Chapter XXIX: Introduction: General Characters and Terminology—brown Bodies—history (6)

[498] Caldwell, _loc. cit._ Foettinger, _Arch. Biol._ vol. iii. 1882, p.
679; Gegenbaur, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ vol. v. 1854, p. 345; Krohn,
_Arch. Anat._ Jahrgang 1858, p. 289; Metschnikoff, _Nachricht. k.
Ges. Wiss. Göttingen_, No. 12, 1869, p. 227, and _Zeitschr. wiss.
Zool._ vol. xxi. 1871, p. 233; J. Müller, _Arch. Anat._ Jahrgang
1846, p. 101; Schneider, _Monatsber. Ak. wiss. Berlin_, 1861, p. 934,
and _Arch. Anat._ Jahrgang 1862, p. 47; Wagener, _Arch. Anat._
Jahrgang 1847, p. 202; Wilson, _Amer. Natural._ vol. xiv. 1880.

[499] _Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb._ vol. xxi. 1896, p. 59; and _Zool. Anz._ xix.
1896, p. 266.

[500] The account given in the following pages has been deliberately
restricted, for the most part, to British species. Our own fauna
contains an assemblage of Polyzoa which is so representative that it
has seemed better to do some justice to the British forms than to
attempt to cover the whole ground in the limited number of pages
devoted to this group. Those who desire to make a wider study of the
subject should refer, for marine forms, to Busk's _Catalogue of
Marine_ _Polyzoa in the Collection of the British Museum_, Parts
I.-III. 1852, 1854, 1875; to the _Challenger_ Reports on Polyzoa,
Parts 30 (1884), 50 (1886), and 79 (1888); for references and lists
of species, to Vine's _Report on Recent Marine Polyzoa, Cheilostomata
and Cyclostomata_ (Report, 55th meeting Brit. Ass. Aberdeen, 1885,
pp. 481-680); [and to Nickles and Bassler, _Synopsis Amer. Foss.
Bryozoa incl. Bibliography_ (Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, No. 173,
1900)]. References to the literature of the fresh-water forms will be
found below, in Chap. XVIII.

[501] Hooker, quoted by Landsborough, _Hist. Brit. Zoophytes_, 1852, p.
346.

[502] _Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland_, ii. 1848, p. 15.

[503] _Arch. Zool. Exp._ 2 sér. x. 1892.

[504] Kraepelin, _Abh. Ver. Hamburg_, x. 1887, No. ix. p. 19; κάμπτειν, to
bend; δέρμα, skin.

[505] Parts of the ectocyst of some calcareous forms are covered by an
external investment of cells, which give rise to secondary
thickenings, ridges, and other growths.

[506] From the _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxiii. 1892.

[507] _Ibid._ p. 123.

[508] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxiii. 1892, p. 147. The experiment was
conducted in a laboratory, and the results may not be perfectly
normal with regard to the time occupied.

[509] See also Joliet, _Arch. Zool. Exp._ vi. 1877, p. 202, and explanation
of plate viii. for another series of observations.

[510] See especially G. J. Allman, _Monograph of the Fresh-water Polyzoa_,
Ray Society, 1856, p. 41; and H. Nitsche, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._
xxi. 1871, p. 479.

[511] Ray Society, 4to, 1856.

[512] _Zoological Researches and Illustrations_, v. "On Polyzoa." Cork,
1830.

[513] "Symbolae Physicae," 1831, and _Abh. Ak. Berlin_, 1832, i. p. 377,
etc.

[514] _T. cit._ p. 92.

[515] Vol. i. 1880, Introduction, p. cxxxi.

[516] _Élémens de Zoologie_, 2nd ed. _Animaux sans Vertèbres_, 1843, pp.
238, 312. Prof. A. Milne-Edwards has kindly written to me, informing
me that he believes this to have been the first occasion on which the
term was thus used.

[517] _Phil. Trans._ vol. cxliii, 1853, p. 62.

[518] Nitsche, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xx. 1870, p. 34.

[519] πρωκτός, anus; ἐντός, within; ἐκτός, without.

[520] λοφός, crest or tuft.

[521] γυμνός, naked; λαιμός, throat.

[522] φυλάσσω, I guard.

[523] κύκλος, circle; στόμα, mouth.

[524] χεῖλος, lip.

[525] κτείς, κτενός, comb.

[526] Miss E. C. Jelly, _Synonymic Cat. Recent Marine Bryozoa_, London,
1889.

[527] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxi. 1871, p. 421.

[528] Fischer, _Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris_, ii. 1866, p. 293.

[529] Ehlers, _Abh. Ges. Göttingen_, xxi. 1876, p. 3, and Joyeux-Laffuie,
(as _Delagia_) _Arch. Zool. Exp._ 2 sér. vi. 1888, p. 135.

[530] Busk, "Challenger" Reports, Parts 30 and 50.

[531] Hincks, _Brit. Marine Polyzoa_, Introduction, p. cxxxv.

[532] Hincks, _Brit. Mar. Polyzoa_, i. p. 558.

[533] See Hincks, _Brit. Mar. Polyzoa_, i. p. lxiv.; and Busk, _Cat. of
Marine Polyzoa in the British Museum_, part ii. 1854, p. 103.

[534] _J. Linn. Soc._ xv. 1881, p. 359.

[535] "Challenger" Report, part xxx. 1884, pl. ix.

[536] Hincks, _Brit. Mar. Polyzoa_, i. p. 58.

[537] _Brit. Mus. Cat._ part ii. 1854, p. 106; Hincks, _t. cit._ p. 181 n.

[538] p. 475.

[539] _Barentsia_ Hincks (= _Ascopodaria_ Busk) differs from _Pedicellina_
in that each stem has a muscular swelling at its base. The genus is
represented by two British species, _B. gracilis_ Sars and _B.
nodosa_ Lomas.

[540] _Arch. Zool. Exp._ 2 sér. ix. 1891, p. 91.

[541] For structure, see Davenport, _Bull. Mus. Harvard_, xxiv. 1893, p. 1.

[542] λοξός, oblique; σῶμα, body.

[543] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxvii. 1887, pl. xxi. Fig. 10.

[544] For a recent account of the Entoprocta, see Ehlers, "Zur Kenntniss d.
Pedicellineen," _Abh. Ges. Göttingen_, xxxvi. 1890, No. iii.

[An important account of the structure of marine Ectoprocta is given
by Calvet, "Contribution à l'Histoire Naturelle des Bryozoaires
Ectoproctes Marins," _Trav. Inst. Zool. Montpellier_, N.S., Mém. No.
8, 1900.]

[545] Kraepelin, K., "Die deutschen Süsswasser-Bryozoen."—_Abh. Ver.
Hamburg_, x. 1887, No. 9, p. 95.

[546] Jullien, _Bull. Soc. Zool. France_, x. 1885, p. 92.

[547] Hincks, _Brit. Marine Polyzoa_, i. p. 132.

[548] _T. cit._, p. 167.

[549] Quoted by Kraepelin, _t. cit._, p. 83.

[550] Kraepelin, _Abh. Ver. Hamburg_, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 65.

[551] _Zool. Anz._, xvi. 1893 (1894), p. 385.

[552] Hyatt, _Proc. Essex Institute_ (U.S.A.) (reprint from vols. iv., v.
1866-1868), p. 9.

[553] _Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland_, ii. 1848, p. 93.

[554] Trembley, _Mém. Hist. Polypes_, 1744; iii. _Mém._, p. 217. The same
processes are described by Baker, _Employment for the Microscope_,
new ed. 1785, p. 311.

[555] Oka, _J. Coll. Japan_, iv. 1891, p. 90.

[556] Hyatt, _t. cit._ p. 99.

[557] Verworn, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlvi. 1888, p. 119.

[558] Dalyell, _t. cit._ p. 94.

[559] Kraepelin, _Abh. Ver. Hamburg_, x. 1887, No. 9, p. 141.

[560] _Phil. Trans._ 1837, p. 396.

[561] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxi. 1871, p. 426.

[562] _J. Coll. Japan_, iv. 1891, p. 113.

[563] _Zool. Anz._ xii. 1889, p. 508. This paper contains references to M.
Jullien's writings on the mechanism of protrusion.

[564] [See _P. Cambridge Soc._ vol. xi. Part 1, 1901.]

[565] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlvi. 1888, p. 124.

[566] Kraepelin, _Abh. Ver. Hamburg_, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 47; Braem,
_Bibl. Zool._ (Bd. ii.) Heft 6, 1890, pp. 66 f.

[567] Cf. Kraepelin, _Abh. Ver. Hamburg_, x. 1887, No. 9, pp. 154 f.

[568] _T. cit._ p. 83.

[569] Joliet, _Arch. Zool. Exp._ vi. 1877, p. 262.

[570] Kraepelin, _Abh. Ver. Hamburg_, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 22.

[571] Harmer, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxiv. 1893, p. 211.

[572] _Arch. Zool. Exp._ 2 sér. x. 1892, p. 557.

[573] _Phil. Trans._ 1837, p. 408.

[574] _Brit. Marine Polyzoa_, Introduction, pp. lxxxvi, xc.

[575] _Arch. Zool. Exp._ vi. 1877, p. 261.

[576] _Recherches sur l'Embryologie des Bryozoaires_, 4to Lille, 1877.

[577] Prouho, _loc_. _cit_.

[578] _Arch. Zool. Exp._ 2 ser. v. 1887, p. 446.

[579] _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxiv. 1893, p. 199; xxxix. part i. 1896, p.
71.

[580] Jullien, _Mém. Soc. Zool. France_, iii. 1890, p. 381.

[581] Cori, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ lv. 1893, p. 626.

[582] Oka, _J. Coll. Japan_, iv. 1891, p. 109; viii. 1895, p. 339.

[583] Cf. Seeliger, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlix. 1890, p. 168; and l.
1890, p. 560.

[584] Cf. Milne-Edwards (H.), _Ann. Sci. Nat._ 2 ser. vi. 1836, pp. 5, 321.

[585] See Norman, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ ser. 6, xiii. 1894, p. 114.

[586] See Holdsworth, _P. Zool. Soc._ pt. xxvi. 1858, p. 306.

[587] _Brit. Mar. Polyzoa_, Introduction, p. cxxii.

[588] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ ser. 5, xx. 1887, p. 91.

[589] _Aetea_, _Eucratea_, and certain other forms were separated off by
Mr. Busk as a distinct division, the Stolonata.

[590] Most of the writings of this author are referred to on pp. 277, 278
of Miss Jelly's _Synonymic Catalogue_, referred to on p. 523.

[591] _Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British
Museum_, parts i.-iii. 1852-1875; and _Challenger Reports_, Parts 30
(1884) and 50 (1886).

[592] _Trans. and Proc. R. Soc. Victoria_, xxiii. 1887, p. 187, and _Tr. R.
Soc. Victoria_, iv. 1895, p. 1.

[593] _Tr. Zool. Soc._ xiii. 1895, p. 223.

[594] Zittel, _Text Book of Palaeontology_ (Eng. Trans.), 1900, p. 257
(Bryozoa, by E. O. Ulrich).

[595] _Paléontologie Française. Terrains Crétacés_, tome v., Bryozoaires,
8vo. Paris, 1850-1851. This great work refers, however, to recent as
well as to fossil species.

[596] _Heteropora_, of which recent species exist, is placed by Dr. Gregory
in the Trepostomata.

[597] _Quart. J. Geol. Soc._ l. 1894, pp. 72, 79.

[598] See, however, Vine, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ ser. 5. xiv. 1884, pp. 87, 88,
and _P. Yorksh. Geol. Soc._ xii. 1891, p. 74, for possible Palaeozoic
Ctenostomes (_Ascodictyon_, _Rhopalonaria_, and _Vinella_).

[599] Two vols. 8vo. London (Van Voorst), 1880.

[600] 8vo. London (Dulau), 1889.

[601] One or two genera of Cheilostomata may be mistaken for Cyclostomata.
In case of doubt, 7 _et seq_. must be worked through.

[602] Certain varieties of adherent species occasionally assume an erect
form.

[603] For _Celleporella_ (colony minute: orifice tubular), see 41 _et seq._

[604] _Rhynchozoon_ (see No. 61), in which the primary orifice becomes much
obscured by the development of a large mucro, is placed in this
section.

[605] Hincks, _J. Linn. Soc._ xxi. 1889, p. 123.

[606] _Micropora complanata_, Norman, should be placed in the genus
_Lepralia_. See Hincks, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ 5 ser. xix. 1887, p. 304.

[607] See Norman, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ ser. 6, xiii. 1894, p. 113.

[608] Hincks, "Marine Polyzoa" (reprints from _Ann. Nat. Hist._ 1880-91),
Index, p. v. note. (Replacing _Rhynchopora_, preoccupied for a
Brachiopod.)

[609] A form of _Lepralia pallasiana_, in which a mucro is developed, may
be mistaken for _Umbonula_ (see characters given for _Lepralia_ under
No. 59).

[610] See _Arch. Zool. Exp._ 2 ser. vi. 1888, p. 135 (as _Delagia_), and
_ibid._ x. 1892, p. 594. [See also _J. Mar. Biol. Ass._ v., 1897-99,
p. 51.]

[611] F. S. Conant, _Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ._ vol. xv. 1896, p. 82.

[612] _Ibid._ vol. xiv. 1896, p. 77.