Chapter XXXVI: Introduction: Division I. Ecardines--External (2)

_Deshayesia_, _411_

_Desmoulea_, _423_

Development of fertilised ovum, 130 f.

_Dexiobranchaea_, _437_

_Diadema_, _414_

_Diala_, _415_

_Dialeuca_, _441_

_Diaphora_, 314

_Diaphorostoma_, _412_

_Diastema_, _418_

_Diastoma_, _417_

_Diaulula_, _434_

_Dibaphus_, _425_

Dibranchiata, _380_;
eye, 183;
nervous system, 207

_Diceras_, 269, _455_

_Didaena_, =12=, 297, _455_

Differences of sex, 133

_Dignomia_, 511

Digonopora, 134, 144

_Diloma_, _408_

_Dimorphoptychia_, _410_

_Dimya_, _450_

_Dinobolus_, _504_, 508

_Dinoplax_, _403_

Ditocardia, 9, 170, _405_ f.

_Diplodonta_, _452_

_Diplommatina_, 302–327, _413_

_Diplomphalus_, 322, 323, _440_

_Diplopoma_, 346, 351, _414_

_Dipsaccus_, _424_

_Dipsas_, 307

_Discina_, 464, 468, 471, 475, _487_;
distribution, 485;
fossil, 493, _504_;
stratigraphical distribution, 506, 508

Discinidae, _487_, 496, _504_, 508, 511

_Discinisca_, _487_, 510;
distribution, 485, 486

_Discites_, _395_

_Discodoris_, _434_

_Discosorus_, _394_

_Distortio_, 255--see _Persona_

_Ditropis_, 312, 314, _414_

Docoglossa, 227, _405_

_Dolabella_, =428=, _431_

_Dolabrifer_, _431_

_Dolium_, _419_;
acid secretion, 237

_Donax_, 269, 446, _453_

_Dondersia_, _404_

_Dorcasia_, 333, _441_

_Doridium_, _430_

_Doridunculus_, _434_;
radula, 229

_Doriopsis_, _434_

_Doris_, breathing organs, =159=;
radula, 230

_Dorsanum_, _423_

_Dosidicus_, _390_

_Dosinia_, _454_

_Doto_, _433_;
protective coloration, 71

_Dreissensia_, =14=, 123, _452_;
hibernation, 26;
singular habitat, 48;
veliger, =132=, 146;
eyes, 192

_Dreissensiomya_, _452_

_Drepania_, _434_

_Drillia_, _426_

_Drymaeus_, 356, _442_

_Dryptus_, 356, _441_

_Durgella_, 301, 304, _440_

Dwarf varieties, 88

_Dybowskia_, 290

_Eastonia_, _454_

_Eburna_, =267=, _424_;
radula, =220=

Ecardines, 466;
muscles, 476;
fossil, 493;
families, _487_, _503_, 508

_Eccyliomphalus_, _413_

_Echinospira_, 133

_Edentulina_, 338

Egg-laying of _Arion_, =42= f.;
of Mollusca generally, 123

_Eglisia_, _411_

Eider-duck, shells used by, 102

_Elaea_, 322, _440_

_Elasmoneura_, _411_

_Eledone_, =385=, _385_;
radula, 236

_Elizia_, _456_

_Elysia_, _432_;
protective coloration, 73;
breathing, 152;
radula, 217, =230=, =432=

_Emarginula_, =265=, _406_

_Embletonia_, 429

_Emmericia_, _415_

_Ena_, 296, _442_

_Enaeta_, _425_

_Endoceras_, _394_

_Endodonta_, 325, 334, _441_

_Engina_, _424_

_Enida_, _408_

_Ennea_, 298, 302, 306, 309, 314, 316, 328–337, =440=, _440_;
habits, 54;
_E. bicolor_, 279

_Enoplochiton_, =403=, _403_

_Enoploteuthis_, _391_

_Ensis_, _457_

_Entocolax_, 77, 79, 152

_Entoconcha_, 77, 79, 152, 216

_Entovalva_, 77, 82

_Ephippodonta_, _453_;
commensal, =81=

_Epidromus_, _420_

Epiphragm, 26, 27 f.

Epipodia, 427

_Erato_, _419_

_Eremophila_, 294

_Ergaea_, =248=, _412_

_Erinna_, 327, _439_

Erosion, 276

_Ervilia_, _454_

_Erycina_, _453_

Escargotières, 119

_Estria_, 329, _440_

Estuarine species, 14

_Ethalia_, _409_

_Eucalodium_, 260, 353, _442_

_Euchelus_, _408_

_Euchrysallis_, _420_

_Eudioptus_, _442_

_Eudoxochiton_, _403_

_Euhadra_, 316, 318, _441_

Eulamellibranchiata, _451_;
gill, =166=, 167

_Eulima_, _422_;
parasitic, 77, =79=

_Eulimella_, 250, _422_

_Eulota_, 296, _441_

_Euomphalus_, 247, _413_

_Euplecta_, _440_

_Eupleura_, _423_

_Euplocamus_, _434_

_Eurybia_, _438_

_Eurycampta_, 346–351

_Eurycratera_, 349, 351, _441_

_Eurystoma_, 304

_Eurytus_, _442_

_Euthria_, _424_

Euthyneura, 203

_Eutrochatella_, 347–351, =348=, _410_

Exploring expeditions, 362

Eye in Mollusca, 181 f.

_Facelina_, _432_

_Fasciolaria_, _424_;
radula, =221=

_Fastigiella_, _416_

_Favorinus_, _432_

_Fenella_, _415_

Fertilised ovum, development, 130 f.

_Ferussacia_, 291, 293, 297 f., _442_

Fiji islanders, use of shells, 98

Filibranchiata, _448_;
gill, =166=

_Fiona_, _432_;
radula, 217

_Firoloida_, _421_

Fischer and Bouvier, on breathing of _Ampullaria_, 158

_Fischeria_, 15, 328, _453_

Fish devour Mollusca, 59

_Fissurella_, =265=, _406_;
breathing organs, =153=;
apical hole, 156;
nervous system, 204;
radula, 227;
growth, =261=

_Fissurellidaea_, _406_

_Fissuridea_, _406_

_Fissurisepta_, _406_

_Fistulana_, 262, _457_

_Flabellina_, _432_

_Fluminicola_, _415_

_Folinia_, _415_

Food of Mollusca, 30 f.;
Mollusca as food, 102 f.

Foot, 198;
in classification, 5

Forel, on deep-water _Limnaea_, 162

Formation of shell, 255

_Fortisia_, _429_

_Fossarina_, _413_

_Fossarulus_, 302, _415_

_Fossarus_, _413_

Fourth orifice in mantle, 174

Fresh-water species living in sea, 12;
frozen hard, 24

Frogs and toads devour Mollusca, 58

_Fruticicola_, 285, 290, 316, 318, _441_

_Fruticocampylaea_, 296

_Fryeria_, _434_

_Fulgur_, =249=, _424_

_Fusispira_, _420_

_Fusus_, 262, _424_

_Gadinia_, =152=, _431_;
breathing, 18, 151;
classification, 19;
radula, 217, =230=

Gain, W. A., quoted, 32, 33, 39;
on taste of Mollusca, 179

_Galatea_, 15, 328, 336, _453_

_Galeomma_, 175, _453_

_Galerus_, =248=, _412_;
egg-capsules, 125

Garstang, W., on protective and warning coloration, 73

Gaskoin, on tenacity of life, 38;
on egg-laying, 42

Gassies, on hybrid union in snails, 130

Gasteropoda, on classification, 8, 11, 400 f.

_Gastrana_, _453_

_Gastrochaena_, _457_;
habits, 64

_Gastrodonta_, _440_

_Gastropteron_, 245, _430_

_Gaza_, 376, _408_

_Gena_, 246, _408_

_Genea_, _424_

_Genotia_, _426_

_Geomalacus_, =160=, 288, 291, _441_;
protective coloration, 70

_Geomelania_, 16, 348, 351, _414_

_Georgia_, 331, _414_

_Georissa_, 318, _410_

_Geostilbia_, 338, _442_

_Gerontia_, _441_

_Gerstfeldtia_, 290

_Gibbula_, _408_

_Gibbus_, 328–=338=, =440=, _440_

_Gillia_, _415_

Gills--_see_ Branchiae

_Girasia_, 301, 304, _440_

_Glandina_, =54=, =178=, 278, 292 f., 339–355, _440_;
radula, 231, =232=;
habits, 53

Glands, germ, 134, 140;
nidamental, 136

_Glassia_, 501, _505_

_Glaucomya_, 320, _454_

_Glaucus_, 429, _432_

_Gleba_, _437_

_Glessula_, 301, 309, 310, 333, _442_

Glochidium, =147=

_Glomus_, _448_

_Glossoceras_, _394_

Glossophora, 7

_Glottidia_, distribution, 485, _487_

_Glycimeris_, _457_

_Glyphis_, _406_

_Glyptostoma_, 341, _441_

_Gomphoceras_, _394_, =395=

_Gonatus_, _391_

_Goniatites_, _397_, =398=

_Goniobasis_, 341, _417_

_Goniodoris_, _434_;
protective coloration, 73;
radula, 229

_Goniomya_, _458_

_Gonostoma_, 291, 316, _441_

_Goniostomus_, _442_

_Grammysia_, _459_

_Grateloupia_, _454_

Great _Eastern_ and mussels, 116

Greenhouses, slugs in, 35

Green oysters, 108

_Gresslya_, _458_

Growth of shell, 40, 257

_Guesteria_, _440_

_Guildfordia_, _409_

_Guivillea_, 186, 376, _425_

Gulls and Mollusca, 56

_Gundlachia_, 19, 325, 345, 352, 359, _439_

Gymnoglossa, 216, 225, _422_

Gymnosomata, _437_

_Gyroceras_, 247, _395_

_Gyrotoma_, _417_

_Hadra_, 306, 315, 319–325, =322=, _441_

_Hadriania_, _423_

Haemoglobin, 171

_Hainesia_, 336, _414_

_Halia_, 366, _426_

_Haliotinella_, _431_

_Haliotis_, =266=, _407_;
and coyote, 57;
holes of, 156;
osphradium, 195;
epipodium, 199;
nervous system, 204;
radula, 215, 226

_Halopsyche_, 159, =438=, _438_

_Haminea_, =428=, _430_;
protective coloration, 73

_Hamites_, _399_

_Hamulina_, _399_

_Hanleyia_, _403_

_Hapalus_, 331, _442_

_Harpa_, radula, _425_, 216, 221;
self-mutilation, 45

_Harpagodes_, _418_

_Harpoceras_, _399_

_Harvella_, _454_

Hatching of eggs, 43

Hazay, on duration of life, 39;
on variation in _Limnaea_, 93

Hearing powers of Mollusca, 196

Heart, in classification, 9;
action during hibernation, 26;
and branchiae, =169=

Hectocotylus arm, 137 f.

_Helcion_, _405_;
protective coloration, 69

_Helcioniscus_, _405_

Hele, F. M., on _Hyalinia_, 33;
on _Stenogyra_, 34

_Helicarion_, 309, 316, 325, 332, _440_;
radula, 232;
habits, 45, 67

Helicidae, radula, 232, =234=

_Helicina_, 305, 306, 316–327, 338–358, _410_;
origin, =21=;
exterminated by cold, 24

_Helicophanta_, 335, =336=, =441=, _441_

_Heligmus_, _449_

_Helix_, _441_;
toothed aperture, 63;
protective coloration, 70;
variation, 87;
carbonic acid, 163;
eye, =181=, =183=;
food, 179;
smell, 194;
jaw, =211=;
distribution, 285;
tenacity of life, 37;
breeding, 129

_Helix alternata_, =340=;
_angulata_, =350=;
_aperta_, 38, 39, 51, =293=;
_arbustorum_, bathing, 23;
_caperata_, variation, 89;
_cereolus_, =340=;
_cicatricosa_, =316=;
_crenilabris_, 45;
_delphinuloides_, =297=;
_desertorum_, 37, 38, 70, 294;
_fidelis_, =341=;
_haemastoma_, habits, 70;
_harpa_, 287;
_hortensis_, =10=, 279;
pulsations, 26;
epiphragm, 28;
rock-boring, 49;
dart, =143=;
_imperator_, =347=;
habits, 45;
_laciniosa_, =297=;
_lactea_, 25, 38, 42, 279;
_lima_, =350=;
_muscarum_, =347=;
_nemoralis_, 38, =180=;
_niciensis_, =292=;
_nux denticulata_, =350=;
_palliata_, =340=;
_pisana_, 25;
habits, 33;
_pomatia_, 25, 34, 40;
eye, =181=;
_pomum_, =322=;
_pulchella_, 279;
_richmondiana_, =322=;
_rosacea_, =259=;
_rostrata_, =347=;
_rota_, =314=;
_rufescens_, pulsations, 26;
_similaris_, 279;
_souverbiana_, =336=, =441=;
_strigata_, =293=;
_tristis_, habits, 49;
_turricula_, =297=;
_Veatchii_, 38;
_Waltoni_, =304=;
_Wollastoni_, =297=;
_zonata_, =293=

_Helix aspersa_, homing, 35;
smell, 36;
duration of life, 39;
growth, 40;
strength, 45;
boring rock, 50;
variation, 87, 89;
eaten, 119;
hybrid union, 130;
generative organs, 140 f., =141=;
dart-sac, =143=;
pulmonary chamber, 160;
radula, 217;
alimentary canal, =237=;
monstrosities, 251, =252=;
growth, 258;
distribution, 279, 289

_Hemiarthrum_, _403_

_Hemicardium_, _455_

_Hemidonax_, _453_

_Hemifusus_, _424_

_Hemipecten_, _450_

_Hemiplecta_, 310, 316, 319, 321, _440_

_Hemisepius_, _389_

_Hemisinus_, 357, _417_

_Hemitoma_, =265=

_Hemitrichia_, 314

_Hemitrochus_, 346–351, _441_

_Hemphillia_, 245, 341, _441_

_Hercoceras_, _395_

Herdman, Prof. W. A., on cerata of Nudibranchs, 71 f.;
experiments on taste of Nudibranchs, 72;
on _Littorina rudis_, 151 n.

_Hermaea_, _432_;
protective coloration, 73

Hermaphrodite Mollusca, 134, 140, 145

Hermit-crabs, shells used by, 102

_Hero_, _432_

_Heterocardia_, _454_

_Heterodiceras_, _455_

Heteropoda, 9, _420_ f.;
radula, 228;
foot, 200

_Heudeia_, 316, _410_

_Hexabranchus_, _434_

Hibernation, 25, 163

High altitudes, Mollusca living at, 24

_Himella_, 15

_Hindsia_, _424_

_Hindsiella_, _453_

Hinge area, 493, 498

Hinge, in bivalves, 272

_Hinnites_, 257, _450_

_Hipponyx_, 248, _412_

_Hippopus_, _455_

_Hippurites_, =455=, _456_

_Histiopsis_, _391_

_Histioteuthis_, _391_

_Holcostoma_, _417_

_Holohepatica_, _433_

_Holopella_, _411_

_Holospira_, 339, 353, _442_

Holostomata, 156

_Homalogyra_, _413_;
radula, 223

_Homalonyx_, 245, =343=-358, _443_

Homing powers of Mollusca, 34

_Homorus_, 330–337, _443_

_Hoplites_, _399_

_Hoplopteron_, _422_

_Horea_, 332

_Horiostoma_, _409_

Hot springs, Mollusca living in, 25

_Huronia_, _394_

_Hyalaea_, =10=, _436_

_Hyalimax_, 245, 305, 306, 338, _443_

Hyaline stylet, 240

_Hyalinia_, _440_;
pulsations, 26;
food, 33;
smell, 194;
dart, =143=;
radula, 232, =234=;
distribution, 287 f., 318, 340–357;
_H. alliaria_, 279;
smell, 194;
_cellaria_, 279;
_Draparnaldi_, 33

_Hyalocylix_, _437_

_Hyalosagda_, 352

_Hybocystis_, =305=, 309, _414_

Hybridism, 129

_Hydatina_, _430_;
radula, =231=

_Hydrobia_, 325, 332, _415_;
_H. ulvae_, egg-laying, 128

_Hydrocena_, 298, _410_;
radula, 226

Hymenoptera build in dead shells, 102

_Hypobranchaea_, _434_;
radula, 230

_Hypotrema_, _448_

_Hypselostoma_, 248, =302=, 305, 314, _442_

_Hyria_, 344, _452_

_Hystricella_, 297

_Ianthina_, 360, =126=, _411_;
egg-capsules, 125;
eyes, 186;
radula, =224=

_Iapetella_, _385_

_Iberus_, 285–=293=, =297=, _441_

_Ichthyosarcolites_, _456_

_Idalia_, =179=, 429, _434_;
radula, 229, 230

_Idas_, _449_

_Idiosepion_, _389_

_Illex_, _390_

_Imbricaria_, _425_;
radula, =221=

_Imperator_, _409_

Indians of America, use of shells, 100

_Infundibulum_, _408_

_Inioteuthis_, _389_

Ink-sac, =241=

_Inoceramus_, _449_

Insects eaten by Mollusca, 32

_Insularia_, 319, 320

Intestine, 241

_Io_, =16=, 340, _417_

_Iopas_, _423_

_Iphigenia_, 15, _453_

_Iravadia_, 305, _415_

_Iridina_, 294

_Irus_, 297

_Isanda_, _409_

_Ischnochiton_, _403_

_Isidora_, 298, 320–327, 333, 336, 359, _439_

_Ismenia_, _404_

_Isocardia_, 269, =451=, _451_

_Isodonta_, _453_

_Isomeria_, 343, 356, _441_

_Issa_, _434_

_Jamaicia_, _414_

_Janella_, =161=, _443_;
pulmonary orifice, =161=

Janellidae, radula, 234;
distribution, 321–326

_Janus_, _432_

_Japonia_, 318

Jaws, 210

_Jeanerettia_, 346–351, _441_

Jeffreys, Dr., on _Limnaea_, 34;
on _Neptunea_, 193

_Jeffreysia_, _415_;
radula, 223

_Jorunna_, protective coloration, 73

_Jouannettia_, _457_

_Jullienia_, 307, _415_

_Jumala_, _424_

_Kaliella_, 301, 304, 310, 314–317, 335, _440_

_Kalinga_, _434_

Kashmir, land Mollusca, 280

_Katherina_, _403_

_Kelletia_, _424_

_Kellia_, _453_

_Kellyella_, _452_

Kidneys, 242

King, R. L., on smell in bivalves, 195

_Kingena_, _506_, 508

Kitchen-middens, 104

_Koninckella_, _505_;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508

_Koninckina_, _505_;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508

Koninckinidae, 501, _505_, 508

_Kutorgina_, _504_;
stratigraphical distribution, 506, 508;
embryonic shell, 509

Labial palps, 210

_Labyrinthus_, 342, 353–357, _441_;
aperture, =63=

Lacaze-Duthiers on _Testacella_, 52 f.;
on smell in _Helix_, 194

_Lacuna_, _413_

_Lacunopsis_, 332

_Lagena_, _424_

_Lagochilus_, 309, 316–319, _414_

_Lamellaria_, 245, _411_;
habits and protective coloration, 74;
parasitic, 78;
radula, 223

_Lamellidoris_, _434_;
radula, 229, 230, =231=

_Lampania_, _417_

Land Mollusca, origin, 11 f.

_Lanistes_, 249, 294, 328, 331, _416_

Lankester, Prof. E. Ray, on shell-gland, 132;
on haemoglobin, 171

_Lantzia_, 278, 338, _439_

_Laoma_, _441_

_Larina_, 302, _417_

Larvae of Pelecypoda, 7;
of insects resembling Mollusca, 67 f.

_Lasaea_, _453_

_Latia_, 19, 326, _439_

_Latiaxis_, _423_

_Latirus_, _424_

Latter, O. H., on _Glochidium_, 147

Layard, E. L., on self-burying Mollusca, 41;
on sudden appearance of _Stenogyra_, 47;
on _Coeliaxis_, 49;
on _Rhytida_ and _Aerope_, 54

_Leda_, _447_

_Leia_, 348–351, _442_

_Leila_, 344, _452_

_Leonia_, _414_

_Lepeta_, _405_

_Lepetella_, _405_

Lepetidae, radula, 227

_Lepidomenia_, _404_;
radula, 229

_Leptachatina_, 327

_Leptaena_, 500, 501, 502, =503=, _505_;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508

_Leptaxis_, _441_

_Leptinaria_, 357, 358, _442_

_Leptochiton_, _403_

_Leptoconchus_, 75, _423_

_Leptoloma_, 348, 351

_Lepton_, _453_;
parasitic, 77;
commensal, 80;
mantle-edge, 175, 178

_Leptoplax_, _403_

_Leptopoma_, 316, 319, 338, _414_

_Leptoteuthis_, _390_

_Leptothyra_, _409_

_Leroya_, 331

_Leucochila_, _442_

_Leucochloridium_, =61=

_Leucochroa_, =292=, 295, _441_

_Leuconia_, _439_

_Leucotaenia_, 335, 359, _441_

_Leucozonia_, 64, =424=, _424_

_Levantina_, 295

_Libania_, 295

_Libera_, 327, _441_;
egg-laying, 128

_Libitina_, _451_

_Licina_, _414_

Life, duration of, in snails, 39

Ligament, 271

_Liguus_, 349, 351, _442_

_Lima_, 178, =179=, _450_;
habits, 63

Limacidae, radula, 232

_Limacina_, 59, 249, =436=, _436_

_Limapontia_, 429, _432_;
breathing, 152

_Limax_, 245, _440_;
food, 31, 179;
variation, 86;
pulmonary orifice, 160;
shell, 175;
jaw, =211=;
radula, 217;
distribution, 285, 324;
_L. agrestis_, eats May flies, 31;
_arborum_, slime, 30;
food, 31;
_flavus_, food, 33, 36;
habits, 35, 36;
_gagates_, 279, 358;
_maximus_, =32=, =161=;
eats raw beef, 32;
cannibalism, 32;
sexual union, 128;
smell, 193 f.

_Limea_, _450_

_Limicolaria_, 329–332, _443_

_Limnaea_, _439_;
self-impregnation, 44;
development and variation, 84, 92, 93;
size affected by volume of water, 94;
eggs, 124;
sexual union, 134;
jaw, 211;
radula, 217, =235=;
_L. auricularia_, 24;
_glutinosa_, sudden appearance, 46;
_Hookeri_, 25;
_involuta_, 82, 278, 287;
_peregra_, =10=, =180=;
burial, 27;
food, 34, 37;
variation, =85=;
distribution, 282;
_palustris_, distribution, 282;
_stagnalis_, food, 34, 37;
variation, =85=, =95=;
circum-oral lobes, 131;
generative organs, =414=;
breathing, 161;
nervous system, =204=;
distribution, 282;
_truncatula_, parasite, 61;
distribution, 282

_Limnocardium_, _455_

_Limnotrochus_, 332, _415_

_Limopsis_, _448_

Limpet-shaped shells, 244

Limpets as food for birds, 56;
rats, 57;
birds and rats caught by, 57;
as bait, 118

_Lingula_, 464, 467, 468, 471, =472=, 473, 475, 477, 478, _487_;
habits, =483=, 484;
distribution, 485;
fossil, 493, =494=, _503_;
stratigraphical distribution, 506, 508, 510, 511

_Lingulella_, 493, _503_;
stratigraphical distribution, 506, 508, 511

_Lingulepis_, _503_, 511

Lingulidae, 485, 487, 496, _503_, 508

_Linnarssonia_, _504_;
stratigraphical distribution, 506, 508

_Lintricula_, _426_

_Liobaikalia_, 290

_Liomesus_, _424_

_Lioplax_, 340, _416_

_Liostoma_, _424_

_Liostracus_, _442_

_Liotia_, _408_

_Liparus_, 324, 359, _441_

_Lissoceras_, _399_

_Lithasia_, 340, _417_

_Lithidion_, _414_

_Lithocardium_, _455_

_Lithodomus_, _449_

_Lithoglyphus_, 294, 296, 297, _415_

_Lithopoma_, _409_

_Lithotis_, 302, _443_

_Litiopa_, 30, 361, _415_

_Littorina_, _413_;
living out of water, 20;
radula, =20=, 215;
habits, 50;
protective coloration, 69;
egg-laying, 126;
hybrid union, 130;
monstrosity, =251=, =252=;
operculum, =269=;
erosion, 276;
_L. littorea_, in America, 374;
_obtusata_, generative organs, =135=;
_rudis_, 150;
Prof. Herdman’s experiments on, 151 n.

_Littorinida_, _415_

_Lituites_, 247, _395_

Liver, 239;
liver-fluke, 61

_Livinhacea_, 333, 359, _441_

_Livona_, _408_;
radula, 226;
operculum, =268=

Lloyd, W. A., on _Nassa_, 193

_Lobiger_, _432_

_Lobites_, _397_

_Loligo_, 378–_389_;
glands, 136;
modified arm, 139;
eye, =183=;
radula, 236;
club, =381=;
_L. punctata_, egg-laying, 127;
_vulgaris_, larva, 133

_Loligopsis_, _391_

_Loliguncula_, _390_

_Loliolus_, _390_

_Lomanotus_, _433_

_Lophocercus_, _432_

_Lorica_, _403_

Lowe, E. J., on growth of shell, 40

_Loxonema_, _417_

_Lucapina_, _406_

_Lucapinella_, _406_

_Lucerna_, _441_

_Lucidella_, 348–351, _410_

_Lucina_, =270=, _452_

_Lucinopsis_, _454_

Lung, 151, 160

_Lunulicardium_, _455_

_Lutetia_, _452_

_Lutraria_, 446, _456_

_Lychnus_, _442_

_Lyonsia_, _458_

_Lyonsiella_, _458_;
branchiae, 168

_Lyra_, stratigraphical distribution, 507

_Lyria_, _425_

_Lyrodesma_, _447_

_Lysinoe_, _441_

_Lytoceras_, _398_

_Maackia_, 290

_Macgillivrayia_, 133

_Machomya_, _458_

_Maclurea_, _410_

_Macroceramus_, 343–353, _442_

_Macroceras_, _440_

_Macrochilus_, _417_

_Macrochlamys_, 296, 299, 301 f., 310, 316–322, _440_

_Macrocyclis_, 358, =359=, _442_

_Macron_, _424_

_Macroön_, _441_

_Macroscaphites_, 247, =399=, _399_

_Macroschisma_, =265=, _406_

_Mactra_, 271, 446, _454_

_Macularia_, 285, 291, =292= f., _441_

_Magas_, _506_;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508

_Magellania_, 500

_Magilus_, =75=, _423_

_Mainwaringia_, 302

_Malaptera_, _418_

_Malea_, _419_

_Malletia_, _447_

_Malleus_, _449_

_Mangilia_, _426_

Mantle, 172 f., =173=;
lobes of, 177

_Margarita_, _408_;
radula, =225=

_Marginella_, _425_;
radula, 221

_Mariaella_, 314, 338, _440_

_Marionia_, _433_

_Marmorostoma_, _409_

Marrat, F. P., views on variation, 82

_Marsenia_, 133

_Marsenina_, _411_

_Martesia_, 305, _457_

_Mastigoteuthis_, _390_

_Mastus_, 296, _442_

_Matheronia_, _455_

_Mathilda_, 250, _417_

_Maugeria_, =403=

_Mazzalina_, _424_

_Megalatractus_, _424_

Megalodontidae, _451_

_Megalomastoma_, 344, _414_

_Megalomphalus_, _416_

_Megaspira_, 358, _442_

_Megatebennus_, _406_

_Megerlia_, distribution, 486, _487_

_Meladomus_, 249, 328, 331, _416_

_Melampus_, =18=, 199, 250, =439=, _439_

_Melanatria_, 336

_Melania_, =276=, =417=, _417_;
distribution, 285, 292 f., 316 f., 324, 336

_Melaniella_, _442_

Melaniidae, origin, 17

Melanism in Mollusca, 85

_Melanopsis_, _417_;
distribution, 285, 291, 292 f., 323, 326

_Melantho_, 340, _416_

_Melapium_, _424_

_Meleagrina_, _449_

_Melia_, 348

_Melibe_, _432_

_Melongena_, _424_;
radula, =220=;
stomach, =238=

_Merica_, _426_

_Merista_, _505_, 508

_Meroe_, _454_

_Merope_, 327

_Mesalia_, _417_

_Mesembrinus_, 356, _442_

_Mesodesma_, _454_

_Mesodon_, =340=, _441_

_Mesomphix_, 340, _440_

_Mesorhytis_, 377

_Meta_, _423_

_Metula_, _424_

_Meyeria_, _424_

_Miamira_, _434_

_Microcystis_, 323, 324, 327, 338, _440_

_Microgaza_, _408_

_Micromelania_, 12, 297

_Microphysa_, protective habits, 70

_Microplax_, _403_

_Micropyrgus_, _415_

_Microvoluta_, _425_

_Middendorffia_, _403_

_Milneria_, _451_

Mimicry, 66

_Minolia_, _408_

_Mitra_, _425_;
radula, 221

_Mitrella_, _423_

_Mitreola_, _425_

_Mitrularia_, =248=, _412_

_Modiola_, 446, _449_;
habits, 64;
genital orifice, 242

_Modiolarca_, _449_

_Modiolaria_, _449_;
habits, 78

_Modiolopsis_, _452_

_Modulus_, _417_

_Monilia_, _408_

Monkey devouring oysters, 59

_Monoceros_, _423_

_Monocondylaea_, _452_

_Monodacna_, 12, 297, _455_

_Monodonta_, _408_, =408=;
tentaculae, =178=

_Monogonopora_, 134, 140

_Monomerella_, 496, _504_

_Monopleura_, _456_

_Monotis_, _449_

Monotocardia, 9, 170, _411_

Monstrosities, 250

_Montacuta_, _452_;
_M. ferruginosa_, commensal, 80;
_substriata_, parasitic, 77

_Mopalia_, _403_

Moquin-Tandon, on breathing of Limnaeidae, 162;
on smell, 193 f.

_Moreletia_, _440_

_Morio_, _420_

_Mormus_, 356, _442_

Moseley, H. N., on eyes of _Chiton_, 187 f.

_Moussonia_, 327

Mouth, 209

_Mucronalia_, _422_

Mucus, use of, 63

_Mulinia_, =272=

_Mülleria_, 344, _452_

_Mumiola_, _422_

_Murchisonia_, 265, _407_

_Murchisoniella_, _422_

_Murex_, _423_;
attacks _Arca_, 60;
use of spines, 64;
egg-capsules, 124;
eye, =182=;
radula, =220=;
shell, =256=

Musical sounds, 50

Mussels, cultivation of, 115;
as bait, 116;
poisonous, 117;
on _Great Eastern_, 116

_Mutela_, 294, 328, 331, 336, _452_

_Mutyca_, _425_

_Mya_, 271, 275, =446=, _456_;
stylet, 240;
_M. arenaria_, variation, 84

Myacea, _456_

_Myalina_, _449_

_Mycetopus_, 307, 316, 344, _452_

_Myochama_, =458=

_Myodora_, _458_

_Myophoria_, _448_

Myopsidae, _389_

_Myrina_, _449_

_Myristica_, _424_

Mytilacea, _448_

_Mytilimeria_, _458_

_Mytilops_, _452_

_Mytilopsis_, 14

_Mytilus_, 258, _449_;
gill filaments, =166=, 285;
_M. edulis_, =14=, =165=;
attached to crabs, 48, 78;
pierced by _Purpura_, =60=;
Bideford Bridge and, 117;
rate of growth, 258;
stylet, 240

_Myxostoma_, _414_

_Nacella_, _405_

_Naiadina_, _449_

_Nanina_, 278, 300 f., 335, _440_;
radula, 217, 232

_Napaeus_, 296–299, 316, _442_

_Naranio_, _454_

_Narica_, _412_

_Nassa_, _423_;
egg-capsules, =126=;
sense of smell, 193

_Nassodonta_, _423_

_Nassopsis_, 332

_Natica_, =246=, 263, _411_;
spawn, =126=;
operculum, =268=

_Naticopsis_, _409_

‘Native’ oysters, 106

_Nausitora_, 15

Nautiloidea, _393_

_Nautilus_, 254, =392=, _395_;
modified arms, 140;
eye, =183=;
nervous system, 206;
radula, 236;
kidneys, 242

_Navicella_, 267, 268, 324, 327, _410_;
origin, =17=

_Navicula_, =358=, _442_

_Navicula_ (Diatom), cause of greening in oysters, 108

_Nectoteuthis_, _389_

_Neda_, _431_

_Nematurella_, 12, 297

_Nembrotha_, _434_

_Neobolus_, _504_

_Neobuccinum_, _424_

_Neocyclotus_, 357, 358

_Neomenia_, =8=, 133, 216, 228, =404=, _404_;
breathing organs, =154=;
nervous system, =203=

_Neothauma_, 332

Neotremata, 511

_Neptunea_, 252, 262, _423_;
egg-capsules, =126=;
capture, 193;
monstrosity, =251=

_Nerinea_, _417_

_Nerita_, =17=, _410_;
_N. polita_ used as money, 97

Neritidae, 260, _410_;
radula, =226=

_Neritina_, =256=, _410_;
origin, 16, =17=, =21=;
egg-laying, 128;
eye, 181;
distribution, 285, 291 f., 324, 327;
_N. fluviatilis_, habitat, 12, 25

_Neritoma_, _410_

_Neritopsis_, _409_;
radula, 226;
operculum, =269=

Nervous system, 201 f.

_Nesiotis_, 357, _442_

New Zealanders, use of shells, 99

_Nicida_, _413_

_Ninella_, _409_

_Niphonia_, _408_

_Niso_, _422_

_Nitidella_, _423_

_Nodulus_, _415_

_Notarchus_, _431_

_Nothus_, 358, _442_

_Notobranchaea_, _438_

_Notodoris_, _434_

_Notoplax_, _403_

_Novaculina_, 305

_Nucula_, 254, 269, =273=, _447_

Nuculidae, otocyst, 197;
foot, 201

_Nuculina_, _448_

Nudibranchiata, _432_;
defined, 10;
protective and warning colours, 71 f.;
breathing organs, 159

_Nummulina_, 295

_Nuttallina_, _403_

_Obba_, 311, 315, _441_

_Obbina_, 306, 311, 312, =314=, 319

_Obeliscus_, _442_

_Obolella_, 496, _504_;
stratigraphical distribution, 506, 508

Obolidae, 496, _504_, 508

_Obolus_, _504_, 508;
embryonic shell, 509

_Ocinebra_, _423_

Octopodidae, hectocotylised arm, 137, 139, =140=

_Octopus_, =379=-_386_;
egg-capsules, =127=;
vision, 184;
radula, =236=;
crop, 238

_Ocythoe_, _384_;
hectocotylus, =138=

_Odontomaria_, _407_

_Odontostomus_, =358=, =442=

_Odostomia_, 250, _422_;
parasitic, 78

Oesophagus, 237

_Ohola_, _434_

Oigopsidae, _390_

_Oldhamina_, _506_, 508

_Oleacina_, habits, 55

_Oliva_, =199=, =255=, 275, =425=, _426_

_Olivancillaria_, _426_

_Olivella_, 260, 267, _426_;
_O. biplicata_ as money, 97

_Olivia_, _408_

_Omalaxis_, _413_

_Omalonyx_, habitat, 23

_Ommastrephes_, =6=, 378, _390_

Ommatophores, 180, 187

_Omphalotropis_, 306, 309, 316, 324, 327, 338, _414_

_Onchidiella_, _443_

Onchidiidae, 245;
radula, 234;
anus, 241

_Onchidiopsis_, _411_

_Onchidium_, _443_;
breathing, 163;
eyes, 187

_Onchidoris_, radula, 230

_Oniscia_, _420_

_Onoba_, _415_

_Onychia_, _390_

_Onychoteuthis_, _390_;
club, =386=

_Oocorys_, _420_

_Oopelta_, 329, _440_

_Opeas_, _442_

Operculum, 267 f.

_Ophidioceras_, 247, _395_

_Ophileta_, _413_

_Opis_, _451_

Opisthobranchiata, _427_;
defined, 9;
warning, etc., colours, 71 f.;
generative organs, 144;
breathing organs, 158;
organs of touch, 178;
parapodia, 199;
nervous system, 203;
radula, 229

_Opisthoporus_, =266=, 300, 314–316, _414_

_Opisthostoma_, 248, =309=, _413_

_Oppelia_, _399_

_Orbicula_, =464=

Orbiculoidea, _504_, 510

Orders of Mollusca, 5–7

Organs of sense, 177

Origin of land Mollusca, 11 f.

_Ornithochiton_, _403_

_Orphnus_, 356, _441_

_Orpiella_, _440_

_Orthalicus_, 342–358, =355=, _442_;
habits, 27;
variation, 87;
jaw, =211=;
radula, 233, =234=

_Orthis_, _505_;
stratigraphical distribution, 506, 507, 511

_Orthoceras_, =394=, _394_

_Orthonota_, _457_

_Orthothetes_, _505_;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508

_Orygoceras_, 247

Osphradium, 194 f.

_Ostodes_, 327

_Ostracotheres_, 62

_Ostrea_, 252, 258, 446, _449_;
intestine, 241

_Otina_, 18, _439_

_Otoconcha_, 326, _440_

Otocysts, 196 f., =197=

_Otopleura_, _422_

_Otopoma_, 331, 338, _414_

_Otostomus_, 353, _442_

Ovary, 135

Ovoviviparous genera, 123

_Ovula_, _419_;
protective coloration, 70, 75;
radula, 80, 224;
used as money, 97

Ovum, development of fertilised, 130

_Oxychona_, 358

_Oxygyrus_, _422_;
foot, 200

_Oxynoe_, _432_;
radula, 230

Oyster-catchers, shells used by, 102

Oyster, cultivation, 104–109;
living out of water, 110;
enemies, 110 f.;
reproduction, 112 f.;
growth, 114;
cookery, 114;
poisonous oysters, 114;
vision, 190

_Pachnodus_, 329–335, _441_, _442_

_Pachybathron_, _425_

_Pachychilus_, _354_

_Pachydesma crassatelloides_, money made from, 97

Pachydomidae, _451_

_Pachydrobia_, 307, _415_

_Pachylabra_, _416_

_Pachyotus_, 334, =336=, =355=, 358, _441_

_Pachypoma_, _409_

_Pachystyla_, 337, _440_

_Pachytypus_, _451_

_Padollus_, _407_

Palaearctic region, 284 f.

_Palaeoneilo_, _447_

_Palaeosolen_, _457_

_Palaina_, 327, _413_

_Palio_, _434_

Pallial line and sinus, 270

_Pallifera_, 340, _440_

Palliobranchiata, 464

_Paludina_, _416_;
penis, 136;
eye, 181;
vision, 184;
_P. vivipara_, 24--see also _Vivipara_

_Paludomus_, 332, 336, 338, _417_

Panama, Mollusca of, 3

_Panda_, 322, 325, 335

_Pandora_, _458_

Papuans, use of shells, 99

_Papuina_, 309, 319–324, _441_

_Paramelania_, 332

_Paramenia_, _404_

Parasitic worms, 60 f.;
Mollusca, 74 f.

_Parastarte_, _451_

_Parkinsonia_, =398=

_Parmacella_, 245, 291, 294 f., 438 n., _440_;
radula, 232;
shell, 175

_Parmacochlea_, 322, 326, _440_

_Parmarion_, 309, _440_

_Parmella_, 326, _440_

_Parmophorus_, _406_

_Parthena_, 349–352, =350=, _441_

Parts of univalve shell, 262;
bivalve, 269

_Partula_, 319–327, =326=, _442_;
radula, 233

_Paryphanta_, 321, 325, _440_

_Paryphostoma_, _415_

_Passamaiella_, 332

_Patella_, _405_, 464;
as food, 56 f.;
eye, =182=;
radula, =214=, 215, =227=;
crop, 238;
anus, 241;
kidneys, 242;
shell, 262;
_P. vulgata_, veliger, =132=;
breathing organs, etc., 156, =157=

Patelliform shell in various genera, 19

_Paterina_, 509, 510, 511

_Patinella_, radula, 227

_Patula_, 297, 298, 318–338, =340=, _441_

_Paxillus_, _413_

Pearl oysters, 100

_Pecten_, 446, =450=, _450_;
organs of touch, 178;
ocelli, =191=;
flight, 192;
nervous system, =206=;
genital orifice, 242;
ligament, 271

_Pectinodonta_, _405_;
radula, 227

_Pectunculus_, _448_

_Pedicularia_, 75, _419_;
radula, 224

_Pedinogyra_, 319, 322, _442_

_Pedipes_, =18=, 199, =439=, _439_

_Pedum_, _450_

Pelagic Mollusca, 360

Pelecypoda, _7_, _445_;
development, 145;
generative organs, 145;
branchiae, =166–169=;
organs of touch, 178;
eyes, 189 f.;
foot, 201;
nervous system, 205

_Pella_, 333

_Pellicula_, 352, _442_

_Peltoceras_, _399_

_Pentadactylus_, _423_

_Peraclis_, _436_

_Pereiraea_, _418_

_Perideris_, 328–330, _443_

Periodicity in breeding, 129

_Periophthalmus_, 187

Periostracum, 275

_Periploma_, _459_

_Perisphinctes_, _399_

_Perissodonta_, _418_

_Perissolax_, _424_

_Peristernia_, _424_

_Perna_, _449_;
ligament, 271

_Pernostrea_, _449_

_Peronaeus_, 358, _442_

_Peronia_, _443_

_Perrieria_, 319, _442_

_Perrinia_, _408_

_Persicula_, _425_

_Persona_ (= _Distortio_), _420_

_Petenia_, 353, _440_

_Petersia_, _420_

_Petraeus_, 295, 331, _442_

_Petricola_, _454_

_Phacellopleura_, _403_

_Phanerophthalmus_, _430_

_Phaneta_, _408_

_Phania_, 312, _441_

_Pharella_, _457_

_Pharus_, _457_

Pharynx, 210

_Phasianella_, _409_

_Phasis_, 333

Phenomena of distribution, 362

_Philine_, 245, =428=, _430_;
protective coloration, 73;
radula, 229, 230

_Philomycus_, 245, 318, _440_

_Philonexis_, =138=

_Philopotamis_, 304, _417_

_Phoenicobius_, 315, _441_

Pholadacea, _457_

_Pholadidea_, _457_

_Pholadomya_, _459_

_Pholas_, 245, 274, 447, _457_;
in fresh water, 15

_Phos_, _424_

_Photinula_, _408_

Phragmophora, _386_

_Phyllidia_, _434_;
breathing organs, 159

_Phyllirrhoe_, 360, 428, _433_

_Phyllobranchus_, _432_

_Phylloceras_, =398=, _398_;
suture, =396=

_Phylloteuthis_, _390_

_Physa_, _439_;
aestivating out of water, 27;
spinning threads, 29;
sudden appearance, 46;
osphradium, 195;
nervous system, =205=;
radula, =235=;
_P. hypnorum_, 23, 27

_Pileolus_, _410_

_Pileopsis_, 76

_Piloceras_, _394_

_Pinaxia_, _423_

_Pineria_, _442_

_Pinna_, _449_;
shell, =254=

_Pinnoctopus_, _385_

_Pinnotheres_, 62

_Pinoceras_, _398_

_Pirena_, _417_

_Pirenella_, _416_

_Piropsis_, _424_

_Pirula_--see _Pyrula_

_Pisania_, _424_

_Pisidium_, _453_;
smell, 195;
ova, 146;
_P. pusillum_, distribution, 282

_Pitys_, 327

_Placobranchus_, _432_

_Placostylus_, 322, =323=-325, 359, _442_;
radula, 233

_Placuna_, _448_;
_P. placenta_ used for windows, 101

_Placunanomia_, _448_

_Placunopsis_, _448_

_Plagioptycha_, 347–351, _441_

_Plagioptychus_, _456_

_Planaxis_, _417_

_Planispira_, 311, 312, 319, _441_

_Planorbis_, 27, 247, _439_;
monstrosity, 93;
eye, 181;
_P. albus_, distribution, 282

_Platyceras_, 76, _412_

_Platydoris_, _434_

Platypoda, _411_

_Platyschisma_, _413_

_Plaxiphora_, _403_

_Plecochilus_, _442_

_Plecotrema_, _439_

_Plectambonites_, _505_

_Plectomya_, _459_

_Plectopylis_, 303, 305, 314, 316;
aperture, =63=

_Plectostylus_, 358, _442_

_Plectotropis_, 305, 306, 310, 311, 314–318, _441_

_Plectrophorus_, 298

_Plesiastarte_, _451_

_Plesiotriton_, _420_

_Pleurobranchaea_, 431;
jaws, =212=

_Pleurobranchoidea_, _431_

_Pleurobranchus_, 245, =428=, _431_;
warning coloration, 73;
jaws, =212=;
radula, 230

_Pleurocera_, 340, _417_

Pleuroceridae, origin, 17

_Pleurodonta_, 348;
aperture, =63=

_Pleuroleura_, _433_

_Pleuromya_, _458_

_Pleurophorus_, _451_

_Pleurophyllidia_, _433_;
breathing organs, =159=;
radula, 230

_Pleuropyrgus_, _357_

_Pleurotoma_, =426=, _426_;
slit, =263=, 265

_Pleurotomaria_, =266=, 373, 376, =407=, _407_;
prices given for recent, 122;
slit, 156;
radula, 226

_Plicatula_, _450_

Pliny the elder, on use of snails, 118, 120

_Plocamopherus_, _434_

_Plochelaea_, _425_

_Plutonia_, 298, _440_

_Pneumoderma_, 158, _437_, =438=

_Poecilozonites_, 352, _440_

Poisonous bite of _Conus_, 65;
poisonous oysters, 114;
mussels, 117

_Polycera_, _434_;
radula, 230

_Polycerella_, _434_

_Polyconites_, _456_

_Polydontes_, 346–351, =347=, _441_

_Polygona_, _424_

_Polygyra_, =340=, 345–353, _441_;
aperture, =63=

_Polygyratia_, =246=, 263, 357, _442_

_Polymita_, 346–351, =347=, _441_

Polyplacophora, 9, _401_ f.;
radula, 228

_Polytremaria_, =266=, _407_

_Pomatia_, 285, =293=, 295, _441_

_Pomatias_, 288, 289, 292 f., 302, _413_

_Pomatiopsis_, _415_

_Pomaulax_, _409_

_Pompholyx_, 250, 341, _439_

_Ponsonbya_, 332

_Poromya_, _459_;
branchiae, 168

_Porphyrobaphe_, 27, 356, _442_

Position of Mollusca in Animal Kingdom, 4

_Potamides_, =16=, _416_

_Potamomya_, _15_

_Potamopyrgus_, 325, 326, _415_

Poterioceratidae, _394_

_Praecardium_, _459_

_Prasina_, _449_

Prices given for rare shells, 121

Primitive mollusc, form of, 245;
types of, 7

_Prisogaster_, _409_

_Pristiloma_, 341, _440_

_Proboscidella_, 497, _504_

Productidae, 497, 500, _504_, 508

_Productus_, 492, 501, =502=, _504_;
stratigraphical distribution, 508

_Promachoteuthis_, _389_

_Proneomenia_, _404_;
breathing organs, 154;
nervous system, =203=;
radula, 229

_Prophysaon_, 341, _441_;
habits, 44

_Propilidium_, _405_

_Proserpina_, =21=, 355, _410_

_Proserpinella_, 354, _410_

Proserpinidae, relationships, 21

Prosobranchiata, _9_, _404_ f.;
breathing organs, 154

_Prosocoelus_, _451_

Protective coloration, 69 f.;
in snails, 70;
in Nudibranchs, 71 f.;
in other Mollusca, 74

Protegulum, 509

Protobranchiata, _447_;
branchiae, =166=

_Protoma_, _417_

Protremata, 511

_Provocator_, 376, _425_

_Psammobia_, _456_

_Pseudachatina_, 328–330, _443_

_Pseudedmondia_, _452_

_Pseudobalea_, 350

Pseudo-deltidium, 498, 511

_Pseudodon_, 295, 307, _452_

Pseudolamellibranchiata, 167, _449_

_Pseudoliva_, _424_

_Pseudomelania_, _417_

_Pseudomilax_, 296, _440_

_Pseudomurex_, _423_

_Pseudopartula_, 323

_Pseudosubulina_, _440_

Ptenoglossa, 224, _411_

_Pterinaea_, _449_

_Pteroceras_, 256, 262, _418_

_Pteroctopus_, _384_

_Pterocyclus_, =266=, 267, 300, 316, _414_;
tube, 157

_Pterodonta_, _418_

Pteropoda, _7_, _434_;
breathing organs, 158;
foot, 200;
radula, 230

_Pterotrachaea_, _421_;
foot, 200;
radula, =227=

_Ptychatractus_, _424_

_Ptychoceras_, _399_

_Ptychodesma_, _452_

_Pugilina_, _424_

Pulmonata, 10, 22, 151, 185, _438_;
origin, 17, 19;
breathing organs, 160;
nervous system, 203

_Pulsellum_, _444_

_Punctum_, _441_

_Puncturella_, =265=, _406_

_Pupa_, 289, 296, 325–357, _442_;
_P. cinerea_, hybrid union, 129

Pupidae, radula, 233

_Pupilla_, _442_

_Pupillaea_, _406_

_Pupina_, 157, 266, 309, 318–327, _414_

_Pupinella_, 318, _414_

_Purpura_, _423_;
operculum, =269=;
erosion, 276;
_P. coronata_, 367;
_lapillus_, feeding on _Mytilus_, 60;
on oysters, 111;
protective coloration, 69;
variation, =90=;
egg-capsules, 124;
time of breeding, 129;
distribution, 363 n.

_Purpuroidea_, _423_

_Pusionella_, _426_

_Pygocardia_, _451_

_Pygope_, 497

_Pyramidella_, _422_

Pyramidellidae, 262

_Pyrazus_, 50, _416_

_Pyrgina_, 330

_Pyrgula_, _415_

_Pyrochilus_, _441_

_Pyrolofusus_, _423_

_Pyrula_ (= _Pirula_), _419_, =420=;
spawn, =125=;
operculum, =269=

_Pythina_, _453_

_Quenstedtia_, _456_

_Quoyia_, 260, _417_

Rachiglossa, 220, _422_;
eggs, 124

_Rachis_, 329–335, 441, _442_

_Radiolites_, _456_

_Radius_, _419_

_Radsia_, =403=

Radula, 213 f.;
of _Littorina_, =20=;
of _Cyclophorus_, =21=;
of parasitic Mollusca, 79

_Raëta_, _454_

_Ranella_, 256, _420_

Range of distribution, 362 f.

_Rangia_, 15, _453_

_Ranularia_, _420_

_Rapa_, _423_

_Rapana_, _423_

_Raphaulus_, 305, 309

_Rathouisia_, 316, _440_

Rats devouring Mollusca, 57

_Realia_, 316, 327, _414_

_Recluzia_, _411_

Rectum, 241

_Registoma_, _414_

Relationship of Mollusca to other groups, 5

_Renssoellaria_, 512

Reproductive activity of oyster, 112;
system in Mollusca, 123, 134 f.

_Requienia_, 269, =455=, _455_

Respiration, 150 f.

_Retzia_, 508

_Revoilia_, 331, _414_

_Reymondia_, 332

_Rhabdoceras_, _398_

_Rhagada_, 311, 324

_Rhenea_, 325, _440_

_Rhinobolus_, _504_

_Rhiostoma_, 247, =266=, 309, _414_

Rhipidoglossa, 225, _405_

_Rhizochilus_, 75, _423_

_Rhodea_, 356, _441_

_Rhodina_, 307, 310, _442_

_Rhynchonella_, 466, 470, 471, 472, 474, 483, _487_;
distribution, 487;
fossil, 492, 497, 499, _505_;
stratigraphical distribution, 506, 507, 508, 511

Rhynchonellidae, _487_, 501, _505_;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508, 511

_Rhysota_, 67, 310, 314, 316, 319, _440_

_Rhytida_, 319–326, 333, 359, _440_;
habits, 54;
radula, =232=

_Rillya_, _442_

_Rimella_, _418_

_Rimula_, 265, _406_

_Ringicula_, _430_;
radula, 230

_Risella_, _413_

_Rissoa_, _415_

_Rissoina_, _415_

_Robillardia_, 77

_Rochebrunia_, 331, _414_

Rock-boring snails, 49

_Rolleia_, 349

_Rossia_, _389_

_Rostellaria_, _418_

Rudistae, _456_

_Rumina_, 260, _442_

_Runcina_, _431_;
protective coloration, 73

_Sabatia_, _430_

_Sactoceras_, _394_

_Sagda_, =348=-351, _441_

_Sageceras_, _398_

_Salasiella_, 353, _440_

Salivary glands, 237

Sandford, on strength of _Helix_, 45

Sandwich islanders, use of shells, 99

_Sanguinolaria_, _456_

_Sarepta_, _447_

_Sarmaticus_, _409_

_Satsuma_, 314, 316, _441_

_Saxicava_, 447, _457_

_Saxidomus arata_, money made from, 97

_Scalaria_, 247, 263, _411_;
radula, 224

_Scaldia_, _452_

_Scalenostoma_, _422_

_Scaliola_, _415_

_Scaphander_, =428=, 429, _430_;
radula, =231=;
gizzard, =238=

_Scaphites_, =399=, _399_

Scaphopoda, _444_;
defined, 6;
breathing organs, 160;
nervous system, 205;
radula, 236

_Scaphula_, =14=, 305, _448_

_Scarabus_, =18=, 278, =439=, _439_

Scharff, R., on food of slugs, 31;
on protective coloration in slugs, 70

_Schasicheila_, 347, 351, 354, _410_

_Schismope_, =266=, _407_

_Schizochiton_, 187, 402, _403_

_Schizodus_, _448_

_Schizoglossa_, 325, _440_

_Schizoplax_, _403_

_Schizostoma_, _413_

_Schloenbacia_, _398_

_Scintilla_, 175, _453_

_Scissurella_, 265, _407_;
radula, 226

_Sclerochiton_, _403_

_Scrobicularia_, 15, =164=, _453_;
siphons, =164=

_Sculptaria_, 333

_Scurria_, _405_

_Scutalus_, 356, _442_

_Scutellastra_, _405_

_Scutus_, 245, =406=, _406_

_Scyllaea_, _433_;
jaws, =212=;
stomach, 239

_Segmentina_, 320

_Selenites_, 339, 341, _440_

Selenitidae, radula, 231

_Selenochlamys_, 296

Self-fertilisation, 42–44

_Semele_, _453_

_Semicassis_, _420_

Semper, K., on habits of _Limnaea_, 34;
of _Helicarion_, 45, 67;
on mimicry, 67;
on parasitic _Eulima_, 79;
on development of _Limnaea_, 84, 94;
on sexual maturity in snails, 129;
on _Onchidium_, 187

_Sepia_, 381, 385–=387=, _389_;
egg-capsules, =127=;
glands, 136;
jaws, =214=;
radula, 236;
alimentary canal, =238=;
ink-sac, =241=;
hectocotylus, =389=

_Sepiadarium_, _389_

_Sepiella_, _389_

_Sepiola_, _389_;
glands, 136;
radula, 236

_Sepioloidea_, _389_

Sepiophora, _388_

_Sepioteuthis_, _390_;
hectocotylus, 139

_Septaria_, 337, 338, _410_

Septibranchiata, 145, 167, _459_;
branchiae, =166=

_Septifer_, 274, _449_

_Sequenzia_, _420_

Sergius Orata, 104

_Serrifusus_, _424_

_Sesara_, 305, _440_

Sex, differences of, 133

Shell, 244 f.;
internal, 174;
shape of bivalve, 445

Shell-gland, primitive, 132

Shells as money, 96 f.;
as ornament, etc., 98 f.;
various uses of, 98 f.;
prices given for rare, 121;
sinistral, 249

Shores of N. Asia, no littoral fauna, 2

Showers of shells, 47

_Sigaretus_, =186=, =245=, 267, _411_;
foot, =198=

Sight, 180

_Silenia_, _459_;
branchiae, 168

_Silia_, _425_

_Siliqua_, 274, _457_

_Siliquaria_, =248=, _418_

_Simnia_, _419_

_Simpulopsis_, 345, 350, _442_

_Simpulum_, _420_

Simroth, on recent forms of _Helix_, 22;
on food of slugs, 31;
on crawling of _Helix_, 45

Singular habitat, 48

Sinistral shells, 249

_Sinistralia_, _424_

_Sinusigera_, 133

_Sipho_, _424_

_Siphonalia_, _424_

_Siphonaria_, 18, _431_;
classification, 19;
breathing organs, 151, =152=

Siphonarioidea, _431_

_Siphonodentalium_, _444_

Siphonostomata, 156

_Siphonotreta_, 493, 496, _504_;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508

Siphons, 173;
in burrowing genera, 165;
branchial, 155

_Sistrum_, 75, _423_;
radula of _S. spectrum_, 79, =222=

_Sitala_, 301, 304, 310, 314–319, 333, _440_

Skärgard, Mollusca of the, 13

_Skenea_, _415_

_Skenidium_, _505_, 508

Slit, in Gasteropoda, 265, 406

Slugs, habits and food of, 30 f.;
bite hand of captor, 33;
in bee-hives, 36;
in greenhouses, 36;
protective coloration, 70;
eaten in England, 120

_Smaragdia_, 21

_Smaragdinella_, _430_

Smell, sense of, 192

Smith, W. Anderson, quoted, 98, 111, 114, 191

Snails as barometers, 50;
plants fertilised by, 102;
cultivation for food, 118 f.;
used for cream, 119;
as medicine, 120;
banned by the Church, 121

_Solariella_, _408_;
radula, 225

_Solarium_, =264=, _412_, =413=;
radula, 224

_Solaropsis_, 343, 353–357, _442_

_Solecurtus_, =165=, _457_

_Solen_, 171, 446, _457_;
vision, 190;
habits, 45

_Solenaia_, _452_

_Solenomya_, 275, _448_

_Solenotellina_, _456_

Solomon islanders, use of shells, 98

_Somatogyrus_, _415_

_Sophina_, 305

Spallanzani, experiments on _Helix_, 163

Spat, fall of, 113

_Spatha_, 294, 331, 336, _452_

_Spekia_, =333=

Spermatophore, in Cephalopoda, 137;
in _Helix_, 142

Spermatozoa, forms of, 136

_Sphaerium_, _453_

_Sphenia_, _456_

_Sphenodiscus_, _398_

_Sphyradium_, _442_

Spines, use of, 64

_Spiraculum_, 266, _414_

_Spiraxis_, _442_

_Spirialis_, 249

_Spirifera_, 468, =501=, _505_;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508, 511, 512

Spiriferidae, 501, _505_, 508

_Spiriferina_, stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508

Spirobranchiata, 464

_Spirotropis_, _426_;
radula, 218, =219=

_Spirula_, 247, 386, _387_, =388=

_Spirulirostra_, 380, 386, _388_

Spondylium, 500

_Spondylus_, 257, 446, =450=, _450_;
ocelli, 191;
genital orifice, 242

_Spongiobranchaea_, _437_

_Spongiochiton_, _403_

_Sportella_, _453_

Starfish eat oysters, 110

Stearns, R. E. C., on tenacity of life, 38

_Stegodera_, 306

_Stenochisma_, _505_;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508

_Stenogyra_, 324, _442_;
_S. decollata_, 279;
food, 34;
smell, 194;
_Goodallii_, 279;
_octona_, sudden appearance, 47

Stenogyridae, radula, 234

_Stenopus_, _440_;
habits, 45

_Stenothyra_, _415_

_Stenotis_, _416_

_Stenotrema_, 340, _441_

_Stephanoceras_, _399_

_Stepsanoda_, 358

_Stilifer_, 76, 77, 79, _422_

_Stiliferina_, 76, _422_

_Stiliger_, _432_

_Stilina_, 76

_Stoastoma_, 348–351, _410_

_Stoloteuthis_, _389_

Stomach, 239

_Stomatella_, _408_

_Stomatia_, _408_

_Stomatodon_, 302, _417_

_Strebelia_, 353, _440_

Strength of _Helix_, 45

_Strephobasis_, _417_

_Strepsidura_, _424_

_Streptaulus_, _414_

_Streptaxis_, =302=, 306, 309, 314–331, 343, 357–359, _440_;
variation, 87

Streptoneura, 203, 404

_Streptosiphon_, _424_

_Streptostele_, 329, 338, _440_

_Streptostyla_, 343–355, =353=, _440_

_Stricklandia_, _505_;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508

_Strigatella_, _425_

Stringocephalidae, _506_, 508

_Stringocephalus_, 492, 497, =498=, 500, 501, _506_;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508

_Strobila_, 340, 345–353

_Strobilops_, _442_

Strombidae, habits, 64;
penis, 136

_Strombina_, _423_

_Strombus_, =69=, =200=, 252, _418_;
mimicking _Conus_, 69;
operculum, =78=, =269=;
pearls from, 101;
metapodium, 199;
stomach, 239

_Strophalosia_, _504_;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508

_Stropheodonta_, 497, _505_, 508

_Strophia_, 343–355, _442_;
_S. nana_, 278

_Strophochilus_, 358, _441_

_Strophomena_, 499, _505_;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508

Strophomenidae, 500, _505_, 508

_Strophostoma_, 248, _414_

Structure of shell, 252

_Struthiolaria_, 99, _418_;
radula, 216

_Styliola_, _437_

_Stylodonta_, 339, _441_

Stylommatophora, 11, 181, _439_;
origin, 19

_Subemarginula_, _406_

Submytilacea, _451_

_Subularia_, _422_

_Subulina_, 332, 352, _442_

_Subulites_, _420_

_Succinea_, 325, 327, 358, _433_;
jaw, =211=;
_S. putris_, parasite of, 61

Succineidae, _443_;
radula, 234

Sudden appearance of Mollusca, 46

_Suessia_, stratigraphical distribution, 507

Sulphuric acid, 237

_Surcula_, _426_

_Sycotypus_, _424_

_Synaptocochlea_, _408_

_Syndosmya_, _453_

_Syringothyris_, 500, 508

_Syrnola_, _422_

_Syrnolopis_, 332, =333=

_Systrophia_, 356, 357

_Tachea_, _441_

Taenioglossa, 223, _411_

_Taheitia_, _414_

_Talona_, _457_

_Tanalia_, 304, _417_

_Tancredia_, _453_

_Tanganyicia_, 332, _415_

Tanganyika, L., fauna of, 12

_Tanysiphon_, _454_

_Taonius_, =391=, _391_

_Tapes_, _454_

Taste, 179

_Tebennophorus_, 143, 340, _440_

_Tectarius_, _413_

Tectibranchiata, 10, _429_

_Tectura_, 305, _405_

_Tectus_, _408_

Teeth in aperture of the shell, 63

_Teinostoma_, 247, _408_

_Teinotis_, _407_

_Telescopium_, 252, _416_

_Tellina_, 440, =453=, _453_;
_T. balthica_, variation, 84

Tellinacea, _453_

Telotremata, 511

Tenacity of life, 37

Tenison-Woods, on red blood, 171;
on shell-eyes, 189

Tennent, Sir J. E., on musical sounds produced by Mollusca, 50

_Tennentia_, 304, 314, 338, _440_

_Terebellum_, _418_;
jumping powers, 64

_Terebra_, =246=, 263, =426=, _426_;
radula, =219=

_Terebratella_, 468, _487_;
distribution, 486;
fossil, _506_;
stratigraphical distribution, 508

_Terebratula_, 467, 468, _487_;
size, 484;
distribution, 485, 486;
fossil, 492, =499=, _506_;
stratigraphical distribution, 506, 507, 508

Terebratulidae, _487_;
fossil, 500, _505_, _506_;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508

_Terebratulina_, =466=, 479, _487_;
larva, =482=;
distribution, 486;
fossil, _506_;
stratigraphical distribution, 508;
form of shell, 510

_Teredina_, _457_

_Teredo_, 262, =457=, _458_;
nervous system, =206=;
intestine, =241=

_Tergipes_, _432_

_Terquemia_, _450_

_Testacella_, 22, =52=, _440_;
habits, etc., 49, 51 f.;
pulmonary orifice, 160;
eyes, 186;
radula, 231;
anus, 241

Testicardines, 466, _487_;
muscles, 476;
fossil, 497, _504_;
external characters, 497;
internal characters, 499;
attachment of muscles, 501;
stratigraphical distribution, 508

Testis, 135

Tethyidae, 216

_Tethys_, _432_

Tetrabranchiata, _391_ f.

_Thala_, _425_

_Thalassia_, 319

_Thalotia_, _408_

_Thapsia_, 329

_Thaumasia_, 349, _442_

_Thaumastus_, 356, _442_

_Thecacera_, _434_;
radula, 229

Thecidiidae, _487_;
fossil, 501, _506_, 508

_Thecidium_, 475, 479, =480=, 483, _487_;
fossil, _506_, 508

Thecosomata, _435_

_Thelidomus_, 346–351, =350=, _441_

_Theora_, _453_

_Therasia_, _441_

_Thersites_ (Helicidae), 322, 325

_Thersites_ (Fasciolariidae), _424_

_Thetis_, _454_

_Thracia_, 245, _459_

Thread-spinning, 29

_Thridachia_, _432_

_Thyca_, 76, 79

_Thyrophorella_, 330, _440_

_Thysanoteuthis_, _390_

_Tiedemannia_, veliger, =132=

_Tiphobia_, 332, =333=, _417_

Titicaca, L., Mollusca of, 25

_Todarodes_, _390_

_Tomichia_, _414_

_Tomigerus_, 334, 356, 358, _442_

_Tomocyclus_, 354

_Tomostele_, 330, _440_

_Tonicella_, _403_

_Tonicia_, _403_;
eyes, 188

_Torellia_, _411_

_Torinia_, _413_;
radula, 224;
operculum, =269=

_Tornatellina_, 278, 319, 323–327, 338, 358, _443_

_Tornatina_, 250, _430_

_Torquilla_, _442_

_Toucasia_, _455_

Touch, sense of, 177

Toxoglossa, 218, _426_

_Trachia_, 314

_Trachyceras_, _397_

_Trachydermon_, _403_

_Trachyteuthis_, _389_

_Tralia_, _439_

_Transovula_, _419_

_Trematis_, 492, 493, _504_;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508

_Trematonotus_, _407_

_Tremoctopus_, _384_;
radula, 236;
hectocotylus, 137

_Trevelyana_, _434_

_Trichia_, 316

_Trichotropis_, 275, _411_

_Tricula_, 302

_Tridacna_, =273=, _455_

_Triforis_, _416_;
radula, 224

_Trigonellites_, =397=

_Trigonia_, =15=, 254, 269, _448_;
jumping powers, 65;
distribution, 370

_Trigonochlamys_, 296, _440_

_Trigonostoma_, _426_

_Trimerella_, =495=, _504_, 508, 511

Trimerellidae, 493, 494, 496, _504_;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508

_Trinacria_, _448_

_Triodopsis_, 340, _441_

_Triopa_, _434_

_Triopella_, _434_

_Triopha_, _434_

_Tritaxeopus_, _385_

_Triton_, 256, =275=, _420_;
jaws, =212=

_Tritonia_, _433_;
protective coloration, 71

_Tritonidea_, _424_

_Trivia_, _419_

Trochidae, egg-capsules, 125

_Trochiscus_, _408_

_Trochita_, 248, _412_

_Trochoceras_, _395_

_Trocholites_, _395_

_Trochomorpha_, 306, 321, 324, 327, 333, _441_

_Trochonanina_, 331, _440_

Trochosphere, 5, 130

_Trochotoma_, 266, _407_

_Trochus_, 263, _408_;
eye, 182;
stomach, 239

_Trophon_, _423_

Tropical beach, Mollusca of a, 3

_Tropidophora_, _414_

_Tropites_, _397_

_Troschelia_, _424_

_Truncaria_, _423_

_Truncatella_, 260, _414_

_Tryblidium_, _405_

_Trypanostoma_, 340

Trypho of Lampsacus, prayer against snails, 121

Tubed operculates, 157, 266, 300, 307, 309

_Tudicla_, _424_

_Tudora_, 291, 349, 351, _414_

_Tugonia_, _456_

_Tulotoma_, 340, _416_

_Turbinella_, 100, 262, =264=, =424=, _424_

_Turbo_, _409_;
eye, =182=;
osphradium, 195;
operculum, =268=

_Turbonilla_, 250, 332, _422_

_Turcica_, _408_

_Turricula_, _425_;
radula, 221

_Turrilites_, =399=, _399_

_Turritella_, 252, _417_;
radula, 215, 224

_Tyleria_, _459_

_Tylodina_, _431_

_Tylopoma_, _416_

_Tympanotonus_, _416_

_Tyndaria_, _447_

_Typhis_, _423_

Ultra-dextral shells, 250

_Umbonella_, _409_

_Umbonium_, _409_

_Umbrella_, =10=, _431_;
radula, 217, 230

_Uncites_, _505_;
stratigraphical distribution, 507, 508

Underground snails, 48

_Ungulina_, _452_

_Unicardium_, _452_

_Unio_, _452_;
shell, =254=, 259, =273=, 341;
variation, 92

Union of _Limax_, 128

Unionidae, origin of, 15;
eaten by rats, 57;
larvae, 146

_Urocyclus_, =331=, _440_

_Urosalpinx_, _423_

_Utriculus_, _430_

_Uvanilla_, _409_

_Vaginula_, 245, 319, 343, 352, _443_

Vaginulidae, radula, 234;
anus, 241

_Valletia_, _456_

_Vallonia_, _441_

_Valvata_, 133, _416_;
branchia, =159=

Valves of Chitonidae, 401 f.

_Vanganella_, _454_

Variation, 82 f.

_Varicella_, 346, 348

_Velates_, 260, _410_

_Velifera_, 353, _440_

Veliger stage, 131;
mistaken for perfect form, 133

_Velorita_, 302, _453_

Velum, 131

_Velutina_, 275, _411_;
radula, 223

Veneracea, _454_

_Venericardia_, _451_

_Venerupis_, _454_

_Veniella_, _451_

_Venilicardia_, _451_

_Venus_, =270=, =271=, 446, _454_;
_V. mercenaria_, 97, 374

_Verania_, _391_

_Vermetus_, 247, _418_;
radula, =223=

_Veronicella_, _443_

_Verticordia_, _458_

_Vertigo_, 327, _442_;
_V. arctica_, 287

_Vexilla_, _423_

_Vibex_, _417_

_Vitrella_, 289

_Vitrina_, 22, 296 f., 332, _440_;
hardy habits, 24;
jumping powers, 65;
shell, 175;
radula, 217

_Vitrinella_, _408_

_Vitriniconus_, 314, _440_

_Vitrinoidea_, 314, _440_

_Vitrinozonites_, 340, _440_

_Vitularia_, _423_

_Vivipara_, 324, 343, _416_

Volume of water, effect in producing variation, 94

_Voluta_, 267, =425=, _425_;
spawn, =125=;
radula, 217, 221;
distribution, 370;
prices given for rare, 122

_Volutaxis_, 348

_Volutharpa_, 267, _424_

_Volutolithes_, _425_

_Volutolyria_, _425_;
radula, 222

_Volutomitra_, _425_;
radula, 221

_Volutopsis_, _423_

_Volvaria_, _429_

_Volvatella_, _430_

_Volvula_, _430_

_Vulsella_, 75, =446=, _449_

_Waldheimia_, 464, 467, 468, 473, 474, _487_;
size, 484;
distribution, 486;
fossil, =500=, 501, 502, _506_, 508

Walton and mussel cultivation, 115

Wampum, 97

Warner, R., quoted, 37

Warning coloration, 71 f.

West Coast, South America, melanism of shells occurring on, 85

Whelks, use of, 118

_Whitneya_, _424_

Whitstable, oyster-parks at, 106, 112

Willem, V., on vision of Mollusca, 185

Wollaston, T. V., quoted, 32

Wood, Rev. J. G., on starfish eating oysters, 111

_Woodia_, _451_

Woodward, S. P., on tenacity of life, 38;
Dr., on the same, 38

Wotton, F. W., on egg-laying of _Arion_, 42

Wright, Bryce, on tenacity of life, 38

_Xenophora_, _412_;
habits, =64=

_Xenopoma_, 346, 351

_Xerophila_, 285, 296, _441_

_Xesta_, 310, 319, 321, _440_;
mimicry by, 66 f.

_Xylophaga_, _457_

_Yetus_, _425_

_Yoldia_, _447_;
genital orifice, 242

_Zagrabica_, 297

_Zebrina_, 285, 296, _442_

_Zeidora_, _406_

_Zidona_, _425_

_Zittelia_, _420_

Zones of depth, 361

_Zonites_, 275, _440_;
food, 33;
radula, 232;
distribution, 294, 296, 340

_Zospeum_, 187, _442_

Zygobranchiata, 154, _406_

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] See especially Moseley, _Nature_, 1885, p. 417.

[2] _Quart. Journ. Conch._ i. p. 371.

[3] _Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paléontologie Conchyliologique._ Dr. P. Fischer. Paris, 1887.

[4] κεφαλή, head; γαστήρ, stomach; σκάπτειν, to dig; πέλεκυς, an axe; πούς, ποδός, a foot.

[5] Also known as _Lamellibranchiata_, _Conchifera_, and _Acephala_.

[6] πτερόν, wing.

[7] γλῶσσα, tongue; φέρειν, to carry.

[8] λείπειν, to be wanting.

[9] ἀμφί, on both sides; νεὕρον, nerve, vessel. Some authorities regard the Amphineura as a distinct Order.

[10] πολύς, many; πλάξ, plate.

[11] πρόσω, in front. Often alluded to in the sequel as ‘operculate Gasteropoda.’

[12] κτενίδιον, a little comb.

[13] δὐω, two; mόnos, single; ὦτα, auricles; καρδία, heart.

[14] ὄπισθεν, behind.

[15] _Pulmo_, a lung.

[16] στὕλος, pillar; ὄμματα, eyes.

[17] The _Ascoglossa_ are dealt with below (chap. xv.).

[18] Beudant, by very gradually changing the water, accustomed marine species to live in fresh, and fresh-water species to live in salt water.

[19] Braun, _Arch. f. Naturk. Liv._ (2), x. p. 102 f.

[20] Lindström, _Oef. K. Vet. Förh. Stockh._, 1855, p. 49.

[21] Mendthal, _Schr. Ges. Königsb._, xxx. p. 27.

[22] _SB. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, 1889, p. 4, but the view is not universally accepted.

[23] Not to _Nassa_, as has been generally held. The shape of the operculum, and particularly the teeth of the radula, show a much closer connexion with _Cominella_.

[24] _E.g._ Bouvier, _Le Natural_, 1889, p. 242.

[25] Köhler, _Zool. Jahrb._ vii. 1893, p. 1 f; Haller, _Arb. Zool. Inst. Wien_, x. p. 71.

[26] Plate, _SB. kön. Preuss. Ak. Wiss. Berl._ 1893. p. 959.

[27] _E.g._ Pelseneer, _Bull. Sc. France Belg._ xxiv. p. 347 f.

[28] _E.g._ Bergh, _Zool. Jahrb._ v. p. 1 f.

[29] Calkins, _Amer. Nat._ xi. p. 687.

[30] One step even further (or perhaps it should be termed a branch derivative) is seen in the genus _Smaragdia_, which is probably a _Neritina_ which has resumed a purely marine habit of life.

[31] _SB. Naturf. Gesell. Leipz._ 1886–87, pp. 40–48.

[32] _L. and F. W. Moll. of India_, iv. p. 167.

[33] T. Scott, _Journ. of Conch._ v. p. 230.

[34] J. S. Gibbons, _ibid._ ii. p. 129.

[35] _Bull. Soc. Linn. Nord_, Abbeville, 1840, p. 150.

[36] Joly, _Comptes Rendus_, 1842, p. 460; compare W. A. Gain, _Science Gossip_, xxvii. p. 118.

[37] Von Martens, _SB. Nat. Fr. Berl._ 1881, p. 34.

[38] Moquin-Tandon, _Moll. de France_, i. p. 116.

[39] _Journ. of Conch._ iii. p. 321 f.; iv. p. 13; _Science Goss._ 1866, p. 158.

[40] Reichel, _Zool. Anz._ x. p. 488.

[41] Schumann, _Schr. Ges. Danz._ (2) vi. p. 159.

[42] Fischer and Crosse, _Mexico_, p. 437.

[43] _Journ. de Conch._ iv. p. 397, but the species observed is not mentioned.

[44] _Bull. Mus. C. Z. Harv._ iv. p. 378.

[45] W. Harte, _Proc. Dubl. N. H. Soc._ iv. p. 182.

[46] See on the whole subject of threads G. S. Tye, _Journ. of Conch._ i. p. 401.

[47] _Zoologist_, ii. p. 296; iii. p. 833; iv. p. 1216; iii. p. 1036; iv. p. 1216; iii. p. 1037.

[48] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ ii. 1838, p. 310.

[49] H. W. Kew, _Naturalist_, 1889, p. 103.

[50] _Zeit. wiss. Zool._ xlii. p. 203 f.

[51] _Sci. Trans. R. Dubl. Soc._ (2) iv. p. 520.

[52] _Zoologist_, iv. p. 1504; iii. p. 1038; iii. p. 943.

[53] H. W. Kew, _l. c._

[54] _Zoologist_, xix. p. 7819.

[55] _Naturalist_, 1889, p. 55.

[56] H. W. Kew, _l. c._

[57] W. G. Binney, _Bull. Mus. C. Z. Harv_. iv. p. 144.

[58] _Naturalist_, _l. c._

[59] _Science Gossip_, 1885, p. 154.

[60] R. Standen, _Journ. of Conch._ vii. p. 197.

[61] _Journ. of Conch._ v. p. 43.

[62] A. Paladilhe in MS. letter.

[63] J. S. Gibbons, _Quart. Journ. Conch._ ii. p. 143.

[64] _Bull. Mus. C. Z. Harv._ iv. p. 193.

[65] _l. c._ p. 362.

[66] _Animal Life_, p. 59.

[67] _Zoologist_, 1861, p. 7400; _Brit. Conch._ i. p. 108.

[68] H. Ullyett, _Science Gossip_, xxii. (1886), p. 214.

[69] _Descent of Man_, i. p. 325, ed. 1.

[70] _Amer. Nat._ xv. 1881, p. 976.

[71] W. A. Gain, quoted by H. W. Kew in _Naturalist_, 1890, p. 307, an article to which I am much indebted.

[72] _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (5) xvi. p. 519.

[73] _Science Gossip_, 1882, pp. 237, 262.

[74] H. W. Kew, _Naturalist_, 1893, p. 149, another most valuable article.

[75] _Garden_, v. p. 201, quoted by Kew, _ut sup._

[76] Kew, _ut sup._

[77] _Science Gossip_, 1883, p. 163.

[78] T. D. A. Cockerell, _Science Gossip_, 1885, p. 211.

[79] _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (2) vi. (1850) p. 68.

[80] _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (2) vi. p. 489.

[81] _Ibid._ (3) iii. p. 448.

[82] _Amer. Nat._ xi. (1877) p. 100; _Proc. Calif. Ac._ iii. p. 329.

[83] _Gaz. Med. Alger._ 1865, 5th Jan. p. 9.

[84] _Science Gossip_, 1867, p. 40.

[85] _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (2) ix. p. 498.

[86] _Journ. of Conch._ vi. p. 101.

[87] _Naturalist_, 1889, p. 55.

[88] _Malak. Blätt._ (2) iv. pp. 43 and 221.

[89] _Phil. Trans._ 1854 (1856), p. 8.

[90] _Naturalist_, 1891, p. 75 f.; _Conchologist_, ii. 1892, p. 29.

[91] Taylor, _Journ. of Conch._ 1888, p. 299.

[92] See Tennent’s _Ceylon_, i. p. 221, ed. 5.

[93] W. A. Gain, _Naturalist_, 1889, p. 55; Brockmeier, _Nachr. Deutsch. Malak. Gesell._ xx. p. 113.

[94] _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (2) ix. p. 498.

[95] _Journ. Conch._ vii. 1893, p. 158 f.