Chapter XIII: Part 13

Young. Feet bluish-white. Head, upper-neck, throat, breast and
belly pure white. The rest of the plumage black, with some
iridescence.

But that the history of the Pelican and the Booby made allusion to the roosting place near Bluefields necessary, I should have preferred to describe it under the present article; for though the trees are common to the three species, the former two frequent the place less numerously, and less constantly than the Frigates. At most hours of the day, one either sees a large number of these birds resting on the lofty trees, or else soaring and circling round and round over the place. Occasionally, in the middle of the day we see half a dozen sailing at an immense height in the air; where their size and colour, the graceful freedom of their motions, and the sublimity of their elevation, might cause them to be confounded with the John Crow Vulture, were it not for the curvature of their wings, the long-pointed tail, often opened and closed, and a superior elegance in their general form.

Being desirous of knowing at what hour the Frigates came home to the roosting place, I visited it on several evenings. On the first occasion, arriving there just as the sun was setting, I found I was not sufficiently early to witness the congregating of the birds, for my ears were saluted, even when in the high-road, by the loud and unpleasant croaking of the Boobies. On my getting to the foot of the first Birch-tree, I could discern many of these sitting on the branches; but as the view was much intercepted by the bushes and trees around, I scrambled down the shingly precipice, to the sea-side. Then on looking up I saw the boughs of the birch immediately over my head, studded with these noisy birds, preening their plumage, or scolding and fighting harshly with one another, as they sat side by side. While thus gazing upward, I narrowly escaped the misfortune of Tobit. There may have been thirty Boobies in sight, and about eight or ten Frigates, but no Pelicans except three on a tree at a little distance. All on a sudden, however, the Frigates flew off as by common impulse, accompanied by at least fifty more, which I had not seen, they having been concealed by the foliage, or having been sitting on the neighbouring trees,—and by as many Boobies, leaving a good number of the latter, however, still remaining.

Though they all flew about in various directions over the sea, they did not retire from the vicinity; but the Frigates presently separated from the Boobies, taking a loftier elevation, where they sailed and circled in silent dignity, while the Boobies were clamorous in their evolutions.

The latter soon sought their perches again; and this gave rise to incessant squabbles, for if a flyer attempted to alight beside a sitter, the latter, as if affronted at the intrusion, began, with elevated wings and opened beak, to resist, croaking vociferously. The Frigates were long before they returned; some sailed out half a mile, and there performed their elegant manœuvrings, while others still hovered above the roosting trees. Among these some were wholly black, some had the white breast of the female sex, and others the white head of youth, and one was conspicuous by his blood-red pouch, inflated into a tense bladder beneath his chin. From the fact that very few, indeed, possess this red pouch, I incline to think it a peculiarity of mature age; for many had the livery of the adult male, whose pouch was inconspicuous, and of a pale buff hue. At length, as the increased darkness gathered in, they also began one by one to settle, very charily, often making a feint to alight, and again sailing off. Some slowly wended their way farther down the bay, and some I left still in the air.

A few days after, I again went between three and four o’clock, but even then the Frigates were reposing in great numbers, but few Boobies, and no Pelicans. I shot a Frigate, which of course aroused the whole flock: and I then had an opportunity of ascertaining their numbers. As they sailed gracefully round, I counted them twice, and both times made them about fifty, but of course I could not be quite exact: from other observations, I should estimate the number of those which habitually repose there to be about sixty, more or less. During an hour and a half that I remained, they did not again alight, and when the sun was close to the horizon they were still soaring in their sublime evolutions. About one sixth of the number were white-headed, their snowy heads and breasts gleaming now and then, as the slanting rays were reflected from them to the observer; and several displayed the inflated scarlet pouch, a little constricted in the middle. As the Frigate flies, the form of its wings reminds one of enormous bats, but for the lengthened tail. When about to alight, they sometimes cackle a little, but are generally silent. As they sit on the branches they are incessantly employed in picking the vermin from their bodies, with which they are much infested. This is done partly with the beak, but partly with the foot; and I have seen them, after scratching themselves, put up the foot to the beak, apparently delivering something into the mouth. Occasionally they throw the head back, and make a loud clattering with the beak. Passing along the road one forenoon in May, a large number were wheeling round the roosting place, some alighting, and others rising. Those which were on the wing uttered, particularly as they swooped near the tree, on which they made as if they would alight, a repeated _chuck_, not loud, with a rather rapid iteration.

It would appear that this place has been frequented by the Frigates, for at least a hundred years. Robinson has this note: “On a large cotton-tree, between Mr. Wallo’s and the Cave, by the sea-side, come to roost many Man-of-war birds, about four o’clock in the evenings, which tree may be easily approached by a canoe, whence the Men-of-war and other sea-fowl may be shot, either in the evening, or before sunrise; for the Man-of-war birds will not leave their roosting-places before sunrise, in this resembling the Noddy. Dr. Gorse of Savanna le Mar, from whom I had this account, observed that the cotton-tree was blanched or whitened by their dung.” (MSS. ii. 83.)

I have never seen the Frigate fishing; but have frequently found flying-fish in its stomach half digested.[133] Nor have I ever seen it attack the Booby, to make it disgorge, though the fishermen of Jamaica are familiar with this habit. Dr. Chamberlaine, who apparently describes from observation, says of the Frigate, “He is almost always a constant attendant upon our fishermen, when pursuing their vocation on the sand-banks in Kingston Harbour, or near the Palisados. Over their heads it takes its aerial stand, and watches their motions with a patience and perseverance the most exemplary. It is upon these occasions that the Pelicans, the Gulls, and other sea-birds become its associates and companions. These are also found watching with equal eagerness and anxiety the issue of the fishermen’s progress, attracted to the spot by the sea of living objects immediately beneath them.

[133] An intelligent fisherman, who is in the habit of trading
about the coast, and to Cuba, asserts that he has often seen the
Frigates fishing far out at sea; such large fishes as Bonito,
that leap out of water, being their prey; which they catch with
the foot, plunging down on them, and then mounting, deliver the
booty to the mouth like a Parrot. I feel it right to repeat this
statement, though I think it improbable, from the weakness of the
foot. He adds that they breed in great numbers on the Pedro Kays,
laying on the bare rocks.

“And then it is, when these men are making their last haul, and the finny tribe are fluttering and panting for life, that this voracious bird exhibits his fierce and pugnacious propensities. His hungry companions have scarcely secured their prey by the side of the fishermen’s canoes, when with the lightning’s dart, they are pounced upon with such violence, that, to escape its rapacious assaults, they readily in turn yield their hard-earned booty to this formidable opponent. The lightness of its trunk, the short tarsi, and vast spread of wing, together with its long, slender, and forked tail, all conspire to give him a superiority over his tribe, not only in length and rapidity of flight, but also in the power of maintaining itself on outspread pinions in the regions of his aerial habitation amidst the clouds; where, at times, so lofty are its soarings, its figure becomes almost invisible to the spectator in this nether world.” (Jamaica Alm. 1843, p. 87.)

I know nothing positive of the nidification of the Frigate. On the face of Pedro Bluff, about four feet from the surface of the sea, which, however, in stormy weather dashes furiously into it, there is a hole into which a man may crawl, but which, within, widens into a spacious cavern. A person who had visited this place, told me that on its floor lie the skulls and bones of men, mouldering in damp and decay; the relics, probably of some of the unfortunate Indians, who preferred death by famine to the tortures and cruelties of the Spaniards. To this cave, he affirmed, the Frigates and Pelicans resort to lay their eggs; depositing them on the projecting ledges and shelves of the soft and marly rock. On my way up to Kingston from Bluefields in June, lying windbound under the Pedro, I induced a white man residing there to accompany me to the face of the Bluff, where he said the Pelicans and Frigates roosted, and where the former built and laid. After walking about a mile in the most burning heat, through cacti, aloes, and spinous bushes, a most peculiar vegetation, and over the sharp needle-like points of honey-comb limestone, occasionally leaping deep clefts, we came to the spot. Many birds of both kinds were sitting on the low stunted trees, but we could not find a single nest nor eggs; though, as my guide said, at some times they were numerous, but only of the Pelican; of the Frigate’s nidification he knew nothing.

The gular pouch of the old male, is not connected with the mouth, like that of the Pelican, but appears to be an air-cell; perhaps having some analogy to the erectile caruncles of the male Turkey. If we take the skeleton of the Pelican as a standard, the sternum of the Frigate is greatly developed _laterally_, as that of the Booby is, _longitudinally_. The middle claw is pectinated. I think I know of no bird so infested with entozoic worms as the Frigate. Immense bunches both of tænoid and cylindrical worms are found in almost every specimen, besides some curious kinds apparently of a higher organization. Bird-lice and bird-flies also infest it.

One which was wounded, on being taken up, was fierce, endeavouring to seize with his beak. And a specimen kept alive by Dr. Chamberlaine, became animated and pugnacious when the children or servants approached it, and struck at them with its formidable bill.

TROPIC BIRD.[134]

_Phaeton æthereus._—+LINN.+

Aud. pl. 262.

[134] “Length 15 inches, expanse 32, flexure 10, beak 3, tail of
14 feathers, graduated, the middle pair 5 inches, the outmost 3,
middle toe 1⁸⁄₁₀. Beak white, or very pale yellow; feet white;
claws black. General plumage white, very silky, especially about
the head: bases of crown feathers black. Upper neck, back, rump,
and wing-coverts marked with cross, black, arcuated bars. Beneath
each eye two black lines, which passing over the eye, meet at the
back of the head. Tail, shafts and tips black. Five first quills
have the outer edges and shafts black; the remaining primaries
and secondaries, bluish; tertiaries chiefly black, with white
edges, forming a black spot in each wing. Feet far behind.” (Rob.
_abridged_.)

The bird which Robinson has described (MSS. ii. 124,) in the terms quoted below, is doubtless to be referred to this species, though from the shortness of the tail-feathers, and the colour of the beak and feet, I presume it to have been an immature specimen. He describes its habits as resembling those of the Terns: it was brought to him alive, having been knocked off a fish-pot-buoy; he kept it almost a week, feeding it with the offal of fish, which it ate greedily. When it attempted to walk, it spread its wings, and waddled along with much difficulty, which arose not only from the backward position of its legs, but also from their shortness and weakness. Sometimes it made a chattering noise, like the Belted Kingfisher, and it had another cry, not unlike that of a Gull. It would bite, upon occasion, very hard. The head and neck were very big in proportion.

It is mentioned to me as one of the constant frequenters of the Pedro Kays.

+Fam.+—LARIDÆ. (_The Gulls._)

CRESTED TERN.[135]

_White Egg-Bird._

_Thalasseus Cayanus._

_Sterna Cayana_, +Gmel.+—Aud. pl. 273.
_Thalasseus Cayanus_, +Boie+.

[135] Length 21 inches, expanse 45, flexure 14¹⁄₂, tail 7¹⁄₄,
rictus 3⁴⁄₁₀, tarsus 1⁴⁄₁₀, middle toe 1³⁄₁₀. Two cæca ¹⁄₃ inch
long.

This large and beautiful Tern is the most common species we have in the vicinity of Bluefields. Its powerful beak of a bright orange hue, its pointed occipital crests of black, the pearly tint of its upper, and the satiny lustre of its under parts, constitute it a species of much beauty. In the autumn months we may frequently see this bird fishing. A quarter of a mile from the shore, off Crabpond Point, there is a reef, above which it may be seen almost every day. Quite solitary in his habits, the Crested Tern prefers to fish alone; and though sometimes two or three may be in view at once, there is no association, no accordance of movement, as in the Pelicans. High above the water, we discern a bird, the snowy whiteness of whose plumage contrasts with the blue sky; he flies rapidly round and round in a large circle, quickly flapping his wings without intermission. Suddenly, he arrests his flight, flutters his wings in rapid vibration, as he looks downwards, but in a moment proceeds as before: it was doubtless a fish near the surface, but which disappeared before he could descend. Presently he again stops short, flutters,—then bringing the elbow of the wings to a right angle, descends perpendicularly, but with a singular turning of the body, so as to present now the back, now the belly, alternately, to the observer; not, however, by a rotation, but irregularly, and as if by jerks. But his purpose is again frustrated; for on nearly reaching the surface, he recovers himself with a graceful sweep, and remounts on flagging wing. Again he circles; and again, and again stops: at length, down he swoops, disappears with a plash, and in a moment breaks, struggling, from the wave, and, as if to rise burdened with prey were difficult, flags heavily near the surface, and circling slowly round, gradually regains his former altitude. Suddenly,—as if alarmed, though nothing appears to cause it,—he utters two or three loud cries in a plaintive tone, and flies off, along the coast, until he is concealed from view by the projecting mangroves. Yet, strange to say, in a few seconds he returns, and calmly pursues his wonted occupation. When satiated, he betakes himself to some one of the logs of wood which are placed as buoys by the fishermen to mark the position of their sunken fish-pots; and on this he reposes all night, rocked to sleep by the roll of the surf. The fishermen, on visiting their pots at early day, find the Terns, exceedingly often, sitting on the buoys; and so fearless are they, that not seldom a canoe may be paddled nearly within touch of one before he will fly.

Though web-footed, I believe none of the Terns are ever seen to swim. One shot and wounded in the wing made no effort to strike out, but merely struggled in the water as a land-bird would do. This specimen was brought home alive; it attempted to bite, striking with the beak. The flesh was dark, and resembled that of a Duck.

EGG-BIRD.[136]

_Hydrochelidon fuliginosa._

_Sterna fuliginosa_, +Gmel.+—Aud. pl. 235.
_Hydrochelidon fuliginosum_, +Boie+.

[136] Length 17 inches, expanse [40, computed,] flexure 11⁶⁄₁₀,
tail 7⁵⁄₁₀, uropygials 4, rictus 2³⁄₁₀, tarsus 1, middle toe 1²⁄₁₀.

For my information concerning this species, I am principally indebted to Mr. Hill; a single specimen only having fallen into my possession, which was shot by Sam, sitting on a fish-pot buoy near Bluefields, in the manner of the former species.

It is, however, a bird of considerable commercial importance; for its eggs, in common with those of the Noddy (_Megalopterus stolidus_) and the Sandwich Tern (_Thalasseus Cantiacus_) form an object of profitable adventure to the crews of numerous small vessels, fitted out in the spring from Kingston and other ports. The Pedro Kays are the grand field whence this harvest is reaped. “These lonely islets,” observes Mr. Hill, “are the resort of thousands and tens of thousands of sea-fowl. As soon as visitors land, myriads of birds are upon the wing in all directions. Some flocks rise, in circling flight, high up into the air; and descending again in the same dense numbers as they rose, settle in more remote places:—others break away hurriedly, and fly in a wide sweep far around, but return again hastily to the rocks they had quitted, reconciled to bear with the disturbance. The turmoil and hubbub of the thousands of birds thus suddenly put upon the wing, overpower, for a moment, the roar of the breakers, and darken the air like the sudden passing of a cloud.

“The constant inhabitants of the rocks are some three species of Gannet, all known as Boobies; some half a dozen species of Tern, among which the Noddy and the Egg-bird are exceedingly numerous; together with the Frigate Pelican, the Tropic-bird, and the Petrel; besides a multitude of Gulls....

“There were four vessels from Jamaica there at this time [April, 1846] gathering eggs; the months of March, April, and May being considered the egg-harvest.

“The Kays are open to all adventurers; but the egg-gathering is regulated by a custom which recognises the first-coming vessel as commanding for the season. The second vessel in seniority is called the Commodore; the first being styled the Admiral. They have a code of laws, to which, in a spirit of honourable compliance, all are expected to shew obedience; and in case of any infraction of the obligations thus voluntarily imposed upon themselves, a jury selected from the several vessels try complaints, and with due formality inflict punishment for offences.

“The only kind of vegetation, excepting a single cocoa-nut, on these desert rocks, is a stunted tree, called by the egg-gatherers _saffron-wood_. It is extremely resinous, and the leaves are used by them as tea; and I suspect it is the same plant as the _tea-shrub_ of the Bahama islands. Among the branches of these trees, at a very small elevation from the ground, the Noddies build nests, that have become large by a long accumulation of dung and sticks. The nests are resorted to for a succession of years, and are repaired and raised upon, season after season, till they have grown into huge piles, among the branches;—the large masses of interwoven twigs prevailing even more than the green foliage. The Egg-bird and the Sandwich Tern, if they are unable to gather any of the dead foliage of these shrubs, or any dried leaves of sea-weed, as a covering for the cavity in the rock in which _they_ nestle, lay their eggs on the bare sand: just making so much of a depression by scratching the ground as suffices to hollow it for the reception of some three eggs, the addition of the _urate of lime_ from their dung sufficiently cementing the loose particles.”

In a subsequent communication my friend reverts to the same interesting subject. “The nests of the Noddy, which, though so elaborately framed with sticks, are exceedingly shallow, with scarce any hollowing at all, are always embellished with an addition of broken shells, (_sea-shells_,) generally speckled and spotted like the eggs. Mr. Wilkie examined them, and they were sea-shells. The obvious suggestion for this curious prevalence of a habit, which he found to distinguish _every nest_, was its deceptiveness; so much similarity existed between the sea-shell and the egg-shell. I find that Audubon records a similar fact with the Noddy Terns of the Florida Kays. These are his words: ‘In a great many instances, the repaired nests formed masses nearly two feet in height, and yet all of them had only a slight hollow for the eggs, _broken shells of_ +WHICH+ _were found among the entire, as if they had been purposely_ +PLACED THERE+.’ Mr. Wilkie was totally unacquainted with this noticed particular in Audubon’s ‘Ornithological Biography.’ Has Audubon misread his note ‘_broken shells_,’ and by the following words ‘of which,’ made them _egg-shells_, when they should have been _sea-shells_? This is at least worth a remark. Mr. Wilkie says he took the pieces of shell out of the nest, and inspected them. Audubon merely says, ‘The bushes rarely were taller than ourselves, so that we could easily _see the eggs in the nest_.’”

Specimens of the eggs of these three species of Tern, procured at the Kays by George Wilkie, Esq., who kindly furnished the above information to Mr. Hill for the benefit of this work, are now before me. There is scarcely any difference in size, the dimensions being 2 inches by 1³⁄₈: the Noddy’s, however, is of a more conical form. The ground of all is white; that of the Noddy has a few blackish specks thinly scattered over it, and at the larger end some irregular splashes of brown. That of the Sandwich Tern is uniformly speckled with dull reddish-purple; while that of the Egg-bird is marked with the same hue in fewer but larger spots.

* * * * *

To the above _Laridæ_, Mr. Hill adds _Sterna argentea_ (+Bonap.+) killed in Kingston Harbour; and _Hydrochelidon nigra_ (+Boie+) and _Xema atricilla_ (+Bonap.+) as frequenting the Kays.

Of two other birds he thus gives me indications:—“A curious bird of the family _Procellariadæ_ (the Petrels,) was found in the Rio Grande in Portland after the late storms [in the autumn of 1846.] Hurricanes introduce into these islands new birds, and disperse those peculiar to these islands into other localities.” The other seems to be of the family _Alcadæ_ (the Auks). “In the Blue Mountains, high up towards their summits, is a curious _burrowing_ bird, which they call the Blue-Mountain Duck. It is described as having webbed feet, and a hooked parrot-bill. This description would indicate a species of _Alca_. It inhabits holes in the cliffs, and is said to burrow to the extent of ten feet. Nothing is known of its habit of feeding. E. M^cGeachy, Esq., Crown Surveyor for the county of Surrey, first informed me of the existence of such birds. He had himself taken them from their burrows. The facts have also been assured to me by other observers.” A specimen of this bird is said to be in the possession of George Atkinson, Esq., of Newcastle-on-Tyne, who, in answer to an application from me, kindly promised me a particular description; but other engagements, probably, have not yet afforded him the necessary leisure.

+Fam.+—COLYMBIDÆ. (_The Divers._)

BLACK-THROATED GREBE.[137]

_Podilymbus Carolinensis?_

_Podiceps Carolinensis_, +Lath.+—Aud. pl. 248.
_Podilymbus Carolinensis_, +Less.+
_Sylbeocyclus Carolinensis_, +Bonap.+

[137] Length 11¹⁄₂ inches, expanse —?, flexure 4⁶⁄₁₀, tail 0,
rictus 1¹⁄₂, tarsus 1⁴⁄₁₀, middle toe 1⁹⁄₁₀. Irides hazel; beak
pale grey, marked about the middle by a broad cincture of black,
in which the nostrils are pierced. Feet black. Male: Head and neck
pale purplish-grey, darker on crown and nape: a circle of white
surrounds the eye, edged outwardly with black. Plumage at base of
beak black: a broad band of black runs down the centre of throat.
Upper parts silky black, paler on wings. Under parts light grey,
with transverse pencillings of black: vent dusky. Female: Beak,
head, neck, and breast dull yellowish-grey, the markings rather
less conspicuous; under parts minutely mottled with black and
yellowish-grey. Weight 10³⁄₄ oz.

No living specimen of this bird has fallen under my notice. It is, however, familiar to Mr. Hill, who kindly favoured me with a preserved specimen, and with some of his own notes. It is frequently shot in the Rio Cobre. One which Mr. Hill had alive was put into a barrel half filled with straw, on which was laid a large pan of water; the brevity of its wings precluding the possibility of its getting out. It was reconciled immediately; and fed heartily on raw fish chopped up. It lived in apparent health three weeks, and died at length without manifest illness, or any perceptible cause; though want of exercise or alteration of diet may have contributed to it.

A few further particulars of the habits of this same individual are contained in a recent letter from my friend. “The several specimens of the Black-gorget Grebe that I have had, were brought to me from the sedgy grounds of the River Cobre. Usually the banks of the river are deep; but there are places in which the course of the stream has been changed, leaving, between one channel and the other, open meadows and banks fringed with a bristling growth of cyperaceous and other border herbage. It will be readily perceived, that these stretches of blended sward and sedge are the only parts of the river fitted for a bird with fin-toed feet and short wings, to quit the water and seek the shore. It is only there they can rise out of the stream upon the green turf; and there they indulge in slumbers in the sunshine, secluded and secure. I judge this to be their habit, from the pleasure a bird I kept some few weeks alive used to feel in lying on the weeds placed for him by the side of a bowl of water, in which he fed. He would there repose for hour after hour, doubled up like an antelope on the grass, with its head and neck curved,—if I may compare beings so dissimilar,—in the graceful attitude in which I made my drawing, now in the hands of the Zoological Society. The food given to my bird was Guinea-corn. After it had been softened in the water, it ate it readily. The seeds of aquatic plants may be considered, therefore, quite as much as water insects and mollusca, its accustomed food. The eye, which is dark and bright, like a gazelle’s, has a thick orbit of that fleshy character, to which pigeon-fanciers give the name of _putty-eye_, in their favourite birds.”

WHITE-WINGED GREBE.[138]

_Diver._

_Podiceps Dominicus._

_Colymbus Dominicus_, +Linn.+
_Podiceps Dominicus_, +Lath.+—Spix. Av. Br. 101.

[138] Length 9 inches, expanse 14, flexure 3⁶⁄₁₀, tail 0, rictus
1³⁄₁₀, tarsus 1³⁄₁₀, middle toe 1³⁄₄, lateral breadth of tarsus
⁷⁄₁₀, breadth of toe ⁴⁄₁₀. Irides bright yellow; feet and beak
black. Upper parts smoky black; wing-quills white; outer webs and
tips of the first four or five dusky. Chin black; throat and cheeks
blackish ashy; breast blackish; belly feathers tipped with white,
giving a mottled appearance. Whole plumage satiny. Intestine 16
inches; two cæca ³⁄₄ inch long.

The ponds of the cattle-pens are the favourite resorts of this little Grebe. I have been most familiar with it at the pond of Mount Edgecumbe, which, though not more than an acre or two in extent, used to be speckled with a good number of these miniature ducks; their little black heads and the tops of their backs alone being visible above the surface. On the slightest alarm, they dive with the quickness of thought; and so vigilant is their eye and so rapid their motion, that, ordinarily, the fowling-piece is discharged at them in vain. It is commonly said of some birds, that they dive at the flash of the pan; but though I always used percussion-locks, I could never succeed in hitting one, until I formed a screen of bushes, behind which I might fire in concealment. I then found no difficulty. Hence, I infer that their quick eye detects and takes alarm at the small but sudden motion of the falling hammer. They remain long, and swim far, under water; coming up where quite unlooked for. Some that I have had an opportunity of observing when swimming a little beneath the surface, shot along with expanded wings, almost with the celerity of a fish. They do not always dive, however, when frightened; sometimes they sink deeper than before, and swim away almost submerged. When not alarmed, they call and answer each other, with a loud _clang_, like the note of a trumpet.

One of these birds which I had wounded slightly, on being put into a large washing-bowl half filled with water, swam awhile; but repeatedly, when alarmed, by striking vigorously with both feet together, leaped clean over the edge of the basin. When on the floor, it ran a few steps at a time, very well, but grotesquely; the body elevated on the legs almost perpendicularly; but ever and anon, as its first impetus slackened, it fell on its breast, and sometimes rolled over. After a while, however, becoming more calm, it walked more easily, still much raised on the legs; but would suddenly squat down on the belly, and so remain.

Early in August, I found near the edge of Mount Edgecumbe pond a nest of this Grebe—a round heap of pond-weed and rotten leaves, flattened at the top, and slightly hollowed; it was about fifteen inches wide, and six or eight thick. The top was damp, but not wet, and very warm from exposure to the sun’s rays. We drew it on shore, for it was entangled among the branches of a fallen tree, but _not attached_ to them, and presently found on the matted weed, just below the surface in the place where we had dragged it, a large white egg, excessively begrimed with dirt, doubtless from lying on the decaying leaves. On being cleansed, I found it covered with a chalky coat, easily scratched off.

A few weeks after, I again visited this pond. On approaching before sun-rise, (for I had travelled by the brilliant starlight of the tropical heavens,) I saw a Grebe sitting on a new nest, in the same spot as I had found the former one: this nest was composed of similar materials, and contained four eggs. Early in December we found another nest, with the young just peeping from the egg. It is probable, therefore, that several broods are reared in a season.

One of my lads, who has lived close by this pond, affirms that the birds move the nest about to different parts of the pond; and that they use the same till it will no longer hold together, and then construct a new one. He also states that they often fight during the night; and that the conquered ones resort to a smaller pond, where they may be easily captured by hand: for, by chasing them to and fro, the small pond being shallow, they at length become wearied, and will dive no more, but make for the shore, and are caught before they can fly.

The flesh is dark and oily. The gizzards of all that I obtained were filled with a finely comminuted substance, rather dry, of an unctuous appearance, and mingled with short silky filaments. A close examination with a lens failed to determine its nature; but I believe it to have been principally vegetable.

* * * * *
* * * * *

The author, in bringing to a close these notices of “The Birds of Jamaica,” craves the indulgence of his readers to make an observation on the use of such studies. The Christian is taught, whatsoever he does, to do all “to the glory of God;” and as “whoso offereth _praise_ glorifieth” Him, the constant object of our investigations should be the bringing out to view fresh proofs of His unspeakable wisdom, skill, power, forethought, care, and love, in the creation, preservation, and sustentation of His creatures. The gratification of scientific curiosity is worse than idle, if it leads not to this: whatever exactness of knowledge we may acquire, or whatever scientific skilfulness we may attain, is, without this result, “but shaping letters aright without learning to know their signification and value.” “It is _God appearing in the creatures_, that is the life, and beauty, and use, and excellency of all the creatures;—without Him they are but carcases, deformed, useless, vain, insignificant, and very nothings.”[139]

[139] Baxter’s “Walking with God,” Ch. i. ¶ 9.

INDEX.

Auk, 437.

Avocet, 389.

Banana bird, 226.

Bittern, American, 346.
green, 340.
yellow, 343.

Blackbird, Savanna, 282.

Blue wing, lunate, 401.
plain, 402.

Booby, black and white, 418.
drab, 418.
dusky, 417.
white, 418.

Bulfinch, black, 254.
pied, 259.

Butter-bird, 229.

Buzzard, red-tailed, 11.

Canary, golden, 245.

Cashew-bird, 231.

Cedar-bird, 197.

Clucking-hen, 355.

Coot, 384.

Crab-catcher, 340.

Crake, minute, 372.
striated, 371.
red-eyed, 375.

Creeper, black and white, 134.
black and yellow, 84.
spotted, 87.

Crow, jabbering, 209.

Cuckoo, black-eared, 281.
yellow-billed, 279.

Curlew, black, 348.
white, 348.

Diver, 440.

Duck, dusky, 408.
gadwall, 408.
Ilathera, 408.
Muscovy, 408.
pintail, 408.
pochard, 408.
scaup, 408.
shoveler, 408.
squat, 404.
summer, 408.
surf, 408.
tufted, 408.
whistling, 395.
white-eyed, 408.

Egg-bird, 431, 433.

Finch, yellow-back, 247.

Flamingo, 390.

Flat-bill, buff-winged, 166.
black-billed, 167.

Fly-catcher, redstart, 164.
white-eyed, 192.
red-eyed, 194.

Frigate, 422.

Gallinule, Martinico, 377.
scarlet-fronted, 381.

Gambet, yellow-shanks, 351.
bar-flanked, 352.

Gaulin, black-legged, 336.
blue, 337.
common, 334.
red-necked, 338.

Glass-eye, 142.

Goose, Canada, 408.
snow, 408.

Gowrie, ringed, 51.

Grass-quit, bay-sided, 253.
black-faced, 252.
yellow-faced, 249.

Grebe, black-throated, 438.
white-winged, 440.

Grosbeak, rosy, 259.

Guinea-fowl, 325.

Gull, laughing, 437.

Hawk, chicken, 11.
duck, 16.
eagle, 19.
fish, 19.
pigeon, 17.

Heron, great, 346.
night, 344.
white, 346.

Hopping-dick, 136.

Humming-bird, long-tailed, 97.
mango, 88.
vervain, 127.

Hunter, 277.

Ibis, scarlet, 348.

Jay, black-headed, 208.

John-to-whit, 194.

Judy, 187.

Kickup, Bessy, 151.
land, 152.

Kingfisher, belted, 81.

Kite, fork-tailed, 19.

Knit, 354.

Lapwing, 304.

Loggerhead, 177, 186.

Macaw, blue and yellow, 261.
green, 261.
red and blue, 261.
yellow-headed, 260.

Mallard, 408.
green-backed, 399.

Mangrove-hen, 364.

Man-of-war bird, 422.

May-bird, 279.

Mocking-bird, 144.

Night-hawk, 33.

Nightingale, 144.

Noddy, 434.

Orange-bird, 231.

Ortolan, 229.

Owl, eared, 19.
little brown, 22.
screech, 23.

Parroquet, common, 263.
mountain, 270.

Parrot, black-billed, 266.
yellow-billed, 269.

Partridge, blue, 324.
mountain, 320.
Spanish, 324.

Pea-dove, 307.

Pelican, 409.

Petchary, common, 177.
foolish, 168.
grey, 169.
red, 186.

Petrel, 437.

Pigeon, bald-pate, 299.
blue, 296.
ground-dove, 311.
mountain witch, 316.
partridge, 320.
peadove, 307.
ring-tail, 291.
whitebelly, 313.
whitewing, 304.

Piramidig, 33.

Plover, golden, 333.
kildeer, 330.
ring, 333.
short-billed, 330.
squatting, 333.
turnstone, 333.

Potoo, common, 41.
white-headed, 49.

Quail, 328.

Quit, banana, 84.
blue, 238.
grass, 249.
orange, 236.

Quok, 344.

Rail, Carolina, 371.
red, 369.

Rainbird, 273, 277.

Sanderling, 354.

Sandpiper, bar-tail, 350.
little, 348.
knit, 354.
spotted, 349.

Shrike, black, 187.

Snipe, 353.

Solitaire, 198.

Sparrow, cotton-tree, 254.

Spoonbill, rosy, 346.

Stilt, rosy, 386.

Sultana, 377.

Swallow, blue, 69.
cave, 64.
golden, 68.

Swift, black, 63.
palm, 58.
ringed, 51.

Tanager, scarlet, 235.
red-throat, 236.

Teal, greenwing, 408.

Tern, black, 437.
crested, 431.
Sandwich, 434.
silver, 437.
noddy, 434.

Thrush, gold-crowned, 152.
water, 151.
wood, 144.

Tichicro, 242.

Tinkling, 217.

Tody, 72.

Tropic-bird, 430.

Turkey, 329.

Vulture, John-crow, 1.

Warbler, arrowhead, 163.
aurora, 158.
black-throat, 160.
blue yellow-back, 154.
olive, 162.
red-back, 159.
red-poll, 157.
yellow-rump, 155.
yellow-throat, 156.

Water-partridge, 369.

Wigeon, 408.

Willet, 354.

Woodcock, 354.

Woodpecker, radiolated, 271.
yellow-bellied, 270.

Worm-eater, 150.

Yellow-throat, 148.

FINIS.

LONDON:
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Transcriber’s Notes:

- Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
- Text enclosed by pluses is in small caps (+Small Caps+).
- Blank pages have been removed.
- Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.
- Errata have been applied.
- Description footnotes have been moved to just after the species
header, for consistency and to avoid interruption of the main text.