Chapter II: Introduction: Chap. Page

I. THE LIFE-HISTORY AND ANATOMY OF BUTTERFLIES 3-25

_The Eggs of Butterflies. Caterpillars_: Structure,
Form, Color, etc.; Moults; Food of Caterpillars; Duration of Larval
State; Transformation. _The Pupa, or Chrysalis_: The Form of
Chrysalids; Duration of Pupal Life; The Transformation from the
Chrysalis to the Imago. _Anatomy of Butterflies_: The Head; The
Thorax; The Abdomen; The Legs; The Wings; Internal Organs;
Polymorphism and Dimorphism; Albinism and Melanism; Monstrosities;
Mimicry. _The Distribution of Butterflies._

II. THE CAPTURE, PREPARATION, AND PRESERVATION OF
SPECIMENS 26-57

_Collecting Apparatus_: Nets; Collecting-Jars; Field-Boxes; The Use
of the Net; Baits; Beating. _The Breeding of Specimens_: How to Get
the Eggs of Butterflies; Breeding-Cages; How to Find Caterpillars;
Hibernating Caterpillars. _The Preservation of Specimens_: Papering
Specimens; Mounting Butterflies; Relaxing Specimens; The Preparation
and Preservation of Butterfly Eggs; The Preservation of Chrysalids;
The Preservation of Caterpillars. _The Preservation and
Arrangement of Collections_: Boxes; Cabinets and Drawers; Labeling;
Arrangement of Specimens; Insect Pests; Greasy Specimens;
Mould; Repairing Specimens; Packing and Forwarding Specimens;
Pins; The Forceps.

III. THE CLASSIFICATION OF BUTTERFLIES 58-68

The Place of Butterflies in the Animal Kingdom; The Principles of
Scientific Arrangement; The Species; The Genus; The Family, etc.;
Scientific Names; Synonyms; Popular Names.

IV. BOOKS ABOUT NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES 69-74

Early Writers; Later Writers; Periodicals.

THE BOOK

PAGE
THE BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO.

Family I. _Nymphalidae_, the Brush-footed Butterflies 77
Subfamily _Euplaeinae_, the Milkweed Butterflies 80
Subfamily _Ithomiinae_, the Long-winged Butterflies 85
Subfamily _Heliconiinae_, the Heliconians 91
Subfamily _Nymphalinae_, the Nymphs 93
Subfamily _Satyrinae_, the Satyrs, Meadow-browns,
and Arctics 197
Subfamily _Libytheinae_, the Snout-butterflies 226

Family II. _Lemoniidae_ 228
Subfamily _Erycininae_, the Metal-marks 228

Family III. _Lycaenidae_ 236
Subfamily _Lycaeninae_, the Hair-streaks,
the Blues, and the Coppers 236

Family IV. _Papilionidae_, the Swallowtails and Allies 272
Subfamily _Pierinae_, the Whites, the Sulphurs,
the Orange-tips 272
Subfamily _Papilioninae_, the Parnassians and Swallowtails 304

Family V. _Hesperiidae_, the Skippers 318
Subfamily _Pyrrhopyginae_ 319
Subfamily _Hesperiinae_, the Hesperids 320
Subfamily _Pamphilinae_ 339
Subfamily _Megathyminae_, genus Megathymus 367

DIGRESSIONS AND QUOTATIONS

PAGE
Immortality (Sigourney) 57
Hugo's "Flower to Butterfly" (Translated by Eugene Field) 74
Superstitions (Frank Cowan) 90
Luther's Saddest Experience (Yale Literary Magazine, 1852) 100
A Race after a Butterfly 127
Suspicious Conduct 136
Collecting in Japan 149
Faunal Regions 161
Widely Distributed Butterflies 171
The Butterflies' Fad (Ella Wheeler Wilcox) 186
Fossil Insects 195
In the Face of the Cold 224
Uncle Jotham's Boarder (Annie Trumbull Slosson) 233
Mimicry 235
The Utility of Entomology 256
Size 271
Instinct 280
Red Rain (Frank Cowan) 299
For a Design of a Butterfly Resting on a Skull (Mrs. Hemans) 303
The Caterpillar and the Ant (Allan Ramsay) 316
Collections and Collectors 337
Exchanges 344

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT

FIG. PAGE
1. Egg of Basilarchia disippus, magnified 3
2. Egg of Basilarchia disippus, natural size 3
3. Egg of Papilio turnus, enlarged 4
4. Egg of Anosia plexippus, magnified 4
5. Egg of Anosia plexippus, natural size 4
6. Egg of Anthocharis genutia, magnified 4
7. Egg of Lycæna pseudargiolus, magnified 4
8. Egg of Melitæa phaëton, magnified 4
9. Micropyle of egg of Pieris oleracea, magnified 5
10. Eggs of Grapta comma, magnified 5
11. Eggs of Vanessa antiopa, magnified 5
12. Caterpillar of Papilio philenor 6
13. Head of caterpillar of Papilio asterias, magnified 6
14. Head of caterpillar of Anosia plexippus, magnified 6
15. Head of caterpillar of Anosia plexippus, side view, enlarged 7
16. Caterpillar of Anosia plexippus, natural size 7
17. Fore leg of caterpillar of Vanessa antiopa, enlarged 7
18. Anterior segments of caterpillar of A. plexippus 7
19. Proleg of caterpillar of Vanessa antiopa, enlarged 7
20. Caterpillar of Basilarchia disippus 8
21. Early stages of goatweed butterfly 9
22. Head of caterpillar of Papilio troilus 9
23. Caterpillar of milkweed butterfly changing into chrysalis 11
24. Chrysalis of milkweed butterfly 12
25. Chrysalis of Papilio philenor 12
26. Caterpillar and chrysalis of Pieris protodice 12
27. Chrysalis of Pieris oleracea 13
28. Butterfly emerging from chrysalis 13
29. Head of milkweed butterfly, showing parts 14
30. Cross-section of sucking-tube of butterfly 15
31. Longitudinal section of the head of the milkweed butterfly 15
32. Interior structure of head of milkweed butterfly 16
33. Labial palpus of butterfly 16
34. Legs of butterfly 17
35. Parts of leg of butterfly 17
36. Scales on wing of butterfly 18
37. Androconia from wing of butterfly 18
38. Outline of wing of butterfly 20
39. Arrangement of scales on the wing of a butterfly 20
40. Figure of wing, showing names of veins 21
41. Internal anatomy of caterpillar of milkweed butterfly 22
42. Internal anatomy of milkweed butterfly 23
43. Plan for folding net-ring 27
44. Insect-net 27
45. Plan for making a cheap net 27
46. Cyanide-jar 29
47. Paper cover for cyanide 29
48. Method of pinching a butterfly 30
49. Cheap form of breeding-cage 35
50. Breeding-cage 36
51. Butterfly in envelope 38
52. Method of making envelopes 38
53. Setting-board 39
54. Setting-block 39
55. Butterfly on setting-block 39
56. Setting-needle 40
57. Setting-board with moth upon it 40
58. Butterfly pinned on setting-board 41
59. Drying-box 41
60. Drying-box 42
61. Apparatus for inflating larvæ 45
62. Tip of inflating-tube 46
63. Drying-oven 46
64. Drying-oven 47
65. Detail drawing of book-box 48
66. Detail drawing of box 48
67. Detail drawing of box 49
68. Insect-box 49
69. Detail drawing of drawer for cabinet 51
70. Detail drawing for paper bottom of box to take place of cork 52
71. Manner of arranging specimens in cabinet or box 52
72. Naphthaline cone 53
73. Butterflies packed for shipment 55
74. Forceps 56
75. Forceps 57
76. Antennæ of butterfly 61
77. Antennæ of moths 62
78. Neuration of genus Anosia 81
79. Swarm of milkweed butterflies, photographed at night 83
80. Neuration of genus Mechanitis 86
81. Neuration of genus Ceratinia 88
82. Neuration of genus Dircenna 89
83. Fore leg of female Dircenna klugi 89
84. Neuration of genus Heliconius 91
85. Young caterpillar of Vanessa antiopa 94
86. Neuration of genus Colænis 95
87. Neuration of genus Dione 96
88. Neuration of genus Euptoieta 98
89. Neuration of genus Argynnis 101
90. Neuration of genus Brenthis 129
91. Neuration of genus Melitæa 138
92. Neuration of genus Phyciodes 151
93. Neuration of genus Eresia 157
94. Neuration of genus Synchloë 159
95. Neuration of genus Grapta 163
96. Neuration of genus Vanessa 167
97. Neuration of genus Pyrameis 170
98. Neuration of genus Junonia 172
99. Neuration of genus Anartia 174
100. Neuration of genus Hypanartia 175
101. Neuration of genus Eunica 176
102. Neuration of genus Cystineura 177
103. Neuration of genus Callicore 178
104. Neuration of genus Timetes 179
105. Neuration of genus Hypolimnas 181
106. Neuration of genus Basilarchia 182
107. Leaf cut away at end by the caterpillar of Basilarchia 183
108. Hibernaculum of caterpillar of Basilarchia 183
109. Neuration of genus Adelpha 187
110. Neuration of genus Chlorippe 188
111. Neuration of genus Pyrrhanæa 192
112. Neuration of genus Ageronia 193
113. Neuration of genus Victorina 195
114. Neuration of genus Debis 199
115. Neuration of genus Satyrodes 200
116. Neuration of genus Neonympha 201
117. Neuration of genus Coenonympha 205
118. Neuration of genus Erebia 208
119. Neuration of genus Geirocheilus 211
120. Neuration of genus Neominois 212
121. Neuration of genus Satyrus 214
122. Neuration of genus OEneis 219
123. Caterpillars of OEneis macouni 221
124. Neuration of genus Libythea 226
125. Neuration of base of hind wing of genus Lemonias 228
126. Neuration of genus Lemonias 229
127. Neuration of genus Calephelis 232
128. Neuration of genus Eumæus 237
129. Neuration of Thecla edwardsi 238
130. Neuration of Thecla melinus 242
131. Neuration of Thecla damon 246
132. Neuration of Thecla niphon 249
133. Neuration of Thecla titus 250
134. Neuration of genus Feniseca 251
135. Neuration of genus Chrysophanus 252
136. Neuration of Lycæna pseudargiolus 267
137. Neuration of Lycæna comyntas 268
138. Neuration of genus Dismorphia 273
139. Neuration of genus Neophasia 274
140. Neuration of genus Tachyris 276
141. Neuration of genus Pieris 277
142. Neuration of genus Nathalis 281
143. Neuration of genus Euchloë 282
144. Neuration of genus Catopsilia 286
145. Neuration of genus Kricogonia 287
146. Neuration of genus Meganostoma 288
147. Neuration of genus Colias 289
148. Neuration of genus Terias 295
149. Neuration of genus Parnassius 305
An Astronomer's Conception of an Entomologist 317
150. Head and antenna of genus Pyrrhopyge 319
151. Neuration of genus Pyrrhopyge 319
152. Neuration of genus Eudamus 321
153. Antenna and neuration of genus Plestia 322
154. Neuration of genus Epargyreus 323
155. Neuration of genus Thorybes 324
156. Neuration of genus Achalarus 326
157. Antenna and neuration of genus Hesperia 327
158. Neuration of genus Systasea 329
159. Neuration of genus Pholisora 330
160. Neuration of genus Thanaos 332
161. Neuration of genus Amblyscirtes 340
162. Neuration of genus Pamphila 342
163. Neuration of genus Oarisma 343
164. Neuration of genus Ancyloxypha 345
165. Neuration of genus Copæodes 346
166. Neuration of genus Erynnis 347
167. Neuration of genus Thymelicus 351
168. Neuration of genus Atalopedes 352
169. Neuration of genus Polites 353
170. Neuration of genus Hylephila 354
171. Neuration of genus Prenes 355
172. Neuration of genus Calpodes 355
173. Neuration of genus Lerodea 356
174. Neuration of genus Limochores 357
175. Neuration of genus Euphyes 360
176. Neuration of genus Oligoria 361
177. Neuration of genus Poanes 362
178. Neuration of genus Phycanassa 362
179. Neuration of genus Atrytone 364
180. Neuration of genus Lerema 366
181. Megathymus yuccæ, ♀ 367
182. Larva of Megathymus yuccæ 368
183. Chrysalis of Megathymus yuccæ 368
The Popular Conception of an Entomologist 369

LIST OF COLORED PLATES

Produced by the color-photographic process of the Chicago Colortype
Company, 1205 Roscoe Street, Chicago, Ill.

FACING
PAGE

I. Spring Butterflies _Frontispiece_
II. Caterpillars of Papilionidæ and Hesperiidæ 6
III. Caterpillars of Nymphalidæ 18
IV. Chrysalids in Color and in Outline--Nymphalidæ 30
V. Chrysalids in Color and in Outline--Nymphalidæ,
Lycænidæ, Pierinæ 44
VI. Chrysalids in Color and in Outline--Papiloninæ
and Hesperiidæ 58
VII. Anosia and Basilarchia 80
VIII. Ithomiinæ, Heliconius, Dione, Colænis, and Euptoieta 88
IX. Argynnis 100
X. Argynnis 104
XI. Argynnis 108
XII. Argynnis 112
XIII. Argynnis 116
XIV. Argynnis 122
XV. Brenthis 130
XVI. Melitæa 138
XVII. Melitæa, Phyciodes, Eresia 152
XVIII. Argynnis, Brenthis, Melitæa, Phyciodes, Eresia,
Synchloë, Debis, Geirocheilus 156
XIX. Grapta, Vanessa 164
XX. Grapta, Vanessa, Junonia, Anartia, Pyrameis 168
XXI. Timetes, Hypolimnas, Eunica, Callicore 178
XXII. Basilarchia, Adelpha 184
XXIII. Chlorippe 190
XXIV. Pyrrhanæa, Ageronia, Synchloë, Cystineura, Hypanartia,
Victorina 196
XXV. Satyrodes, Coenonympha, Neonympha, Neominois, Erebia 204
XXVI. Satyrus 214
XXVII. OEneis 220
XXVIII. Libythea, Lemonias, Calephelis, Eumæus, Chrysophanus,
Feniseca 228
XXIX. Chrysophanus, Thecla 236
XXX. Thecla, Lycæna 246
XXXI. Lycæna 256
XXXII. Lycæna, Thecla, Nathalis, Euchloë 266
XXXIII. Catopsilia, Pyrameis 272
XXXIV. Euchloë, Neophasia, Pieris, Kricogonia 280
XXXV. Tachyris, Pieris, Colias 288
XXXVI. Meganostoma, Colias 294
XXXVII. Terias, Dismorphia 298
XXXVIII. Papilio 302
XXXIX. Parnassius 306
XL. Papilio 310
XLI. Papilio 314
XLII. Papilio 316
XLIII. Papilio, Colias, Pyrameis, Epargyreus 318
XLIV. Papilio 323
XLV. Papilio, Pholisora, Eudamus, Achalarus, Pyrrhopyge,
Plestia, Calpodes, Thanao 330
XLVI. Hesperiidæ 338
XLVII. Hesperiidæ 350
XLVIII. Hesperiidæ and Colias eurytheme 360

INTRODUCTION