Chapter XXI: Part 21

=Philistines.= An ancient race inhabiting the Mediterranean
seaboard to the south-west of Judæa, who warred much with the
Israelites, and were finally subdued by them. They were probably
a Canaanitish people, belonging to the Semitic family; but some
regard them as an immigrant Hamitic race, perhaps related to the
Cretans or Pelasgians. The assumed inferiority of their culture
to that of the Israelites has given rise to the modern use of
“Philistine” as a term of reproach.

=Phœnicians.= The greatest seafaring and trading nation of
ancient times, and the earliest of Mediterranean sea-powers.
A branch of the Canaanite stock of the Semitic family, they
inhabited the Mediterranean coast between Latakia and Acre, their
chief cities being Tyre and Sidon. They possessed a remarkable
polytheistic religion, disfigured by human sacrifices. They were
an inventive race, to whom we owe glass and Tyrian purple. They
seem to have entered Phœnicia from the direction of the Red Sea
in prehistoric times, and were at first subject to Egypt, but
about 1300 B.C. reared a great maritime empire, which
endured for nearly a thousand years and was destroyed by Alexander
the Great. They were the great traders of the ancient world, and
carried on a commerce which ranged from Cornwall to Ceylon and
Senegal. The Carthaginians (_q.v._) were a colony of Phœnicians.

=Phrygians.= An ancient pastoral people of Asia Minor, closely
related to the Armenians (_q.v._), who were absorbed by the
Persians in the sixth century B.C.

=Picts.= The aborigines of ancient Scotland, a short,
round-headed, dark race, probably a branch of the Iberian stock of
the Western Hamitic family, and thus closely related to the Basques
(_q.v._). The Picts were a wild and warlike race, who harassed the
Roman province of Britain, and were exterminated by the invading
Scots from Ireland in the early part of the Christian era. The
whole Pictish problem is still unsolved by ethnologists, some of
whom hold that the Picts were a Celtic race, allied to the modern
Welsh or to the Scottish Highlanders of to-day.

=Picuris.= See PUEBLO INDIANS.

=Pipils.= See NAHUANS.

=Pitcairn Islanders.= Half-breed descendants of Englishmen
(the mutineers of the “Bounty”) and Tahitian women. A peaceful and
idyllic race.

=Pocomans, Poconches.= See MAYA-QUICHÉ.

=Poles.= A stock of the Western Slavonic family, originally
dwelling between the Vistula and the Oder. In the tenth century
Poland became an independent European Power, and remained an
elective kingdom down to its partition in the eighteenth century
between Russia, Austria and Prussia. The Polish peasantry have
always been industrious and successful agriculturists, whilst the
nobility were turbulent and warlike. The Poles who live under
Austrian and German rule are fairly contented, but those of
Russian Poland have carried on a long and often bloody series of
struggles for liberty. Of late years, Russian Poland has become a
manufacturing country, under German influence. The Poles have a
considerable literature, and are eminently musical.

=Polynesians.= The chief stock of the Indonesian (_q.v._)
family, the tall, brown-skinned race of Caucasic type who inhabit
the chief islands of the Eastern Pacific, and are generally
known as South Sea Islanders. Their chief races are the Maoris
(_q.v._) of New Zealand, the Marquesans, Tahitians, Tongans and
Samoans, besides the natives of Easter, Gambier, Hervey, and other
smaller islands. They are of tall stature--only surpassed by the
Patagonians--muscular frame, regular and often handsome features,
with brown skins, square jaws, and broad skulls. They probably
originated in Malaysia, where they are still represented by the
Battaks of North Sumatra, some Dyak races, and certain tribes
of the Philippines and Gilolo. They are a gay, pleasure-loving
people, formerly addicted to cannibalism, but otherwise of pleasing
manners, and are now rapidly acquiring civilisation, though their
numbers are everywhere decreasing under the influence of European
manners and diseases.

=Poncas.= See SIOUAN.

=Portuguese.= Natives of Portugal, a mixed race, probably
of Iberian or Basque origin, with later Celtic elements. After
falling successively under Roman, Visigothic, and Saracen dominion,
they formed an independent kingdom in the twelfth century. The
early Portuguese were enterprising seamen, who contributed largely
to the exploration of the world, and founded many colonies in
Africa, which they still possess. Brazil is their chief American
settlement, now independent.

=Provençals.= Natives of Provence, in the South of France.
Their primitive Ligurian (_q.v._) stock was modified by many
successive influences, such as the Greek colonists, who founded
Marseilles, the Roman settlers in the Provincia (Provence), and,
later, Gothic and Saracen invaders. The Provençals are a gay,
impulsive and pleasure-loving people, markedly distinct from the
more staid and industrious inhabitants of Northern France.

=Pruczi=, or =Old Prussians=. See LETTIC.

=Prussians.= The earliest inhabitants of Prussia were Slavonic
tribes [see LETTIC]. The modern Prussians, the dominant
race of the German Empire, belong to the High German branch of the
Teutonic stock.

The Nupé tribe is a family belonging to the Nigerian group of
Sudanese Negroes. They inhabit chiefly the town of Lokoja, in West
Africa. [See under Nigerian group].
]

The Ainus are a declining race, now confined to a small area in the
Far East. They have, as is seen in this picture, handsome features
and an abundance of hair. [See page 312].
]

=Pueblo Indians.= A semi-civilised race of North American
Indians, dwelling in New Mexico and Arizona. They inhabit
“pueblos,” or huge houses, often large enough to contain a whole
tribe under one roof. They possess interesting religious and
social customs, much studied by anthropologists. Their chief tribes
are the Zunis, Teguas, Taos, Picuris, and Tusayas. The Moquis of
Arizona are closely related to them.

=Puelches=, or =Pampas Indians=. A strongly-built,
dark-skinned race of South American Indians, who inhabit the great
plains or pampas from the Saladillo to the Rio Negro in Argentina.
They are expert horsemen, from whom the Gauchos (_q.v._) are
derived.

=Punjabis.= Natives of the Punjab, in North-West India, mostly
Jats and Sikhs (_q.v._) belonging to the Hindu stock of the Aryan
family. An agricultural and warlike people.

=Puntis.= See CHINESE.

=Pygmies.= Dwarfish Negrito races of Central Africa, long
considered to be mythical, but now well known to ethnologists. They
include the Akkas and Wochuas of the Welle Basin, the Obongos of
the Gaboon, the Batwas of South Congo, etc. In very early times
they were known by repute to the Egyptians--on whose monuments they
appear in the thirty-fourth century B.C.--and the Greeks.
They live by the chase in the Central African forests, and use
poisoned arrows. Other small races, such as the Bushmen, Lapps,
Kalangs, Samangs, etc., have contributed to the fame of the Pygmies.

=Quas.= A Sudanese Negro tribe on the Ivory Coast, belonging
to the Nigerian group (_q.v._).

=Quapaws.= See SIOUAN.

=Queahs.= See LIBERIAN GROUP.

=Quichés.= A race of Central American Indians in Guatemala,
rivalling the Aztecs in the possession of an ancient civilisation
and a curious mythology. See MAYA-QUICHÉ.

=Quichuas.= See INCAS.

=Rajputs.= The predominant race of Rajputana, in Central
India, belonging to the Hindu stock of the Aryan family. They are a
proud and warlike aristocracy of soldiers and landowners, who rule
many native states, of which Jaipur, Jodhpur and Udaipur are the
most important.

=Ramas.= See LENCAN.

=Redskins.= A term given in common parlance to North American
Indians, from their colour.

=Rejangs.= A Malayan race of Sumatra, akin to the Achinese
(_q.v._).

=Rols.= See NILITIC GROUP.

=Romans.= The most powerful and warlike, and in every sense
the greatest race of ancient Europe, who acquired the dominion of
the Western world, and laid the foundations of modern civilisation.
The city of Rome was founded by Alban shepherds, of Latin (_q.v._)
race, in the eighth century B.C. Oscan, Sabine, Samnite,
and Umbrian (_q.v._) elements were added to the original stock, and
thus the great Roman character was moulded. Rome later extended her
power over the whole of Italy, and then over the whole of the known
world.

=Romance Races.= See LATIN RACES.

=Romansch.= Natives of the Grisons in Switzerland, speaking a
Romance dialect, and probably of Italic race.

=Roumanians=, or =Vlachs=. Natives of the modern
Roumanian kingdom, the leading Balkan State, composed of the older
principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, which were long subject
to the Turks. The Vlachs (Wallachs, a name akin to our Welsh) are
probably descended from the Latin-speaking inhabitants of the
ancient Roman province of Dacia, a tribe of Thracian descent,
which was subjugated by Trajan in the second century. They have
preserved their language, but their blood has been mingled with
that of numerous conquerors--Goths, Huns, Slovenians, Albanians,
Turks, etc. The Roumanian peasantry are a hardy and thrifty race,
retaining their old warlike traditions.

=Rucuyennes.= See CARIBS.

=Russians.= The chief of the Slavonic races inhabiting
European Russia, and divided into Great, White, and Little
Russians. The physical distinction between these races is
attributed to the mixture of the primitive Russian stock
respectively with Finnish, Lithuanian, and Turkish blood. The
original Russians belonged to the Slavonic stock of the Aryan
family, and seem to have been settled in prehistoric times between
the Danube, the Elbe, and the south coast of the Baltic. Thus they
must have entered Russia from the west in the early centuries
of our era. There they conquered and drove out or assimilated
the aborigines of Northern Mongolic (Finno-Turkish) stock, and
established a number of small states, agricultural in character,
which long suffered from Tartar invasion, notably that of the
Golden Horde [see KIPCHAKS], and were gradually moulded
into a single kingdom, with Moscow for its capital. Modern Russia,
with its vast Asiatic dependencies, is one of the greatest
Empires in the world, but it is in a state of transition, and its
civilisation is consequently backward. The Russian peasants are
very patient, industrious, and thrifty. When well led, they are
admirable soldiers. Their chief occupation is agriculture.

=Ruthenians.= A branch of the Little Russian race, who inhabit
the district of the Carpathians in Galicia and Hungary; poor, but
hardy cultivators of the soil.

=Sabæans.= See HIMYARITES.

=Sabines.= An ancient Italic race, who inhabited the district
between the Central Apennines--their ancestral home--and Rome.
The Samnites were their descendants or near kinsmen, and the
Umbrians were less closely related to them. When Rome was founded
there was a strong Sabine element in its population, as indicated
by the story of the Rape of the Sabine Women, and the statement
that several of the early kings of Rome were of Sabine blood. The
Sabines and Samnites warred against Rome for many years, but both
were ultimately subdued and incorporated in the Roman State.

=Sac Indians.= See ALGONQUIAN.

=Sakais=, or =Samangs=. An aboriginal Negrito race of
the Malay Peninsula; a wild and uncivilised people, with black
skins and woolly hair, often approaching the ape-like in physical
development and intelligence.

=Sakalavas.= One of the principal groups of the Malagasy
tribes, inhabiting the west coast of Madagascar; of mixed Malay and
negro blood, and akin to the Hovas (_q.v._).

=Salish.= See FLATHEADS.

=Samangs.= See SAKAIS.

=Sambos=, or =Zambos=. Half-breeds sprung from Negro and
Indian parents.

=Samnites.= See SABINES.

=Samoans.= A Polynesian (_q.v._) race, of fine physical
development, lazy and pleasure-loving, inhabiting the Samoan group
of islands.

=Samoyedes.= A Finno-Ugrian race, inhabiting the Obi basin in
Siberia, once widely spread over the extreme north of Europe and
Asia. They are short and dark haired, with Mongolic features, brave
and honest, live by hunting and fishing, and are still in the Stone
Age.

=Samsams.= A mixed Malayo-Siamese race, forming a large part
of the population of the Malayan States of Kedah and Ligor.

=Santals.= A negro-like aboriginal tribe of Orissa in India,
agriculturists, of the Kolarian family (_q.v._).

=Saracens.= A term applied in the Middle Ages to the Moslem
enemies of Christendom, especially to the nomadic Arabs and
Bedouins of the Syrian deserts.

=Saras.= See LAKE CHAD GROUP.

=Sarakolés.= See MANDINGAN.

=Sards=, or =Sardinians=. The aboriginal inhabitants
of Sardinia, probably of the Western Hamitic family, akin to the
Iberians or Ligurians (_q.v._). The modern Sardinians are descended
from this race, with considerable admixtures of alien blood from
the Carthaginian, Roman, Saracen, Spanish and Italian owners of the
island in successive periods.

=Sarmatians.= An ancient nomadic and warlike people, probably
akin to the Scythians (_q.v._), who roamed over the wide plains of
Eastern Europe. Fine horsemen. They were destroyed by the Goths in
the fourth century, and disappeared from history.

=Sassaks.= Natives of Lombok in the Sunda Islands, of Malayan
race.

=Savoyards.= Natives of Savoy, originally a short,
round-skulled, dark race, akin to the Auvergnats (_q.v._), now
largely mingled with Teutonic blood.

=Saxons.= (1) The Old Saxons originally inhabited the estuary
of the Elbe and the neighbouring islands. They were a warlike race,
of Low German stock, whose name is said to be derived from the
“Saxes,” or heavy knives which they used in war. They were one of
the most adventurous of Teutonic races, and made many piratical
and colonising excursions, of which the most important was their
settlement in Britain in the fifth century, where they united with
the Angles (_q.v._) to lay the foundation of the modern English
people. (2) The Saxons who remained on the Continent gradually
extended their dominion till it reached modern Saxony. Under
Charlemagne the Saxon power was subordinated to that of the Franks.
Saxony later became an independent duchy, which is still one of
the chief States of the German Empire. The modern Saxons are less
adventurous than their ancestors, very industrious, and successful
in agriculture and industry, and make excellent soldiers.

=Scandinavians.= A main stock of the Aryan family, sometimes
classed as a branch of the Teutonic stock, including the
Icelanders, Norwegians, Danes and Swedes, as well as the old
Norsemen and Normans (_q.v._). Some ethnologists regard them as
the original stock of the Aryan family. They are tall, blue-eyed,
fair-haired, warlike, and good sailors and colonists.

=Scots= or =Scotch=. (1) The ancient Scots were a
Celtic race, belonging to the Goidelic or Q Celts (_q.v._),
originally settled in Ireland--the ancient Scotia--whence they
made settlements in the fifth century in modern Scotland, to which
they gave their name. They were gradually driven back into the
Highlands by Anglo-Saxon, Norman and Danish invaders, and are now
represented by the Highlanders (_q.v._) or Gaels. (2) The modern
Scots, or Lowland Scots, are mainly of Anglo-Saxon race, modified
by Norman, Danish, and Flemish elements. They are one of the
finest and most hardy and industrious races in the world, equally
successful in the arts of war and peace.

=Scythians.= An ancient nomadic and warlike race, found in the
seventh century B.C. on the vast plains of South-eastern
Europe, where they lived by cattle-breeding and raiding. They dwelt
in tent-covered waggons, fought on horseback with bows and arrows,
and made drinking-cups of their enemies’ skulls. Their origin is in
dispute. Some regard them as a Mongolic race, which was modified by
association with Aryan races, and others as an Aryan stock; their
kinsmen, the Sarmatians (_q.v._), were almost certainly Aryans.
They made several incursions into Asia, where they conquered a
large tract of Northern India and established a kingdom which
lasted till about the fourth century A.D. The Rajputs and Jats
(_q.v._) are sometimes held to be their descendants.

=Selengese.= See BURIATS.

=Seljuks.= A warlike Turkish people who were settled on
the Jaxartes in the eleventh century and afterwards founded a
considerable empire in Western Asia. See TURKS.

=Seminoles.= See MUSKHOGEAN.

=Semites.= An important family of Caucasic Man, who probably
originated in North Africa, from a similar stock to that of the
Hamites. They are characterised by fine regular features, large
aquiline noses, black eyes and hair, white skins, long skulls and
square jaws. They are very intellectual, though less practical
than the Aryan type; poets, prophets, and dreamers, rather
than men of action. They have given the world its two greatest
religions--Christianity and Islam. Their chief divisions are
Assyrians, Aramæans, Canaanites, Arabs and Himyarites (_q.v._).
In the modern world they are best known from the ubiquitous Jews
(_q.v._).

=Seneca Indians.= See IROQUOIAN.

=Serbs.= See SERVIANS.

=Serers.= Sudanese Negroes inhabiting Senegambia in the Cape
Verde district. They are the tallest of Negro races, with herculean
frames, and are akin to the Wolofs (_q.v._)

=Servians=, or =Serbs=. A race of Southern Slavonic
stock, now inhabiting Servia. They were at first identical with
the Croats (_q.v._), and seem to have originated in the Carpathian
district, whence they migrated into the Balkan peninsula in
the seventh century. The Serbs then separated from the Croats,
and in the twelfth century founded a powerful Servian kingdom,
which was conquered by the Turks in the fifteenth. The Servians
recovered their independence in 1830, under Milosh Obrenovitch. The
Servians are a well-built race, proud and martial in temperament,
quick-tempered and prone to deeds of violence, as their recent
revolution witnessed.

=Shangallas.= A mixed negroid race of the Abyssinian slopes.
Sudanese Negroes with a Hamitic infusion.

=Shans.= Natives of the independent Shan States, lying to
the north of Siam. They are identical with the Laos, and closely
related to the Siamese (_q.v._). They belong to the Indo-Chinese
stock of the Southern Mongolic family, and are probably descended
from an aboriginal race of China, which appeared on the Upper
Irawadi about 2,000 years ago. They are a peaceful, pleasure-loving
people, mainly agricultural, but not unwarlike. They have a sallow
skin and Mongoloid features.

=Sharras=, or =Eastern Mongols=. A branch of the
Mongol stock of the Northern Mongolic family. They are a nomad,
tent-dwelling, pastoral race, who roam over the great steppes of
Central Asia. They include the Khalkas, north of the Gobi Desert,
the Tanguts of Northern Tibet, the Chakars, Barins, Durbans, Uruts,
Naimans, and Ordos south of the Gobi. They are descended from the
older Mongols (_q.v._), whom they resemble in physical type.

=Shawnees.= See ALGONQUIAN.

=Shilluks.= See NILITIC GROUP.

=Shoshonean.= A group of North American Indian tribes, all
belonging to the Shoshone or Snake family, formerly occupying
Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming, with neighbouring districts. They include
the Shoshones or Snakes, Bannocks, Comanches, Utahs, and Mokis.
With the exception of the warlike Comanches, they are a peaceful
race, who have received the white invaders with friendship.

=Shulis.= See NILITIC GROUP.

=Siamese.= Natives of Siam, belonging to the Indo-Chinese
stock of the Southern Mongolic family. They are closely related to
the Shans (_q.v._). They are of medium height, olive complexion,
with slightly flattened noses, prominent lips, and black hair. They
are a peaceful and indolent race, who have recently shown promise
of assimilating Western civilisation. Their blood is largely mixed
with Chinese and Malay. Siam is still independent, forming a buffer
state between British and French possessions.

=Siberian.= A stock of the Northern Mongolic family, including
the Chukchi, Koryak, Kamchadale, Gilyak, and Yukaghir tribes
(_q.v._).

=Sicani, Siculi.= See SICILIANS.

=Sicilians.= The primitive inhabitants of Sicily were the
Sicani, probably a Hamitic race allied to the Ligurians (_q.v._).
They were followed by the Siculi, an Aryan race of Italic stock,
who crossed from Italy about 1000 B.C. They were civilised
and modified by Phœnician, and especially Greek settlers, with
later Norman and Saracen influences. Of all these elements the
modern Sicilians are compounded. They are a handsome, industrious,
and amiable race, but turbulent, lawless, given to blood-feuds and
brigandage.

=Sienerehs.= See NIGERIAN GROUP.

=Sikhs.= A powerful and warlike race of Northern India, united
by a common religious faith, dating from the eighteenth century,
and mainly of Jat (_q.v._) descent. Under Ranjit Singh, at the
beginning of the eighteenth century, they reared a formidable
military power in the Punjab, which was conquered by the British
in 1846-1849. The Sikhs contribute many of the best and most
trustworthy troops to the Indian Army.

=Silurians.= A dark, round-skulled, short race who inhabited
South Wales and the neighbouring districts of England in Roman
times. They were probably of Iberian stock, related to the ancient
Picts and modern Basques.

=Sindis.= Natives of Sind in North-West India, of Hindu
descent.

=Singphos.= A wild, daring hill-tribe of Tibetan stock
bordering on the Assam valley, formerly given to raiding, but
now peaceful agriculturists. The Chins of the Arakan uplands are
probably an identical race; they are still predatory.

=Sinhalese.= See DRAVIDIANS.

=Siouan.= A numerous and formerly powerful group of North
American Indians, inhabiting the western prairies between the
Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains. Their chief tribe was the
Sioux or Dakotas, warriors of fine physique, courage, and military
skill, who long maintained a successful resistance against the
white settlers. Other allied tribes were the Assinaboins, Omahas,
Poncas, Kaws, Osages, Quapaws, Iowas, Otoes, Missouris, Winnebagos,
Mandans, Minnetarees, Absarakas or Crows, Tutelos, and Catawbas.

=Sioux=, or =Dakotas=. See SIOUAN.

=Siryanians.= A tribe of Ugrian Finns, dwelling on both sides
of the Northern Urals, resembling the Samoyedes (_q.v._), except
in their white colour and fair hair, probably due to a mixture of
Slavonic blood. See FINNO-UGRIAN.

=Slavonic Races=, =Slavs= or =Slavonians=. A main
stock of the Aryan family, occupying the greater part of Eastern
Europe, and formerly extending as far west as the Elbe. Many
ethnologists consider them to be the primitive Aryan stock. They
are a peaceful and industrious agricultural and pastoral race,
broad-skulled, with fair hair and blue eyes; though the primitive
type has been much modified by intermixture of blood, especially
with Mongolic races, who have imprinted a Tartar character on
many Slavonic physiognomies. The Slavs are divided into Eastern
(Russians and Ruthenians), Western (Czechs and Slovaks, Poles and
Wends or Sorbs), and Southern (Bulgarians, Servians, and Croats,
Dalmatians, Slovenians, and Montenegrins). See under these heads.

=Slovaks.= See CZECHS.

=Slovenians.= A branch of Southern Slavonic stock, inhabiting
Styria, Carinthia, and adjoining districts.

=Solimas.= See TEMNÉ GROUP.

=Somalis.= An Eastern Hamitic race of Somaliland in North-East
Africa. They are a pastoral people, of good physique, handsome
features, and light-brown colour, warlike and independent. The
original Hamitic stock--closely akin to that of the Gallas
(_q.v._)--is modified by Semitic and Negro blood. They make
excellent soldiers and servants.

=Sonrhays.= A Negro race of the Middle Niger, in whom the
Sudanese stock is modified by Arab and Berber elements.

=Sorbs.= See WENDS.

=Soyots.= A tribe of Ugrian Finns, mixed with Tartar blood, in
the Sayan Mountains of South Siberia. See FINNO-UGRIAN.

=Spaniards=, or =Spanish=. The earliest known race
of Spain was the Hamitic Iberians (_q.v._), now represented by
the Basques. They were modified by Celtic invasions, which gave
birth to the Celt-Iberian races of Central and Western Spain,
who struggled so long against the Roman arms, by which they were
finally subjugated and further modified. In the fifth century
the Vandals and Visigoths (_q.v._) invaded Spain, and founded
a Gothic monarchy, which fell before the Saracens in 711. The
Visigothic refugees in the northern mountains gradually recovered
the country, and the kingdoms of Leon, Navarre, Castile, and Aragon
were ultimately united into a single state. The modern Spaniards
are thus of mixed race, in which the Iberian and Visigothic are
the predominant elements. They are haughty, brave, and warlike, by
which qualities they once owned the greatest power in Europe. But
they are turbulent and lacking in political skill, so that Spain
has decayed. There are now signs of a return to prosperity.

=Spanish Americans.= White natives of Central and South
American States, except Brazil.

=Spartans.= Natives of Sparta, the greatest state of ancient
Greece after Athens, of Dorian stock, eminently warlike and
patriotic, but wanting in art or literature.

=Sudanese.= Full-blooded Negroes inhabiting the Western,
Central, and Eastern or Egyptian Sudan--_i.e._ most of Africa
north of the Victoria Nyanza. They are black in colour, with
woolly hair, projecting jaws, long skulls, broad, flat feet and
projecting heels, and form one of the main divisions of Ethiopic
Man. They are less intelligent and susceptible of civilisation
than the Bantus (_q.v._), in whom the Negro blood is modified by
Hamitic or Semitic admixtures. They are mostly of strong physique,
warlike and predatory, fond of music and bright colours, with the
most elementary notions of art and religion. They may be divided
for convenience into several racial groups (_q.v._), such as Wolof,
Felup, Toucouleur, Mandingan, Temné, Nigerian, Nilotic, Liberian,
Lake Chad, Wadai, Welle, Nuba, and Nilotic, besides the Tshi, Ga,
Ewe, and Yoruba peoples of the Guinea district.

=Suevi.= See SWABIANS.

=Sundanese.= Natives of the Sunda Islands, of Malayan stock,
closely allied to Javanese (_q.v._).

=Susus.= See MANDINGAN.

=Sutughils.= See MAYA-QUICHÉ.

=Swabians.= Natives of Swabia, an ancient duchy occupying the
south-western part of the modern German Empire; descended from the
ancient Suevi, with whom the Alemanni (_q.v._) were amalgamated. A
strong, large-boned, and good-humoured race of High German stock.
The Alsatians are closely allied to them.

=Swahilis.= Natives of Zanzibar and the adjoining mainland,
Bantu Negroes, with a strong infusion of Arab blood, which has made
them superior in intelligence and enterprise to the average negro.
They play a large part in the commerce of East Africa, and their
language--Ki-Swahili--is the principal medium of communication
throughout the part of Africa between the Equator and the Zambesi.

=Swazis.= Natives of Swaziland, a native state on the
south-east of the Transvaal. A cross between Zulus and other
Kafirs, they are industrious and warlike.

=Swedes.= Natives of Sweden, a branch of the Scandinavian
stock. They seem to have been originally a Teutonic race, who
entered Northern Sweden about 3,000 years ago, and drove out the
aboriginal Lapps and Finns. The inhabitants of Southern Sweden
were called Goths, and may have been the ancestors of the Teutonic
Goths. In time they amalgamated with the Swedes, and formed one
nation, which has been an independent kingdom through most of the
Christian era. The Swedes are warlike, and successful in commerce
and industry; they make good sailors, and possess a considerable
literature.

=Swiss=, or =Switzers=. The prehistoric inhabitants of
Switzerland were the unknown builders of the lake dwellings. At the
dawn of history, in Cæsar’s time, the country was largely occupied
by a Celtic race, the Helvetii. Later, Switzerland was invaded by
Teutonic races of High German stock, Alemanni, Burgundians, etc.
The modern Swiss are mostly descended from these races; there
is also a considerable mixture of French, Italic and Romansch
elements. The Swiss have always been a warlike race, who preserved
the independence of their mountainous country through all ages, and
in earlier times furnished excellent mercenary soldiers to foreign
armies. They are now very industrious and successful in many arts
and crafts, such as watchmaking, wood-carving, hotel-keeping, etc.
They are a simple and handsome race, possessing in full measures
the virtues of the mountaineer.

=Syrians.= The ancient Syrians were a branch of the Aramæn
stock of the Semitic family, and the modern Syrians are their
descendants, with some Arab and Turkish elements added. They are
tall, with white skins and dark complexions, black eyes and hair,
often very handsome, and approaching the Jewish type. They are not
warlike, but succeed in commerce.

=Tacullis.= See ATHABASCAN.

=Tahitians.= Natives of Tahiti, of Polynesian stock;
pleasure-loving and polite, but immoral and untrustworthy; now
civilised but formerly noted for their cruelty.

=Taipings.= The Chinese rebels who attacked the dynasty from
1850 to 1864.

=Tajiks.= See PERSIANS.

=Talaings.= An Indo-Chinese race who preceded the Burmese
in the Irawadi Delta, and founded a state of which Pegu was the
capital. They were subjugated by Burmese in the eighteenth century.

=Talamancas.= Wild hunting Indians, perfectly uncivilised, who
occupy the forest-covered Atlantic slopes of Costa Rica.

=Tamils.= Natives of Northern Ceylon and the Indian Carnatic.
See DRAVIDAS.

=Taos.= See PUEBLO INDIANS.

=Tanguts.= Nomadic Mongols of Northern Tibet. See
SHARRAS.

=Tarahumaras.= See OPATA-PIMA.

=Tarascans.= A group of Indian tribes inhabiting the province
of Michoaca in Mexico.

=Tartars= or =Tatars.= The modern Tartars are inhabitants
of the Russian Empire, belonging to the Turki stock of the Northern
Mongolic family. They are divided into various geographical
subdivisions, such as the Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimean (or Krim)
Caucasian and Siberian Tartars. The name has no definite ethnical
significance. The Tatars--a Manchu word meaning “archers” or
“nomads”--were Mongol tribes who were first so named in the ninth
century. They formed a large part of the hordes of Genghiz Khan
[see MONGOLS] and stood in the van of the mediæval Mongol
incursions into Europe, whence they attracted an attention out of
proportion to their importance. Europeans called them Tartars,
confusing the name Tartar with the Greek Tartarus or Hell. See
TURKI.

=Tasmanians.= The extinct aborigines of Tasmania, akin to the
Australians (_q.v._), but of a still lower Oceanic Negro type. They
held a place at the very bottom of humanity, alike in physique,
intelligence and culture, being still in the early Stone Age;
savage, untamable, and degraded.

=Tatars.= See TARTARS.

=Tats.= See PERSIANS.

=Tavastians.= A branch of the Baltic Finns, with thick-set
figures, small blue eyes, light hair, and white skins, probably
the consequence of an admixture of German blood with the original
Finnish stock. They inhabit central Finland.

=Tazis.= See TUNGUSES.

=Teguas.= See PUEBLO INDIANS.

=Tehuelches.= Another name for the gigantic Patagonians
(_q.v._) of South America.

=Telugus.= See DRAVIDIANS.

=Tembus=, =Amatembu=, or =Tambukies=. A group of
Kafir (_q.v._) tribes in Tembuland, to the north of the Kei River
in Cape Colony. Formerly warlike and troublesome, now settled to
agriculture and subjected to British rule.

=Temné Group.= A group of Sudanese Negro tribes, inhabiting
the Sierra Leone district of West Africa, including the Temnés or
Timnis, Kissis, Sherbros, Gallinas, Bulloms, Solimas, Limbas, and
Mendis.

=Tepeguanas.= See OPATA-PIMA.

=Teutons.= An important stock of the Aryan family, inhabiting
England and the Scottish Lowlands, with the United States and
British Empire, Germany, Holland, and parts of Austria and
Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The Teutonic races are
divided into Low German and High German divisions, to which some
add, but others do not, Scandinavians.

=Thlinkits.= A race of North American Indians inhabiting the
Pacific coast from Mount St. Elias to the Simpson River, and the
adjacent islands. They live chiefly by fishing and hunting.

=Thos.= An Indo-Chinese race of Lao descent [see
SHANS], in the north of Tongking.

=Thracians.= The ancient inhabitants of Thrace, on the west
of the Black Sea. Their origin is dubious, but they are generally
assumed to have belonged to the Aryan family, and been related
to the Teutons and the Greeks. They were wild hill tribes, who
acquired in later days a certain amount of Roman culture and spoke
the Latin language. There is some probability that they were the
ancestors of the Vlachs or Roumanians (_q.v._).

=Thuringians.= A High German tribe inhabiting Thuringia in the
fifth century, probably a branch of the Suevi (_q.v._). Now merged
into the modern Saxons.

=Tibetans=, or =Bod-Pa=. Natives of Tibet, forming
the Tibetan stock of the Southern Mongolic family, and allied
to the minor races of Lepchas, Baltis, Ladakhis, etc. (_q.v._).
The Tibetans are akin to the Burmese, with Mongolic features,
broad-shouldered and muscular. They are a secluded and archaic
race, with many curious customs, such as polyandry. Their religion
is full of elaborate ceremonials, and the land abounds in
monasteries.

=Tibbus.= A race inhabiting the oases of the Sahara,
intermediate between Berbers and Negroes; perhaps descended from
the ancient Garamantes (_q.v._).

=Timnis.= See TEMNÉ GROUP.

=Tinné=, or =Tinney=. See ATHABASCAN.

=Tobas.= A warlike and predatory race of South American
Indians on the Rio Vermejo in Bolivia.

=Tocantins.= See TUPI-GUARANI.

=Todas.= An isolated group of Caucasic race inhabiting the
Nilgiri Hills, and distinguished from the neighbouring Dravidian
tribes by their fine physique and regular features of Caucasic
type; a dying race.

=Togos.= See EWE.

=Toltecs.= The oldest of Nahuan (_q.v._) races, who
established a semi-civilised State in Mexico before the Aztecs.

=Tongans.= See POLYNESIANS.

=Tongas=, or =Amatonga=. A Kafir race of peaceful
agriculturists, occupying Tongaland, to the north of Zululand.

=Tonkinese.= A branch of the Annamese (_q.v._), skilled in
agriculture and dyke-building.

=Toucouleurs.= Sudanese Negroes of Senegambia, probably
crossed with Hamitic blood; formerly dominant in the Western Sudan.

=Tshi Group.= A group of Sudanese Negro tribes of the Guinea
Coast, including the warlike Ashantis, Fantis and Adansis.

=Tuaregs.= The predatory Berber (_q.v._) Nomads of the Sahara.

=Tudas.= See DRAVIDIANS.

=Tumalis.= See NUBA GROUP.

=Tunguses.= A branch of the Mongol stock of the Northern
Mongolic family, who lead a nomad existence in the mountains of
East Siberia and the Amur region. They are of Mongolic physical
type, with square skulls, low stature, and wiry, well-knit figures.
They are distinguished by fine moral qualities, a fearless race of
hunters, industrious, trustworthy, and self-reliant. Their main
tribes are the Lamuts, or “sea people,” Orochs, Chapogirs, Golds,
and Tazis. The modern Tunguses probably represent the primitive
stock of the Manchus (_q.v._).

=Tupi-Guarani.= A wide-spread family of South American
Indians, in Brazil, including numerous distinct tribes, of which
the Chiriguanas of Bolivia, Caribunas of the Rio Negro, Paraguay
Indians, Tupinambas of the Para coast, Mundrucus of the Tapajos,
Omaguas, Goajiris and Tocantins, are the most important. They are
copper-coloured, thick-set and muscular, with broad features,
black hair and sometimes obliquely set eyes. They are of apathetic
nature, and are slow to acquire civilisation.

=Tupinambas.= See TUPI-GUARANI.

=Turanian.= An ethnological term, now abandoned, roughly
corresponding to the Northern Mongolic or Ural-Altaic family.

=Turguts.= See KALMUKS.

=Turkanas.= An African Hamitic race, allied to the Masais
(_q.v._), and dwelling between Lake Rudolf and the Nile.

=Turki=, or =Turks=. An important and wide-spread stock
of the Northern Mongolic family, dwelling in Central Asia, Asia
Minor, and in European Turkey. The primitive Turki stock--the
Chinese Tu-kiu and ancient Turcæ--seem to have inhabited the Altai
region as early as the second century B.C. Thence they
spread far and wide, and founded many powerful and predatory,
but unstable empires. The Huns (_q.v._) who followed Attila were
largely of Turki stock. Their chief modern race is that of the
Ottoman Turks [see TURKS], who raised their empire on the
ruins of Constantinople in 1453. Other Turki races are the Yakuts,
Usbegs, Naimans Andijanis, Nogais, Tartars, Bashkirs, Kizil-Bashis,
Anatolian Turks, etc. They are closely allied to the Kirghiz,
Kipchaks, Kara-Kalpaks and Turkomans (_q.v._). The Turki physical
type, of Mongol origin, has been modified by intermixture with
Caucasic races.

=Turks=, =Osmanlis=, or =Ottoman Turks=. The
dominant inhabitants of the Turkish Empire in Europe and Asia
Minor, the most powerful of Turki races. They trace their descent
from the Seljuks, a confederacy of Turki tribes who were settled
on the Jaxartes in the eleventh century, and there adopted Islam.
They conquered Persia and established kingdoms in Syria--the great
Saladin was one of their princes--and Asia Minor, or Anatolia.
The true Ottoman Turks entered the service of the Seljuk rulers
in the thirteenth century, being driven from Kharasan by the
advance of the Mongol hordes, and under Othman and his successors
they became the dominant Turk race. They reared a great military
power, and soon invaded Europe, where they destroyed the Eastern
Empire in the middle of the fifteenth century and founded the still
existing Turkish Empire. The Ottoman Turks are proud, ignorant
and fanatical, but honourable and upright. They make admirable
soldiers, when properly led, but are surpassed in the arts of peace
by their subject races, Greeks, Bulgarians, Jews, etc.

=Turkomans.= A race of Turki nomads who inhabit the steppes
east of the Caspian and south of the Oxus. They include such tribes
as the Chaudors, Tekkes (Akhal and Merv), Salors, Yomuds, Goklen,
and Ali-Elis. They were formerly noted for their predatory and
man-stealing habits, but under Russian rule have been forced to
live a more peaceful life. _m_

=Tusayas.= See PUEBLO INDIANS.

=Tuscaroras.= North American Indians. See IROQUOIAN.

=Tushis.= See CHECHENZES.

=Tushilange.= A branch of the Baluba (_q.v._).

=Tutelos.= See SIOUAN.

=Tyrolese.= Natives of the Tyrol, the ancient Rhaetia, a
mountainous district now belonging to the Austrian Empire. They are
of High German Teutonic stock, and are noted for their patriotism
and bravery, illustrated by their resistance under Hofer to the
arms of Napoleon. They are industrious and thrifty, but backward in
education, and devout Catholics.

=Tyrrhenes.= An ancient pre-Hellenic race of Greece, found in
Thrace and Etruria, who probably belonged to the Pelasgian stock of
the Hamitic family, giving birth to the Etruscans (_q.v._).

=Ugrian.= A branch of the Finno-Ugrian stock (_q.v._)
including the Samoyedes, Voguls, Ostyaks, Soyots and Siryanians of
Siberia, the Permian Finns of Russia, and the Magyars of Hungary.
See under these heads.

=Umbquas.= See ATHABASCAN.

=Umbrians.= An ancient Italic race, perhaps allied to the
Etruscans (_q.v._) or the Samnites, afterwards subjugated by Rome.

=Ural-Altaic.= A term applied to the Northern Mongolic family
of races, corresponding nearly to the older Turanian. It includes
the Mongol, Turki, Finno-Ugrian, Siberian, and Koreo-Japanese
stocks.

=Uruts.= See SHARRAS.

=Utahs.= See SHOSHONEAN.

=Uzbegs.= Nomadic Turki race of the Oxus Basin.

=Vaalpens.= A Negrito race of the Kalahari Desert, probably a
half-breed between Bechuanas and Bushmen, formerly the serfs of
the dominant Bantu races, but now freed under British rule.

=Vandals.= A Teutonic race, settled at the dawn of the
Christian era in North-east Germany between the Oder and the
Vistula. Like the Goths, whom they physically resembled, they were
a warlike and roving race. Early in the fifth century they invaded
Gaul and formed a settlement in Spain, where Andalusia (anciently
Vandalitia) preserves their name. Later, under the fierce Genseric,
they crossed to Africa and over-ran Mauretania, where they
established a short-lived piratical Empire. In 534 it was destroyed
by a Byzantine army under Belisarius, and the Vandals thereafter
disappeared as a separate race. Their name has become a by word on
account of their turn for devastation.

=Vaudois.= See WALDENSES.

=Veddahs.= A primitive hunting people of Ceylon, who are
sometimes classed as Dravidian, but more probably represent the
still older (Negrito?) aborigines of the island. They are dwarfish,
of dark complexion, with features intermediate between the Hindu
and Papuan types. They rank among the rudest and least civilised
of races, being equally unable to laugh, count, or cook. They are
dying out.

=Veis=, or =Vey=. A Sudanese Negro race, of Mandingan
stock, on the West Coast of Africa, who are said to be the only
Negro race who have invented an alphabet.

=Venezuelans.= White natives of Venezuela, of Spanish descent.
Most of them are crossed with Indian blood.

=Vikings.= See NORSEMEN.

=Visigoths.= See GOTHS.

=Voguls.= A nomadic Finno-Ugrian race who inhabit both slopes
of the Urals. They closely resemble the Ostyaks and Samoyedes
(_q.v._). _m_

=Vuaregga=, =Vuarua=, =Vuarunga=, =Vuavinza=.
Bantu Negro tribes inhabiting the Congo basin and the Tanganyika
district.

=Wachaga.= A predatory Bantu race on the southern slopes of
Kilimanjaro.

=Wadai Group.= A group of Sudanese Negro tribes inhabiting
Wadai and East Darfur, including Birkits, Massalits, Korungas,
Mabas (mixed with Hamitic blood), and other tribes. They are mainly
of pastoral habit.

=Waganda.= A Bantu Negro race who founded the kingdom of
Uganda and attained a remarkable degree of civilisation before the
arrival of white men. They are very intelligent, and their skill in
the industrial arts has caused them to be called the Japanese of
Africa. They are also warlike, and formerly indulged in frequent
plundering and slave hunting raids among the surrounding races.

=Wagogo.= A Bantu Negro race of German East Africa.

=Wahehe.= See WASAGARA.

=Wa-Huma.= A conquering pastoral race, of Eastern Hamitic
stock, who migrated from Gallaland and penetrated as far south
as Unyamwezi, founding various kingdoms on the way. They are of
Hamitic features, fair complexion, and tall stature; very warlike.
The ruling classes of Uganda and Unyoro are of Wa-Huma origin. The
Wa-Huma are a branch of the Gallas (_q.v._). Among their tribes are
the Wajiji, Warundi, Waruanda, etc.

=Wajiji.= See WA-HUMA.

=Waldenses=, or =Vaudois=. A heretical sect which
originated in the South of France in the twelfth century, and was
formed into a separate race by persecution; of French, Swiss, and
Italian elements. They are now settled in Savoy.

=Walloons.= Natives of South-eastern Belgium, of mixed Celtic
and Romanic stock, probably descended from the ancient Belgae
(_q.v._). They are tall, bony, and of strong physique, and are very
successful in industry, as shown in the great manufacturing town of
Liege.

=Wanyamwezi.= A warlike Bantu race of German East Africa, who
formerly composed a powerful predatory state.

=Wanyoro.= Natives of Unyoro, in British East Africa, of Bantu
race, skilled in industrial arts, and formerly allied with Arab
slave-traders.

=Wapisianas.= See ARAWAKS.

=Wapokomo.= The chief Bantu race of the Tana basin, skilled
boatmen and hunters, formerly under Masai domination, now acquiring
civilisation under British rule.

=Warraus.= An aboriginal Indian race of British Guiana.

=Warua.= A powerful, warlike, and barbarous Bantu race of the
Lualaba district in the Congo Free State, forming a powerful native
state, and skilled in industry and rude art.

=Waruanda=, =Warundi=. See WA-HUMA.

=Wasagara.= A warlike and widespread Bantu people of German
East Africa; fierce mountaineers, much given to marauding. The
Wahehe, who claim Zulu affinities, are one of their tribes.

=Waswahili.= See SWAHILIS.

=Wataveita.= A mild and settled agricultural Bantu race
inhabiting the slopes of Kilimanjaro in German East Africa.

=Welle Group.= A group of Sudanese Negro races inhabiting the
region of the Upper Welle River in Central Africa, including the
cannibal Niam-Niam, or Azandeh, the Mangbattu, Nsakkara, Amadi,
Ababua, and other tribes.

=Welsh=, or =Cymry=. The chief surviving branch of the
Brythonic or P Celts, inhabiting Wales, where they preserve their
ancient language and customs. They probably represent the ancient
Britons who inhabited England at the time of the Anglo-Saxon
immigrations. “An old and haughty nation, proud in arms.”

=Wends.= A stock of the Western Slavonic family, settled in
the north and east of Germany in the sixth century. They were
gradually absorbed by the Teutonic Germans. A remnant of the
Wendish race, preserving their ancient language and customs,
survives in Lusatia, on the borders of Saxony and Prussia, where
they are also known as Sorbs.

=Winnebagos.= See SIOUAN.

=Wochuas.= See PYGMIES.

=Wolofs.= Sudanese Negroes, dwelling between Lower Senegal and
Gambia; very black, but with regular features, indicating a trace
of Hamitic blood. Their chief branch is that of the Jolofs.

=Wulwas.= See LENCAN.

=Xanthochroi.= A suggested division of Caucasic Man, opposed
to the Melanochroi, characterised by fair hair, blue eyes, and rosy
complexion. It would thus include the Teutonic, Scandinavian, and
Slavonic stocks of the Aryan family.

=Xosas=, or =Amaxosa=. The southern stock of the Kafir
race (_q.v._), allied to the Zulus, or northern stock. They are
eminently warlike, and have an interesting system of social
organisation. They are of Bantu origin, immigrants from the north,
who have dispossessed the Hottentot or Bushman aborigines. They are
tall, well-built, and muscular, with Negro features and complexion,
and woolly hair. They are semi-nomadic cattle-breeders and hunters,
but many have taken to the settled pursuits of agriculture. They
were long at war with the British and Boer settlers, but are now a
peaceful and contented people under British rule.

=Yakuts.= A Mongolic race of Turki stock, inhabiting the
province of Yakutsk in East Siberia. They are of middle height,
with black hair, flat noses, and narrow eyes. They are laborious
and enterprising, and show more aptitude for civilisation than the
Buriats or Tunguses. They inhabit log “yurtas” in winter, but camp
out in summer. Cattle-breeding, and to a less degree agriculture,
are their chief occupations.

=Yankees.= Natives of the New England States. In a wider
sense, the northern inhabitants of the United States.

=Yaos.= Agricultural aborigines of French Indo-China, perhaps
allied to the Chinese proper.

=Yedinas.= See LAKE CHAD GROUP.

=Yomuds.= See TURKOMANS.

=Yorubas.= A group of Sudanese Negro races inhabiting the
eastern half of the Slave Coast district, and united by a common
Yoruba language, though much broken up by political feuds. They
are peacefully disposed, industrious, and friendly to strangers.
Their main pursuit is agriculture, but they also practise many
industries; they are the best architects in Africa. Their chief
tribes are those of Egba, Jebu, Oworo, Ondo, Ife, and Oyo.
Abeokuta, the Egba capital, owes its fame to the success with
which it held out as a city of refuge against the slave-hunters of
Dahomey and Ibadan.

=Yukaghirs.= A nomadic tribe of north-east Siberia, probably
identical with the Tunguses (_q.v._).

=Yumas.= See OPATA-PIMA.

=Yuruks.= A nomadic Turki race in the Konia vilayet of
Turkey-in-Asia.

=Yusufzais.= See AFGHANS.

=Zambos.= See SAMBOS.

=Zaparos.= South American Indians, on the Upper Napo in Peru.

=Zapotecs.= Central American Indians of Oajaca in Mexico.

=Zendals=, =Zotzils=. See MAYA-QUICHÉ.

=Zulus=, or =Amazulu=. A very warlike Bantu race, allied
to the Xosas and other Kafir tribes, whom they resemble in physique
and organisation. Originally a small Kafir clan, the Zulus were
raised to eminence at the beginning of the nineteenth century by
the genius of Tchaka, a kind of Negro Napoleon, who established
a severe military despotism, and dominated South Africa from the
Zambesi to Cape Colony by the courage and military skill of his
regiments. Tchaka’s descendants ruled Zululand proper, and waged
war against Kafirs, Boers, and English, until their country was
annexed by Britain in 1887. The Zulus are both physically and
mentally one of the finest of African races.

=Zunis.= See PUEBLO INDIANS.

1. Anglo-Saxon 2. Finn 3. Celtic 4. Bulgarian

5. Greek 6. Caucasian 7. Tartar

8. Arab 9. Fellah 10. Berber 11. Syrian

12. Afghan 13. Javanese 14. Malay

15. Ladrone Islander 16. Hindu 17. Samang 18. Negrito
]

19. Chinese 20. Japanese 21. Tartar 22. Aleutian

23. Kalmuck 24. Kamchadale 25. Aleoutian

26. Esquimau 27. Ainu 28. Samoyede

29. Koriak 30. Stone Indian 31. Otoe Indian

32. Kutchin Indian 34. Yucatan Indian
33. Chili Indian 35. Fuegian
]

36. Jeba Negro 37. Beja 38. Sahara Negro

39. Hottentot 40. Kafir 41. Mozambique Negro

42. North Australian 44. South Australian
43. West Australian 45. Tasmanian

46. Tikopia Islander 47. Maori 48. Samoan

49. Melanesian (Vanikoro Island) 50. Melanesian (New Hebrides)
51. Fijian
]

ETHNOLOGICAL CHART OF THE HUMAN RACE

This Chart, intended for reference in connection with the Dictionary of Races beginning on page 311, gives a view of the various main divisions, families, and stocks into which the human race is divided by ethnologists. It is impossible to give a complete list of the individual races within the necessary limits, but the chief typical races are named under each stock in the right-hand column. The races marked with an asterisk are extinct.

ETHIOPIC DIVISION

Family Stock Typical races

AFRICAN NEGRO

_Sudanese_ {Mandingan
{Ashanti
{Hausa
{Azandeh

_Bantu_ {Herero
{Wanyamwezi
{Basuto
{Waganda
{Ama-Xosa (Kafir)
{Zulu

_Hottentot-Bushman_ {Nama
{Griqua
{Bushman

AFRICAN NEGRITO

_Pygmy_ {Wochua
{Akka
{Obongo

OCEANIC-NEGRO

_Papuan_ {New Guinea natives

_Melanesian_ {Fijian
{Solomon Islanders

_Australian_ {Australian aborigines
{Tasmanian*

OCEANIC NEGRITO

_Negrito_ {Andamanese
{Sakai
{Aeta

MONGOLIC DIVISION

Family Stock Typical races

NORTHERN MONGOLIC

{Sharra
{Kalmuk
_Mongol_ {Buriat
{Tungus

{Turks
{Tartars
_Turki_ {Bashkirs
{Kirghiz
{Turkoman

{Samoyede
{Magyar
_Finno-Ugrian_ {Finn
{Bulgar
{Lapp

_Siberian_ {Chukchi
{Kamchadale

_Koreo-Japanese_ {Korean
{Japanese

_Dravidian(?)_ Tamil

SOUTHERN MONGOLIC

{Tibetan
_Tibetan_ {Balti
{Lushai

{Burmese
_Indo-Chinese_ {Siamese
{Bhil
{Annamese

{Chinese
_Chinese_ {Punti
{Lolo

OCEANIC MONGOLIC

{Malay
_Malaysian_ {Dyak
{Javanese

_Malagasy_ Hova

_Philippine_ {Visayan
{Ilocano

_Formosan_

AMERICAN DIVISION

Family Stock Typical races

ARCTIC

_Eskimo_ {Eskimo
{Aleutian

NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN

_Athabascan_ {Apache
{Navajo

_Algonquian_ {Delaware
{Mohican
{Blackfoot

_Iroquioan_ {Huron
{Mohawk
{Cherokee

_Thlinkit_ Thlinkit

_Haida_ Haida

_Chinook_ Chinook

_Siouan_ {Sioux
{Dakota
{Omaha

_Shoshonean_ {Shoshone
{Utah
{Comanche
{Pawnee

_Muskhogean_ {Choktaw
{Seminole

_Natchez_ Natchez*

_Kiowa_ Kiowa

_Salish_ Flathead

_Pueblo_ {Zuni
{Taos

CENTRAL AMERICAN INDIAN

_Otomi_ Otomi

_Opata-Pima_ {Cora
{Tarahumara

_Guaicuri_ Guaicuri

_Tarascan_ Tarascan

_Nahuan_ {Toltec
{Aztec
{Mexican

_Maya-Quiché_ {Maya
{Quiché
{Huastec

_Lencan_ {Chontal
{Guatusa

_Bribri_ Bribri

_Talamanca_ Talamanca

_Zapotec_ Zapotec

_Miztec_ Miztec

_Chorotegan_ Chorotegan

SOUTH AMERICAN INDIAN

_Inca_ {Quichua
{Chanca

_Aymara_ Aymara

_Chibcha_ Chibcha

_Choco_ Choco

_Zaparo_ Zaparo

_Jivaro_ Jivaro

_Mojo_ Mojo

_Chiquito_ Chiquito

_Barré_ Barré

_Charrua_ Charrua*

_Chuncho_ Chuncho

_Conibo_ Conibo

_Carib_ {Macusi
{Rucuyenne

_Arawak_ {Maypuri
{Wapisiana

_Warrau_ Warrau

_Botocudo_ Botocudo

_Tupi-Guarani_ {Paraguay
{Caribuna
{Tupinamba

_Payagua_ Payagua

_Matacoan_ Matacoan

_Toba_ Toba

_Araucanian_ Araucanian

_Puelche_ {Puelche
{Gaucho

_Patagonian_ Patagonian

_Fuegian_ Fuegian

CAUCASIC DIVISION

Family Stock Typical races

HAMITIC

_Eastern_ { Egyptian
{ Somali
{ Galla
{ Masai

_Western_ { Numidian Berber
{ Iberian { Basque
{ Pict*
{ Ligurian Corsican
{ Pelasgian { Mycenæan*
{ Etruscan*

SEMITIC

_Assyrian_ Chaldæan*
_Aramæan_ { Syrian
{ Hittite*
_Canaanite_ { Israelite
{ Phœnician*
{ Carthaginian*
_Arab_ { Arab
{ Bedouin
_Himyarite_ Abyssinian

ARYAN

_Hindu_ { Punjabi
{ Bengali
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AINU

_Ainu_ Ainu

THE BIRTH & GROWTH OF NATIONS

BY PROFESSOR RATZEL

In order that the cosmic conception of the life of man may be more than a mere isolated idea, incapable of being applied and developed, it is necessary to indicate the relation which human life bears to the collective life of the earth.

[Sidenote: Man is Bound up with the Earth]

Human existence is based upon the entire development of vegetable and animal life; or, as Alexander von Humboldt said, in reality the human race partakes of the entire life on earth. Just as plants and animals, vegetable and animal remains and products, occupy an intermediate position between man and the inanimate substance of the earth, so almost without exception the life of man depends not directly upon the earth, but upon the animals and plants, which in turn are immediately bound to the earth by the necessities of existence. It is the dependence of later and more evolved types upon the earlier and less evolved. In 1845 Robert Mayer, the German scientist, published his epoch-making thesis on “The Relations of Organic Motion to Metabolism,” in which he described the vegetable world as a reservoir wherein the rays of the sun are transformed into life-supporting material and are stored up for use. According to his view the physical existence of the human race is inseparably linked together with this “economic providence”; and he even went so far as to connect it with the instinctive pleasure felt by every eye at the sight of luxuriant vegetation.

[Sidenote: Man’s Fight with Plants and Animals]

[Sidenote: Spreading Life Over all the Earth]

The history of mankind shows how various are the elements contained in this reservoir, and how manifold their action. Originally plants and animals share the soil with man, who must struggle with them for its possession. The plains favour and the forests obstruct historical movement; the inhabitant of the tropics is hardly able to overcome the growth of weeds that covers his field; for the Esquimau the vegetable world exists but two months in the year, and then only in stunted, feeble species. The unequal distribution of edible plants has in a large measure been the cause of divergence in the developments of different races. Australia and the Arctic countries have received almost nothing; the Old World has had abundance of the richest gifts showered upon it, Asia receiving more than Africa or Europe. The most valuable of domestic animals are of Asiatic origin. America’s pre-European history is incomparably more uniform than that of the Old World, and this is owing to her moderate endowment of useful plants and almost complete lack of domestic animals. The transplanting of vegetable species from one part of the earth to another, carried on by man, is one of the greatest movements in the collective life of the world. Its possibilities of extension cannot be conjectured; for the successful diffusion of single cultivated plants--the banana, for example--over a number of widely separated countries is yet problematical. This process can never be considered to have come to an end so long as necessity forces man to get a firmer and firmer hold on the store of earthly life.

The relations of man to the earth are primarily the same as those of any other form of life. The universal laws of the diffusion of life include also the laws of the diffusion of the human species. Hence the study of the geographical distribution of man must be looked upon only as a branch of the study of the geographical distribution of life, and a succession of the conceptions belonging to the latter.

[Sidenote: The Material Tie that Binds Men Together]

To these conceptions belong the main area of distribution, the habitable world, and all its various parts: zones, continents, and other divisions of the earth’s surface, especially seas, coasts, interiors of lands, bordering regions, divisions exhibiting continuity with others as links in a chain, and isolated divisions. Also relations as to area: the struggle for territory, variations in the life development in small or inextensive regions, in insular or in continental districts, on heights of land and plateaus, and, in addition, the hindrances and the aids to development presented by different conformations; the advance development in small, densely populated districts; or the protection afforded by isolated situations. All must be included. Finally, properties of boundaries must be conceived of as analogous to phenomena occurring on the peripheries of living bodies.