Chapter II: Part 2

1. _By whom and in what year was America discovered?_ 2. _After whom was it named?_ 3. _What is remarkable in the climate of America?_ 4. What are the principal divisions of North America? 5. In what part are the British Possessions? 6. Mexico? 7. The United States? 8. Greenland? 9. The Russian Possessions? 10. Guatimala? 11 to 16. How is each one of these divisions bounded?

17. What range of mountains extends through the whole length of North America? 18. What is its course? 19. Near which coast is this range? 20. What range of mountains is in The United States? 21. _Which is the highest mountain in North America?_

22. Which are the principal lakes? 23. Bays and gulfs? 24. How is Lake Nicaragua situated? 25. Which is more northwardly, Hudson’s or Baffin’s bay? 26. Where is Repulse bay? 27. Wager? 28. James’s? 29. Bristol? 30. Campeachy? 31. Honduras? 32. Where is the Gulf of Darien? 33. Gulf of Mexico? 34. Gulf of St. Lawrence?

35. What large river flows from the lakes, north from The United Slates, to the Atlantic Ocean? 36. How is Lake Winnipeg connected with Hudson’s bay? 37. Slave lake with the Arctic sea? 38. Where is Columbia river? 39. What is its course? 40. Into what does it flow? 41. _Which is the largest river in North America?_ 42. What rivers form the boundary, in part, between Mexico and The United States? 43. What river flows into the Lake of the Hills? 44. Into the Gulf of Mexico? 45. Hudson’s bay? 46. Gulf of California?

47. How is America separated from Asia? 48. Newfoundland from New Britain? 49. How is Baffin’s bay connected with the Atlantic ocean? 50. Where are Hudson’s straits? 51. How is Nootka sound situated?

52. Is California an isthmus or a peninsula? 53. Where is Cape Farewell? 54. Cape Mendocino? 55. Icy Cape? 56. What cape is at the southern extremity of Nova Scotia? 57. How many degrees further north is Cape Race, than Cape Corrientes?

58. What islands are near the western coast of North America? 59. What is the latitude of Vancouver’s Island? 60. How are the Bahama Islands separated from Florida? 61. Where are the West India Islands? 62. Which of them is largest? 63. _To what nations do they principally belong?_ 64. Where is North Georgian Island?

65. In what part of the United States is the Oregon Territory? 66. The Missouri Territory? 67. In what part of the British Possessions is Labrador? 68. _Is the direction towards the top of a map always exactly north, and towards the bottom always exactly south?_ 69. _What directions are exactly north, and south?_ 70. Which way from Newfoundland is Cape Farewell? 71. Which way from the northern extremity of Labrador is Cape Farewell? 72. Which way from the Fox Islands are Bhering’s straits?

73. On what island is Havanna? 74. Kingston? 75. Where is Quebec? 76. Montreal? 77. How far south does Florida extend? 78. How is it bounded on the east and west? 79. Between what parallels of latitude do the United States principally lie?

80. In what zone does North America principally lie? 81. Does any part lie in the Northern Frigid Zone? 82. From what meridian is longitude computed on the map of North America? 83. Which way is St. John’s, the capital of Newfoundland, from New York? 84. Quebec from Mexico? 85. Halifax from Boston? 86. Which way from the Bermuda islands is Newfoundland?

NORTH AMERICA is divided into portions belonging to different nations. It embraces every variety of soil and climate, and its peculiar features are great ranges of mountains, long rivers, and extensive lakes. Previously to its discovery by Columbus, it was in possession of tribes of wandering Indians, most of whom were savages. They were remarkable for strength, courage, and activity, and showed all the peculiarities incident to the savage life, in the greatest degree.

_Russian America_ is chiefly valuable on account of its fur trade. It is an exceedingly cold country, and is still, mostly in possession of native Indians.

_British America_ comprises Canada, New Wales, and Labrador, New Brunswick, and the neighboring islands, together with the extent of country between Hudson’s Bay and the Russian Possessions. Canada and New Brunswick are the only parts which are settled by any considerable numbers of civilized people, nine tenths of the country being still inhabited by Indians.

Furs are the staple article of the commerce and trade of the country. The Northwest Fur Company have an establishment at Fort Chipawyan, where the Indians resort to sell their furs.

_Mexico._ The coasts of this country are level and low. Towards the interior the land gradually rises, until it attains an elevation of 6700 feet above the sea, and then forms an immense plateau. The climate is hot and unhealthy, except on the plateau, where it is salubrious. Mexico contains the richest gold and silver mines in the world, and the pursuit of these treasures led the Spaniards, when they first discovered the country, to oppress the natives.

The city Mexico is situated in the midst of this plateau, and is surrounded by mountains. It is one of the most magnificent cities in the world;—its streets are regular, and its buildings truly elegant. The churches are adorned with gold and silver.

Above is the view of the great square. In the centre and opposite the Cathedral, is an equestrian statue of Charles IV. on a pedestal of marble. This was cast in Mexico, and weighs 40,500 pounds. It is one of the handsomest monuments in the world.

_Guatimala._ The climate is like that of Mexico. Volcanoes abound, and not less than twenty are constantly burning. Logwood and mahogany are obtained here in vast quantities.

_Published by Robert S. Davis, Boston. G. Boynton Sc._]

UNITED STATES.

NOTE. The pupil must not think that the opposite map gives a view of the whole extent of the territory of the United States; it represents only that part which is divided into States, and settled. A view of the whole is given on the map of North America; and by comparing the two maps, he will easily understand what part is here represented.

1. _The United States constitute a Republic; how is the government administered?_ 2. How many States and Territories are in this Republic, including Oregon Territory? 3. How is Maine bounded? 4 to 30. How are the other States and Territories severally bounded? 31. What States are north from the 40th parallel of latitude? 32. What south?

33. There is a range of mountains which extends almost through the whole of the United States; what is its general course? 34. Through what part of Virginia does it run? 35. What mountains are in Tennessee? 36. In Alabama? 37. Where are the Lead Hills?

38. _Is the water of lakes generally salt or fresh?_ 39. What lakes lie between the United States and Canada? 40. How is Lake Michigan situated? 41. Moose Head Lake? 42. Flambeau Lake? 43. Lake St. Clair? 44. What lakes are near the source of the Mississippi river? 45. _What is a lake called if its waters be salt?_

46. What bays are located on the south coast of Florida? 47. Where is Narraganset bay? 48. What large gulf is south from the United States?

49. _What is a Sound?_ 50. Where is Albemarle sound? 51. Pamlico sound?

52. What river rises in the northern part of Maine, and flows through New Brunswick into the Atlantic? 53. What is the course of the Mississippi river? 54. Of what States does it form the eastern boundary? 55. Of what the western? 56. What rivers flow into it from the east? 57. What from the west?

58. Of what state does the Ohio river form the northern boundary? 59. Of what states the southern? 60. Where is the Great Kanhawa river? 61. What is its course?

62. What are the principal rivers of Virginia? 63. North Carolina? 64. South Carolina? 65. Georgia? 66. Alabama? 67. Mississippi? 68. Tennessee? 69. What large river unites with the Mississippi, near St. Louis? 70. What rivers flow south into the Ohio? 71. What river flows through Arkansas territory into the Mississippi?

72. Where is Cape St. Blas? 73. What capes at the mouth of Chesapeake bay? 74. What capes on the coast south from Cape Hatteras? 75. What strait connects lakes Huron and Michigan?

76. Which way is Long Island from New Jersey? 77. Where is Mount Desert Island? 78. Sullivan’s island? 79. Royale Island? 80. What two islands lie near the mouth of St. Mary’s river?

81. How are the following capitals and chief towns situated, viz. Richmond?

82. Norfolk?
83. Raleigh?
84. Columbus?
85. Cincinnati?
86. Indianapolis?
87. Vincennes?
88. Vandalia?
89. Kaskaskia?
90. Jefferson city?
91. Nashville?
92. St. Louis?
93. Arkopolis, or Little Rock?
94. Frankfort?
95. Lexington?
96. Knoxville?
97. Charleston?
98. Milledgeville?
99. Tuscaloosa?
100. Tallahassee?
101. Natches?
102. New Orleans?
103. Mobile?
104. WASHINGTON?[1]

105. Which way is Maine from New Jersey? 106. Georgia from Ohio? 107. Michigan from Massachusetts? 108. Indiana from North Carolina?

109. Which way are Philadelphia, Washington, and Baltimore from Boston? 110. Which is furthest?

_Note._ Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, are called THE NEW ENGLAND STATES;—New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Jersey, and Delaware, THE MIDDLE STATES;—Virginia, North and South Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, THE SOUTHERN STATES;—Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri, THE WESTERN STATES.—111. In what part of the Union are these sections severally situated?

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The capital of the United States is WASHINGTON, where the President resides. Congress assembles here to make the laws by which the people are governed.

MAINE.

This map represents only the southern part of the State of Maine; the northern part is covered with extensive forests. For the whole shape of the State, the pupils must refer to the Map of the United States; and by comparing the two maps, they will easily comprehend what portion of the State is here represented. This State has many lakes and rivers, but some of them are not well suited to navigation.

1. How many counties are there in Maine?[2] 2. Which of them lie along the shore of the Atlantic ocean? 3. Has Kennebeck county any sea-coast? 4. In what part is Oxford county? 5. Which is more eastwardly, Penobscot or Somerset county? 6. What lake lies in Cumberland county? 7. What lakes in Oxford county? 8. In what part of Somerset county is Moosehead lake? 9. Where is Sebec lake? 10. What creeks flow into it? 11. In what part of Maine are the Schodic lakes? 12. In what county are they? 13. What river connects Madybemp lake and Cobscook bay? 14. Into what county does Penobscot bay extend? 15. At the mouth of what river is Passamaquoddy bay? 16. Which is more eastwardly, Machias or Goldsboro’ bay? 17. In what county is Casco bay? 18. On what bay is Nobleboro’? 19. Which way is New Meadow bay from Casco bay? 20. Where is Frenchman’s bay? 21. English bay? 22. Into what does Mount Desert sound extend? 23. Where is Belfast bay? 24. Which is further west, Prospect harbour or Haycock harbour? 25. Where is Pleasant River bay?

26. What river flows between Maine and New Brunswick? 27. What are the rivers of Washington county? 28. Which is the largest river in Maine? 29. Into what bay does it flow? 30. What rivers flow into it from the west? 31. What from the east? 32. Through what counties does the Kennebeck river flow? 33. With what lake, in Somerset county, does one of its branches communicate? 34. Where is the Androscoggin river? 35. Where does it rise? 36. What is its course? 37. What rivers in York county? 38. Where is Marshall’s Island?

39. Which are the two largest of the numerous islands near the coast of Maine? 40. Which of them is further east? 41. What islands lie east from Passamaquoddy and Cobscook bays? 42. Which of them is furthest north? 43. On which of them is Eastport situated? 44. What island lies at the entrance of Machias bay? 45. Where is Manhegin island? 46. Boon island? 47. Which is more eastwardly, Little Menan island or Bowbear island? 48. Which is more northwardly, Seal rock, or Wooden Ball rock? 49. What is the longitude from Washington, of Mount Desert rock?

50. Where is Gerrish point? 51. Cape Neddock? 52. Which is more eastwardly, Cape Small Point or Cape Elizabeth? 53. Which way from Mount Desert rock is Sciodic point? 54. In what part of Maine is Quoddy head? 55. At the entrance of what bay is Cow point?

56. Is Castine situated on an island or a peninsula? 57. Are there many peninsulas on the coast of Maine? 58. What town in Cumberland county is situated on an isthmus?

59. On what river is Augusta, the capital of Maine? 60. In what county is it? 61. In what county is York? 62. Portland? 63. Wiscasset? 64. Paris? 65. Norridgewock? 66. Bangor? 67. Castine? 68. Machias?

69. On what bay are Portland, North Yarmouth, and Freeport? 70. Near the mouth of what rivers is Bath situated?

71. On what river is Prospect? 72. Name some of the towns on Androscoggin river. 73. On Penobscot river. 74. Which way from Eastport is Lubec?

75. Which way from Augusta is Hallowell? 76. Which way is Waterville? 77. In what county is it? 78. Which way from Kennebunk is Thomaston? 79. What town is near the junction of the east and west branches of Pleasant river?

_Published by Robert S. Davis, Boston. G. Boynton Sc._]

FOOTNOTES:

[2] The frequent questions on the counties, are not inserted, with an intention of requiring pupils to retain in their memories the whole of them;—but rather that no pupil should omit to learn those of his own state. This is all that should be required of them on reviewing their lessons.

_Published by Robert S. Davis, Boston. G. Boynton Sc._]

NEW HAMPSHIRE.... AND ... VERMONT.

1. Which of these States is more eastwardly? 2. Which extends further north? 3. Which of them has any sea-coast? 4. What state lies east from New Hampshire? 5. What state south?

6. How many counties are there in New Hampshire? 7. What counties border upon Massachusetts? 8. What on Maine? 9. What counties lie along the Connecticut river? 10. What counties in the interior?

11. What mountains are there in this State? 12. In what part of the State are the Pigwacket mountains? 13. In what county are they?

14. What lake in the northern part of Coos county? 15. What river flows from Lake Umbagog into the state of Maine? 16. Which is the largest lake in New Hampshire? 17. How is it situated? 18. Which way from Squam lake, is Ossipee lake? 19. Which is more eastwardly, Smith’s lake, or East pond? 20. In what county are Enfield pond, and Newfound lake? 21. How is Sunapee lake situated?

22. What river bounds New Hampshire on the west? 23. What rivers, in Coos county, flow into the Connecticut river? 24. What river flows from East pond, into Great bay? 25. What river flows from Lake Ossipee, into Saco river? 26. Where does the Merrimack river rise? 27. What is its course through New Hampshire? 28. What state does it enter after leaving New Hampshire, and which way flow? 29. Into what does the Contocook river flow? 30. The Nashua river? 31. The Mascomey river? 32. The Piscataqua river? 33. At the mouth of what river is Hinsdale?

34. In what county, and on what river, is Concord, the capital of the state? 35. In what county is Portsmouth? 36. Is Portsmouth a seaport? 37. In what county is Amherst? 38. Keene? 39. Charlestown? 40. Haverhill? 41. Lancaster? 42. Dover?

43. On what river are Peterboro’ and Jaffrey? 44. Claremont? 45. Which way is Keene from Concord? 46. From Amherst to Portsmouth? 47. From Washington to Jefferson?

48. How many counties are in Vermont? 49. Which of them lie south from the 44th parallel of latitude? 50. What two are crossed by it? 51. Which is in the interior? 52. What counties are in the north part?

53. What country lies north from Vermont? 54. What state lies south? 55. What west?

56. What range of mountains runs through the centre of the state? 57. What is its course?

58. What lakes lie west from Vermont? 59. What north? 60. What lake is in Addison county? 61. What islands are in Lake Champlain? 62. What is their general name?

63. What river bounds Vermont on the east? 64. What rivers flow into the Connecticut river, north from the 44th parallel of latitude? 65. What south? 66. What two streams flow from Bennington county into the state of New York?

67. What river flows into Lake Champlain at Whitehall? 68. In what part of the state is Otter creek? 69. Where does it rise? 70. What is its course? 71. Through what counties, and into what lake, does it flow? 72. How many branches has White river? 73. What rivers, in the northern part of the state, flow into Lake Champlain? 74. Into Kilbourn’s lake?

75. In what county, and on what river, is Montpelier, the capital of the state? 76. In what county is St. Albans? 77. Newfane? 78. Guildhall? 79. Manchester? 80. Danville? 81. Woodstock? 82. Middlebury? 83. Rutland? 84. Chelsea?

85. Which way from Windsor to Burlington? 86. From Montpelier to Irasburg? 87. In which corner of the state is Bennington? 88. Brattleboro’?

89. Which is further north, Montpelier or Concord? 90. Portsmouth or Bennington? 91. What is the latitude of Middlebury and Haverhill? 92. Which way from Claremont to Rutland? 93. Which way from Plymouth, New-Hampshire to Plymouth, Vermont?

MASSACHUSETTS, CONNECTICUT, AND RHODE ISLAND.

1. Which is the largest of these States? 2. Which is smallest?

3. Into how many counties is Massachusetts divided? 4. What county is in the western part? 5. Through which does the Connecticut river flow? 6. Which is the largest county? 7. Which counties lie in the northeastern part? 8. Which in the southeastern part? 9. Boston and Chelsea constitute what county?

10. What mountains form the western boundary of Massachusetts? 11. Where are the Hoosack mountains? 12. In what part, and in what town of Massachusetts is Mount Tom? 13. Mount Holyoke? 14. Wachusett mountain? 15. Saddle mountain?

16. Where is Massachusetts bay? 17. Barnstable bay? 18. Buzzard’s bay? 19. Vineyard sound? 20. Wellfleet harbor? 21. Holmes’ Hole?

22. What river rises in New Hampshire and runs through the northeastern part of Massachusetts? 23. What rivers in Massachusetts flow into the Connecticut river from the east? 24. What from the west? 25. In what part of Massachusetts is Charles river?

26. _What is a canal?_ 27. What canal runs from Worcester to Providence? 28. What direct water communication between Merrimack river and Boston harbor?

29. Where is Cape Ann? 30. Cape Cod? 31. What peninsula lies north from the entrance to Boston harbor? 32. What island lies off the town of Ipswich? 33. Which is further east, Nantucket or Martha’s Vineyard? 34. What county do the Elizabeth Islands and Martha’s Vineyard constitute?

35. Which way is Worcester from Boston? 36. Concord from Worcester? 37. Which is more northwardly, Springfield or Northampton? 38. Which way from Taunton to Plymouth?

39. Where are the following celebrated manufacturing towns? viz. Amesbury? 40. Monson? 41. Ware? 42. Lowell? 43. Pawtucket? 44. Waltham? 45. Leicester? 46. Through what town does the Ware river flow?

47. What counties lie in the western part of Connecticut? 48. In what part is New Haven county? 49. Through which does the Connecticut river flow? 50. Which lie east from the Connecticut river?

51. What mountains are in Connecticut?

52. Where is Long Island Sound?

53. What river rises in Massachusetts and flows through the western part of Connecticut? 54. Through what towns does the Quinebaug river flow? 55. With what river does it unite, and form the Thames?

56. _For what purpose are canals constructed?_ 57. What canal runs from the Connecticut river at Northampton to New Haven? 58. Through what towns does it run?

59. What are the counties of Rhode Island? 60. What large bay in Rhode Island?

61. What rivers in Rhode Island? 62. Through what towns, does the Pawtuxet river flow? 63. In what part is Pawtucket river? 64. Where is Pawcatuck river?

65. To what county of Rhode Island, does Block Island belong? 66. On what island is Newport? 67. On what island is Jamestown?

68. Where is Point Judith?

69. Which way is Providence from Boston? 70. New London from Providence? 71. New Haven from Springfield? 72. Providence from Plymouth? 73. Hartford from Newport? 74. At the head of what bay, are the city and harbor of Boston situated? 75. Providence? 76. What large island lies south from Connecticut?

_Morse & Tuttle Sc._]

_Published by Robert S. Davis, Boston. H. Morse Sc._]

NEW YORK.

1. New York is divided into 56 counties; how many of them are on Long Island? 2. Which lie north from the 44th parallel of latitude? 3. Through which does the Hudson river flow? 4. What counties border on the river St. Lawrence? 5. Through what counties does the Delaware and Hudson canal run?

6. What counties lie west from the meridian of Washington? 7. What are some of the interior counties? 8. On what island is Richmond county? 9. What counties border on Lake Ontario? 10. On Lake Champlain? 11. On Lake Erie?

12. Where are the Catskill mountains? 13. Where is Crane’s mountain?

14. What lake lies north from the western part of New York? 15. Which way from New York is Lake Erie? 16. What lake separates New York from Vermont?

17. Where is Lake George? 18. What small lakes lie in the northern counties of New York? 19. Which is more northwardly, Oneida or Otsego lake?

20. Which is most westwardly, Cayuga, Seneca, or Salt lake? 21. What lake lies between Ontario and Yates counties? 22. North from what part of New York state is Long Island sound?

23. Where is Sacket’s harbor? 24. What bays are on the southern shore of Lake Ontario? 25. Where is Sag Harbor?

26. What rivers divide New York from Canada? 27. What river runs south, through nearly the whole extent of the eastern part of New York? 28. By what is it connected with Lake Champlain? 29. What city is at its mouth?

30. Through what part does the Genessee river flow? 31. What river communicates with the Hudson, near Troy? 32. What with Lake Ontario, near Brownsville? 33. Where is Tonnewanto creek?

34. What navigable water communication is there between Syracuse and Oswego? 35. The Grand canal runs through the State, from west to east; at what place does it commence? 36. At what place does it join the Hudson river? 37. In what part of the State is the Delaware and Hudson canal?

38. Where is Montauq point? 39. How is Cape Vincent situated? 40. Where is Crown point?

41. Where is Galoop island? 42. Which way from New York is Long Island? 43. How is Staten Island situated? 44. Where is Fisher’s island? 45. In what river is Grand Isle?

46. On what river is Albany, the capital? 47. Which way is it from New York city? 48. What are the principal towns on the Hudson river? 49. On what river is Utica?

50. How is Rochester situated? 51. Where is Lockport? 52. Which is further east, Herkimer or Rome? 53. In what county is Ithaca? 54. On what river is West Point? 55. Where is Fort Ticonderoga? 56. How is Fort Erie situated? 57. Which way from Fort Niagara to Fort Erie?

58. Which way from Albany is Northampton in Massachusetts? 59. Which way from Poughkeepsie to New Haven in Connecticut? 60. In what county is Saratoga Springs? 61. What navigable water communications are there between lakes Ontario and Erie? 62. What States lie east from New York? 63. What states lie south?

ENVIRONS OF NEW YORK CITY.

What river divides New York city from New Jersey? What river separates it from Long Island? Which way from New York is Brooklyn? Which way from it is Jersey city? In what county is New York city? Which way from New York city are Manhattanville and Haerlem? Where is Coney island? What island lies southwest from New York bay? What islands in New York bay? Where are the Narrows? Where is Fort Lafayette? On what island are forts Tompkins and Richmond? Which way from New York bay is Newark bay? What canal joins the Hudson river at Jersey city? In what part of New York bay is the Quarantine station?

PENNSYLVANIA, MARYLAND, NEW JERSEY, AND DELAWARE.

1. Name some of the counties that lie along the northern boundary of Pennsylvania? 2. The eastern? 3. The western? 4. The southern? 5. In the interior?

6. Through what counties does the Monongahela river flow? 7. The Alleghany river? 8. What county borders on Lake Erie?

9. What range of mountains runs through the State? 10. What other mountains are in the State?

11. What lake borders on the northwestern corner of Pennsylvania?

12. What river forms the eastern boundary? 13. What river rises in New York, and flows through Pennsylvania into Chesapeake bay? 14. The city Philadelphia is situated between two rivers, and extends from one to the other; what are those rivers called?

15. What rivers unite at Pittsburg and form the Ohio? 16. Through what part does the Juniata river flow?

17. Where is the Lehigh river, the vicinity of which abounds with coal? 18. The Schuylkill river is also celebrated for the coal mines in its neighborhood; where does it rise? 19. What is its course? 20. Into what does it flow?

21. On what river is Harrisburg, the capital of the State? 22. In what county is Pittsburg? 23. Which is more northwardly, Sunbury or Easton?

24. What town lies on Lake Erie? 25. In what county is Carbondale? 26. Which is more westwardly, Lancaster or Columbia? 27. Which way is Harrisburg from Philadelphia? 28. From Carlisle to Bethany?

29. What counties in Maryland, are west from Chesapeake bay? 30. What east?

31. What river divides Maryland from Virginia? 32. Into what does the Petapsco river flow? 33. Between what counties does the Pawtuxent river flow?

34. How is Annapolis, the capital, situated? 35. What is its latitude? 36. On what river is Baltimore? 37. At the mouth of what river is Havre de Grace?

38. How far south does Maryland extend? 39. What State is south from it? 40. Which is more northwardly, Annapolis or Baltimore? 41. Cambridge or Chestertown?

42. Into how many counties is New Jersey divided? 43. Which of them are south from the 40th parallel of latitude? 44. In what part of the State is Monmouth county? 45. Name some of the northern counties.

46. Which is more northwardly, Great or Little Egg harbor? 47. Where is Barnegat bay? 48. Where is Sandy Hook? 49. Cape May?

50. On what river is Trenton, the capital? 51. Which way from Trenton to Bordentown? 52. What bay divides New Jersey from Delaware?

53. What are the counties of Delaware? 54. Which is furthest north? 55. Which furthest south?

56. In what county is Dover, the capital, situated? 57. At the mouth of what river is New Castle? 58. Where is Georgetown? 59. Where is Cape Henlopen?

60. Which way from Harrisburg to Trenton? 61. From Trenton to Dover? 62. From Annapolis to Pittsburg?

63. What States lie east from Pennsylvania? 64. What State north from New Jersey? 65. How can a person sail from Trenton to Baltimore, and not pass Capes May and Henlopen?

66. Which is largest, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, or Maryland? 67. Which is smallest? 68. Which of them border on the Atlantic ocean?

69. What cities and towns are in the District of Columbia? 70. What river runs through it? 71. On which side of the river is Alexandria? 72. What is the latitude of Washington? 73. Of what is Washington the capital?

ENVIRONS OF PHILADELPHIA.

Between what rivers is Philadelphia situated? In what county is Philadelphia? What island is in Delaware river, opposite the city? What county lies north from Philadelphia county? Which way is Germantown from Philadelphia city? What separates Camden from Philadelphia? Where is Petty’s island?

_H. Morse Sc._]

_Published by Robert S. Davis, Boston. G. Boynton Sc._]

WESTERN STATES.

1. Name the Western States. 2. Which lie north from the Ohio river? 3. Which south? 4. Which west from Mississippi river? 5. Which does Mississippi river bound on the west? 6. What two large rivers run through Kentucky and Tennessee?

7. The Territory which lies north and west from Missouri state extends westward, to the Oregon Territory; what is it called? 8. What Territory lies south from Missouri state? 9. What States south from Tennessee?—[_For answer to this question refer to the United States._] 10. What State east? 11. What State lies east from Kentucky? 12. What State east from Ohio? 13. What Territory lies north from Ohio and Indiana? 14. What north from Illinois?

15. Of what State is Columbus the capital? 16. Is Ohio a mountainous state? 17. What lake lies north? 18. What river on the south and east? 19. On what river is Zanesville? 20. What joins Ohio river at Portsmouth? 21. What river flows through the northwestern corner of the State? 22. On what river is Athens?

23. What river flows into Lake Erie at Sandusky? 24. What joins the Ohio at the southwest corner of the State? 25. What is the course of the Miami river? 26. Of Ohio river?

27. What water communication is there between Cincinnati and Dayton? 28. What is the general course of the Ohio canal? 29. What towns in the northern part of the State are near the course of the canal? 30. What in the southern part? 31. To what town does a branch of the Ohio canal run? 32. At what place does it communicate with Lake Erie?

33. What towns on Ohio river? 34. On what river is Columbus, and in what part of the State is it? 35. Which way is Cincinnati from Columbus? 36. Which is most westerly, Marietta, Cincinnati, or Gallipolis? 37. Where is Steubenville? 38. On what river, and in what part of the State, is Fort Defiance? 39. Which way is Jackson from Jefferson?

40. What State does Lake Michigan bound (in part) on the north? 41. Where is Fort Wayne? 42. What river forms part of the western boundary of Indiana? 43. Which of the branches of the Illinois river has its source in Indiana? 44. What are the branches of the Wabash? 45. How is Indianapolis, the capital situated? 46. What towns on the Ohio river? 47. Which way is Vincennes from Indianapolis? 48. Connersville from Vincennes? 49. Which way from Crawfordville is Jacksonboro’?

50. What lake separates Illinois from Michigan? 51. What three rivers form the western, southern, and (in part) the eastern, boundaries of Illinois? 52. Which is the largest river in Illinois? 53. What river in the northwestern part of the State?

54. On what river is Vandalia, the capital? 55. Where is Kaskaskia? 56. Which way is Edwardsville from Vandalia? 57. How is Shawneetown situated? 58. What town is on Lake Michigan? 59. In what part of the State is Peoria? 60. Which way is McLeansboro’ from Jacksonville?

61. What mountains are between Kentucky and Virginia? 62. What river rises in the eastern part of this State, and after passing through Tennessee, flows north, into the Ohio? 63. Where is Licking river?

64. On what river is Frankfort, the capital? 65. Which way from Frankfort to Maysville? 66. Which is more westerly, Henderson or Louisville? 67. What town on Mississippi river? 68. Which is more northwardly, Madisonville or Barbourville?

69. What mountains are between Tennessee and North Carolina? 70. What range runs through the State? 71. What lake is in this State? 72. How is it connected with Mississippi river? 73. Describe the course of the Tennessee river. 74. What are the branches of the Tennessee river, and where do they rise?

75. On what river is Nashville, the capital? 76. Which way from it is Murfreesboro’? 77. In what part is Memphis? 78. Which is more northwardly, Winchester or Knoxville? 79. Which is furthest north, Washington, Munroe, or Jackson?

80. Of what state is Jefferson city the capital? 81. What mountains are in that State? 82. What large river flows through the state? 83. Does it flow west or east? 84. What river joins the Missouri at 15° long. west from Washington? 85. What river in Missouri is of the same name as one in New Hampshire and Massachusetts?

86. What are the principal towns on Mississippi river? 87. Which is more northwardly, St. Louis or St. Charles? 88. Which is most westwardly, Franklin, Jefferson, or Jackson?

89. Of what is Detroit the capital? 90. What lakes appear on this map to border upon Michigan Territory? 91. What are some of the rivers? _Note. For the whole shape of Michigan and Northwest Territories, the learner must refer to the map of the United States, as neither of them is fully exhibited on this map._

92. What is the latitude and longitude of Zanesville? 93. Of Vandalia? 94. How can a person travel by water from Cleveland to Dayton? 95. Which is further north, Columbus or Indianapolis? 96. Frankfort or Jefferson city? 97. Which is further east, Nashville or Vincennes? 98. Which way from the capital of Ohio must you travel in order to pass in a straight line through the capitals of two other of the western States? 99. What Territory is north from Illinois? 100. Between what parallels of latitude do the Western States lie?

UNITED STATES.

The United States of North America are classed into four groups of States, each group having a distinguishing name. First, New England; second, the Middle States; third, the Western; fourth, the Southern States. This division arises from local distinctions, which exist in the character and pursuits of the inhabitants, or is founded on physical causes.

NEW ENGLAND.

New England includes the six States lying east from Hudson river and Lake Champlain. This general name was given to this part of the country by the first settlers, or, as they are generally called, ‘the pilgrim fathers,’ who left England, their native country, and landed at Plymouth, in December, 1620, in order that they might enjoy religious freedom. This section of the United States is distinguished for the industry of its inhabitants, and for being the most populous part of the Union. Great attention is paid to agriculture and commerce.

The features of New England are mountainous; and the soil is various, producing in abundance, grass, grain, and a variety of fruits. Its climate is salubrious.

There is probably no place in the world where education is so widely spread through all classes of the people; there being schools in each town, supported at public expense.

MAINE.

Is an uneven and mountainous State. Its soil is peculiarly adapted to the growth of timber, and for pasturage of cattle. The climate is healthy, although the cold is severe during the winter months. This State has an extensive sea-coast, indented with many good harbors, and commerce is actively pursued by those who reside near the ocean. The exports are timber and fish. Portland is the largest city, and has heretofore been the capital; but Augusta has recently been selected for the metropolis of the State.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

The climate of this State is similar to that of Maine. The land is mountainous and fertile. Agriculture is the chief occupation of the inhabitants. There is but little facility for commerce, as the State has only sixteen miles of sea-coast. The harbor at Portsmouth is one of the best on the continent, and contains one of the United States’ naval stations. The capital of this State is Concord, which is a place of considerable trade, having a communication with Boston harbor by means of Middlesex canal.

VERMONT.

Derives its name from the range of the Green Mountains which runs through the State. These mountains give rise to many rivers which contribute to the fertility of the soil. The State being entirely inland, the attention of the inhabitants is directed to agriculture and manufactures. Mines of iron, copper, and lead, and quarries of marble, are found in this State. Montpelier, the capital, is a flourishing town.

MASSACHUSETTS.

Is the oldest State in New England, and is distinguished as having been the first mover in the struggle for American Independence. It is the first, except New York, in commerce, wealth, and manufactures. It is the second commercial State in the Union. The state of society is enlightened, and the advantages of education are universally enjoyed.

The land is uneven and hilly, and in the western part, mountainous. The soil is fertile, except in the southeastern part, where it is sandy.

Boston is the capital, and being the largest city in New England, may properly be considered the metropolis of this whole section of country. It is built upon a peninsula at the head of Massachusetts bay, and has a most excellent harbor, capable of accommodating more than five hundred vessels, while the entrance is so narrow that only two ships can sail in, abreast. The wharfs are constructed with a degree of expense and neatness far exceeding those of any other city in the United States. The harbor is defended by forts, and contains one of the United States’ naval stations. Boston has communication with the surrounding country by means of seven bridges, all built of wood, with the exception of the Western Avenue, which is built of stone and earth. This city is noted for its literature, and for its many handsome public and private buildings, among which may be named the State House, Quincy Market, Tremont House, Masonic Temple, &c. The cut above gives a view of the City Hall, which contains the Rooms of the Mayor, Aldermen, and Council, Post Office, and City Treasurer and Clerk’s Offices. This building was formerly the State House. In this venerated edifice the _first legislative acts_ on the American revolution were debated and acted upon. This continued to be the capitol until the year 1800, when the present State House was built. This city is also celebrated as containing Faneuil Hall, ‘the cradle of liberty,’ where the _first popular assemblies_ were held, to discuss the question of Independence.

Salem, the next town in size, is considered the wealthiest town in the United States.

Charlestown, is noted in the annals of the Revolution, as being the place where the battle of Bunker Hill was fought.

CONNECTICUT.

Possesses a mild climate and fertile soil which is under a high state of cultivation. Manufactures of cotton, woollen, linen, iron, wood, and tin, are carried on with great activity and ingenuity in this State. General habits of sobriety and industry are the characteristics of the inhabitants, who are generally well educated, much attention being paid to schools. Connecticut and Massachusetts have furnished more emigrants to the western states than any other section of the Republic.

The General Assembly of statesmen, meets alternately at New Haven and Hartford, on which account both may be considered capitals. Yale College at New Haven, is one of the most flourishing seminaries in the Union.

RHODE ISLAND.

Is the smallest State in the Republic; its soil is moderately fertile, and the climate salubrious and healthy. It has a greater amount of manufactures in proportion to its population than any other State. Its commerce is considerable. This State takes its name from an island in Narraganset bay. On this island is situated Newport, which has one of the best harbors in the United States.

Rhode Island was founded by Roger Williams, a celebrated advocate for religious liberty. This State has no written constitution, being still governed under the charter of the English king, Charles II, in virtue of which, the people annually elect a Governor, Senate, and House of Representatives. These constitute the General Assembly, which meets four times a year. Providence being the largest city may be considered the capital, although the Assembly meets alternately at Providence, South Kingston, East Greenwich, and Bristol. Brown University is in Providence.

MIDDLE STATES.

The Middle States are so called from their relative situation. The distinguishing characteristic of this section of country is the extensive system of internal improvement by means of canals and railroads, by which the prosperity of those States is much promoted. Railroads are laid down on the most level routes between the places to be connected. They are formed by rails of iron laid on a foundation of stone or wood. The wheels of the carriages are made to run upon these rails, which being smooth offer little resistance, and make it easy for a small force to move an immense weight. All the hills which occur in the route of these roads are levelled and the valleys filled up. Railroads pass over rivers by means of bridges, or, as they are more generally called in these States, _viaducts_. The Baltimore and Ohio railroad passes over a river, about seven miles from the city, by means of one of these, called the Patterson viaduct, a view of which is given in the cut.

The climate of the Middle States embraces almost all the varieties that are found on the face of the earth; and, with the exception of the northern part of the State of New York, the soil is more fertile than that of New England. Wheat is produced in great abundance, and forms the chief object of agriculture.

NEW YORK.

Ranks first in the United States for commerce, wealth, and population, and is one of the most extensive in point of territory. The land is uneven, and in some parts mountainous. The soil is moderately fertile, and well adapted to agriculture and grazing.

A prominent feature of this State is the great number of lakes in its interior, which, being connected together by rivers, facilitate the transportation of produce from place to place. These natural advantages, together with large rivers and grand canals, have raised New York to the elevated rank she now holds, and made the city of New York the first emporium of commerce in the Union.

The Falls of Niagara, between Lakes Erie and Ontario, are partly in this State. This is the largest cataract in the world, and is a place of great interest to the thousands of its visiters. The fall here is one hundred and fifty feet.

Long Island is a part of this State. It is one hundred and sixty miles long, and from two to fifteen broad, and is well cultivated. The principal town on this island is Brooklyn, where there is one of the United States naval stations.

ALBANY is the capital of New York. It is a flourishing city on the Hudson river, situated at the point where it is joined by the Western and Champlain canals, which circumstances contribute to make it a place of considerable trade. Its inhabitants are principally descendants from the Dutch, who first settled the state.

The city NEW YORK is situated on Manhattan island, at the mouth of the Hudson river; and from its commodious bay and other natural advantages for commerce, seems destined to rival all the commercial cities in the world. This city contains many elegant buildings, and beautiful parks. Its population embraces some of almost every nation on the earth, who congregate here in pursuit of wealth. New York city extends over three miles along its harbor, thus affording ample accommodation to almost innumerable vessels.

Ballston and Saratoga springs, are the most celebrated mineral springs in the United States, and are much visited, during the summer months, on account of the medicinal qualities of the waters.

NEW JERSEY.

The soil of New Jersey is not generally so fertile as that of the states which have been named, being sandy along the sea-coast, and hilly in the interior. Although this state has an extensive sea-coast yet, as there are few very commodious harbors, to vie with that of New York on the one side and of Philadelphia on the other, it has but little commerce:—These cities import almost all the foreign articles and dispose of most of the manufactures and produce of this state.

The farmers raise many cattle, and much fruit, particularly apples, from which immense quantities of cider are annually made:—for this article this state is particularly celebrated.

Iron ore is abundant—copper, lead, coal, and freestone are found in considerable quantities. Manufactures of iron, cotton, and leather, are carried on to a considerable amount.

Trenton is the capital of the state. It is situated on the Delaware river, and is on the great route of travel between New York and Philadelphia. It is celebrated as the scene of one of the most brilliant battles fought by the Americans during the revolution. Princeton is also noted for a battle.

Newark contains more inhabitants than any other town in the state, its population being about 11,000.

PENNSYLVANIA.

William Penn, a benevolent English gentleman, brought out with him, in the year 1681, a great number of Quakers, and first settled this state, under a grant from King Charles II. After his name the State is called, Pennsylvania. This State exhibits a great variety of soil and climate. The soil is suited to the growth of grain, and husbandry is said to be better understood in Pennsylvania than in any other State. Hemp and peaches are cultivated. Wine is made in small quantities, and commerce flourishes to a great extent.

This State abounds in coal, which forms an article of commerce with most of the cities of the United States. It is obtained in immense quantities in the neighborhood of Pittsburg, and from the Schuylkill and Lehigh mines.

Pennsylvania has engaged more extensively in internal improvements than any other State.

Harrisburg, the capital, is pleasantly situated on the Susquehanna River, and contains an elegant State House.

Philadelphia is the most regularly laid out and well built city in the Union. The streets generally intersect each other at right angles, and the principal ones are 100 feet wide. The inhabitants are extensively engaged in manufactures. The commerce of this place is large, and according to the amount of its exports is the third commercial city in the Republic.

In this city are many literary, scientific, and benevolent institutions, and numerous elegant public buildings, among which are the Bank of the United States, the Almshouse, Mint of the United States, and many elegant churches. The population of the city is 80,458; and of the suburbs, 87,353; total, 167,811.

DELAWARE.

With the exception of Rhode Island, this state is the smallest in the Union; it is also the least populous state. Its soil is moderately fertile, and produces a great variety of grasses, and an abundance of wheat. Flour is the principal article of manufacture and export. A considerable quantity of lumber is also exported.

The Chesapeake and Delaware canal intersects this state, and forms an easy and expeditious communication between Philadelphia and Baltimore.

Dover is the capital. It contains a handsome state house.

MARYLAND.

This is the most irregularly shaped of all the American states. Here the system of husbandry peculiar to the Southern States generally commences, it being the first in our progress southward where tobacco is produced. Wheat, hemp, and flax, are considerably cultivated.

The first settlers of this State were natives of Sweden, and many of their posterity may still be found who are like their forefathers, healthy, cheerful, industrious, and hospitable.

This State ranks high in a commercial view. Its commercial city is Baltimore, where there is an excellent harbor, capable of containing a great number of vessels. Its inhabitants are celebrated for hospitality, a spirit of enterprise, and polished manners. It contains many elegant public structures, viz. the Washington and Battle Monuments, the Exchange, the Museum, and Hospital. Much attention is paid to education. Population 80,625.

Annapolis is the capital. It is situated 28 miles southeast from Baltimore, and is a flourishing place, containing a handsome state house in its centre, towards which the streets run.

The principal manufacture of this State is flour, which is made in such quantities as to form the chief article of export. Tobacco, lumber, iron, glass, and whiskey, are also exported.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

Between Maryland and Virginia, lies the Federal District of Columbia, comprising a square of ten miles. This district which was given by these States to the United States, lies on both sides of the river Potomack, 120 miles from its mouth, and is under the immediate jurisdiction of the National Congress, which assembles annually at Washington, for the purpose of legislation. Washington is situated near the centre of the district, and is laid out in such manner, that the principal buildings, as the Capitol, President’s house, &c. command a full view of the city, and at the same time can be seen from every part of it. Georgetown and Alexandria are also within the district.

WESTERN STATES.

The Western States have all sprung into existence within the period of the last fifteen years, and their growth has been unparalleled, both in the increase of population and wealth.

Probably no district of country on earth, possesses so great a proportion of soil capable of yielding the necessaries and luxuries of life, in so great abundance. The seasons are regularly divided into spring, summer, autumn, and winter, and the climate is generally healthful. Furs, minerals, cotton, indigo, tobacco, hemp, wheat, and every description of grain and fruit common in the New England States, flourish here.

Prairies are common in this section of the country, on which immense herds of buffaloes are often seen grazing.

The remote situation of these states from the ocean, has retarded their growth as a commercial country; but the introduction of steam-boats, canals, and railways, is fast overcoming the difficulty, and some of the western towns are already very large, and are rapidly increasing.

OHIO.

Takes its name, and derives its greatest facilities for commerce, from the noble Ohio river. This State was admitted to the Union in the year 1802, since which time its growth has been rapid; in 1820 its population was 581,434; and increased in ten years to 937,679.

Although there are no mountains in this State, yet it is diversified with hills, valleys, and plains, and watered by many fine rivers, navigable for boats. The soil and climate are excellent, and the state presents great facilities for agriculture. The land in its natural state is thickly covered with forests, and the trees attain an immense size.

The population is composed of emigrants from the other states, the greater proportion of which are from New England. The inhabitants are noted for their industrious habits, and enterprising spirit.

Cincinnati (a view of which is given above,) is the largest town in the State, and with propriety may be considered the commercial capital of the Western States. It is rapidly increasing in refinement, business, and population. The number of inhabitants, as given in the returns to congress in the year 1830, is stated at 24,831; but another census taken a few months later in the same year states that it is 26,515. Being advantageously situated on the Ohio river, it seems destined to become a great city, and may in progress of time rival the older cities of the _Middle_ and the _Eastern_ States.

Columbus, the capital, is a flourishing place.

Much attention is paid in this State to education. There are many colleges and academies, and schools are general throughout the State. Internal improvements are gaining the attention of the people.

Mounds of earth are found in many places, the origin of which cannot be ascertained. These mounds appear to be forts, and are supposed to have been built by people who lived in this country before the present race of Indians.

INDIANA.

This state is nearly similar to Ohio in its climate, soil, productions, and inhabitants. The northern part of the State is level, the southern part broken and hilly, and there is much timber land.

The largest town in the State is Vincennes. At this place most of the trade of the State centres.

ILLINOIS.

The soil of this State is exceedingly rich, and is divided into forest and prairie lands; and when under cultivation produces in the greatest abundance, the necessaries and luxuries of life. Grapes are common to the country, and are abundant. Great quantities of wine might be easily manufactured. Foreign vines have been cultivated with success. Maize, wheat, oats, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, rye, tobacco, cotton, hemp, and flax, peaches, plums, and garden vegetables, and indeed almost all the productions of the Eastern and Middle States, can be cultivated to advantage here.

The United States salt works on the Saline river produce annually 200,000 bushels of salt. Coal, iron ore, copper, and lead are found here.

MISSOURI.

Takes its name from the river which runs through the State. It contains less woodland than Illinois, but its soil and climate are similar. Numerous mines of lead are now worked, which yield immense quantities. Iron ore is found in great abundance, and it is probable that enough of these two minerals may be obtained from this State to supply the whole United States.