerite;
biographical note on, VII, 53;
of husbands who are unfaithful, 53.

Dante Alighieri;
biographical note on, VIII, 152;
articles by--that long descent makes no man noble, 152;
of Beatrice and her death, 157.

Darwin, Charles;
biographical note on, VI, 47;
articles by--on variations in mammals, birds and fishes, 47;
on the genesis of his great book, 51.

Daudet, Alphonse;
biographical note on, VIII, 55;
articles by--a great man's widow, 55;
his first dress coat, 61.

Defoe, Daniel;
biographical note on, III, 201;
the shipwreck of Crusoe, 201;
the rescue of Man Friday, 204;
the time of the great plague, 211.

De Quincey, Thomas;
biographical note on, V, 115;
articles by--dreams of an opium eater, 115;
Joan of Arc, 123;
Charles Lamb, 128.

Descartes, René;
biographical note on, VII, 107;
of material things and of the existence of God, 107.

Dickens, Charles;
biographical note on, VI, 86;
articles by--Sydney Carton's death, 86;
Bob Sawyer's party, 88;
Dick Swiveler and the Marchioness, 97;
a happy return of the day, 105.

Dryden, John;
biographical note on, III, 181;
of Elizabethan dramatists, 181.

Dumas, Alexander;
biographical note on, VII, 241;
the shoulder, the belt and the handkerchief, 241.

Edwards, Jonathan;
biographical note on, IX, 44;
on liberty and moral agencies, 44.

Eliot, George;
biographical note on, VI, 167;
the Hall Farm, 167.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo;
biographical note on, IX, 223;
articles by--Thoreau's broken task, 223;
the intellectual honesty of Montaigne, 229;
his visit to Carlyle at Craigenputtock, 231.

Epictetus;
biographical note on, I, 223;
articles by--on freedom, 223;
on friendship, 229;
the philosopher and the crowd, 235.

Erasmus, Desiderius;
biographical note on, VIII, 209;
specimens of his wit and wisdom, 209.

Fielding, Henry;
biographical note on, IV, 75;
articles by--Tom the hero enters the stage, 75;
Partridge sees Garrick at the play, 83;
Mr. Adams in a political light, 89.

Flaubert, Gustave;
biographical note on, VIII, 22;
Yonville and its people, 22.

Fox, George;
biographical note on, III, 161;
an interview with Oliver Cromwell, 161.

Foxe, John;
biographical note on, III, 45;
on the death of Anne Boleyn, 45.

Franklin, Benjamin;
biographical note on, IX, 51;
articles by--his first entry into Philadelphia, 51;
warnings Braddock did not heed, 55;
how to draw lightning from the clouds, 59;
the way to wealth, 61;
a dialog with the gout, 68;
a proposal to Madame Helvetius, 76.

Freeman, Edward A.;
biographical note on, VI, 214;
the death of William the Conqueror, 214.

Froissart, Jean;
biographical note on, VII, 39;
the battle of Crécy, 39.

Froude, James Anthony;
biographical note on, VI, 122;
articles by--of history as a science, 122;
the character of Henry VIII, 132;
Cæsar's mission, 136.

Fuller, Margaret;
biographical note on, X, 52;
articles by--her visit to George Sand, 52;
two glimpses of Carlyle, 54.

Fuller, Thomas;
biographical note on, III, 149;
on the qualities of the good school-master, 149.

Gautier, Theophile;
biographical note on, VIII, 14;
Pharaoh's entry into Thebes, 14.

Gibbon, Edward;
biographical note on, IV, 226;
articles by--the romance of his youth, 226;
the inception and completion of his "Decline and Fall," 229;
the fall of Zenobia, 230;
Alaric's entry into Rome, 237;
the death of Hosein, 242;
the causes of the destruction of the city of Rome, 246.

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von;
biographical note on, VIII, 95;
articles by--on first reading Shakespeare, 95;
the coronation of Joseph II, 99.

Goldsmith, Oliver;
biographical note on, IV, 177;
articles by--the ambitions of the vicar's family, 177;
sagacity in insects, 182;
a Chinaman's view of London, 188.

Gray, Thomas;
biographical note on, IV, 141;
articles by--Warwick Castle, 141;
to his friend Mason on the death of Mason's mother, 143;
on his own writings, 144;
his friendship for Bonstetten, 146.

Greeley, Horace;
biographical note on, X, 58;
the fatality of self-seeking in editors and authors, 58.

Green, John Richard;
biographical note on, VI, 242;
on George Washington, 242.

Grote, George;
biographical note on, V, 165;
articles by--the mutilation of the Hermæ, 165;
if Alexander had lived, 172.

Guizot, François;
biographical note on, VII, 189;
Shakespeare as an example of civilization, 189.

Hamilton, Alexander;
biographical note on, IX, 123;
articles by--of the failure of the Confederation, 123;
his reasons for not declining Burr's challenge, 129.

Harrison, Frederick;
biographical note on, VI, 230;
the great books of the world, 230.

Harte, Bret;
biographical note on, X, 224;
articles by--Peggy Moffat's inheritance, 224;
John Chinaman, 236;
M'liss goes to school, 240.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel;
biographical note on, IX, 235;
articles by--occupants of an old manse, 235;
Arthur Dimmesdale on the scaffold, 242;
of life at Brook Farm, 248;
the death of Judge Pyncheon, 252.

Hay, John;
biographical note on, X, 211;
Lincoln's early fame, 211.

Hazlitt, William;
biographical note on, V, 111;
on Hamlet, 111.

Heine, Heinrich;
biographical note on, VIII, 139;
reminiscences of Napoleon, 139.

Herodotus;
biographical note on, I, 3;
articles by--Solon's words of wisdom to Croesus, 3;
Babylon and its capture by Cyrus, 9;
the pyramid of Cheops, 18;
the story of Periander's son, 20.

Holmes, Oliver Wendell;
biographical note on, X, 31;
articles by--of doctors, lawyers and ministers, 31;
of the genius of Emerson, 36;
the house in which the professor lived, 42;
of women who put on airs, 49.

Howell, James;
biographical note on, III, 106;
articles by--the Bucentaur in Venice, 106;
the city of Rome in 1621, 109.

Howells, William Dean;
biographical note on, X, 207;
to Albany by the night boat, 207.

Hugo, Victor;
biographical note on, VII, 228;
articles by--the Battle of Waterloo, 228;
the beginnings and expansions of Paris, 235.

Humboldt, Alexander von;
biographical note on, VIII, 130;
an essay on man, 130.

Hume, David;
biographical note on, IV, 110;
articles by--on the character of Queen Elizabeth, 110;
the defeat of the Armada, 113;
the first principles of government, 118.

Huxley, Thomas Henry;
biographical note on, VI, 219;
a piece of chalk, 219.

Ibsen, Henrik;
biographical note on, VIII, 245;
the thought child, 245.

Irving, Washington;
biographical note on, IX, 147;
articles by--the last of the Dutch governors of New York, 147;
the awakening of Rip Van Winkle, 151;
at Abbotsford with Scott, 161.

James, Henry;
biographical note on, X, 246;
articles by--among the Malvern Hills, 246;
Turgeneff's world, 252.

Jefferson, Thomas;
biographical note on, IX, 98;
articles by--when the Bastile fell, 98;
the futility of disputes, 106;
of blacks and whites in the South, 108;
his account of Logan's famous speech, 114.

Johnson, Samuel;
biographical note on, IV, 94;
articles by--on publishing his "Dictionary," 94;
Pope and Dryden compared, 97;
his letter to Chesterfield on the completion of his "Dictionary," 101;
on the advantage of living in a garret, 104.

Joinville, Jean de;
biographical note on, VII, 27;
Greek fire in battle described, 27.

Jonson, Ben;
biographical note on, III, 87;
of Shakespeare and other wits, 87.

Kempis, Thomas à;
biographical note on VII, 16;
of eternal life and of striving for it, 16.

Kinglake, Alexander W.;
biographical note on, VI, 42;
articles by--on mocking at the Sphinx, 42;
on the beginnings of the Crimean war 44.

Knox, John;
biographical note on, III, 36;
his account of his interview with Mary Queen of Scots, 36.

Lamartine, Alphonse de;
biographical note on, VII, 195;
of Mirabeau's origin and place in history, 195.

Lamb, Charles;
biographical note on, V, 93;
articles by--dream children, 93;
poor relations, 99;
the origin of roast pig, 102;
that we should rise with the lark, 107.

Landor, Walter Savage;
biographical note on, V, 87;
articles by--the death of Hofer, 87;
Napoleon and Pericles, 91.

La Rochefoucauld, Duc de;
biographical note on, VII, 112;
selections from the "Maxims," 112.

Le Sage, Alain René;
biographical note on, VII, 129;
articles by--in the service of Dr. Sangrado, 129;
as an archbishop's favorite, 135.

Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim;
biographical note on, VIII, 86;
articles by--poetry and painting compared, 86;
of suffering in restraint, 89.

Livy;
biographical note on, II, 105;
articles by--Horatius Cocles at the bridge, 105;
Hannibal's crossing of the Alps, 108;
Hannibal and Scipio at Zama, 117.

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth;
biographical note on, X, 3;
musings in Père Lachaise, 3.

Lowell, James Russell;
biographical note on, X, 125;
articles by--the poet as prophet, 125;
the first of the moderns, 129;
of faults found in Shakespeare, 133;
Americans as successors of the Dutch, 138.

Lucian;
biographical note on, I, 237;
articles by--a descent to the unknown, 237;
among the philosophers, 243;
of liars and lying, 253.

Luther, Martin;
biographical note on, VIII, 79;
some of his table talk and sayings, 79.

Lytton, Edward Bulwer;
biographical note on, VI, 21;
his description of the descent of Vesuvius on Pompeii, 21.

Macaulay, Lord;
biographical note on, V, 233;
articles by--Puritan and Royalist, 233;
Cromwell's army, 238;
the opening of the trial of Warren Hastings, 242;
the gift of Athens to man, 248;
the pathos of Byron's life, 251.

Machiavelli, Niccolo;
biographical note on, VIII, 178;
ought princes to keep their promises, 178.

Malory, Sir Thomas;
biographical note on, III, 26;
article by--on the finding of a sword for Arthur, 26.

Mandeville, Sir John;
biographical note on, III, 8;
articles by--the route from England to Constantinople, 8;
at the court of the great Chan, 11.

Marcus Aurelius;
biographical note on, II, 248;
his debt to others, 248.

Mather, Cotton;
biographical note on, IX, 33;
in praise of John Eliot, 33.

Maupassant, Guy de;
biographical note on, VIII, 69;
Madame Jeanne's last days, 69.

Merivale, Charles;
biographical note on, VI, 37;
on the personality of Augustus, 37.

Milton, John;
biographical note on, III, 121;
articles by--on his own literary ambitions, 121;
a complete education defined, 126;
on reading in his youth, 129;
in defense of books, 131;
a noble and puissant nation, 135;
of fugitive and cloistered virtue, 141.

Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley;
biographical note on, IV, 58;
articles by--on happiness in the matrimonial state, 58;
inoculation for the smallpox, 63.

Montaigne, Michel de;
biographical note on, VII, 90;
articles by--a word to his readers, 90;
of society and solitude, 92;
of his own library, 94;
that the soul discharges her passions among false objects where
true ones are wanting, 99;
that men are not to judge of our happiness until after death, 102.

Montesquieu, Baron de;
biographical note on, VII, 150;
articles by--of the causes which destroyed Rome, 150;
of the relation of laws to different human beings, 156.

More, Sir Thomas;
biographical note on, III, 29;
on life in Utopia, 29.

Morley, John;
biographical note on, VI, 244;
on Voltaire as an author and man of action, 244.

Morris, Gouverneur;
biographical note on, IX, 117;
articles by--the opening of the French States-General, 117;
the execution of Louis XVI, 120.

Motley, John Lothrop;
biographical note on, X, 68;
articles by--Charles V and Phillip II in Brussels, 63;
the arrival of the Spanish Armada, 74;
"The Spanish Fury," 84.

Musset, Alfred de;
biographical note on, VIII, 8;
Titian's son after a night at play, 8.

Newman, John Henry;
biographical note on, VI, 3;
articles by--on the beginnings of tractarianism, 3;
on his submission to the Catholic Church, 7;
of Athens as a true university, 13.

Paine, Thomas;
biographical note on, IX, 94;
in favor of the separation of the colonies from Great Britain, 94.

Parkman, Francis;
biographical note on, X, 157;
articles by--Champlain's battle with the Iroquois, 157;
the death of LaSalle, 161;
the coming of Frontenae to Canada, 167;
the death of Isaac Jogues, 171;
why New France failed, 176;
the return of the Coureurs-de-Bois, 179.

Parton, James;
biographical note on, X, 150;
Aaron Burr and Madame Jumel, 150.

Pascal, Blaise;
biographical note on, VII, 118;
of the prevalence of self-love, 118.

Pepys, Samuel;
biographical note on, III, 185;
on various doings of Mr. and Mrs. Pepys, 185;
of England without Cromwell, 191.

Petrarch, Francis;
biographical note on, VIII, 162;
of good and evil fortune, 162.

Plato;
biographical note on, I, 95;
articles by--the image of the cave, 95;
of good and evil, 103;
Socrates in praise of love, 108;
the praise of Socrates by Alcibiades, 121;
the refusal of Socrates to escape from prison, 133;
the death of Socrates, 143.

Pliny, the Elder;
biographical note on, II, 162;
articles by--the qualities of the dog, 162;
three great artists of Greece, 165.

Pliny, the younger;
biographical note on, II, 218;
articles by--the Christians in his province, 218;
to Tacitus on the eruption of Vesuvius, 222.

Plutarch;
biographical note on, I, 190;
articles by--Demosthenes and Cicero compared, 190;
the assassination of Cæsar, 197;
Cleopatra's barge, 207;
the death of Antony and Cleopatra, 211.

Poe, Edgar Allan;
biographical note on, X, 11;
articles by--the cask of Amontillado, 11;
of Hawthorne and the short story, 19;
of Willis, Bryant, Halleck and Macaulay, 25.

Polo, Marco;
biographical note on, VIII, 147;
a description of Japan, 147.

Polybius;
biographical note on, I, 171;
articles by--the battle of Cannæ, 171;
Hannibal's advance on Rome, 178;
the defense of Syracuse by Archimedes, 183.

Pope, Alexander;
biographical note on, IV, 41;
articles by--an ancient English country seat, 41;
his compliments to Lady Mary, 47;
how to make an epic poem, 52.

Prescott, William H.;
biographical note on, IX, 198;
articles by--the fate of Egmont and Hoorne, 198;
the genesis of "Don Quixote," 209.

Quintillian;
biographical note on, II, 171;
articles by--on the orator as a good man, 171.

Rabelais, François;
biographical note on, VII, 58;
articles by--Gargantua and his childhood, 58;
Gargantua's education, 64;
of the founding of an ideal abbey, 74.

Raleigh, Sir Walter;
biographical note on, III, 49;
on the mutability of human affairs, 49.

Renan, Joseph Ernest;
biographical note on, VIII, 30;
the Roman empire in robust youth, 30.

Rousseau, Jean Jacques;
biographical note on, VII, 170;
articles by--of Christ and Socrates, 170;
of the management of children, 173.

Ruskin, John;
biographical note on, VI, 140;
articles by--of the history and sovereignty of Venice, 140;
St. Marks at Venice, 151;
of water, 159.

Saint-Simon, Duc de;
biographical note on, VII, 141;
articles by--the death of the Dauphin, 141;
the public watching the king and madame, 145.

Sallust;
biographical note on, II, 91;
articles by--the genesis of Catiline, 91;
the fate of the conspirators, 98.

Sand, George;
biographical note on, VII, 250;
Leila and the poet, 250.

Schiller, Friedrich von;
biographical note on, VIII, 107;
articles by--the battle of Lutzen, 107;
Philip II and the Netherlands, 117.

Schlegel, August Wilhelm von;
biographical note on, VIII, 124;
on Shakespeare's "Macbeth," 124.

Scott, Sir Walter;
biographical note on, V, 31;
articles by--the arrival of the master of Ravenswood, 31;
the death of Meg Merriles, 35;
a vision of Rob Roy, 40;
Queen Elizabeth and Amy Robsart at Kenilworth, 48;
the illness and death of Lady Scott, 62.

Seneca;
biographical note on, II, 128;
articles by--the wise man, 128;
consolation for the loss of friends, 134;
to Nero on clemency, 141;
the pilot, 149;
a happy life, 153.

Sévigné, Madame de;
biographical note on, VII, 123;
articles by--great news from Paris, 123;
an imposing funeral described, 125.

Sewall, Samuel;
biographical note on, IX, 19;
his account of how he courted Madame Winthrop, 19.

Shakespeare, William;
biographical note on, III, 82;
the speech of Brutus to his countrymen, 82;
Shylock in defense of his race, 83;
Hamlet to the players, 85.

Shelley, Percy Bysshe;
biographical note on, V, 151;
articles by--in defense of poetry, 151;
the baths of Caracalla, 155;
the ruins of Pompeii, 158.

Smith, Adam;
biographical note on, IV, 163;
articles by--of ambition misdirected, 163;
the advantages of a division of labor, 166.

Smith, John;
biographical note on, IX, 3;
his story of Pocahontas, 3.

Southey, Robert;
biographical note on, V, 80;
Nelson's death at Trafalgar, 80.

Spencer, Herbert;
biographical note on, VI, 173;
articles by--the origin of professional occupations, 173;
self-dependence and paternalism, 181;
the ornamental and the useful in education, 186;
reminiscences of his boyhood, 191;
a tribute to E. L. Youmans, 195;
why he never married, 197.

Staël, Madame de;
biographical note on, VII, 178;
of Napoleon Bonaparte, 178.

Steele, Sir Richard;
biographical note on, IV, 3;
articles by--of companions and flatterers, 3;
the story-teller and his art, 7;
Sir Roger and the widow, 10;
the Coverley family portraits, 16;
on certain symptoms of greatness, 21;
how to be happy tho married, 26.

Sterne, Laurence;
biographical note on, IV, 123;
articles by--the starling in captivity, 123;
to Moulines with Maria, 127;
the death of LeFevre, 129;
passages from the romance of my Uncle Toby and the widow, 131.

Stevenson, Robert Louis;
biographical note on, VI, 247;
articles by--Francis Villon's terrors, 247;
the lantern bearers, 251.

Suetonius;
biographical note on, II, 231;
articles by--the last days of Augustus, 231;
the good deeds of Nero, 236;
the death of Nero, 241.

Swift, Jonathan;
biographical note on, III, 216;
on pretense in philosophers, 216;
on the hospitality of the vulgar, 221;
the art of lying in politics, 224;
a meditation upon a broomstick, 228;
Gulliver among the giants, 230.

Tacitus;
biographical note on, II, 177;
articles by--from Republican to Imperial Rome, 177;
the funeral of Germanicus, 183;
the death of Seneca, 189;
the burning of Rome by order of Nero, 193;
the burning of the capitol at Rome, 202;
the siege of Cremona, 205;
Agricola, 212.

Taine, Hippolite Adolphe;
biographical note on, VIII, 38;
articles by--on Thackeray as a satirist, 38;
on the king's getting up for the day, 43.

Taylor, Jeremy;
biographical note on, III, 153;
on the benefits of adversity, 153.

Thackeray, William M.;
biographical note on, VI, 62;
articles by--the imperturbable Marlborough, 62;
the ball before the battle of Waterloo, 65;
the death of Colonel Newcome, 75;
London in the time of the first George, 80.

Thiers, Louis Adolph;
biographical note on, VII, 201;
the burning of Moscow, 201.

Thoreau, Henry David;
biographical note on, X, 99;
articles by--the building of his house at Walden Pond, 99;
how to make two small ends meet, 103;
on reading the ancient classics, 115;
of society and solitude, 120.

Thucydides;
biographical note on, I, 25;
articles by--the Athenians and Spartans contrasted, 25;
the plague at Athens, 38;
the sailing of the Athenian fleet for Sicily, 45;
the completion of the Athenian defeat at Syracuse, 52.

Tocqueville, Alexis de;
biographical note on, VIII, 3;
on the tyranny of the American majority, 3.

Tolstoy, Count Leo;
biographical note on, VIII, 252;
Shakespeare not a great genius, 252.

Turgeneff, Ivan;
biographical note on, VIII, 239;
Bazarov's death, 239.

Vasari, Giorgio;
biographical note on, VIII, 192;
of Raphael and his early death, 192.

Vigny, Alfred de;
biographical note on, VII, 222;
Richelieu's way with his master, 222.

Ville-Hardouin, Geoffrey de;
biographical note on, VII, 23;
the sack of Constantinople, 23.

Voltaire, François Arouet;
biographical note on, VII, 160;
articles by--of Bacon's greatness, 160;
England's regard for men of letters, 164.

Walpole, Horace;
biographical note on, IV, 149;
articles by--on Hogarth, 149;
the war in America, 154;
the death of George II, 155.

Walton, Izaak;
biographical note on, III, 92;
articles by--the antiquity of angling, 92;
of the trout, 96;
the death of George Herbert, 101.

Ward, Artemus;
biographical note on, X, 191;
Forrest as Othello, 191.

Washington, George;
biographical note on, IX, 79;
articles by--to his wife on taking command of the army, 79;
of his army in Cambridge, 81;
to the Marquis de Chastellux on his marriage, 84.

White, Gilbert;
biographical note on, IV, 158;
on the chimney swallow, 158.

Wordsworth, William;
biographical note on, V, 23;
a poet defined, 23.

Wyclif, John;
biographical note on, III, 4;
a passage from his translation of the Bible, 14.

Xenophon;
biographical note on, I, 68;
articles by--the character of Cyrus the younger, 68;
the Greek army in the snows of Armenia, 75;
the battle of Leuctra, 81;
the army of the Spartans, 84;
how to choose and manage saddle horses, 87.

Zola, Emile;
biographical note on, VIII, 48;
Napoleon III in time of war, 48.

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