Chapter II: Part 2

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1763 _Oniscus muscorum_ Scopoli (67), p. 415.
1793 _Oniscus sylvestris_ Fabricius (26), p. 397.
1793 _Oniscus agilis_ Koch in Panzer (51), part 9, pl. XXIV.
1833 _Philoscia marmorata_ Brandt (3), p. 183.
1838 _Ligia melanocephala_ Koch (34), part 22, pl. XVIII.
1847 _Zia melanocephala_ Koch (38), part 40, pl. I. p. 212.
1868 _Philoscia muscorum_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 450.
1898 _Philoscia muscorum_ Sars (59), p. 174, pl. LXXVI., fig. 1.

This species lives chiefly at the roots of grass and under the stones or sticks that lie among it. _Philoscia muscorum_ has a very smooth and shining body, and its long legs enable it to move very rapidly. The ground colour of its dorsal surface varies from light yellow to deep brown. There are characteristic dark markings down the middle of the thorax and on the sides, between which are lighter patches. In dark coloured specimens the markings are by no means so evident.

_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_

_England_: High Beach, Epping; Warley; (W.M.W.): Maldon; (W.M.W.
from R.M.): Kew; Langley; Hanwell, yellow variation; Bluebell
Hill, Maidstone; (W.M.W.): Liphook; (C.S.): Pamber Forest;
Kingston-on-Soar; (W.M.W.)

_Scotland_: (Scott, 68).

_Ireland_: Almost throughout; (Scharff, 63).

_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_

_Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (12): Sicily; (19): Hertsogovinia;
(22): Sweden; (21): Norway; Denmark; Prussia; Germany; Holland;
Poland; Austria; Italy; (59): Sardinia; (21).

_Africa_: Algeria; Tunis; (24).

=Philoscia couchii= Kinahan. PLATE XI.

1858 _Philoscia couchii_ Kinahan (33), p. 195, pl. XXIII., fig. 4.
1868 _Philoscia couchii_ Bate and Westwood (1), p.
1885 _Ligidium couchii_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 257.
1885 _Philoscia longicornis_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 221.
1897 _Philoscia couchii_ Dollfus (21), p. 72, pl. I., fig. 1.

_Philoscia couchii_ is an inhabitant of the sea-side; it is smaller than the last species, its colour to the naked eye is a uniform lead-grey, and its antennæ are very large (compared with its size) and hairy.

This species was discovered by Professor Kinahan when in the company of Messrs. Bate and Westwood near Polperro in Cornwall in the year 1858, and dried specimens presented by him are in the British Museum (Natural History).

_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_

_England_: Talland Cove; Polperro; (Bate and Westwood, 1): Salcombe,
Devon; (Norman, 49): Meadefoot, Torquay; (Stebbing in 49).

_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_

_Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (12): Sicily; (19): Sebastopol;
(Norman, 49).

_Africa_: Azores; Canaries; Morocco; Algiers; Tunis: Egypt
Senegal; (24).

_Atlantic Isles_: Canaries; Azores; (21).

_Asia_: Syracuse; Bazone (18).

_Genus_--=PLATYARTHRUS= Brandt, 1833 (3), p. 174.

[_Typhloniscus_ Schöbl (66), p. 279.]

_Flagellum with one joint; eyes wanting; abdomen broad; habitat, ants' nests._

The broad body, which is much flattened, and the very thick antennæ distinguish _Platyarthrus_ from the other small woodlice (Trichoniscidæ).

=Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii= Brandt. PLATE XII.

1833 _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ Brandt (3), p. 174, pl. IV.,
fig. 10.
1844 _Itea crassicornis_ Koch (34), part 36, pl. V.
1860 _Typhloniscus steinii_ Schöbl (66), p. 282.
1868 _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 464.
1898 _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ Sars (59), p. 175, pl. LXXVI.,
fig. 2.

Up to the present this is the only woodlouse which has been found in the nests of British ants. It is small and oval, its colour is white, and its body is covered with tubercles. The edges of its side plates are toothed, its flagellum has but a single joint and it has no eyes.

Miss Kate Hall tells us that, if very hungry, ants in captivity will kill and eat _Platyarthrus_. With regard to its own food, Lord Avebury has favoured us with the opinion that it lives on the spores of the lower plants, such as would be found in the ants' nest.

_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_

_England_: Warley; Hanwell; West Drayton; Langley;
Kingston-on-Soar; Bluebell Hill, Maidstone; (W.M.W.): Berkhamsted;
Salcombe; Devon; Cheddar Cliffs, Somerset; (Norman, 49): Ide, near
Exeter; (Parfitt, 53): Torquay; (Stebbing in 49); Lulworth Cove;
(Rev. A. R. Hogan _teste_ Bate and Westwood, 1): Hammersmith;
Oxford; Berry Head, Torquay; Plymouth; (Bate and Westwood, 1): In
the nest of _Myrmica rubra_, Newton Ferrers (E. E. Lowe).

_Scotland_: Banff; (Thomas Edward in 49).

_Ireland_: Leixlip, Co. Dublin; Lismore, Co. Waterford; Glengariff,
Co. Cork; (Scharff, 63): Bagenalstown, Co. Carlow; (64).

_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_

_Europe_: France; (28): Spain; (12): Denmark; Germany; Holland;
Bohemia; Austria; Tyrol; Helvetia; (59).

* * * * *

NOTE.--In the genera which follow, air-tubes or air-cavities
(tracheæ) are present in the outer plates of the abdominal
appendages, 1 and 2, or 1 to 5. The appendages in question have
in consequence a milk-white appearance in the living animal
owing to the fact that the enclosed air reflects white light.
Considerable interest attaches to the study of these tracheæ,
which have the same function as those of insects, but which have
been independently developed. To emphasise the latter fact the
structures are often termed "pseudotracheæ."

_Genus_--=PORCELLIO= Latreille, 1804 (37), p. 45.

_Flagellum, with two joints; abdomen, broad; frontal lobe projecting._

_Porcellio_ is easily separated from the previous genera--_Oniscus_, _Philoscia_, and _Platyarthrus_--by its two-jointed flagellum. The fact that the abdomen is not abruptly narrowed separates it from _Metoponorthus_, which also lacks the prominent frontal lobe so characteristic of _Porcellio_. The species of this genera might be confused with _Cyclisticus_ which has two joints to the flagellum and a broad abdomen, but the latter genus has the power of rolling itself into a ball, while its frontal lobe is very small, and the first segment of its thorax is comparatively larger than in any species of _Porcellio_.

=Porcellio scaber= Latreille. PLATE XIII.

1804 _Porcellio scaber_ Latreille (37), p. 45.
1818 _Oniscus granulatus_ Lamark (36), p. 261.
1818 _Porcellio nigra_ Say (62), p. 432.
1840 _Porcellio brandtii_ Milne-Edwards (46), p. 168.
1840 _Porcellio dubius_ Koch (34), part 34, pl. VIII.
1847 _Porcellio asper_ Koch (35), p. 207, pl. VIII., fig. 98.
1857 _Porcellio montezumæ_ Saussure (60), p. 207.
1865 _Porcellio paulensis_ Heller (31), p. 136, p. XII., fig. 5.
1868 _Porcellio scaber_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 475.
1876 _Porcellio graniger_ Miers (44), p. 223.
1885 _Porcellio graniger_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 149.
1898 _Porcellio scaber_ Sars (59), p. 176, pl. LXXVII.

The body of _Porcellio scaber_ is densely covered with tubercles. Its colour is usually of a very dark grey, but at times it is quite red or variegated with yellow. Albino specimens have been recorded. The two joints of the flagellum are of the same length and together equal that of the last joint of the peduncle. Air-tubes are present in the outer plates of the first two abdominal appendages.

_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_

_England_: High Beach, Epping; Warley; Brightlingsea; (W.M.W.):
Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Langley; Kew; Skirmett; Pamber Forest;
(W.M.W.): Liphook; (C.S.): Stoke-on-Trent; Kingston-on-Soar;
(W.M.W.)

_Scotland_: Dinnet (W.M.W. from Madame Christen).

_Ireland_: Common everywhere; (Scharff, 63.)

_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_

_Europe_: Throughout; (59): France; (28): Spain; (15): Iceland;
(59): Faroe Isles--Thorsharn and Naalsoe--(R.F.S. and B.M., N.
Annadale).

_America_: Greenland; North America; Sandwich Isles; (B.M.);
Mexico; (59): St. Paul; St. Croix; (59); Ascension; Tristan
d'Acunha; (23)

_Asia_: Ceylon; Kamtschatka: (23).

_Australia_: Melbourne; Sydney; Tasmania; New Zealand; (B.M.,
Chilton).

_Africa_: Azores; Canaries; Cape of Good Hope; (24).

=Porcellio pictus= Brandt and Ratzeburg. PLATE XIV.

1833 _Porcellio pictus_ Brandt and Razteburg (4), p. 78, pl. 12,
fig. 5.
1839 _Porcellio melanocephalus_ Koch (34), part 28, pl. XVIII.
1853 _Porcellio melanocephalus_ Schnitzler (65), p. 24.
1856 _Porcellio mixtus_ Fitch (29), p. 120.
1868 _Porcellio pictus_ Bate and Westwood (1), p.
1898 _Porcellio pictus_ Sars (59), p. 177. pl. LXXVII., fig. 1.

There are tubercles on the body of _Porcellio pictus_, which is a striking looking animal. Its head is black with the lateral lobes curved outwards; there is a dark band down the middle of the back and commonly two others on each side, with more or less conspicuous yellow markings between.

The distal (terminal) joint of the flagellum is but half the length of the proximal one and the last peduncular joint is longer than the two combined.

The abdominal appendages--1 and 2--are provided with air-tubes.

_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_

_England_: Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Chislehurst; (Bate and
Westwood, 1): Cooper's Hill, near Cheltenham; (Norman, 49):
Exeter; (Parfitt, 53): Kent; (Bate and Westwood, 1.)

_Scotland_: Between Leith and Portobello; (Scott, 68): Cumbrae
(Scott, 68a): Ayrshire; (Boyd in Norman, 49): Banff; (T. Edwards
in Norman, 49).

_Ireland_: Dublin; Belfast; (Bate and Westwood, 1): Galway;
Maryborough; Queen's Co., Castel; and Caher Co. Tipperary; (R.F.S.)

_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_

_Europe_: France; (25): North, West-Central, and East Europe; (8):
Sweden; Norway; Denmark; Germany; Hungary; Russia; (59).

_North America_: (8).

=Porcellio dilatatus= Brandt. PLATE XV.

1833 _Porcellio dilatatus_ Brandt and Ratzeburg (4), p. 78, pl. 12.,
fig. 6.
1840 _Porcellio scaber_ Milne-Edwards (not Latreille) (46), p. 167.
1868 _Porcellio dilatatus_ Bate and Westwood (1), p.
1898 _Porcellio dilatatus_ Sars (59), p. 179, pl. LXXVII., fig. 2.

The fact that _Porcellio dilatatus_ is more than half as broad as it is long, at once distinguishes it from the other species of _Porcellio_. It is tuberculated and of somewhat a lighter grey than _Porcellio scaber_ usually is. The two species agree in having the two joints of the flagellum equal, but the last peduncular joint, as in _Porcellio pictus_, is longer than the flagellum.

As in the two preceding species, air-tubes are found in the outer plates of the appendages on the first two abdominal segments. _Porcellio dilatatus_ is to be looked for near houses.

_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_

_England_: Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Eton; (Stebbing from
W.M.W., 71a): Berkhamsted; (Norman, 50): Headley, Surrey; Ventnor;
(Stebbing in Norman, 49).

_Ireland_: Dublin; (Scharff, 63): Dundrum; (Scharff in Norman,
50): Galway; Roundstone; (R.F.S.): Belfast; (C. W. Buckle, Irish
Nat., Vol. XI. (1902), p. 43).

_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_

_Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (12 ): Denmark; Norway; Germany;
Poland; Holland; (59).

_Africa_: Madeira; Azores; (24).

_Australia_: New Guinea; (59).

=Porcellio rathkei= Brandt. PLATE XVI.

1833 _Porcellio rathkei_ Brandt (3), p. 177, fig. 10.
1833 _Porcellio ferrugineus_ Brandt (3), p. 178.
1840 _Porcellio trilineatus_ Koch (34), part 34, pl. IX.
1853 _Porcellio trivittatus_ Lereboullet (39), p. 54, pl. I.,
figs. 13 and 14.
1853 _Porcellio tetramoerus_ Schnitzler (65), p. 24.
1853 _Porcellio striatus_ Schnitzler (65), p. 24.

There is often a light band down the back and one on either side of it near the margin in _Porcellio rathkei_ (especially in the males), with other more irregularly arranged light patches between. Unlike the three species previously considered, the present one has a smooth body. The distal joint of the flagellum is the longer, and the flagellum itself is equal in length to the last joint of the peduncle.

Some specimens found by Mr. Webb in 1899 at Eton were submitted to Mr. Stebbing, and since then the former has found _Porcellio rathkei_ to be pretty generally distributed in West Middlesex, where the species appears to frequent the open fields.

Air-tubes occur in abdominal appendages 1 to 5 and the white appearance of all of these at once serves to distinguish the living animal from _Porcellio scaber_ in which the first two pairs of abdominal appendages alone are white.

_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_

_England_: Eton; (Stebbing, 71a): Lane End; (Stebbing, from the
Misses Johnston, 71a): Acton; Ealing; Hanwell; Southall; Northolt;
Greenford; West Drayton; Mortlake; (W.M.W.); Sunderland; (Brady,
50a).

_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_

_Europe_: France; (25): Bosnia; Servia; (22): Hertzogovania
(B.M.); Norway; Northern, Western, and Middle Europe, everywhere;
(59): Corfu (B.M.)

_Asia_: Transcaucasia; (59).

_North America_: (59).

=Porcellio laevis= Latreille. PLATE XVII.

1804 _Porcellio laevis_ Latreille (37), p. 46.
1827 _Porcellio degeerii_ Savigny and Audouin (61), p. 289.
1833 _Porcellio cucercus_ Brandt (3), p. 177.
1833 _Porcellio syriacus_ Brandt (3), p. 178.
1833 _Porcellio musculus_ Brandt (3), p. 180.
1833 _Porcellio cinerascens_ Brandt (3), p. 178.
1833 _Porcellio dubius_ Brandt (3), p. 178.
1837 _Porcellio poeyi_ Guérin (30), p. 6.
1844 _Porcellio urbicus_ Koch (34), part 36, pl. IV.
1847 _Porcellio flavipes_ Koch (35), p. 206, pl. VIII., fig. 97.
1853 _Cylisticus laevis_ Schnitzler (65), p. 25.
1857 _Porcellio cubensis_ Saussure (60), p. 307.
1857 _Porcellio sumichtasli_ Saussure (60), p. 307.
1857 _Porcellio cotillæ_ Saussure (60), p. 307.
1857 _Porcellio aztecus_ Saussure (60), p. 307.
1857 _Porcellio mexicanus_ Saussure (60), p. 307.

Another smooth species is _Porcellio laevis_. The colour of its body is light grey with irregular white markings. The large size of this species and the very long tail-appendages of the males are features which will help to identify it. The distal joint of the flagellum is slightly the longer and as in the last species (_P. rathkei_) the flagellum is equal in length to the last joint of the peduncle. The chief habitats for this species are among vegetable rubbish near human dwellings.

Only the first two abdominal appendages contain air-tubes.

_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_

_England_: Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Ipswich (1892); Hanwell;
Wimbledon; (W.M.W.): Kent; (Kinahan, 32).

_Ireland_: Dublin; (Bate and Westwood, 1): Blackrock Dundrum; Co.
Dublin; Galway; (R.F.S.)

_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_

_Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (15): Sicily; (19): Hertzogovania;
(22): Sweden; Denmark; Germany; Belgium; Austria; Italy; Dalmatia;
Greece; Turkey; (59); Corfu; (B.M.): Inca, Majorca (23);
(B.M.--Pocock and Thomas.)

_Asia_: Syria; Turkestan; (21).

_Africa_: Morocco; Algeria; Tunis; Tripoli; Senegal; Egypt; (23).

_Atlantic Isles_: Bermudas; Azores; Canaries; Cape Vera; Madeira;
(24).

_America_: North America; Mexico; Peru; Brazil; Chili; West
Indies; Pacific Islands; (59); Sandwich Isles; (B.M.)

=Porcellio ratzeburgii= Brandt. PLATE XVIII.

1833 _Porcellio ratzeburgii_ Brandt, (3), p. 178.
1839 _Porcellio nemorensis_ Koch (34), part 28, pl. XIX.
1839 _Porcellio lugubris_ Koch (34), part 28, pl. XX.
1853 _Porcellio quercum_ Schnitzler (65), p. 24.
1898 _Porcellio ratzeburgii_ Sars (59), p. 182, pl. LXXX, fig. 1.

There are granulations on the middle of the segments in _Porcellio ratzeburgii_ and the sides of its body are more nearly parallel than in the other species of _Porcellio_; the frontal lobe is, practically speaking, semicircular and the lateral plates of the thorax flank the head to a considerable extent. As in _Porcellio pictus_, the dark band is in the middle of the back. The distal joint of the flagellum is nearly twice as long as the proximal, and the flagellum is shorter than the last joint of the peduncle. This species was added to the British list by Mr. Webb (74) in 1898.

_Porcellio ratzeburgii_ agrees with _Porcellio rathkei_ in having air-tubes in the first five abdominal appendages.

_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_

_England_: Warley; Brightlingsea; young examples (W.M.W.): Maldon;
young examples (W.M.W. from R.M.)

_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_

_Europe_: Trafoi St. Martini, and Capitello, in the Tyrol;
(Norman, 50); East Alps, very common; Val-de-Joux; Massif de la
Chartreuse Vaulnaveys (25): Bosnia; (22): Norway; Central Europe;
Upper Pfaltz; Bohemia; Saxony; Rhaetia; (59).

_Genus_--=METOPONORTHUS= Budde-Lund, 1879 (7), p. 4. _Porcellionides_ Miers, 1876 (44), p. 98.

_Flagellum, with two joints; abdomen, narrow; frontal lobe not developed._

The hinder legs of _Metoponorthus_ are proportionately longer than in any other Oniscidæ save _Philoscia_. Both genera have a narrow abdomen, but _Philoscia_ has an extra joint to the flagellum, and shows no sign of lateral lobes to the head.

=Metoponorthus pruinosus= Brandt. PLATE XIX.

1833 _Porcellio pruinosus_ Brandt (3), p. 181.
1840 _Porcellio truncatus_ Milne-Edwards (46), p. 173.
1840 _Porcellio maculicornis_ Koch (34), part 34, pl. XVI.
1853 _Porcellio frontalis_ Lereboullet (39), p. 63, pl. I, fig. 17.
1868 _Porcellio pruinosus_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 487.
1877 _Porcellio (Porcellioides) flavo-vittatus_ Miers (45), p. 669,
pl., LXVIII., fig. 4.
1898 _Metoponorthus pruinosus_ Sars (59), p. 184, pl. LXXX., fig. 2.

Undamaged specimens of _Metoponorthus pruinosus_ are of a beautiful bluish-grey colour, owing to a "bloom" which is easily brushed off, revealing a dark reddish-brown tint beneath it. The antennæ are long and have white markings upon them.

Air-tubes occur in the first two abdominal appendages.

_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_

_England_: Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Hanwell; Eton Wick; Kew;
Ipswich; Stoke-on-Trent; (W.M.W.): Chiselhurst; Oxford; (Bate and
Westwood): Berkhamsted; Burnmoor; Durham; (Norman, 49): Exeter;
(Parfitt, 53); Torquay; (B.M.--T.R.R.S.)

_Scotland_: Banff; (Thomas Edwards in Norman, 49)

_Ireland_: Dublin; (Kinahan, 32): Foyle District; Donegal; Galway;
Clonbrock, Co. Galway; Mornington, Co. Meath; Santry; Gleeson
Park; Dundrum, Co. Dublin; Bray; (R.F.S.)

_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_

_Europe_: Practically all the Countries of Europe are given in
Dollfus' list; (23).

_Asia_: Japan; China; Syria; Ceylon; Sumatra; Celebes;
Phillipines; Caucasus; Himalayas; (23): Christmas Island; (B.M.)

_Africa_: Generally distributed; Madagascar; Seychelles; (23).

_Atlantic Isles_; (23).

_America_: North and South, almost everywhere, to judge from M.
Dollfus' list; (23).

_Australia_: New Caledonia; (23).

=Metoponorthus cingendus= Kinahan. PLATE XX.

1857 _Porcellio cingendus_ Kinahan (32), p. 279, pl. XIX.,
figs. 1468-9.
1868 _Porcellio cingendus_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 489.
1885 _Metoponorthus simplex_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 188.

The colour of _Metoponorthus cingendus_ is steel blue with red or yellowish spots. It has a raised line across each thoracic segment and its abdomen is narrower than in _Metoponorthus pruinosus_.

_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_

_England_: Salcombe, Devon; (Norman, 49): South Devon; (Stebbing
in 49).

_Ireland_: Dublin; (B.M. from Kinahan); Mountain Districts of
Dublin, Wicklow, and Cork; Coast of Kerry; Arran Islands; Achill,
Co. Mayo; Roundstone, Co. Galway; Mallow, Caef Island; Glandore;
Brock Haven, Co. Cork; Killoughrim Forest, Co. Wexford; Kenmare,
Co. Kerry; (R.F.S.).

_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_

_Europe_: France; (25): Spain; (12).

(2.) Able to roll up into a ball.

_Genus_--=CYLISTICUS= Schnitzler, 1853 (65), p. 24.

_Flagellum, with two joints; abdomen broad; frontal lobe, very small._

The characters given immediately above are almost those of _Porcellio_ with which _Cylisticus_ might, perhaps, be confounded. The latter has the power, however, of rolling itself into a ball, and the first segment of the thorax is comparatively larger than in any species of _Porcellio_, indeed the side plates of the segment in question entirely flank the head. These features, as well as the straight sides of the body and the arched back, connect _Cylisticus_ with _Armadillidium_, from which the former is, however, at once separated by its long pointed tail appendages.

=Cylisticus convexus= De Geer. PLATE XXI.

1778 _Oniscus convexus_ De Geer (10), p. 553, pl. XXXV., fig. 11.
1833 _Porcellio spinifrons_ Brandt (3), p. 177.
1836 _Porcellio laevis_ Koch (34), part 6, pl. I.
1853 _Porcellio armadilloides_ Lereboullet (39), p. 65. pl. I.,
fig. 18.
1853 _Cylisticus laevis_ Schnitzler (65), p. 25.
1868 _Porcellio armadilloides_ Bate and Westwood (1), p. 485.
1898 _Cylisticus convexus_ Sars (59), p. 186, pl. LXXXI.

There is but a single species of _Cylisticus_ found in this country, so that it is not necessary for us to go into much further detail with regard to it. _Cylisticus convexus_ has the two joints of the flagellum about equal, and they together in turn closely approximate in length to the last joint of the peduncle. Mr. Stebbing says, in a letter, that British examples do not appear to have the "white tail-piece" seen in Continental ones. It is not noticeable in the preserved specimens which we have seen from Berkhamsted and Leixlip, but it is very evident in the living ones found at Hanwell and Maidstone.

The abdominal appendages 1 to 5 are provided with air-tubes.

_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_

_England_: Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Hanwell; Bluebell Hill,
Maidstone; Eton; (W.M.W.): Berkhamsted; Portland; (Norman, 49).

_Scotland_: Salisbury Crags; Edinburgh; Lanarkshire; Rothesay;
(Scott, 68): Killwinning; (John Smith _fide_ Robertson, 57):
Highgate; (Bate and Westwood, 1).

_Ireland_: Leixlip, Co. Dublin; Tempo, Co. Fermanagh; Goresbridge,
Co. Kilkenny; (R.F.S.)

_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_

_Europe_: France; (25): Sweden; Norway; Denmark; Germany; Bohemia;
Holland; Belgium; Turkey; Caucasus; (59).

_North America_; (59).

_Family_--ARMADILLIDIIDÆ.

=Tail appendages not projecting when the animal is walking.=

_Genus_--=ARMADILLIDIUM= Brandt, 1833 (3), p. 184.

_Flagellum, with two joints; outer division of the tail appendages expanded and broader at the hinder end._

The members of the genus _Armadillidium_ are more likely to be confounded, by the uninitiated, with the "Pill-millipedes" than with other Woodlice. Excepting _Cylisticus_ (which has long pointed tail appendages) no other British forms have the power of rolling themselves up into a complete ball. The very arched body is characteristic of _Armadillidium_, and so is the groove into which the basal joints of the antennæ fit when the creatures curl up.

The first two abdominal appendages only are provided with air-tubes.

=Armadillidium nasatum= Budde-Lund. PLATE XXII.

1885 _Armadillidium nasatum_ Budde-Lund (8), p. 51.
1892 _Armadillidium nasatum_ Dollfus (14), p. 10, fig. 12.
1899 _Armadillidium nasatum_ Norman (misprinted _Porcellidium_) (49),
p. 57. pl. VI., figs. 5-8.

_Armadillidium nasatum_ has a narrow but very prominent frontal lobe, which is almost square and curves somewhat upwards and backwards. The joints of the flagellum are approximately equal, and are together of the same length as the last peduncular joint.

The telson is as long as it is broad at the base, and tapers to a roundish point, while its sides are slightly incurved.

The outer divisions of the tail appendages are considerably longer than broad, and are more or less paddle-shaped.

It will be noticed that the slope from thorax to telson is more gentle than in the common species, _Armadillidium vulgare_, and the first thoracic segment is not so greatly developed. Consequently the species which we are considering does not produce a perfect sphere, and the antennæ are not hidden when it rolls up. It is interesting to compare this species with _Cylisticus convexus_. The surface of the body is smooth, and its colour is a delicate brownish grey with more or less distinct rows of darker markings.

_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_

_England_: Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Bluebell Hill, Maidstone
(W.M.W.); Clifton, banks of the Avon; (W.M.W. from J.T.C. 1900):
Leigh Woods, Clifton; Tunbridge Wells; South Devon; (Stebbing in
49); Cheddar Cliffs, Somerset; (Norman, 49).

_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_

_Europe_: France; (28): Spain; (12): Italy; (23).

=Armadillidium vulgare= Latreille. PLATE XXIII.

1804 _Armadillo vulgaris_ Latreille (37), p. 48.
1804 _Armadillo variegatus_ Latreille (37).
1853 _Armadillo ater_ Schnitzler (65), p. 48.
1816 _Armadillo maculatus_ Risso (56), p. 158.
1818 _Armadillo pillularis_ Say (62), p. 432.
1825 _Armadillo pustulosus_ Dermarest (11), p. 323, pl. XLIX.
1830-4 _Armadillidium commutatum_ Brandt and Ratzeburg (4), p. 81,
pl. XIII., fig. 123.
1833 _Armadillidium zenckeri_ Brandt (3), p. 185.
1839 _Armadillo trivialis_ Koch (34), part 28, pl. XIV.
1898 _Armadillidium vulgare_ Sars (59), p. 189, pl. LXXXII.

The common pill woodlouse is _Armadillidium vulgare_. Its frontal lobe is not large, though it is broad, while its margin where it joins the head is rounded and slightly recurved. The proximal joint of the flagellum is somewhat the shorter and the two together, as in _Armadillidium nasatum_, are of about the same length as the last joint of the peduncle.

The telson has the form of a triangle with the angles truncated and is about as long as it is broad at the base. The outer divisions of the tail appendages are considerably broader than they are long.

The species can roll itself up into a very perfect sphere, and when it assumes this form its antennæ are hidden beneath the much expanded lateral plates of the first thoracic segment.

The body is smooth, shiny, and strongly arched. Its colour varies very considerably, generally it is of a slaty-grey, but yellow markings are often present to a greater or less extent. In a specimen before us (from Bluebell Hill, Maidstone) the head is of a uniform dark grey, the sides of the thorax are yellow, while the back is mottled with the same colour. The abdomen, including the telson, is also yellow with the exception only of the tail appendages, which are dark grey.

_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_

_England_: Warley; (W.M.W): Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.):
Brightlingsea; Hanwell; Mortlake; Bluebell Hill, Maidstone;
Langley; Skirmett; Pamber Forest; Kingston-on-Soar; Ipswich;
(W.M.W.); Lynmouth; (W.M.W. from J.T.C.)

_Scotland_: (Scott, 68.)

_Ireland_: Ardrahan; (Norman, 50): Borris, Co. Carlow; Glandare,
Terneay, Co. Cork; Courtstown, Co. Wexford; Cappagh, Co.
Waterford; Castel, Co. Tipperary; (R.F.S.)

_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_

_Europe_: Throughout; (23).

_Asia_: Damascus; (23).

_Africa_: Algeria; (23).

_Atlantic Isles_: (23).

_America_: North and South; (23).

_Australia_: Melbourne (64 quoting Budde-Lund); New Zealand; (23).

=Armadillidium pulchellum= Zencker. PLATE XXIV.

1799 _Oniscus pulchellus_ Zencker (78) (quoted by Koch in Panzer),
part 62, pl. XXI.
1833 _Armadillidium pulchellum_ Brandt (3), p. 188.
1861 _Armadillo maculatus_ Sill (69), p. 5.
1870 _Armadillidium pictum_ Plateau (not Brandt) (55), p. 116.
1898 _Armadillidium pulchellum_ Sars (59), p. 191, pl. LXXXIII.,
fig. 4.

The smallest British species is _Armadillidium pulchellum_. The frontal lobe projects so as to make the head somewhat triangular. The antennæ are very short and the distal joint of the flagellum is three times the length of the other, while the two together are not as long as the last peduncular joint.

The telson is truncated at the end so that it is by no means as long as it is broad at the base, and the outer divisions of the tail appendages are in similar proportion.

The colour of the body (which is smooth) is dark brown with four important series of light patches running down the back and less marked variegations between them.

_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_

_England_: Matlock; (T.R.R.S.) Arnside; Westmorland (Brady, 50a).

_Ireland_: Ballymote, (Irish Nat., May, 1901), Sligo; (Scharff).

_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_

_Europe_: Vosges; Switzerland; Pyrenees; (23): Forest de Soignes;
Belgium; (14).

=Armadillidium depressum= Brandt. PLATE XXV.

1833 _Armadillidium depressum_ Brandt (3), p. 82. pl. XII.,
figs, 4, 5, 6, C, D.
1892 _Armadillidium depressum_ Dollfus (14), p. 17-18.

The frontal lobe in _Armadillidium depressum_ is very prominent and much recurved. The antennæ are fairly long and while the two joints of the flagellum are nearly equal they are together not so long as the last peduncular joint.

The telson is slightly longer than it is broad at the base, and its sides are incurved. As in _Armadillidium vulgare_ and _Armadillidium pulchellum_ the outer divisions of the tail appendages are broader than they are long.

The body is flatter than in the other species and bears tubercles; its colour is a slate-grey with yellowish markings. The first thoracic segment is well developed and the head appears as if almost completely imbedded in it.

_BRITISH LOCALITIES:--_

_England_: Clifton, banks of the Avon; (W.M.W. from J.T.C., 1900):
Shirehampton, near Bristol; (Stebbing in 49): Clifton; (Dollfus
from Miers 14).

_FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:--_

_Europe_: France; Italy; (25): Asia Minor; (14, quoting Brandt).

=Distribution of Species.= There are not sufficient records at present to enable us to draw any conclusions as to the general distribution of Woodlice in the British Isles, but it is hoped that more attention will be given to these creatures, and that before long there may be other material available.

=Conclusion.= At the beginning it was mentioned that the present work grew out of an investigation into the fauna of Essex, and in order to show what may be expected when places are explored in which no collecting has been done, we may briefly indicate the results which we obtained in the county in question.

It was not long before a species new to Britain--to wit, _Porcellio ratzeburgii_--was found (74). This discovery was mentioned by Mr. Stebbing in the _Victoria County History of Essex_ (p. 71), and he prophesied that most of the British species then would be met with in the county. We may safely claim to have shown that his prediction was true, for we have been able to record in the preceding pages no less than sixteen other species, as will be seen from the following lists:--

_WOODLICE RECORDED FROM ESSEX._

1. _Ligia oceanica_
2. _Ligidium hypnorum_
3. _Trichoniscus pusillus_
4. _Trichoniscus roseus_
5. _Haplophthalmus danicus_
6. _Oniscus asellus_
7. _Philoscia muscorum_
8. _Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_
9. _Porcellio scaber_
10. _Porcellio pictus_
11. _Porcellio dilatatus_
12. _Porcellio laevis_
13. _Porcellio ratzeburgii_
14. _Metoponorthus pruinosus_
15. _Cylisticus convexus_
16. _Armadillidium nasatum_
17. _Armadillidium vulgare_

Of these _Ligidium hypnorum_ calls for special mention, as it had not been found in this country since Mr. Stebbing discovered it in Surrey in 1873. Several of the Porcellios and _Cylisticus convexus_ have been met with in but few places, and the same may be said of _Armadillidium nasatum_.

Of the British species not as yet found in Essex _Trichoniscus vividus_ has at present only been recorded from Ireland; _Philoscia couchii_ and _Armadillidium depressum_ have not been collected except in the extreme south west of England, while _Metoponorthus cingendus_ has hitherto only been noticed in Devonshire and Ireland. The other four species, with the exception of _Porcellio rathkei_, which is well distributed in west Middlesex (and might have been expected to occur in Essex), are still rare. In fact, for _Trichoniscoides albidus_ but two British localities are known; for _Haplophthalmus mengii_ three (two in England and one in Ireland); while _Armadillidium pulchellum_ has only been recorded from two or three places.

In other counties quite as satisfactory results were obtained as in Essex--a systematic search in Buckinghamshire brought to light at Eton three species which at the time had not been recorded from the British Isles, while in Middlesex, no less than a dozen species were found at Hanwell.

Since part of this contribution was printed our attention has been drawn to some notes by the Rev. Canon Norman and Professor G. S. Brady (50a). These bear out the remarks which have already been made, for among the species found by Professor Brady in the north of England were _Trichoniscoides albidus_, _Haplophthalmus mengii_, _Porcellio rathkei_, and _Armadillidium pulchellum_. In one of Canon Norman's previous papers (50--1903) he claims to have added the second species to the British list, and in the notes in question a similar claim is made with regard to the first and third. It should, however, be pointed out that all three of them were found in Buckinghamshire in 1899 by Mr. Webb, and that they were exhibited at the Nature Study Exhibition held in London in August, 1902. A specimen of _Armadillidium pulchellum_ from Matlock was sent to us by the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing in January, 1904, and was found, we understand, some considerable time previously.

It only remains for us to express our hearty thanks to the numerous friends and correspondents who have given us their ready help. The names of these have been printed in the text, but we would like to mention more particularly Dr. Calman, of the British Museum (Natural History), Monsieur Adrian Dollfus, Mr. Roland Matthams, the Rev. Canon Norman, Dr. Scharff, the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, and Miss Willmott.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] "The Non-Marine Molluscs of Essex," by Wilfred Mark Webb; ESSEX NATURALIST, Vol. x. (1897), pp. 27-48 and 65-81.

[2] The numbers in brackets refer to papers mentioned in the Bibliography at the end.

[3] It should be pointed out that the methylated spirit now sold in the shops contains mineral naphtha and goes milky on the addition of water. Permission can be obtained from Somerset House to buy what is still called "ordinary methylated spirit," but at present five gallons has to be purchased at one time.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Explanation of the initials given in the text:--

B.M.--Specimens in the British Museum (Natural History).
J.T.C.--John Thomas Carrington.
J.A.M.--James A. Murie.
R.M.--Roland Matthams.
R.F.S.--R. F. Scharff.
C.S.--Charles Sillem.
T.R.R.S.--The Rev. Thomas R. R. Stebbing.
W.M.W.--Wilfred Mark Webb.
R.W.--R. Welch.

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(27) FABRICIUS, J. C.: Supplement to the last, 1798.

(28) FERNIE, Dr.: _Animal Simples_, 1899.

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INDEX.

Abdomen, 2, =2=

Aegidae, 2

Air cavities, in abdominal appendages, 31

Air tubes, 1, 6, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39

_albidus, Trichoniscoides_, description of, 25

Alcohol, 16

Antennae, large, 2, =3=

" smaller, 2, =3=

Alimentary canal, 6, =7=

Ants, 31

" wood, 14

Anus, 31, inset facing =10=

Appendages, 2

" abdominal, 5, =6=

_Archaeoniscus brodiei_, 2

Armadillidæ, 17

" characters of, 18, 40

_Armadillidium_, 15, 38

" _commutatum_, 41

" _depressum_, 44

" " description of, 43

" " flagellum of, =43=

_Armadillidium nasatum_, 41, 44, Plate xxii.

" " description of, 40

" " flagellum of, =40=

_Armadillidium pictum_, 42

" _pulchellum_, 43, 44, 45, Plate xxxiv.

" " description of, 42

" " flagellum of, =42=

_Armadillidium vulgare_, 15, 40, 43, 44, Plate xxiii.

" " description of, 41

" " flagellum of, =41=

" " moulting of, 12, 13

" _zenckeri_, 41

_Armadillo ater_, 41

" _maculatus_, 41, 42

" _pillularis_, 41

" _pustulosus_, 41

" _trivialis_, 41

" _variegatus_, 41

" _vulgaris_, 41

Arthropoda, 1

Arteries, 7, =7=

_asellus, Oniscus_, description of, 27

Avebury, Lord, 31

Baden, Miocene of, 2

Bate and Westwood, 17, 19, 30

Blastoderm, 10

Body cavity, 11, inset facing =10=

Brady, Professor C. S., 45

Branchial nephrocytes, 8

British Association, 19

Brood pouch, 4, =5=, 9

Budde-Lund, 28

Calman, Dr., 45

Carpenter, 15

Cells, nucleated, 10, inset facing =10=

Cephalic nephrocytes, 8

Cheslip, 15

Chiselbob, 15

Church louse, 16

Cicatricula, 10, inset facing =10=

_cingendus, Metoponorthus_, description of, 38

Circulatory system, 6, 7

Classification, 17

Coal measures, 1

Collection of Woodlice, methods of, 16

Commissures, 8, =8=

Conclusion, 43

_convexus, Cylisticus_, description of,39

_couchii, Philoscia_, description of, 30

Crabs, land, 1

Crustacea, 1

Cud worm, 15, 16

_Cylisticus_, 40

" characters of, 17, 18, 38

_Cylisticus convexus_, 44, Plate xxi.

" " description of, 39

" " flagellum of, =39=

" _laevis_, 35, 39

_Cymothoa oceanica_, 20

_danicus, Haplophthalmus_, description of, 27

_depressum, Armadillidium_, description of, 43

Development, 9

Digestive glands, 6, =7=

_dilatatus, Porcellio_, description of, 33

Distribution of species, 43

Dollfus, Adrian, 45

Economic considerations, 12

Egg, 9, 10, =10=, =11=, inset facing =10=

" segmentation of, 11, inset facing =10=

Embryo, 10, =11=

Endoderm, 10, inset facing =10=

Essex, Woodlice recorded from, 44

Excretory organs, 7

Exhibition of species new to Britain, 45

Exmoor, woodlice and ants on, 14

External structure, 2

Flagellum, 3, =3=

Food, 13, 14

Ganglia, cerebral 8

Geological history, 1

Genera, 17

Gill, 5, =5=

Gills, 7, =6=

_Glomeris marginata_, 15

Grammar sows, 16

Growth, time required for, 12

Gullet, 6

Gut, fore, inset facing =10=

" mid, inset facing =10=

Habits, 12

Hall, Miss Kate M., 31

_Haplophthalmus_, 22

" characters of, 17, 18, 26

" _danicus_, 44, Plate viii.

" " description of, 27

" " flagellum of, =27=

" _elegans_, 26

" _mengii_, 44, 45, Plate vii.

" " description of, 26

" " flagellum of, =26=

Head, 2, =2=, =3=

Heart, 6, 7, =7=, 11

Herefordshire, Old Red Sandstone, 1

History, geological, 1

_hoffmannseggii, Platyarthrus_, description of, 30

Hog-louse, 15

Hogs, little grey, 16

Hydro-cyanic acid gas for destroying woodlice, 14

_hypnorum, Ligidium_, description of, 21

Insects, 1

Intestine, 6, =7=

" formation of, in embryo, 10, 11

Isle of Wight, Oligocene of, 2, Oolite of, 2

Isopoda, 1, 19

_Itea crassicornis_, 30

" _laevis_, 22

" _mengii_, 26

" _rosea_, 24

" _riparia_, 22

" _vivida_, 23

Jurassic, Upper, 2

Kinahan, Professor, 19, 28, 30

Kitchenball, 15

Labels, 16

_laevis, Porcellio_, description of, 35

_Ligia_, 21

" branchial nephrocytes, 8

" characters of, 17, 18, 19, 20

" _hypnorum_, 21

" _melanocephala_, 29

" _oceanica_, 44, Plate i.

" " description of, 20

" " excretory organs of, 7, 8

" " flagellum of, 20, =20=

" _scopulorum_, 20

Ligiae, 17

" characters of, 19

Ligiidae, characters of, 17, 18, 19

_Ligidium_, 19

" characters of, 17, 18, 21

" _hypnorum_, 44, Plate ii.

" " description of, 21

" " excretory organs of, 7

" " in Surrey, 19

" _persoonii_, 21

Lip, the lower, 4, =5=

" the upper, 4, =5=

Lucre pig, 15

Lugdor, 15

Mandibles, 3, =4=

Manure, from stables, favourable to woodlice, 14

Maxillae, first, 3, =4=

" second, 3, =4=

" openings of excretory organs on second, 7

Maxillipeds, 3, =4=

_mengii, Haplophthalmus_, description of, 26

Mesoderm, 10, inset facing =10=

Methylated spirit, 16

_Metoponorthus_, 21

" characters of, 18, 37

" _cingendus_, description of, 38, Plate xx.

" " flagellum of, =38=

" _pruinosus_, 44, Plate xix.

" " description of, =37=

" " flagellum of, 37

" _simplex_, 38

Miocene, 2

Middlesex, West, 35

Millipede, pill, 15, 40

Moult, 11

Moulting, process of, 12, 13, 14

Mouth appendages, 3, =4=

_muscorum, Philoscia_, description of, 29

Names, local, 15

_nasatum, Armadillidium_, description of, 40

Nephrocytes, branchial, 8

" cephalic, 8

Nerve cord, 8, =8=

Nervous system, 8

Norman, Rev. Canon A. M., 25, 27, 45

_oceanica, Ligia_, description of, 20

Oenigen, Miocene of, 2

Old-sows, 16

Old women of the wood, little, 16

Oligocene, 2

Onisci, 17

" characters of, 27

Oniscidae, 19

_Oniscus_, 28

" branchial nephrocytes, 8

" characters of, 17, 18, 27

" _agilis_, 21

" _asellus_, 4, 15, 28, 44, Plate ix.

_Oniscus asellus_, Albino in Epping Forest, 28

" " description of, 27

" " excretory organs of, 8

" " flagellum of, =28=

" " young examples of, 28

" _convexus_, 39

" _fossor_, 19, 28

" _granulatus_, 32

" _murarius_, 27

" _muscorum_, 29

" _oceanicus_, 20

" _pulchellum_, 42

" _sylvestris_, 29

Oolite, 2

Ovaries, 8, =8=

Oviducts, 8, =8=

Palmer, 16

Penis, 9, =9=

Peduncle, 3, =3=

_Philoscia_, 21, 28

" characters of, 17, 18, 29

" _couchii_, 44, Plate xi.

" " description of, 30

" " flagellum of, =30=

" _marmorata_, 29

" _muscorum_, 21, 44, Plate x.

" " description of, 20

" " flagellum of, =29=

_Philougria celer_, 29

" _riparia_, 22

" _rosea_, 24

" _vivida_, 23

Physicians, college of, rules for preparing woodlice for
medicinal use, 18

_pictus, Porcellio_, description of, 33

Pill millipede, 15, 40

_Platyarthrus_, 22

" characters of, 17, 18, 39

" _hoffmannseggii_, 44, Plate xii.

" " description of, 30

" " flagellum of, =31=

_Porcellio_, 6, 28, 38

" characters of, 7, 18, 32

" _armadilloides_, 39

" _asper_, 32

" _aztecus_, 35

" _brandtii_, 32

" _cinerascens_, 35

" _cingendus_, 38

" _cotillae_, 35

" _cubensis_, 35

" _degeerii_, 35

" _dilatatus_, 34, 44, Plate xv.

" " description of, 33

" " flagellum of, =34=

" _dubius_, 32, 33

" _ferrugineus_, 34

" _flavipes_, 35

" _flavo-vittatus_, 37

" _frontalis_, 37

" _graniger_, 32

" _laevis_, 39, 44, Plate xvii.

" " description of, 35

" " flagellum of, =35=

" _lugubris_, 36

" _maculicornis_, 37

" _melanocephalus_, 33

" _mexicanus_, 35

" _mixtus_, 33

" _montezumae_, 32

" _musculus_, 35

" _nemorensis_, 36

" _nigra_, 32

" _paulensis_, 32

" _pictus_, 34, 44, Plate xiv.

" description of, 33

" flagellum of, =33=

" _poeyi_, 35

" _pruinosus_, 37

" _quercum_, 36

" _rathkei_, 35, 36, 44, 45

" " description of, 34, Plate xvi.

" " flagellum of, =35=

" _ratzeburgii_, 44, Plate xviii.

" " description of, 36

" " flagellum of, =36=

" _scaber_, 28, 44, Plate xiii.

" " description of, 32

" _scaber_, development of, 9

" " flagellum of, 32

" " Milne Edwards, 33

" _spinifrons_, 39

" _striatus_, 34

" _sumichtasti_, 35

" _syriacus_, 35

" _tetramoerus_, 34

" _trilineatus_, 34

" _trivittatus_, 34

" _truncatus_, 37

" _urbicus_, 35

_Porcellionides_, Miers, 37

Preservation of Woodlice, methods of, 16

Pro-ectoderm, 10, inset facing =10=

Pro-endoderm, 10, inset facing =10=

Protoplasm, formative, 10

_pruinosus, Metoponorthus_, description of, 37

pseudotracheae, 31

_pulchellum, Armadillidium_, description of, 42

_pusillus, Trichoniscus_, description of, 22

Purbeck Beds, 2

Quay-louse, 20

Quay lowders, 20

_rathkei, Porcellio_, description of, 34

_ratzeburgii, Porcellio_, description of, 36

Reproductive organs, 8, =8=, =9=

_roseus, Trichoniscus_, description of, 24

Roule, Professor Louis, 9

Sandstone, old red, 1

Sars, Professor G. O., 17, 23

_scaber, Porcellio_, description of, 32

Scharff, Dr. R. F., 17, 19, 23, 45

Seminal reservoir, 9, =9=

Socchetre, 16

Sow bug, 15

Species, distribution of, 43

St. Anthony's hogs, 16

Stebbing, the Rev. T. R. R., 19, 21, 35, 44, 45

Swanley Horticultural College, 14

Tertiary deposits, 2

Testes, 9, =9=

Thorax, 2, 3

Thrush louse, 15

Tiggyhog, 15

Tracheae, 6, 31

Trichoniscidæ, characters of, 18, 22

_Trichoniscoides_, 21, 22, 26

" characters of, 17, 18, 25

" _albidus_, 44, 45

" " description of, 25

" " flagellum of, =25=

_Trichoniscus_, 21, 22, 26

" characters of, 17, 18, 22

" _pusillus_, 22, 23, 24, 25, 44, Plate iii.

" " description of, 22

" " flagellum of, =23=

" _pygmaeus_, description of, 23

" _roseus_, 23, 25, 44, Plate v.

" " description of, 24

" " flagellum of, =24=

" _vividus_, 22, 25, 44, Plate iv.

" " description of, 23

" " flagellum of, =24=

Tubes for specimens, 16

_Typhloniscus steinii_, 30

_vividus, Trichoniscus_, description of, 23

_vulgare, Armadillidium_, description of, 41

Walking legs, 4, 5

Webb, Mr. Wilfred Mark, 20, 25, 26, 35, 36, 45

Welsh names for Woodlice, 16

Westwood, Bate and, 17, 19, 30

White arsenic for destroying Woodlice, 14

Willmott, Miss, 45

Wood-ants, 15

Woodlice, in captivity, 12

" methods for getting rid of, 24

" position of, 1

" storage of specimens, 16

" Welsh names for, 16

Woodlouse, common, 4

Yolk, food, 10, 11, inset facing =10=

_Zia agilis_, 21

" _melanocephala_, 29
$

LIST OF PLATES.

PLATE

_Ligia oceanica_ Linné I.

_Ligidium hypnorum_ Cuvier II.

_Trichoniscus pusillus_ Brandt III.

_Trichoniscus vividus_ Koch IV.

_Trichoniscus roseus_ Koch V.

_Trichoniscoides albidus_ Budde-Lund VI.

_Haplophthalmus mengii_ Zaddach VII.

_Haplophthalmus danicus_ Budde-Lund VIII.

_Oniscus asellus_ Linné IX.

_Philoscia muscorum_ Scopoli X.

_Philoscia couchii_ Kinahan XI.

_Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_ Brandt XII.

_Porcellio scabier_ Latreille XIII.

_Porcellio pictus_ Brandt and Ratzeburg XIV.

_Porcellio dilatatus_ Brandt XV.

_Porcellio rathkei_ Brandt XVI.

_Porcellio laevis_ Latreille XVII.

_Porcellio ratzeburgii_ Brandt XVIII.

_Metoponorthus pruinosus_ Brandt XIX.

_Metoponorthus cingendus_ Kinahan XX.

_Cylisticus convexus_ De Geer XXI.

_Armadillidium nasatum_ Budde-Lund XXII.

_Armadillidium vulgare_ Latreille XXIII.

_Armadillidium pulchellum_ Zencker XXIV.

_Armadillidium depressum_ Brandt XXV.

LIGIA OCEANICA Linné. THE QUAY-LOUSE.

_Length, two to three centimetres._