Chapter VI: Section II: (Adenota) (2)

Size smaller and form slenderer than in any of the species hitherto described (height at withers about 34–35 inches). General colour dark brownish fawn; a large patch surrounding the eyes and ears, including the whole of the backs of the latter, another on the muzzle, chin, and upper throat, and the whole of the chest and belly pure white, strongly contrasting with the dark colour of the back. Front of legs blackish; a white ring round the pasterns, just above the hoofs.

Horns slender and graceful, attaining a length of 19 or 20 inches, though but little more than 6 inches in circumference.

_Female_ similar, but without horns.

Skull measurements (♀):--Basal length 9·75 inches, greatest breadth 4·15, orbit to muzzle 6·45.

_Hab._ Upper Nile, region of the Sobat, Bahr-el-Gazal, and
their affluents, extending into the Niam-Niam country.

The first example of this Antelope to reach Europe was transmitted to the Royal Zoological Museum of Berlin by Werne, a well-known German artist and traveller, from the River Sobat in Sennaar. It was characterized as belonging to a new species by Lichtenstein and Peters in a communication made to the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin in 1853, and in the following year was carefully described and figured by the same authors in the ‘Denkschriften’ of the Academy. The type specimen, an adult male, remains mounted in the gallery of the Berlin Museum (where Sclater has examined it), and is, we believe, that from which the original water-colour drawing of Wolf for the accompanying Plate was prepared.

The next traveller who appears to have met with the White-eared Kob was Consul Petherick, who brought home a skin, two heads, and several skulls of this species on his return from the Bahr-el-Ghazal in 1859. These specimens, which are in the British Museum, were at first incorrectly referred by Gray, in his article upon Petherick’s Mammals, to _Cobus lechee_, which, however, is quite a distinct species and never ranges nearly so far north.

Besides the Berlin and British Museums the only other collection that, so far as we know, contains a perfect example of this rare Antelope is the Royal Museum of Turin. Here, as Count Salvadori kindly informs us, there is a fully adult male example of _Cobus leucotis_ mounted in the gallery, and standing about 35 inches high at the withers. This specimen was originally received alive from the Sudan, along with other animals, by King Victor Emmanuel, and on its death was presented to the Turin Museum.

Heuglin, in 1861, included this species in his list of the Antelopes and Buffaloes of North-east Africa, and gave a figure of its head, designating the Rivers Sobat and Bahr-el-Ghazal as its localities. It is probable that Heuglin’s “_Adenota kul_” and “_A. wuil_,” described as new in the same memoir, should also be referred to the present species; but as the descriptions are very meagre and, so far as we know, no specimens of these problematical species are extant, this must remain a matter of some uncertainty.

Since Heuglin’s time several other African explorers have met with this Antelope, but we are not aware that, with the exception of Sir Samuel Baker, they have brought home specimens. In the Appendix to ‘Ismailia,’ Sir Samuel placed the name of the present species in the list of animals met with in the Shooli country on the Upper Nile, and Sclater (who examined the specimens brought home by Baker) believes that there were some heads of this Antelope amongst them. Harnier’s description of an Antelope obtained in March 1861, during his voyage up the White Nile (Reise, p. 52, 1866), is apparently referable to _Cobus leucotis_. Dr. Schweinfurth, in ’Im Herzen von Afrika,’ mentions _Antilope leucotis_ in several places, and in his first volume gives fairly accurate woodcuts of the heads of both sexes. On the lower flats of the rivers of the Niam-Niam country, Dr. Schweinfurth found this Antelope by far the commonest species in the dry season, being met with in large herds of from 100 to 300 individuals. During the rainy season, he tells us, it resorts to the higher forest-bushes and separates into small troops for pairing. He also mentions as a peculiarity of this elegant animal that when running away it springs up into the air after the manner of the South-African Spring-buck, and shows its white rump. The flesh of _Antilope leucotis_, he tells us, is one of the best for culinary purposes. The female he describes as being very like that of _Cervicapra arundinacea_, but recognizable at once by the black on the front limbs.

Emin, in his ‘Reise-briefen,’ refers in several passages to _Antilope leucotis_ as met with on the Upper Nile. Dr. W. Junker, in his ‘Travels in Africa,’ records the capture of a “Kala Antelope, _Antilope leucotis_,” as far south as the Upper Welle (about 3° 30’ N. lat.), near Mount Madyanu, and gives a figure of it in his text. Looking to this and to what Dr. Schweinfurth has told us, we must assume that the present Antelope extends beyond the water-parting of the Nile and Congo down to the banks of the Welle.

_December, 1896._

THE BOOK OF ANTELOPES, PL. XXXIX.

_J. Smit del. & lith._ _Hanhart imp._

Thomas’ Kob.

COBUS THOMASI

_Published by R. H. Porter._]

65. THOMAS’S KOB.

COBUS THOMASI, NEUMANN.

[PLATE XXXIX.]

_Kobus leucotis_, =Scl.= P. Z. S. 1864, p. 103 (nec auctt.)
(Uganda, _Speke_).

_Kobus kob_, =Ward=, Horn Meas. p. 91 (1892); =Lugard=, E.
Africa, i. p. 538 (1893) (Buddu and Kavirondo); =Jackson=, Big
Game Shooting, i. p. 296 (1894); =Scott Elliot=, P. Z. S. 1895,
p. 341 (Albert-Edward Lake).

_Adenota kob_, =Matschie=, Säug. Deutsch Ost-Afr. p. 126 (1895).

_Adenota koba_, =Matschie=, op. cit. p. 147 (1895).

“_Cobus thomasi_, Neumann,” =Sclater=, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 868
(Kavirondo); =Ward=, Horn Meas. (2) p. 128 (1896).

_Adenota thomasi_, =Neumann=, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 192.

_Cobus kob_, =Scott Elliot=, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 341 (Lake
Albert-Edward).

VERNACULAR NAME:--_Nsunnu_ or _Nsunu_ of the Waganda (_Speke_,
_Lugard_, _&c_.).

Size about as in _C. leucotis_, but form thicker and heavier (height at withers of an adult male 35½ inches). General colour rich fulvous. Area round eyes and another round bases of ears whitish; back of ears fulvous, with an indistinct tipping of black; hairs of inner surface of ears white. Muzzle, lips, chin, chest, belly, and inner sides of forearms and thighs white. Front of fore legs from middle of forearms downwards with a strongly defined black line, which broadens at the knees and pasterns; hind legs with a similar black mark, but only reaching up from the hoofs halfway towards the hocks. Remainder of limbs fulvous, an indistinct whitish ring just above the hoof; back of pasterns thickly hairy.

Horns thick and strongly curved, attaining a length of about 17 or 18 inches.

_Female_ similar, but without horns.

Skull measurements (♂):--Basal length 10·4 inches, greatest breadth 4·6, orbit to muzzle 6·3.

_Hab._ Kavirondo and Uganda.

Thomas’s Kob, as it has been lately proposed to call the representative of this group of Antelopes in Kavirondo, Uganda, and the adjoining districts of Africa, after one of the authors of the present work, has been known for many years; but it has been unfortunately confounded with _Cobus leucotis_, _C. vardoni_, and _C. kob_, and has only been recently recognized as a distinct species. Although not unlike the White-eared Antelope, it is really much more nearly allied to the Kob of West Africa, of which it is in fact a larger form. From the Poku (_Cobus vardoni_) it is at once distinguishable by its black legs.

The first specimens of Thomas’s Kob that reached England were two heads brought home by Speke on his return from his celebrated East-African expedition in 1863. These were examined by Sclater, and in his report on the Mammals of the expedition (P. Z. S. 1864, p. 103) were erroneously referred to _C. leucotis_. But a re-examination of one of the specimens, which is now in the British Museum, has convinced us that it is undoubtedly referable to the present species. Speke remarks that this Antelope, of which the native name is “Nsunnu,” is “found in Uganda, Unyoro, and Madi, but never south of those countries. They roam about in large herds in the thick bush and grassy plains, but never go far from water.”

So far as we know, the next example that reached Europe of the present species was that of an adult male received by the British Museum from Mr. F. J. Jackson in 1891, from which our figure (Plate XXXIX.) has been taken. This specimen was mounted and placed in the Mammal gallery, and named at first _C. vardoni_, and afterwards _C. kob_. Other examples of the same Antelope were subsequently received at South Kensington from Mr. Gedge, Capt. Lugard, and Mr. Scott Elliot, and referred to the Kob. Mr. Gedge’s specimens were obtained in Uganda, Capt. Lugard’s on the south-west coast of the Albert Nyanza, and Mr. Scott Elliot’s near the Albert-Edward Lake.

In the autumn of 1895, Herr Oscar Neumann, the distinguished German traveller and naturalist, came to the British Museum for the purpose of examining the Mammals in the collection, and of comparing them with the specimens he had himself obtained during his journeys through German and British East Africa in 1892–5. Herr Neumann, who visited the Musée d’Histoire Naturelle at Paris for the same purpose, found during his researches at these places that the so-called “Kob” of East Africa was essentially different from the true Kob of Western Africa. Thomas in this country, and M. Poussarges in France, had also come to the same conclusion: Thomas from an examination of specimens of the true _Cobus kob_ recently obtained by Capt. Lugard on the Niger, and M. Poussarges from a comparison of a specimen of the present Antelope procured by M. Decle in Uganda with the original types of Buffon’s “Kob.” Herr Neumann therefore proposed to call the new Eastern species after Mr. Thomas, and designated as its type Mr. Scott Elliot’s specimen from Uganda, to which he affixed the specific name _thomasi_ in MS. But the preparation of Herr Neumann’s description was unfortunately delayed, and was not transmitted to the Zoological Society of London for publication until January 1896. In the meanwhile, Sclater, supposing from the delay that the description in question might have been sent to some periodical in Germany, had exhibited a mounted head of the same Antelope (obtained by Mr. E. Gedge on the eastern shores of Lake Victoria, as hereafter mentioned) and had given its name as “_Cobus thomasi_, Neumann, MS.” This, therefore, was actually the first publication of the species under its present name, and it may possibly be a moot point for experts in questions of priority whether Mr. Gedge’s specimen ought not really to be considered the “type.” It is satisfactory, however, that both the possible “types” are in the British Museum, so that no international complications can arise from such a controversy.

The “Kob” of Uganda, as Mr. F. J. Jackson in his excellent chapter on Antelopes in “Big Game Shooting” calls this species, following the then prevalent opinion as to its identity, “is first met with in British East Africa near Mumia’s, in Upper Kavirondo. Here I saw a small herd on three consecutive days on the banks of the Nzoia, quite near to the same place. As I was after Hippos at the time, and never got near the Antelopes, I mistook them for Impalas, and paid no further attention to them, until one day Mr. Gedge brought in the head of one he had shot, and I at once recognized my mistake. On going out specially to get one or two I found them plentiful. This beast is rarely seen more than 300 or 400 yards from water. It is very shy, and unless found in long grass (about the only covert there is, excepting ant-heaps, in the places it haunts) is very difficult to stalk. It is extraordinarily tough, and requires a great deal of killing. When wounded it takes to the reeds along the river-banks and in the swampy hollows, but when only alarmed prefers to keep to the open for safety. This Antelope is evidently plentiful near the shores of Victoria Nyanza, as nearly all the Waganda canoes are ornamented on their high projecting prow with its frontlet and its horns. These beasts are usually found in small herds, consisting of a buck and three or four does. I have also seen one herd of some twenty-five, consisting entirely of bucks.”

Mr. Ernest Gedge has kindly favoured us with the following notes on this Antelope:--“My experience of these animals has been but small, owing to their extremely local distribution. I first encountered them in Upper Kavirondo, to the west of Mumia’s, in the vicinity of the Nzoia River, in the month of November. On another occasion I saw them near the Nile, when on an elephant-hunting expedition in Uganda, and again in the province of Buddu to the N.W. of the Victoria Nyanza.

“As far as my experience goes it would seem that these are water-loving animals, and not to be found except in the vicinity of swamps and rivers.

“The times at which specimens may best be secured are the early morning and towards sundown, when the animals leave the shelter of the high reeds and thickets (in which they appear to lie up during the heat of the day) and come to their feeding-grounds. Four or five is the greatest number I have ever seen at one time, more generally they are met with singly or in pairs.

“They are not very difficult to stalk, as they are generally near covert, or on broken ground of some kind, favourable to the hunter, and, moreover, they have not the shy, suspicious nature of the Hartebeest, unless some of the latter happen to be in their vicinity, in which case they become more difficult to approach.

“Their tenacity of life is very great, and unless disabled at once the chances are against the hunter, the impenetrable nature of the swamps and jungles to which they fly when wounded precluding all hope of pursuit.

“Their colour is a rich rufous, turning to white on the belly and inside the thighs, the females being somewhat lighter in colour than the males. Their whole appearance is handsome and well proportioned, whilst the head makes an exceptionally graceful trophy. I would mention that the last specimen I procured was a single buck, which I shot in the vicinity of Berkeley Bay on my return from Uganda in 1893. It was lying at the edge of a papyrus-swamp, and as it sprang off at my approach a lucky snap-shot secured for me the finest head I possess of this Antelope.”

Head of _Cobus thomasi_, [♂].

(P. Z. S. 1895, p. 869.)]

This specimen, of which, by the kindness of the Zoological Society, we are enabled to reproduce the original figure from the ‘Proceedings,’ has recently been presented by Mr. Gedge to the British Museum.

Herr Neumann gives the localities of this Antelope as “Kavirondo, Ussoga, Uganda, Unyoro, Albert Lake, and, finally, Simiu River, at the south-east corner of Lake Victoria,” where it was obtained by Herr Langheld.

_December, 1896._

THE BOOK OF ANTELOPES, PL. XL.

_Wolf del. J. Smit lith._ _Hanhart imp._

Buffon’s Kob.

COBUS KOB.

_Published by R.H.Porter._]

66. BUFFON’S KOB.

COBUS KOB (ERXL.).

[PLATE XL.]

_Le Kob_, =Buff.= Hist. Nat. xii. pp. 210 & 267, pl. xxxii. fig.
1 (1764) (Senegal); =Ogilby=, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 102.

_Antilope kob_, =Erxl.= Syst. R. A. p. 293 (1777); =Zimm.=
Geogr. Gesch. ii. p. 124 (1780); =Gatt.= Brev. Zool. i. p. 84
(1780); =G. Cuv.= Dict. Sci. Nat. ii. p. 234 (1804); =Desm.= N.
Dict. d’H. N. (2) ii. p. 187 (1816); =Goldf.= Schr. Säug. v.
p. 1240 (1818); =Desm.= Mamm. ii. p. 457 (1822); =Less.= Man.
Mamm. p. 375 (1827); =J. B. Fisch.= Syn. Mamm. p. 463 (1829);
=Laurill.= Dict. Univ. d’H. N. i. p. 617 (1839); =Wagn.= Schr.
Säug. Suppl. iv. p. 435 (1844), v. p. 432 (1855); =Fraser=,
Zool. Typ. pl. xx. (1849); =Temm.= Esq. Zool. Guin. pp. 190 &
199 (1853).

_Cerophorus_ (_Gazella_) _kob_, =Blainv.= Bull. Soc. Philom.
1816, p. 75.

_Adenota kob_, =Gray=, Knowsl. Men. p. 14, pls. xiv. & xv.
(1850); =id.= P. Z. S. 1850, p. 129; =id.= Ann. & Mag. N. H.
(2) viii. p. 211 (1851); =id.= Cat. Ung. B. M. p. 96 (1852);
=Gerrard=, Cat. Bones Mamm. B. M. p. 238 (1862); =Fitz.= SB.
Ak. Wien, lix. 1, p. 174 (1869); =Gray=, Cat. Rum. B. M. p. 17
(1872); =id.= Hand-l. Rum. B. M. p. 87 (1873); =Jent.= Cat.
Ost. Leyd. Mus. (Mus. Pays-Bas, ix.) p. 130 (1887); =id.= Cat.
Mamm. Leyd. Mus. (op. cit. xi.) p. 159 (1892); =Matschie=, MT.
deutsch. Schutz-geb. vi. p 17 (1893) (Togoland).

_Cobus kob_, =Lyd.= Field, lxxvii. p. 980 (1891); =id.= Horns
and Hoofs, p. 224 (1893); =Scl.= P. Z. S. 1895, p. 688; =Ward=,
Horn Meas. (2) p. 127 (1896).

_Antilope forfex_, =H. Sm.= Griff. An. K. iv. p. 221, v. p. 334
(1827) (from Pennant’s “Gambian Antelope”); =Less.= Compl. Buff.
x. p. 289 (1836); =Reichenb.= Säug. iii. p. 110 (1845).

_Antilope adenota_, =H. Sm.= Griff. An. K. iv. p. 223, v. p.
335 (1827); =A. Sm.= S. Afr. Quart. J. ii. p. 209 (1834);
=Reichenb.= Säug. iii. p. 110 (1845).

_Kobus adansoni_, =A. Sm.= Ill. Zool. S. Afr. text to pl. xxix.
(1840).

_Antilope annulipes_, =Gray=, Ann. & Mag. N. H. x. p. 267 (1842).

_Adenota buffoni_, =Fitz.= SB. Ak. Wien, lix. 1, p. 174
(1869)[10].

VERNACULAR NAMES:--_Æquitoon_ of the Joliffs, and _Kob_ of the
Mandingos, at the Gambia (_Whitfield_, fide _Gray_).

Similar in general character and markings to _C. thomasi_, but size much smaller, form slenderer, and markings less strongly defined. The black leg-markings are present, though not so deeply black as in the last species, and are succeeded below by a white ring round the pasterns, separating them from the hoofs. Back of pasterns hairy.

Horns much smaller than in any of the allied forms, only attaining a length of about 14–15 inches.

_Female._ Similar, but without horns.

Skull measurements (♂):--Basal length 9·5 inches, greatest breadth 4·45, orbit to muzzle 5·9.

_Hab._ W. Africa, from the Gambia to the Niger.

In the twelfth volume of his celebrated ‘Histoire Naturelle,’ the great French naturalist Buffon distinguished two Antelopes from Senegal as the “Koba” and the “Kob.” Of the difficulties experienced by subsequent authors in deciding what Buffon’s “Koba” really was, we have already spoken in our article on _Damaliscus korrigum_ (Vol. I. p. 60). But as regards the “Kob” there can, we think, be no question that Buffon’s “_Kob, ou petit vache brune de Sénégal_” is clearly the same as that which we now call _Cobus kob_, and propose to designate in English “Buffon’s Kob,” to distinguish it from its fellows of the same group.

Erxleben, in 1777, seems to have been the first writer to Latinize Buffon’s vernacular name as “_Antilope kob_.” In this he was followed by most of the early systematists, who, however, added nothing to our knowledge of the animal. Little more, in fact, was known of this Antelope until about 1827, when a fresh description of it was published by Hamilton Smith in Griffith’s edition of Cuvier’s ‘Animal Kingdom,’ taken from a pair of animals then living in the Menagerie at Exeter Change. Colonel Hamilton Smith, being uncertain whether this was the true “Kob” of Buffon, gave it a new name, _adenota_, derived from the small gland situated on its back ἀδἡν, _glandula_, and νῶτος, _dorsum_). There can be no doubt, however, that Hamilton Smith’s description of his _Antilope adenota_, which is accompanied by a very fair figure of the male, refers to Buffon’s Kob. Another name bestowed upon this Antelope by Hamilton Smith, in the same work, was _Antilope forfex_, based on Pennant’s “Gambian Antelope.”

The first specimen of the Kob Antelope that reached Europe alive, so far as we know, was that presented to the Zoological Society of London by Mr. John Foster in 1836, which was subsequently figured in Fraser’s ‘Zoologia Typica’ (plate xx.). Fraser tells us that it lived about three years in the Society’s Gardens. This is no doubt the specimen that is referred to by Ogilby as the “Kob of Buffon” in his remarks printed in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1836 (page 102). Although Ogilby’s references to it are not very comprehensible, this fact is clearly established by what Fraser says in his ‘Zoologia Typica.’

Shortly after this period living specimens of this Antelope were obtained at the Gambia and brought home for the Knowsley Menagerie by Whitfield, Lord Derby’s collector. Upon these animals Gray established his _Antilope annulipes_ in 1842, but in the letterpress to the ‘Gleanings’ Gray admitted that they were really referable to the present species. Gray states that a fine pair “had been at Knowsley for some years,” and adds that they are called on the Gambia “Æquitoon” by the Joliffs and “Kob” by the Mandingos. On plates xiv. and xv. of the ‘Gleanings’ good coloured figures of the male, female, and young of this species will be found, taken from drawings made from life by Waterhouse Hawkins. From this it would appear that the Kob, like many other Antelopes, bred in those days at Knowsley.

We cannot ascertain that any living examples of the Kob have been received by the Zoological Society subsequently to that obtained in 1836 as already mentioned; but a female, which was formerly living in the Zoological Garden of Amsterdam, is now in the gallery of the Leyden Museum, and in August 1895 Sclater saw a fine male of this species in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris (see P. Z. S. 1895, p. 688) and another male in the private collection of the late Mr. Sharland at Tours. These two animals, we have been informed, were imported together from West Africa.

From Senegal and the Gambia the Kob extends through the interior of West Africa to Togoland, where it has been obtained by the German collectors inland from Bismarckburg and far into the Niger territory. As regards the latter locality, Sclater has examined a pair of horns of the Kob obtained by Capt. A. F. Mockler-Ferryman at Ibi, on the Benué, in the autumn of 1889, when he was travelling with Major Claude Macdonald’s expedition up that river; and Capt. Mockler-Ferryman has kindly supplied us with the following note on them:--“The Antelopes, from a male of which this pair of horns were taken, were fairly plentiful everywhere in the open park-like country of the Benué, and, so far as I can remember, were exactly similar in habits to Vardon’s Antelope, as described by Selous. These horns measure 17½ inches in length along the curve. The females of this Antelope had no horns.”

In 1895 Capt. Lugard during his expedition to Bornu obtained a skin and two skulls of this Antelope at Lukoja on the Niger, and presented them to the British Museum. It was the examination of Capt. Lugard’s specimens that first convinced Thomas that the Uganda Kob (subsequently named _Cobus thomasi_) belongs to a different species. The specimens previously in the National Collection (a male and female from the Gambia, collected by Whitfield) were both immature, and consequently of little use for accurate comparison.

Our figure of Buffon’s Kob (Plate XL.) was lithographed for Sir Victor Brooke by Smit from a coloured drawing by Wolf, but we have not been able to ascertain from what specimen the drawing was originally taken.

_December, 1896._

THE BOOK OF ANTELOPES, PL. XLI.

_J. Smit del. & lith._ _Hanhart imp._

The Poku.

COBUS VARDONI.

_Published by R. H. Porter._]

67. THE POKU.

COBUS VARDONI (LIVINGST.).

[PLATE XLI.]

_Antilope vardoni_, =Livingstone=, Miss. Trav. p. 256 (Barotse
valley), and pl. p. 71 (1857).

_Heleotragus vardonii_, =Kirk=, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 657 (Zambesia).

_Cobus vardoni_, =Selous=, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 759, pl. lxv.;
=id.= Hunter’s Wand. pp. 111, 147, 219, pl. v. (1881) (Chobe);
=Ward=, Horn Meas. (1) p. 92 (1892), (2) p. 129 (1896);
=Sclater=, P. Z. S. 1892, p. 98; =id.= P. Z. S. 1893, p. 728
(Lake Mweru).

_Eleotragus vardoni_, =Huet=, Bull. Soc. Acclim. 1887, p. 48;
=Matschie=, SB. Ges. nat. Fr. Berl. 1891, p. 138.

_Kobus vardoni_, =Nicolls & Egl.= Sportsm. S. Afr. p. 43, pl.
viii. fig. 30 (1892).

_Adenota vardoni_, =Matschie=, Säug. Deutsch. Ost-Afr. p. 126
(1895).

VERNACULAR NAMES:--_Pookoo_, _Poku_, or _Puku_ throughout its
range; _Impookoo_ of the Masubias (_Selous_); _Sawwula_ of
Kinyamwesi (_Böhm_, fide _Matschie_).

Size and general characters almost exactly as in _C. thomasi_, but the legs entirely without any trace of the black markings so conspicuous in _C. kob_ and _C. lechee_. Height at withers of an adult male 35½ inches, female the same. Back of ears fulvous, their extreme tips edged with black. Pasterns hairy, scarcely any trace of a white ring above hoofs.

Horns thick and strongly curved, having a length of about 17 or 18 inches.

_Female._ Similar, but hornless.

Skull measurements (♂):--Basal length 11 inches, greatest breadth 4·47, muzzle to orbit 7·25.

_Hab._ Valleys of Chobe and Zambesi, and northwards through
the Barotse country to Lake Mweru.

Our first knowledge of this species is due to the great explorer Livingstone. When in the Barotse country beyond Libonta, in November 1853, he found “the wild animals in enormous herds, and fared sumptuously. It was grievous, however,” he adds, “to shoot the lovely creatures, they were so tame.” While waiting for an answer to a message sent to a native chief he “lay looking at the graceful forms of the beautiful pokus, lechès, and other antelopes.” In a footnote to this passage in his ‘Missionary Travels’ he informs us that the Poku “is a new species which he proposes to name after the African traveller Major Vardon.” We do not believe that Livingstone ever published a description of his species, but in the same work (p. 71) will be found a full-page plate, from the inimitable pencil of Joseph Wolf, illustrating the “New African Antelopes (Poku and Lechè) discovered by Oswell, Murray, and Livingstone.”

In 1864 we have a further contribution to our knowledge of this animal from the pen of Sir John Kirk. In his article on the Mammals of Zambesia read before the Zoological Society of London on December 13th of that year, he tells us that the Poku “is one of the three water-antelopes common to the marshes of the Chobi and Zambesi. With the Lechè it often mixes, the habits of the two being very similar, the Poku being less aquatic and being found more often on dry ground. It is known by its smaller size, its more erect carriage, and its plumper neck. The horns are less turned backwards, and partake more of the aspect of the Reit-bock.”

Mr. Selous’s excellent field-notes on the Poku, contained in the ‘Proceedings’ of the same Society for 1881, and subsequently reprinted in his ‘Hunter’s Wanderings,’ deserve to be quoted at full length:--

“The only place where I ever met with this species was in a small tract of country extending along the southern bank of the Chobe for about seventy miles westward from its junction with the Zambesi. They are never found at more than 200 or 300 yards from the river, and are usually to be seen cropping the short grass along the water’s edge, or lying in the shade of the trees and bushes scattered over the alluvial flats which have been formed here and there by the shifting of the river’s bed. That they exist, however, eastwards along the southern bank of the Zambesi as far as the Victoria Falls (about sixty miles from the mouth of the Chobe) I think probable, as I saw one shot on the very brink; but though I followed the river’s bank all the way, I never met with another till I reached the Chobe. The natives report them common on the eastern bank of the Zambesi, north of Lesheke. From a plate in Dr. Livingstone’s first book I always imagined that the Pookoo was found at the Lake Ngami; but, as he makes no mention of it in the letterpress before reaching the Zambesi, and as neither Andersson nor Baldwin, who both visited the lake, seem to have known of its existence at all, this is perhaps erroneous. In size they stand about the same height at the shoulder as the Impala, but, being much thicker-set and stouter built, must weigh considerably more. The colour is a uniform foxy red, the hair along the back about the loins being often long and curly; the tips of the ears are black. The males alone bear horns, which are ringed to within three inches of the point, and curve forwards like those of the Lechwe, to which animal they are very closely allied. The longest pair I have in my possession measures sixteen inches, which is about the extreme length they ever attain. These Antelopes are usually met with in herds of from three or four to a dozen in number; but on one of the alluvial flats to which I have before referred I have seen as many as fifty in one herd. Sometimes ten or a dozen rams may be seen together, or a solitary old fellow quite alone. I have often seen these Antelopes feeding in company with a herd of Impalas, and then their heavy thick-set forms contrasted strongly with the slim and graceful proportions of the latter animals. The meat of the Waterbuck is usually considered to be more unpalatable than that of any other South-African Antelope; but, if it will give anyone satisfaction to know it, I can conscientiously say that that of the Pookoo is several shades worse. In conclusion, I have found that they and their congener the Lechwe are wonderfully tenacious of life, and will run long distances after receiving wounds that one would think ought to be immediately fatal.”

Horns of _Cobus vardoni_.--_a._ Side view; _b._ Front
view.

(P. Z. S. 1881, p. 760.)]

Mr. Selous’s field-notes on this Antelope are accompanied by an excellent coloured figure of the whole animal, and by some drawings of the horns, which, by the kind permission of the Zoological Society, we are enabled to reproduce here (see fig. 35, p. 143).

It was until recently supposed that the Poku did not extend its range far north of the Zambesi; but in 1890 Mr. Alfred Sharpe met with it on the Luapula north of Lake Mweru, and says (Pr. R. G. S. n. s. xiv. p. 39) that it is common there, although unknown in the countries bordering on Lake Nyasa. Mr. Sharpe sent home three flat skins and several pairs of horns of this species, which were examined by Sclater (P. Z. S. 1892, p. 98; 1893, p. 728), and says, in his accompanying notes, “I doubt if game can be anywhere more plentiful in Central Africa than in the Mweru and Luapula countries. _Cobus vardoni_ and _C. lechee_ run in enormous herds. These two Antelopes are frequently found together, are much alike in appearance, and are both known by the natives as ‘_Nswala_.’ (The Impala is also called ‘_Nswala_’ by them.) The horns of the Letchwé have a much larger spread than those of Vardon’s Antelope, but at a distance it is difficult to distinguish between the two. The Letchwé has a little black stripe on the fore legs which is not found in Vardon’s Antelope. A noticeable feature about the male Letchwé is that when he runs he puts his head down, laying back the horns. Vardon’s Antelope does not do this.” Mr. Sharpe also met with _C. vardoni_ occasionally near the south end of Lake Tanganyika. In the narrative of his second journey to Lake Mweru in 1892 (Geogr. Journ. i. p. 526) Mr. Sharpe has again noticed the abundance of the Poku in the Mweru swamp along with the Lechee.

Our figures of _Cobus vardoni_ (Plate XLI.) were drawn by Mr. Smit from the mounted specimens of both sexes in the British Museum procured by Mr. F. C. Selous at Umparira, on the River Chobe, in 1881. There are skins and skulls in the same collection obtained by Mr. Sharpe and Mr. Crawshay in the district of Lake Mweru.

_December, 1896._

68. THE SENGA KOB.

COBUS SENGANUS, SP. N.

Similar to _C. vardoni_ in most respects, but very much smaller (height at withers in a female, measured in the flesh, 30½ inches). General colour rather darker than in _C. vardoni_, especially on the head. Ears black, tipped behind for fully one-third of the length, instead of merely at their extreme tip. No white ring above the hoofs.

Horns unknown.

Skull measurements of the type (♀), not fully adult, although enceinte when killed:--Basal length 8·9 inches, greatest breadth 3·75, orbit to muzzle 5·85.

_Hab._ Senga, Upper Loangwa River, W. of the N. end of Lake
Nyasa: altitude 2500 feet.

This Antelope, the second member of the genus lately discovered and recognized by Mr. Richard Crawshay, seems to be a small highland form of the Poku, and it is possible that intermediate specimens between the two may be hereafter found. In this case _C. senganus_ will have to be reduced to a subspecies of _C. vardoni_. But until such intermediate forms are obtained we do not feel justified in presuming their existence, and therefore class _C. senganus_ as a different species.

The only specimen of _C. senganus_ as yet procured is unfortunately a female, young enough still to retain its milk-dentition. The general development of the skull, however, and the fact that, as we are informed by Mr. Crawshay, there was a nearly mature fœtus within the womb, show that the animal had practically attained its full growth, and therefore that its small size may be justifiably used as a distinguishing character.

We subjoin the notes with which Mr. Crawshay has favoured us on this species:--

“The form of _Cobus_ represented by the present specimen from Senga, to the west of Lake Nyasa, is only met with, I believe, in the neighbourhood of the Upper Zambesi River, in the water-basins of Lakes Mweru and Tanganyika, and perhaps also in those of one or two more of the Central African lakes. It does not occur in the water-basin of Lake Nyasa itself, where only the large grey _C. ellipsiprymnus_ is found; nor until now has it ever been recorded nearer Lake Nyasa than the valley of the Sayisi River, 30 miles or so east of the southern end of Lake Tanganyika, where _C. vardoni_ is met with. It remains to be seen what naturalists make of it: whether it is to be regarded as only a diminutive race of _C. vardoni_ or as a new species altogether.

“In general shape and colouring, seen by itself, it appears to be _C. vardoni_; in size, however, it is considerably smaller; and when specimens of the two come to be laid side by side there may be other points of difference. But I wish to lay stress on the fact that, apart from the _distance_ separating the districts where the two are found, the _physical aspects_ of their several haunts differ very materially.

“_Cobus vardoni_ is always found in or on the outskirts of swamps, usually on open, marshy plains, where the grass is rich and green; moreover, as a rule, it is met with in large scattered herds, feeding in the open all over the place--such at any rate has been my experience in the countries bordering on Lakes Tanganyika and Mweru. On the other hand, _C. senganus_ is a native of dry, hilly country, often rough and stony, and far from any swampy land, though near a river. Again, it is not at all plentiful in Senga; I saw only two during my travels in the neighbourhood, both females, of which the present specimen is one.

“Regarding the habits of this animal I know very little--no more, in fact, than when, where, and how I became possessed of the specimen, which was as follows:--

“During the latter part of the dry season of 1895 I had occasion to undertake a journey from Deep Bay on Lake Nyasa into the Senga country, which is in the valley of the Loangwa River--a very considerable stream even at this point. The Loangwa drains a large area of country between Lakes Nyasa and Bangweolo, and after a course of some 400 miles or more, about south by west, joins the Zambesi as one of its chief tributaries. From Konde to where I struck the Loangwa--which flows through Senga--is a tortuous journey of about 8 days for loaded porters; much of the intervening country is hilly and broken; during part of the distance water is a difficulty in the dry season.

“Senga is intensely African: in point of interest for the traveller and sportsman naturalist it impressed me more than any other part of Africa I have seen. It is of vast extent, yet thinly populated; it is hilly and rugged and cut up with innumerable perpendicular ravines. Its soil, except in the neighbourhood of the river, is mostly hard, yellowish-white sand; it is intensely hot, and but for the Loangwa River would be a desert for want of water; the whole country, then, is buried in never-ending forest or scrubby bush--hence its local name ‘Masenga.’

“It was on September 12th, in about latitude 10° 15´ south, that I secured the _Cobus_; the altitude of the Loangwa River at this point is 2410 feet, according to my aneroid. I was on the march between Kampumbu’s town and another town, Myereka’s, about 18 miles higher up the Loangwa: my caravan had preceded me by an hour or two; I had remained behind with a couple of gun-bearers and three Wasenga guides, and was making a detour in search of game.

“The day previous I had shot a Roan Antelope, but on this particular day I had not shot anything, and indeed had only seen a few Impala, which did not give one a chance.

“It was a terrifically hot day; the Loangwa valley is like a furnace at this time of year, just before the rains. Every bit of cover had been burned off and there was not a leaf or a blade of grass anywhere. The ground was baked as hard as a brick and had cracked into deep fissures; the heat and glare almost sickened me, old traveller as I am and inured to heat. Nevertheless, in spite of all this, we came upon the two Antelopes of the genus _Cobus_ standing in the open, close to the foot of a very rough conical hill, about 1 o’clock in the afternoon. I shot one without remarking anything unusual about them, viewed at about 120 yards; had I wished it, I could have shot the other, but I refrained as both were females. The Wasenga who were with me could not at once identify the animal; an hour or two later, however, the older men of Myereka’s town pronounced it to be ‘Sewula’ and ‘Seyula.’

“The latter name is that by which the Wawemba call _C. vardoni_--_not_ ‘Inswala’ as Mr. Sharpe has stated in the account he wrote of his journey to Mweru; he was no doubt misled by his Watonga porters from Lake Nyasa, who gave him what is the Manganga name for the ‘Impala,’ which they confused with _C. vardoni_, never having seen that animal before.

“It is curious how very accurate Livingstone’s information proves to be, even on such small points as these; he, though not a sportsman or one who cared much for natural history, records in his last journals the Wawemba name for _C. vardoni_ as ‘Sebula’--which of course might be a mistake in the printing for ‘Seyula,’ the name by which the Wawemba call this animal to the present day.

“It will bear me out in my statement that this _Cobus_ is considerably smaller than _C. vardoni_, when I say that two of the Wasenga carried the animal, turn and turn about, for some three miles, when they were relieved by other men sent out from camp.

“I should estimate its weight at, roughly, 90 lbs., possibly more. It is an adult specimen; for we found in her a fœtus (♂), to which she would have given birth in another week or 10 days.

“Her height at the withers, as she lay dead, measured 30½ inches.”

Mr. Crawshay’s typical specimen (now by his kindness deposited in the British Museum) being the only example yet obtained of this species, we have nothing more to say about it, except to express our regret that it arrived too late to be figured, or to be included in the synopsis of the species of _Cobus_ given above (p. 95).

_December, 1896._

THE BOOK OF ANTELOPES, PL. XLII.

_Wolf del., J. Smit lith._ _Hanhart imp._

The Lechee.

COBUS LECHEE.

_Published by R. H. Porter._]

69. THE LECHEE.

COBUS LECHEE (GRAY).

[PLATE XLII.]

_Leechee_, =Oswell=, J. R. G. S. xx. p. 150 (1851);
=Livingstone=, J. R. G. S. xxi. p. 23 (1851); =id.= Miss. Trav.
p. 71 & plate (1857); =Andersson=, Lake Ngami, p. 448, pl. xiii.
(1856).

_Kobus leché_, =Gray=, Knowsl. Men. p. 23 (1850); =Turner=, P.
Z. S. 1850, p. 174.

_Adenota leché_, =Gray=, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 130, Mamm. pl. xx.;
=id.= Ann. Mag. N. H. (2) viii. p. 212 (1851); =Huet=, Bull.
Soc. Acclim. 1887, p. 77.

_Adenota lechee_, =Gray=, Cat. Ung. B. M. p. 97 (1852);
=Gerrard=, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 239 (1862).

_Heleotragus leché_, =Kirk=, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 658 (Upper
Zambesi).

_Onotragus lechee_, =Gray=, Cat. Rum. B. M. p. 17 (1872); =id.=
Hand-l. Rum. B. M. p. 88 (1873).

_Cobus leechi_, =Buckley=, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 291.

_Cobus lechee_, =Selous=, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 760; =id.= Hunter’s
Wand. S. Afr. p. 220 (1881); =Ward=, Horn Meas. (1) p. 90
(1892), (2) p. 125 (1896); =Sclater=, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 728 (L.
Mweru, _Sharpe_).

_Kobus lechee_, =Nicolls et Egl.= Sportsm. in S. Afr. p. 42, pl.
vii. fig. 22 (1892).

VERNACULAR NAMES:--_Leche_ or _Leegwee_ of the Makalolos. _Inya_
of the Masubias; _Oonya_ of the Makubias (_Selous_).

Size nearly equal to that of the large Waterbucks of the first section of the genus (height at withers 40–41 inches), although the general form is more graceful. Colour fulvous, slightly paler than in _C. thomasi_, which this species resembles in having well-defined black markings running down the legs, but which are succeeded below by white rings above the hoofs. Backs of both fore and hind pasterns quite naked, a character which distinguishes this species from all its allies. Pale areas round eyes and ears not sharply defined; back of ears not black-tipped. Muzzle, lips, chin, and belly white as usual. Tail slender, with a black tuft, just reaching to the level of the hocks.

Horns long, slender, and gracefully curved, attaining a length of 26 or 27 inches.

_Female_ similar to the male, but without horns.

_Hab._ Zambesia, extending northwards to Lake Mweru, and
south-westwards to Lake Ngami.

Like the Poku the Lechee was first discovered by Livingstone and his companions Oswell and Murray, who travelled with him in 1849 on his first journey to Lake Ngami. After leaving the lake, on descending the valley of the River Zouga, he tells us (‘Missionary Travels,’ p. 71):--“We discovered an entirely new species of Antelope, called ‘lechè’ or ‘lechwi.’ It is a beautiful water-antelope of a light brownish-yellow colour. Its horns--exactly like those of the _Aigoceros ellipsiprymnus_, the water-buck, or ‘_tumōga_’ of the Bechuanas--rise from the head with a slight bend backwards, then curve forwards at the points. The chest, belly, and orbits are nearly white, the front of the legs and ankles deep brown. From the horns, along the nape to the withers, the male has a small mane of the same yellowish colour with the rest of the skin, and the tail has a tuft of black hair. It is never found a mile from water; islets in marshes and rivers are its favourite haunts, and it is quite unknown except in the central humid basin of Africa. Having a good deal of curiosity, it presents a noble appearance as it stands gazing with head erect at the approaching stranger. When it resolves to decamp, it lowers its head, and lays its horns down to the level with the withers; it then begins with a waddling trot, which ends in its galloping and springing over bushes like the pallahs. It invariably runs to the water and crosses it by a succession of bounds, each of which appears to be from the bottom. We thought the flesh good at first, but soon got tired of it.”

To accompany this description a steel plate, drawn by Wolf and engraved by Whymper (already alluded to in our account of the Poku), was given at the same page of the work. It represents a scene on the Zouga with males of the Lechee and Poku occupying a conspicuous position in the foreground, and a mixed herd of these two Antelopes, which are said to be frequently found together, on the reedy banks.

Head of _Cobus lechee_.

(From Mr. Selous’s mounted specimen in Brit. Mus.)]

Oswell sent home to his friend Capt. Vardon a specimen of the new-found Antelope, and Capt. Vardon, as we find on reference to the minute-books of the meetings of the Zoological Society of London, exhibited it at the scientific meeting of that Society on June 11th, 1850. The species thus became included in Gray’s “Synopsis of Antelopes and Strepsiceres,” which was read on the same evening. A coloured plate by Joseph Wolf, attached to the Synopsis, was taken from Capt. Vardon’s specimen, which was subsequently presented to the British Museum.

The Lechee is also well figured by Wolf in a plate in Andersson’s ‘Lake Ngami,’ which contains an account of that traveller’s expedition to the Lake from the west coast in 1854. After a description of the animal Andersson says:--“The Leché is a Waterbuck, for though not actually living in the water, it is never found any distance from it. Great numbers are annually destroyed by the Bayeye, who convert their hides into a kind of rug for sleeping on, carosses, and other wearing apparel.”

The National Collection likewise contains a good mounted specimen of the male of this Antelope obtained by Mr. F. C. Selous at Umparira, on the Chobe, in 1881. In his paper on the Antelopes of Central South Africa, published in the Zoological Society’s ‘Proceedings’ for 1881, Mr. Selous gives us the following account of his experiences with the Lechee:--“This Antelope is first met with in the marshes of the Botletlie River, and is very numerous in the open grassy plains which are always more or less inundated by the Tamalakan, Mababe, Machabe, Sunta, and Chobe rivers. It is also common along the Upper Zambesi. In the swamps of the Lukanga River, about 150 miles to the south-west of Lake Bengweolo, which I visited in 1878, I found the Leegwee Antelope in large herds.

“After Speke’s Antelope, the Lechee is the most water-loving Antelope with which I am acquainted, and is usually to be seen standing knee-deep, or even up to its belly, in water, cropping the tops of the grass that appear above the surface, or else lying just at the water’s edge. As is the case with _Tragelaphus spekii_, the backs of the feet are devoid of hair between the hoof and the dew-claws, whilst in the Pookoo, as with all other Antelopes, this part is covered with hair. In some parts of the country Leegwee Antelopes are very tame; in others, where they are much persecuted by the natives, excessively wild. When they first make up their minds to run they stretch out their noses, the males laying their horns flat along their sides, and trot; but on being pressed they break into a springing gallop, now and then bounding high into the air. Even when in water up to their necks, they do not swim, but get along by a succession of bounds, making a tremendous splashing. Of course, when the water becomes too deep for them to bottom, they are forced to swim, which they do well and strongly, though not as fast as the natives can paddle; and when the country is flooded, great numbers are driven into deep water and speared. In the adult Leegwee the ears are of a uniform fawn-colour; but in the young animal they are tipped with black as in the adult Pookoo. In the flooded grassy plains in the neighbourhood of Linyanti on the Chobe, this beautiful Antelope may be seen in almost countless numbers, and I have counted as many as fifty-two rams consorting together. Some of these were quite young, with horns only a few inches in length; but there was not a single ewe amongst them. The longest pair of Leegwee horns that I have ever seen measured 2 feet 3 inches in length; but it is rare to get them over 2 feet long measured along the curve. In common with the Pookoo, they appear to me to be more tenacious of life than other Antelopes.”

As will be observed by what is said above, Mr. Selous has traced the Lechee beyond the Zambesi nearly as far north as Lake Bangweolo. Hence it extends into the basin of Lake Mweru, where Consul Sharpe met with it in “enormous herds” in company with _Cobus vardoni_. Specimens obtained by Mr. Sharpe in this district were forwarded by Sir Harry Johnston to Sclater, and are now in the British Museum.

We have, however, no evidence at present of the occurrence of the Lechee anywhere further north than the Mweru district. The specimens obtained by Petherick on the White Nile and assigned to _Cobus lechee_ by Gray are, as already mentioned, properly referable to _C. leucotis_.

Our figure of this Antelope has been drawn by Smit from a sketch made by Wolf, and taken, we believe, from the original typical specimen now in the British Museum.

_December, 1896._

Genus II. CERVICAPRA.

(See page 93.)

Type.

_Cervicapra_, =Blainv.= Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816,
p. 75 C. REDUNCA.

_Redunca_, =H. Sm.= in Griff. An. K. v. p. 337
(1827) C. REDUNCA.

_Nagor_, =Laurill.= Dict. Univ. d’H. N. i. p. 621
(1839) C. REDUNCA.

_Eleotragus_, =Gray=, List Mamm. B. M. p. 165
(1843) C. ARUNDINUM.

Similar in essential characters to _Cobus_, but size smaller, build lighter, tail more bushy, and a glandular spot, naked or short-haired, present on the side of the head beneath the ears. Skull light, with large anteorbital vacuities; no anteorbital fossæ; premaxillæ not reaching the nasals. Horns of median length, evenly curved upwards and, in some species, forwards; not present in the females.

_Distribution._ Africa, south of the Sahara (not found in
the forest-districts of Western Africa).

The species of _Cervicapra_ are remarkably closely allied, and differ in fact by scarcely any striking characters but size. The strong curvature of the horns in some of the species would seem to be an important character, were it not that in _C. bohor_ there is much variation, even in specimens from the same locality. Darker markings on the face and crown seem also to be too variable to afford good distinctive features. We are therefore reduced to dividing the species mainly according to size, as follows:--

A. Height about 36 inches. Basal length of skull about 10 inches.
70. _C. arundinum_.

B. Height about 31 inches. Basal length of skull about 9 inches.
71. _C. bohor_.

C. Height about 28 inches. Basal length of skull about 8 inches.

_a._ Horns strongly hooked at the tips 72. _C. redunca_.

_b._ Horns not hooked terminally.

_a´._. S. Africa 73. _C. fulvorufula_.

_b´._. E. Africa 74. _C. chanleri_.

THE BOOK OF ANTELOPES, PL. XLIII.

_Wolf del. J. Smit lith._ _Hanhart imp._

The Reed Buck.

CERVICAPRA ARUNDINUM.

_Published by R. H. Porter._]

70. THE REEDBUCK.

CERVICAPRA ARUNDINUM (BODD.).

[PLATE XLIII.]

_Ritbok_, =Allamand=, in Buff. Suppl. vi. p. 187, pls. xxiii. &
xxiv. (1782).

_Antilope arundinum_, =Bodd.= Elench. Anim. p. 141 (1785).

_Cervicapra arundinum_, =Flow. & Lyd.= Mamm. p. 340 (1891);
=Ward=, Horn Meas. (1) p. 93 (1892), (2) p. 134 (1896); =Nicolls
& Egl.= Sportsm. S. Afr. p. 36, pl. vii. fig. 23 (1892); =Lyd.=
Horns & Hoofs, p. 227 (1893); =Lugard=, E. Afr. i. p. 538 (1893)
(in part.) (Nyasa); =Sclater=, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 278 (L. Mweru);
=Thos.= P. Z. S. 1894, p. 146 (Nyasa); =Rendall=, P. Z. S. 1895,
p. 358 (Transvaal); =Matschie=, Thierwelt Ost-Afr., Säug. p. 127
(1895).

_Antilope eleotragus_, =Schreb.= Säug. pl. cclxvi. (1787);
=Shaw=, Gen. Zool. ii. pt. 2, p. 349 (1801); =G. Cuv.= Dict.
Sci. Nat. ii. p. 244 (1804); =Thunb.= Mém. Ac. Pétersb. iii. p.
314 (1811); =Licht.= Mag. nat. Fr. vi. p. 173 (1814); =Afz.= N.
Act. Ups. vii. p. 220 (1815); =Desm.= N. Dict. d’H. N. (2) ii.
p. 190 (1816); =Goldf.= Schr. Säug. v. p. 1225 (1818); =Schinz=,
Cuv. Thierr. i. p. 395 (1821); =Desm.= Mamm. ii. p. 459 (1822);
=Burch.= List Quadr. pres. to B. M. p. 6 (1825) (Rietfontein);
=H. Sm.= Griff. An. K. iv. p. 237, v. p. 337 (1827); =Less.=
Man. Mamm. p. 376 (1827); =J. B. Fisch.= Syn. Mamm. p. 465
(1829); =Less.= Compl. Buff. x. p. 290 (1836); =Oken=, Allg.
Naturg. vii. p. 1364 (1838); =Laurill.= Dict. Univ. d’H. N. i.
p. 621 (1839); =Wagn.= Schr. Säug. Suppl. iv. p. 426 (1844), v.
p. 431 (1855); =Schinz=, Syn. Mamm. ii. p. 410 (1845); =Gieb.=
Säug. p. 315 (1853–5).

_Cerophorus_ (_Cervicapra_) _eleotragus_, =Blainv.= Bull. Soc.
Philom. 1816, p. 75.