Chapter XII: The Naturalist's View of Life 254 (9)

Life, may be a mode of motion, 5;
evolution of, 6;
its action on matter, 8, 9;
its physico-chemical origin, 9;
its appearance viewed as accidental, 10-14;
Bergson's view, 14-17, 27-29;
Sir Oliver Lodge's view, 17, 18;
and energy, 17-23;
theories as to its origin, 24-27;
Tyndall's view, 28-30;
Verworn's view, 30, 31;
the vitalistic view, 32-38;
matter as affected by, 39;
not to be treated mathematically, 40;
a slow explosion, 41, 42;
an insoluble mystery, 43, 44;
relations with the psychic and the inorganic, 44, 45;
compared with fire, 54, 55;
the final mystery of, 69, 70;
vitalistic and mechanistic views, 71-114;
Benjamin Moore's view, 106-113;
the theory of derivation from other spheres, 104;
spontaneous generation, 105;
plays a small part in the cosmic scheme, 115-119;
mystery of, 120;
nature merciless towards, 120-124;
as an entity, 124-130;
evanescent character, 131, 132;
Prof. Schäfer's view, 133-138;
intelligence the characteristic of, 134, 139, 151-154;
power of adaptation, 147-149;
versatility, 155, 156;
the fields of science and philosophy in dealing with, 161-166, 173-176;
simulation of, 167, 168;
and protoplasm, 169;
and the cell, 170;
variability, 171, 172;
the biogenetic law, 174;
relation to energy, 177-183;
an _x_-entity, 181, 182;
struggle with environment, 185, 186;
as a chemical phenomenon, 187;
inadequacy of the mechanistic view, 212-243;
degrees of, 216, 217;
arises, not comes, 230;
a metaphysical problem, 231;
as a wave, 231;
its adaptability, 253;
a vitalistic view, 254-289;
naturalness of, 263-268;
advent and disappearance, 268, 269;
the unscientific view, 274, 275;
analogy with the question of perpetual motion, 277, 278;
no great gulf between animate and inanimate, 285;
a cosmic view, 289.
_See also_ Living thing, Vital force, Vitalism, Vitality.

Light, measuring its speed, 60.

Liquids, molecular behavior, 200.

Living thing, not a machine, 1-3, 212-214;
viewed as a machine, 34-37, 224-228;
a unit, 215;
adaptation, 215, 216;
contrasted and compared with a machine, 241, 242.

Lodge, Sir Oliver, 183, 197;
his view of life, 17, 18, 34, 132, 161, 219, 237;
his vein of mysticism, 34;
on the ether, 62, 63, 66;
on molecular spaces, 65;
on radium, 201;
on the atom, 203;
on electrons, 203.

Loeb, Jacques, on mechanism, 10-13, 73;
his experiments, 74, 76, 79, 147;
on variations, 148.

Machines, Nature's and man's, 224-226;
contrasted and compared with living bodies, 241, 242.

Maeterlinck, Maurice, on the Spirit of the Hive, 82.

Man, evolution of, 246-251;
as the result of chance, 255;
as a part of the natural order, 258, 259;
his little day, 269.

Matter, as acted upon by life, 8, 9;
creative energy immanent in, 9;
change upon entry of life, 39;
constitution of, 43, 44, 46-48;
a state of the ether, 63;
changes in, 131, 133;
Emerson on, 188;
discrete, 196;
emanations detected by smell and taste, 198, 199;
a hole in the ether, 203;
origin of its properties, 204-206;
a higher conception of, 259-261;
common view of grossness of, 274, 275.

Maxwell, James Clerk, on the ether, 63;
on atoms, 198.

Mechanism, the scientific explanation of mind, 5;
and ethics, 12;
reaction against, 32;
definition, 72;
Prof. Henderson's view, 88, 89;
_vs._ vitalism, 212-243.
_See also_ Life.

Metaphysics, necessity of, 101.

Micellar strings, 217.

Microbalance, 60.

Mind, evolution of, 287, 288.
_See also_ Intelligence.

Molecules, spaces between, 65, 196;
speed, 192;
unchanging character, 205, 206.

Monera, 285.

Moore, Benjamin, a scientific vitalist, 106;
his "biotic energy," 106-113, 145, 146.

Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 148.

Motion, perpetual, 190, 191, 278;
mass and molecular, 269, 270.

Naegeli, Karl Wilhelm von, 217.

Nitrogen, 51.

Nonentities, 99, 100.

Odors, 198, 199.

Osmotic growths, 167, 168.

Oxygen, activities of, 51, 52, 59;
in the crust of the earth, 193;
chemical affinities, 193-195;
different forms of atoms, 200.

Parker, Theodore, on the universe, 280.

Parthenogenesis, artificial, 11, 74.

Pasteur, Louis, his "dissymmetric force," 22, 32.

Philosophy, supplements science, 94-96, 104, 109, 163, 164;
deals with fundamental problems, 242, 243;
contradictions in, 254-258.

Phosphorus, 59, 60.

Physics, staggering figures in, 192.

Pitch lake, 123.

Plants, force exerted by growing, 17-20.

Plasmogen, 145, 146.

Plastidules, 217.

Protobion, 135.

Protoplasm, vitality of, 169;
creative, 286.

Radio-activity, 66-70, 132.

Radium, 61, 201.
_See also_ Beta rays.

Rainbow, 70.

Ramsay, Sir William, 191, 192.

Rand, Herbert W., on the mechanistic view of life, 89, 90.

Russia, 250, 251.

Salt, crystallization, 276, 277.

Schäfer, Sir Edward Albert, 73;
his mechanistic view of life, 133-138.

Science, delicacy of its methods and implements, 60, 61;
limitations of its field, 94-100, 104;
cannot deal with life except as a physical phenomenon, 161, 162;
does not embrace the whole of human life, 162, 163;
inadequacy, 163-166;
cannot grasp the mystery of life, 173, 175, 176, 234-236;
cannot deal with fundamental problems, 242, 243;
concerns itself with matter only, 264;
inevitably mechanistic, 265, 266;
views the universe as one, 267, 268, 271-274;
the redeemer of the physical world, 269-271, 276;
spiritual insight gained through, 278.

Sea-urchins, Loeb's experiments, 147.

Seed, growth of, 217, 218.

Soddy, Frederick, 46, 66;
on vital force, 133;
on rainbows and rabbits, 174;
on the relation of life to energy, 177-180;
on the atom, 197, 198;
on atomic energy, 204.

Spencer, Herbert, 218, 240;
quoted, 15, 16;
on the origin of life, 26;
on vital capital, 34, 35.

Spirit, common view of, 274, 275.

Spirituality, evolution of, 284.

Sugar, grape, 208.

Sunflower, wild, force exerted by, 19.

Thomson, J. Arthur, 270.

Thomson, Sir J. J., on electrons, 197;
photographing atoms, 199, 200.

Tropisms, 11.

Tyndall, John, his view of life, 28-30, 160, 162, 231;
his "molecular force," 42, 133;
his Belfast Address, 64, 219;
and the "miracle of vitality," 105;
on energy, 161;
on growth from the germ, 217;
an idealist, 219, 220;
on Goethe, 221;
on matter, 260;
on crystallisation of salt, 276, 277;
on incipient life in inorganic nature, 277.

Universe, the, oneness of, 267, 268;
a view of, 289.

Uranium, 67.

Verworn, Max, 25, 79, 146;
his view of life, 30, 31, 73;
his term for vital force, 145.

Vital force, constructive, 7, 38;
inventive and creative, 7;
resisting repose, 40;
as a postulate, 99-103;
its existence denied by science, 133;
convenience of the term, 144;
other names, 144-146.
_See also_ Life.

Vitalism, making headway, 32;
reason for, 71, 72;
Moore's scientific vitalism, 106-112;
type of mind believing in, 218-223.
_See also_ Life.

Vitality, the question of its reality, 140-143;
degrees of, 241, 242.
_See also_ Life.

War of 1914, 248-251.

Water-power, and electricity, 67, 68.

Weismann, August, 217.

Whitman, Walt, quoted, 14, 48, 110, 256, 260.

Wilson, Edmund Beecher, on the cell, 95.

[Transcriber's Notes:

1. The phrase 'To resolve the pyschic and the vital' was changed to 'To resolve the psychic and the vital'.]