Chapter XXI: Pycnogonida393 (2)

┌────────────────────┬──────────┬─────┬───────────────┬─────────┐ │ PYCNOGONIDA. │ Teeth on │Legs.│Trunk-segments.│ Genital │ │ │ do. │ │ │Openings.│ ├────────────────────┼──────────┼─────┼───────────────┼────┬────┤ │ │ │ │ │ ♂ │ ♀ │ ├────────────────────┼──────────┼─────┼───────────────┼────┼────┤ │(=Cryptochelata=, │ │ │ │ │ │ │Sars)— │ │ │ │ │ │ │ DECOLOPODIDAE │Four rows,│ 5 │ Condensed, │ 1, │ 1, │ │ │ simple │ │ coalescent │ 2, │ 2, │ │ │ │ │ │ 3, │ 3, │ │ │ │ │ │ 4, │4, 5│ │ │ │ │ │ 5, │ │ │ COLOSSENDEIDAE │Many rows,│ 4 │ Coalescent │ 1, │ 1, │ │ │ simple │ │ │ 2, │ 2, │ │ │ │ │ │3, 4│3, 4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ EURYCIDIDAE │More than │ 4 │Well segmented │3, 4│ 1, │ │ │ one row, │ │ │ │ 2, │ │ │ serrate │ │ │ │3, 4│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ _Hannonia_ │Scattered │ 4 │ „ │ „ │ „ │ │ │ spines │ │ │ │ │ │ AMMOTHEIDAE │ Few, │ 4 │ Condensed, │ „ │ „ │ │ │scattered,│ │ segmented │ │ │ │ │serrate or│ │ │ │ │ │ │ smooth │ │ │ │ │ │ ? RHYNCHOTHORACIDAE│ Toothed │ 4 │ „ │ 4 │ 4 │ │ │tubercles │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ├────────────────────┼──────────┼─────┼───────────────┼────┼────┤ │(=Euchelata=, Sars)—│ │ │ │ │ │ │ NYMPHONIDAE │ One row, │ 4–5 │Well segmented │ 2, │ 1, │ │ │ serrate │ │ │3, 4│ 2, │ │ │ │ │ │(5) │3, 4│ │ │ │ │ │ │(5) │ │ PALLENIDAE │ „ │ 4 │ „ │(1, │ „ │ │ │ │ │ │2), │ │ │ │ │ │ │3, 4│ │ │ PHOXICHILIDIIDAE │ One row, │ 4 │ „ │ 1, │ „ │ │ │ simple │ │ │ 2, │ │ │ │ │ │ │3, 4│ │ ├────────────────────┼──────────┼─────┼───────────────┼────┼────┤ │(=Achelata=, Sars) │ │ │ │ │ │ │ PHOXICHILIDAE │Scattered,│ 4 │Well segmented │ 2, │ 1, │ │ │ simple │ │ │3, 4│ 2, │ │ │ │ │ │ │3, 4│ │ PYCNOGONIDAE │ Small, │ 4 │ Segmented, │ 4 │ 4 │ │ │irregular │ │ condensed │ │ │ └────────────────────┴──────────┴─────┴───────────────┴────┴────┘

CLASS PYCNOGONIDA.[429]

Marine Arthropoda, with typically seven (and very exceptionally eight) pairs of appendages, of which none have their basal joints subservient to mastication, the first three are subject to suppression, the first (when present) are chelate, the second palpiform, the third ovigerous, and the rest form ambulatory limbs, usually very slender and long; with a suctorial proboscis, a limbless, unsegmented abdomen, and no manifest respiratory organs.

FIG. 282.—_Decolopoda australis_, Eights. =A=, × 1: from a specimen
obtained at the South Shetlands by the _Scotia_ Expedition. =B=,
First appendage, or chelophore. (=A=, original; =B=, after Hodgson.)
]

=Fam. 1. Decolopodidae.=—Appendage I. dwarfed, but complete and chelate, scape with two joints; II. 9–10–jointed; III. well developed in both sexes, 10–jointed, the terminal joints with about four rows of teeth; five pairs of legs, destitute of accessory claws; genital apertures on all the legs (Bouvier).

_Decolopoda australis_, Eights[430] (1834), a remarkable form from the South Shetlands, recently re-discovered by the _Scotia_ expedition. The animal is large, seven inches or more in total span, in colour scarlet; it was found in abundance in shallow water and cast upon the shore. The body is greatly condensed, the proboscis is “clavate, arcuated downwards,” and beset with small spines. A second Antarctic species, _D. antarctica_, has been described by Bouvier. The presence of a fifth pair of legs distinguishes _Decolopoda_ from all known Pycnogons, except _Pentanymphon_. Stebbing would ally _Decolopoda_ with, or even include it in, the Nymphonidae; but the presence of a second joint in the chelophoral scape, the number of joints in, and the armature on, the ovigerous legs, and the deflexed proboscis, are all characters either agreeing with or tending towards those of the Eurycididae; while the Colossendeidae would be very like _Decolopoda_ were it not for the complete suppression of the chelophores. It seems convenient to constitute a new family for this remarkable form.

=Fam. 2. Colossendeidae= (=Pasithoidae=, Sars).—Appendage I. absent in adult; appendage II. very long, 10–jointed; appendage III. 10–jointed, clawed, with many rows of teeth; auxiliary claws absent; segments of trunk fused; proboscis very large, somewhat mobile; genital apertures, in at least some cases, on all the legs.

_Pasithoe_, Goodsir (1842), which Sars assumes as the type of the family, is here relegated to _Ammothea_.[431] _Colossendeis_, Jarszynsky (1870) (_Anomorhynchus_, Miers (1881), _Rhopalorhynchus_, Wood-Mason (1873)), remains as the only genus commonly accepted: large, more or less slender short-necked forms; world-wide, principally Arctic, Antarctic, and deep-sea; about twenty-five species.[432] The largest species, _C. gigas_, Hoek, from great depths in the Southern Ocean, has a span of about two feet. The North Atlantic _C. proboscidea_ and Antarctic _C. australis_ are very closely related to one another. Carpenter would retain the genus _Rhopalorhynchus_ for _R. kröyeri_, W.-M. (Andamans), _R. clavipes_, Carp. (Torres Straits), and _R. tenuissimus_, Haswell (Australia), all more or less shallow-water species, excessively attenuated, with the second and third body-segments elongated, the caudal segment excessively reduced, the club-shaped proboscis on a slender stalk, and other common characters. _Pipetta weberi_, Loman (1904), is a large and remarkable form from the Banda Sea, apparently referable, in spite of certain abnormal features, to this family; the proboscis is extraordinarily long and slender; the palps have eight joints, the ovigerous legs eleven.

=Fam. 3. Eurycididae= (=Ascorhynchidae=, Meinert).—Appendage I. more or less reduced; appendage II. 10–jointed (absent in _Hannonia_); appendage III. 10–jointed, clawed, with more than one tow of serrated teeth; proboscis movably articulated and more or less bent under the body; auxiliary claws absent.

FIG. 283.—_Eurycide hispida_, Kr.; side view.
]

_Eurycide_, Schiödte (1857) (_Zetes_, Kröyer, 1845): Appendage I. with two-jointed scape, without chelae in adult; one species (_E. hispida_, (Kr.)), from the North Atlantic and Arctic, and two others from the East Indies, recently described by Loman. _Barana arenicola_, Dohrn (1881), is nearly allied. _Ascorhynchus_, G. O. Sars (1876) (_Gnamptorhynchus_, Böhm, 1879; _Scaeorhynchus_, Wilson, 1881), very similar to _Eurycide_, with which, according to Schimkewitsch, it should be merged, includes large, smooth, elongated forms, with long neck and expanded frontal region, and a long proboscis lacking the long scape that supports the proboscis in _Eurycide_; about twelve species, world-wide, mostly deep-water. _Barana castelli_, Dohrn, from Naples is akin to the foregoing genera, but seems to deserve generic separation from _B. arenicola_. _Ammothea longicollis_, Haswell, from Australia, is, as Schimkewitsch has already remarked, almost certainly a _Eurycide_, as is also, probably, _Parazetes auchenicus_, Slater, from Japan.

_Hannonia typica_, Hoek (1880), from Cape Town, is a remarkable form, lately redescribed by Loman. The chelophores are much reduced, the palps are absent; the ovigerous legs are 10–jointed, and clawed; the terminal joints of the latter bear long straight spines, scattered over their whole surface; the proboscis is borne on a narrow stalk, and sharply deflexed. The eggs form a single flattened mass, as in _Pycnogonum_. While the lack of palps would set this genus among the Pallenidae, the remarkable proboscis seems to be better evidence of affinity with _Ascorhynchus_ and _Eurycide_.[433]

_Nymphopsis_, Haswell (1881), is a genus of doubtful affinities, placed here by Schimkewitsch. The first appendage is well-developed and chelate; the palps are 9–jointed, the ovigerous legs are 7–jointed, none of the joints being provided with the compound spines seen in _Nymphon_ and _Pallene_. It is perhaps an immature form. Schimkewitsch has described another species, _N. korotnevi_, and Loman a third, _N. muscosus_, both from the East Indies.

=Fam. 4. Ammotheidae.=—Akin to Eurycididae in having the proboscis more or less movably jointed to the cephalic segment, and appendage I. reduced, non-chelate in the adult; the body is compact and more or less imperfectly segmented; appendage II. 4–9–jointed; appendage III. clawless, and the number of joints sometimes diminished, with a sparse row of serrated spines; auxiliary claws usually present.

_Ammothea_, Leach (1815) (including _Achelia_, Hodge (1864) = the old non-chelate individuals): appendage I. very small, 2–jointed; appendage II. 8–9–jointed; caudal segment fused with last body-segment; about eighteen species, four from the South Seas, two or three from the East Indies, the rest mostly Mediterranean and North Atlantic, in need of revision. _Ammothea longipes_, Hodge, is the young of _Achelia hispida_, Hodge; and _Ammothea magnirostris_, Dohrn, is apparently the same species. _A. fibulifera_, Dohrn, seems identical with _Achelia echinata_, Hodge (of which _A. brevipes_, Hodge, is the young), and so probably is _A. achelioides_, Wilson; _Endeis didactyla_, Philippi (1843), is very probably the same species. _A. uniunguiculata_, Dohrn (? _Pariboea spinipalpis_, Philippi (1843)), has no auxiliary claws. _Leionymphon_, Möbius (1902), contains nine Antarctic forms, allied to _Ammothea_ (including _A. grandis_, Pfeffer, and _Colossendeis gibbosa_, Möb., which two are probably identical), with characteristic transverse ridges on the body, a large proboscis, a 9–jointed palp, and somewhat peculiar ovigerous legs. _Cilunculus_, _Fragilia_, and _Scipiolus_ are new genera more or less allied to _Leionymphon_, described by Loman (1908) from the Siboga Expedition.[434] _Tanystylum_, Miers (1879) (including _Clotenia_, Dohrn (1881), and _Discoarachne_, Hoek (1880)), has appendage I. reduced to a single joint or a small tubercle, and appendage II. 4–6–jointed; world-wide; about eight species. _Austrodecus glacialis_ and _Austroraptus polaris_ are two allied Antarctic species, described by Hodgson (1907), the former a curious little form with a pointed, weevil-like proboscis, no chelophores, and 6–jointed palp. _Trygaeus communis_, Dohrn (1881), from Naples, has a 7–jointed, and _Oorhynchus aucklandiae_, Hoek (1881), a 9–jointed palp; the former has only seven joints in the ovigerous leg. _Lecythorhynchus armatus_, Böhm (1879), with rudimentary 2–jointed chelophores, and _L._ (_Corniger_) _hilgendorfi_, Böhm, with small tubercles in their place, both from Japan, have also 9–jointed palps: the former, at least, is apparently an _Ammothea_. Several insufficiently described genera, _Phanodemus_, Costa (1836), _Platychelus_, Costa (1861), _Oiceobathes_, Hesse (1867), and _Böhmia_, Hoek (1880), seem to be referable to this group; all have chelate mandibles, and may possibly be based on immature forms.

Goodsir’s _Pasithoe vesiculosa_[435] is, in my opinion, undoubtedly _Ammothea hispida_, Hodge, and so also, I believe, is his _Pephredo hirsuta_; _P. umbonata_, Gould[436] (Long Island Sound), is, with as little doubt, _Tanystylum orbiculare_, Wilson.

=Fam. 5. Rhynchothoracidae.=—The animal identified by Dohrn as _Rhynchothorax mediterraneus_, Costa (1861), is a minute and very remarkable form, without chelophores, with large 8–jointed palps, reduced by fusion to five joints, and 10–jointed, clawed ovigerous legs, which last are provided on the last five joints with peculiar toothed tubercles. The general aspect of the body is somewhat like that of an _Ammothea_, which genus it resembles in the ventral insertion of the ovigerous legs and the somewhat imperfect segmentation of the body. It differs from Ammotheidae in the possession of a claw on appendage III. It is highly peculiar in the structure of the mouth, in having a long forward extension of the oculiferous tubercle jutting out over the proboscis, in the extreme shortness of the intestinal caeca and ovaries which scarcely extend into the legs, and in the absence of cement-glands from the fourth joint of the legs; these last are present only in the third joint of the penultimate legs. A single pair of generative orifices are found on the last legs. A second species, _R. australis_, Hodgson, comes from the Antarctic.

FIG. 284.—_Rhynchothorax mediterraneus_, Costa. =A=, Body and bases of
legs; =B=, terminal joints of palp. (After Dohrn.)
]

=Fam. 6. Nymphonidae.=—Appendage I. well-developed, chelate; II. well-developed, usually 5–jointed; III. well-developed in both sexes, usually 10–jointed, the terminal joints with one row of denticulated spines.

_Nymphon_, Fabr. (1794), about forty-five recognised species, of which some are but narrowly defined. Closely allied are _Chaetonymphon_, G. O. Sars (1888), including thick-set, hairy species, about eight in number, from the North Atlantic, Arctic, and Antarctic; and _Boreonymphon_, G. O. Sars (1888), with one species (_B. robustum_, Bell, Fig. 276), also northern, in which the auxiliary claws are almost absent. _Nymphon brevicaudatum_, Miers (= _N. horridum_, Böhm), an extraordinary hispid form from Kerguelen,[437] is also peculiar. _Pentanymphon_, Hodgson (1904), from the Antarctic (circumpolar), differs in no respect save in the presence of a fifth pair of legs; one species.

The only other genus is _Paranymphon_, Caullery (1896) (one species, Gulf of Gascony, West of Ireland, Greenland), in which the palp is (6–)7–jointed, the ovigerous leg 8–jointed, and the auxiliary claws are absent.

=Fam. 7. Pallenidae.=—As in _Nymphon_, but appendage II. absent or rudimentary.

FIG. 285.—_Pallene brevirostris_, Johnston, ♀, Plymouth.
]

_Pallene_, Johnston (1837): about ten species (Mediterranean, North Atlantic, Arctic, Australia). _P. languida_, Hoek, Australia, lacks auxiliary claws, and is otherwise distinct; but _P. novaezealandiae_, G. M. Thomson, is typical. _Pseudopallene_, Wilson (1878):[438] appendage III. clawed; auxiliary claws absent; four (or more) species (North Atlantic, Arctic, Antarctic). _P._ (_Phoxichilus_) _pygmaea_, Costa (1836), and _P. spinosa_, Quatref., seem to belong to this genus or to _Pallene_. _Cordylochele_, G. O. Sars (1888): closely allied, but with front of cephalic segment much expanded and chelae remarkably swollen, includes three very smooth, elongated, northern species, to which Bouvier has added one from the Antarctic; _Pallene laevis_, Hoek, from Bass’s Straits, is somewhat similar. _Neopallene_, Dohrn (1881): as in _Pallene_, but with a rudimentary second appendage in the female, and no generative aperture on the last leg in the male (one species, Mediterranean). _Parapallene_, Carpenter (1892): as in _Pallene_, but without auxiliary claws, and with the two last segments of the trunk (which in _Pallene_ are coalesced) independent (about ten species, East Indies and Australia); _Pallene grubii_, Hoek (_Phoxichilidium_ sp., Grube, 1869), is probably congeneric. _Pallenopsis_, Wilson (1881): appendage I. 2–jointed; appendage II. rudimentary, 1–jointed; appendage III. clawless; auxiliary claws present; slender forms, including some formerly referred to _Phoxichilidium_; about fifteen species, world-wide. _Pallene dimorpha_, Hoek, from Kerguelen, with 4–jointed palps, deserves a new generic appellation. _P. longiceps_, Böhm, from Japan, with rudimentary 2–jointed palps in the male, is also peculiar.

FIG. 286.—_Phoxichilidium femoratum_, Rathke, Britain. =A=, The animal
with its legs removed; =B=, leg and chela.
]

=Fam. 8. Phoxichilidiidae.=—Appendage I. well-developed; II. absent; III. present only in the male, having a few simple spines in a single row. The last character is conveniently diagnostic, but nevertheless the Phoxichilidiidae come very near to the Pallenidae, with which, according to Schimkewitsch and others, they should be merged; the two families resemble one another in the single row of spines on the ovigerous legs and in the extension of the cephalic segment over the base of the proboscis.

_Phoxichilidium_, M.-E. (1840): appendage III. 5–jointed; five or six species (Mediterranean, North Atlantic, Arctic, Australia, Japan). _Anoplodactylus_, Wilson (1878): appendage III. 6–jointed; auxiliary claws absent or very rudimentary; about twelve species, cosmopolitan, of which many were first referred to _Phoxichilidium_. _A. neglectus_, Hoek, comes from 1600 fathoms off the Crozets. _Oomerus stigmatophorus_, Hesse (1874), from Brest, seems to belong to one or other genus, but is unrecognisable. _Anaphia_, Say (1821), is in all probability identical with _Anoplodactylus_, and if so the name should have priority. _Halosoma_, Cole (1904), is an allied genus from California.

FIG. 287.—_Anoplodactylus petiolatus_, Kr., Britain. =A=, Dorsal view;
=B=, side view.
]

=Fam. 9. Phoxichilidae.=[439]—Appendage I. and II. absent; appendage III. present only in the males, 7–jointed, with minute scattered spines; auxiliary claws well-developed; body and legs slender. The only genus is _Phoxichilus_ (auctt., non Latreille, _Chilophoxus_, Stebbing, 1902); the type is _P. spinosus_, Mont. (non Quatrefages), from the N. Atlantic, and _P. vulgaris_, Dohrn, _P. charybdaeus_, Dohrn, and _P. laevis_, Grube, are all very similar. _Endeis gracilis_, Philippi (1843), is probably identical with _P. spinosus_, or one of its close allies. There are also known _P. meridionalis_, Böhm, _P. mollis_, Carp., and _P. procerus_, Loman, from the East Indies; _P. australis_, Hodgson, from the Antarctic; _P. böhmii_, Schimk., of unknown locality; and forms ascribed to _P. charybdaeus_ by Haswell and by Schimkewitsch from Australia and Brazil.

=Fam. 10. Pycnogonidae.=—Appendages I. and II. absent; appendage III. present only in the male, 9–jointed, with small, simple spines; auxiliary claws absent or rudimentary; body and legs short, thick-set.

The only genus is _Pycnogonum_, Brünnich (1764) (_Polygonopus_, Pallas, 1766); the type is _P. littorale_, Ström, of the N. Atlantic (0–430 fathoms), to which species have also been ascribed forms from various remote localities, _e.g._ Japan, Chile, and Kerguelen. _P. crassirostre_, G. O. Sars, a northern and more or less deep-sea form, is distinct, and so also are _P. nodulosum_ and _P. pusillum_, Dohrn, from Naples. _P. stearnsi_, Ives, from California, is like _P. littorale_, except for the rostrum, which resembles that of _P. crassirostre_. _P. magellanicum_, Hoek, _P. magnirostre_, Möbius, both from the Southern Ocean; _P. microps_, Loman, from Natal, and four others described by Loman from the East Indies, are the other authenticated species. Of _P. philippinense_, Semper, I know only the bare record; and _P. australe_, Grube, is described only from a larval form with three pairs of legs. _P. orientale_, Dana (first described as _Astridium_, n.g.), is also described from an immature specimen, and more resembles a _Phoxichilus_.

=The British Pycnogons.=

Dr. George Johnston,[440] the naturalist-physician of Berwick-on-Tweed, Harry Goodsir,[441] brother of the great anatomist, who perished with Sir John Franklin, and George Hodge[442] of Seaham Harbour, a young naturalist of singular promise, dead ere his prime, were in former days the chief students of the British Pycnogons. Of late, Carpenter[443] has studied the Irish species; and the cruises of the _Porcupine_, _Triton_, and _Knight Errant_ have given us a number of deep-water species from the verge of the British area.

In compiling the following list, I have had the indispensable advantage of access to Canon Norman’s collection, and the still greater benefit of his own stores of endless information.[444]

_Pseudopallene circularis_, Goodsir: Firth of Forth.

_Phoxichilidium femoratum_, Rathke (_P. globosum_, Goodsir; _Orithyia
coccinea_, Johnston) (Figs. 270, B; 286): East and West coasts,
Shetland, Ireland.

_Anoplodactylus virescens_, Hodge (? _Phoxichilidium olivaceum_,
Gosse): South coast.

_A. petiolatus_, Kr. (Figs. 270, C; 275, B; 287) (_Pallene attenuata_
and _pygmaea_, Hodge; _Phoxichilidium exiguum_ and _longicolle_,
Dohrn): Plymouth, Firth of Forth, Cumbrae, Irish coasts.

_Ammothea_ (_Achelia_) _echinata_, Hodge (Fig. 265, B; 274, 4; 275,
E): Plymouth, Channel Islands, Isle of Man, Cumbrae, Durham (Hodge),
West of Ireland. We have not found it on the East of Scotland. _A.
brevipes_, Hodge, is presumed to be the young. Two of Dohrn’s
Neapolitan species, _A. fibulifera_ and _A. franciscana_, are in my
opinion not to be distinguished from one another, nor from the
present species.

_A. hispida_, Hodge (Fig. 266, C) (_A. longipes_, Hodge (_juv_); _A.
magnirostris_, Dohrn;? _Pasithoe vesiculosa_, Goodsir;? _Pephredo
hirsuta_, Goodsir): Cornwall and Devon (Hodge and Norman), Jersey.
The form common on the East of Scotland would seem to be this
species. The Mediterranean _A. magnirostris_, Dohrn, appears to be
identical.

_A. laevis_, Hodge: Cornwall (Hodge), Devon (Norman), Jersey (Sinel).

_Tanystylum orbiculare_, Wilson (_Clotenia conirostre_, Dohrn):
Donegal (Carpenter).

_Phoxichilus spinosus_, Mont. (Fig. 265, C; 270, A; 275, C): South
Coast, Moray Firth, Firth of Clyde, Ireland. A smaller and less
spiny form occurs, which Carpenter records as _P. laevis_, Grube,
but Norman unites the two under the name of _Endeis spinosus_
(Mont.).

_Pycnogonum littorale_, Ström (Fig. 262): on all coasts, and to
considerable depths (150 fathoms, West of Ireland).

_Nymphon brevirostre_, Hodge (_N. gracile_, Sars) (Figs. 263, 264,
267, A; 272, 274, 3): common on the East Coast; Herm (Hodge),
Dublin, Queenstown (Carpenter). Our smallest species of _Nymphon_.

_N. rubrum_, Hodge (_N. gracile_, Johnston; _N. rubrum_, G. O. Sars):
common on the East Coast; Oban (Norman), Ireland (Carpenter).

_N. grossipes_, O. Fabr., Johnston (_N. johnstoni_, Goodsir):
Northumberland, East of Scotland, Orkney, etc., not uncommon.

_N. gracile_, Leach (_N. gallicum_, Hoek; ♂ _N. femoratum_, Leach):
South of England, West of Scotland, and Ireland.

_N. strömii_, Kr. (_N. giganteum_, Goodsir) (Figs. 273, 274, 2): East
Coast, from Holy Island to Shetland.

_Chaetonymphon hirtum_, Fabr. (Fig. 274, 1): Northumberland (Hodge),
Margate (Hoek), East of Scotland, and Ireland, not uncommon. There
seems to be no doubt that British specimens agree with this species
as figured and identified by Sars. _N. spinosum_, Goodsir (East of
Scotland, Goodsir; Belfast, W. Thompson), is, according to Norman,
the same species. Sars’ Norwegian specimens figured under the latter
name are not identical, and have been renamed by Norman _C.
spinosissimum_, but are said by Meinert and Möbius to be identical
with _C. hirtipes_, Bell.

Hodge (1864) records _Nymphon mixtum_, Kr., and _N. longitarse_, Kr.,
from the Durham coast. His full list of the recorded species of
other authors also includes the following doubtful or unrecognised
species: _N. pellucidum_, _N. simile_, and _N. minutum_, all of
Goodsir.

_Pallene brevirostris_, Johnston (_P. empusa_, Wilson;? _P. emaciata_,
Dohrn) (Figs. 275, A; 285): all coasts. Examples differ considerably
in size and proportions, as do Dohrn’s Neapolitan species one from
another. We have specimens from the Sound of Mull that come very
near, and perhaps agree with, Sars’ _P. producta_, a species that
scarcely differs from _P. brevirostris_, save in its greater
attenuation; the same species has also been recorded from Millport
and from Port Erin.

_P. spectrum_, Dohrn: Plymouth (A. H. Norman).

Besides the above, all of which are littoral or more or less shallow-water species, we have another series of forms, or, to speak more correctly, we have two other series of forms, from the deep Atlantic waters within the British area. In the cold area of the Faeroe Channel we have _Boreonymphon robustum_, Bell; _Nymphon elegans_, Hansen; _N. sluiteri_, Hoek; _N. stenocheir_, Norman; _Colossendeis proboscidea_, Sabine; _C. angusta_, Sars. In the warm waters south and west of the Wyville-Thomson ridge we have _Chaetonymphon spinosissimum_, Norman; _Nymphon gracilipes_, Heller (non Fabr.); _N. hirtipes_, Bell; _N. longitarse_, Kr.; _N. macrum_, Wilson; _Pallenopsis tritonis_, Hoek (= _P. holti_, Carpenter); _Anoplodactylus oculatus_, Carpenter, and _A. typhlops_, G. O. Sars; and to the list under this section Canon Norman has lately made the very interesting addition of _Paranymphon spinosum_, Caullery, from the _Porcupine_ Station XVII., S.S.E. of Rockall, in 1230 fathoms. Lastly, and less clearly related to temperature, we have _Chaetonymphon tenellum_, Sars; _N. gracilipes_, Fabr.; _N. leptocheles_, Sars; _N. macronyx_, Sars; _N. serratum_, Sars; and _Cordylochele malleolata_, Sars.

Of the species recorded in the above list as a whole, _Anoplodactylus virescens_, _Nymphon gracile_, and _Pallene spectrum_ reach their northern limit in the southern parts of our own area; _Ammothea echinata_, _Anoplodactylus petiolatus_, _Pallene brevirostris_, and _Phoxichilus spinosus_ (or very closely related forms) range from the Mediterranean to Norway, the last three also to the other side of the Atlantic; _Nymphon brevirostre_ and _N. rubrum_ range from Britain, where they are in the main East Coast species, to Norway. Of the Atlantic species, other than the Arctic ones, the majority are known to extend to the New England coast.

INDEX

Every reference is to the page: words in italics are names of genera
or species; figures in italics indicate that the reference relates
to systematic position; figures in thick type refer to an
illustration; f. = and in following page or pages; n. = note.

_Abalius_, _312_

Abdomen, of Malacostraca, 110;
of _Acantholithus_, =178=;
of _Birgus_, =176=;
of _Cenobita_, =176=;
of _Dermaturus_, =178=;
of _Hapalogaster_, =178=;
of _Lithodes_, =178=;
of _Pylopagurus_, =178=;
of Trilobites, 235;
of Scorpions, 297;
of Pedipalpi, 309;
of Spiders, 317;
of Palpigradi, 422;
of Solifugae, 426;
of Pseudoscorpions, 431;
of Podogona, 440;
of Phalangidea, 440, 443;
of Acarina, 457;
of Pentastomida, 489;
of Pycnogonida, 502

Abdominal glands, of Chernetidea, 432

Abyssal region (marine), 204;
(lacustrine), 209

_Acantheis_, _418_

_Acanthephyra_, _163_

Acanthephyridae, _163_

_Acanthoctenus_, _415_

_Acanthodon_, _388_

_Acanthogammarus_, _138_

_Acantholeberis_, _53_

_Acantholithus_, _181_;
_A. hystrix_, =178=

_Acanthophrynus_, _313_

Acari, 454 (= Acarina, _q.v._)

Acaridea, 454 (= Acarina, _q.v._)

Acarina, _258_, _454_ f.;
parasitic, 455;
external structure, 457;
spinning organs, 457;
internal structure, =459=;
metamorphosis, 462;
classification, 464

_Acaste_, _249_

_Accola_, _390_

_Acerocare_, _247_

Achelata, _529_

_Achelia_, _534_;
_A. longipes_, =506=

_Achtheres_, _75_;
_A. percarum_, =75=

Acidaspidae, _251_

_Acidaspis_, 226, 227, 230, 231, 235, 241, _251_;
_A. dufrenoyi_, =250=;
_A. tuberculata_, larva, =240=;
_A. verneuili_, 231;
_A. vesiculosa_, 231

Aciniform glands, =335=, 349

_Acoloides saitidis_, 367

_Acroperus_, _53_;
_A. leucocephalus_, =52=

_Acrosoma_, _410_

Acrothoracica, _92_

_Actaea_, _191_;
habitat, 198

Actinopodinae, _387_

_Actinopus_, _387_

Aculeus, of scorpion, 303

_Admetus_, _313_

Aegidae, _126_

_Aegisthus_, _61_

_Aeglea laevis_, _169_;
distribution, 212

Aegleidae, _169_

_Aeglina_, 227, _249_;
_Ae. prisca_, =248=

_Agelena_, _416_;
_A. brunnea_, 367;
_A. labyrinthica_, 352, 353, 378, 380, 381, 416;
_A. naevia_, 339

Agelenidae, 325, 352, 353, _415_

Ageleninae, _416_

Aggregate glands, 335, 349

_Aglaspis_, _279_

_Agnathaner_, _66_

Agnathonia, _529_

Agnostidae, _244_

Agnostini, _243_

_Agnostus_, 222, 223, 225, 231, 234, _245_;
_A. integer_, =245=

_Agraulos_, _247_

_Agroeca_, _397_;
_A. brunnea_, cocoon, =358=

_Albunea_, _171_;
respiration, 170;
distribution, 201

Albuneidae, _171_

_Alcippe_, _92_;
_A. lampas_, =92=, 93

Alcock, on Oxyrhyncha, 192;
on phosphorescence, 151

_Alepas_, _89_

Alima, larva of _Squilla_, 143

Alimentary canal, of Crustacea, 14;
of Phyllopoda, 28;
of Cladocera, 42;
of _Squilla_, 142;
of Malacostraca, 110;
of
Trilobites, 222;
of Arachnida, 256;
of _Limulus_, 268;
of Scorpions, 304;
of Pedipalpi, 310;
of Spiders, 329;
of Solifugae, 427;
of Pseudoscorpions, 134;
of Phalangidea, 444;
of Acarina, 459;
of Tardigrada, 480;
of Pentastomida, 491;
of Pycnogous, 513

_Alitropus_ (Aegidae), habitat, 211

Allman, on larvae of Pycnogons, 523

_Alloptes_, _466_

_Alona_ (including _Leydigia_, _Alona_, _Harporhynchus_,
_Graptoleberis_), _53_

_Alonopsis_, _53_

Alpheidae, _163_;
habitat, 198

_Alpheus_, _163_;
reversal of regeneration, 156

Alveolus, of palpal organ of Spiders, 322

_Amaurobius_, _399_;
_A. fenestralis_, 399;
_A. ferox_, 399;
_A. similis_, 399;
spinnerets, =326=

_Amblyocarenum_, _388_

_Amblyomma_, _470_;
_A. hebraeum_, 456, 470

Amblypygi, _312_

_Ammothea_, 505, _534_;
_A. achelioides_, 534;
_A. brevipes_, 541;
_A. echinata_, =505=, =509=, =510=, 534, 541, 542;
_A. fibulifera_, =522=, 534, 541;
_A. franciscana_, 541;
_A. grandis_, 534;
_A. hispida_, 534, 535, 541;
_A. laevis_, 541;
_A. longicollis_, 533;
_A. longipes_, =506=, 534, 541;
_A. magnirostris_, 534, 541;
_A. typhlops_, 542;
_A. uniunguiculata_, 534

Ammotheidae, _534_

_Amopaum_, _452_

Ampharthrandria, _61_

Amphascandria, _57_

_Amphion_, _251_

Amphipoda, _136_ f.;
pelagic, 202;
fresh water, 211

Ampullaceal glands, 335, 349

Ampycini, _243_

_Ampyx_, 231, _245_;
_A. roualti_, =230=

Anabiosis, in Tardigrada, 484

_Analges_, 455, _466_

Analgesinae, _466_

_Ananteris_, _306_

_Anaphia_, _539_

Anaspidacea, _115_;
distribution, 211, 217

Anaspidae, _89_

_Anaspides_, _115_, 117;
relation to Schizopoda, 112;
distribution, 211;
_A. tasmaniae_, 115, =116=;
habitat, 211

Anaspididae, _115_

_Anelasma squalicola_, _89_

_Anelasmocephalus_, _452_

_Angelina_, _247_

_Anisaspis bacillifera_, _387_

Anisopoda, _122_

_Anomalocera pattersoni_, =60=;
distribution, 202, 203

Anomopoda, _51_

_Anomorhynchus_, _532_

Anomura, _167_;
relation to Thalassinidea, 167

_Anoplodactylus_, 511, _538_;
_A. lentus_, 524;
_A. neglectus_, 539;
_A. oculatus_, 542;
_A. petiolatus_, =508=, =510=, =539=, 541, 542;
_A. virescens_, 540, 542

_Anopolenus_, _247_

Antarctic zone (marine), 200

Antarctica, evidence on, 200, 217

Antennae, of Crustacea, 5, 8;
of Phyllopoda, 24;
of Cladocera, 37;
of Copepoda, 55;
of Cirripedia, 81 f.;
of Ostracoda, 107;
of Malacostraca, 110;
of Anomura, 168;
of _Corystes cassivelaunus_, 170, 183, 189;
used in respiration, 170;
of Trilobites, 237

Antennary gland, 13 (= green gland, _q.v._)

_Anthrobia_, _406_;
_A. mammouthia_, 334, 366

_Anthura_, _124_

Anthuridae, _124_

Ants and spiders, 370

_Anyphaena accentuata_, _397_

Aphantochilinae, _414_

_Aphantochilus_, _414_

Apoda, _94_

Apodidae, 19, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 31, _36_, 241

_Aponomma_, _470_

Appendages (_incl._ legs, limbs), of Crustacea, 7;
of Entomostraca, 18;
of Phyllopoda, 24;
of Cladocera, 40;
of Copepoda, 55;
of Cirripedia, 80 f.;
of Ostracoda, 107;
of Malacostraca, 110;
of _Nebalia_, 111;
of Eumalacostraca, 113;
of _Anaspides_, 115;
of Mysidacea, 118 f.;
of Cumacea, 120;
of Isopoda, 121 f.;
of Amphipoda, 136 f.;
of Stomatopoda, 142;
of Euphausiacea, 144 f.;
of Decapoda, 152;
of Macrura, 153;
of their larvae, 159;
of Anomura, 167 f.;
of _Birgus_, 175;
of Brachyura, 181 f.;
alterations caused by parasites, 100 f.;
by hermaphroditism, 102 f.;
of Trilobita, 236, =237=;
of Arachnida, 255 f.;
of _Limulus_, =262=, 263;
of _Eurypterus_, 285 f.;
of Scorpions, 301, 303;
of Pedipalpi, 309;
of Spiders, 319;
of Palpigradi, 422;
of Solifugae, 426;
of Pseudoscorpions, 432;
of Podogona, 440;
of Phalangidea, 443;
of Acarina, 458;
of Tardigrada, 479;
of Pentastomida, 493;
of Pycnogons, 503 f.

_Apseudes spinosus_, =123=

Apseudidae, _122_

Apstein, 335

_Apus_, 21, 23, 25, 28, 30, 32, 34, _36_, 221, 242, 243;
segmentation, 6;
_A. australiensis_, 36;
_A. cancriformis_, 36;
habitat, 34

Arachnida, introduction to, 255;
segmentation of body, 255–6;
primitive, 256–7;
coxal glands, 257;
endosternite, 257;
sense-organs, 257;
classification, 258

Araneae, _258_, _314_ f.

Araneida, _314_

Araneina, _314_

_Araneus_, 408 n.

_Aratus pisonii_, 195

_Arbanitis_, _388_

_Archaeolepas_, _84_;
_A. redtenbacheri_, =84=

_Archea_, _411_;
_A. paradoxa_, 383;
_A. workmani_, 411

Archeidae, 321, _411_

_Archisometrus_, _306_

Arctic zone, 199

Arcturidae, _127_

_Arcturus_, _127_

Arcyinae, _410_

_Arcys_, _410_

_Arethusina_, 223, 230, _251_;
_A. konincki_, =250=

_Argas_, 457, _469_;
_A. persicus_, 469;
_A. reflexus_, 469

Argasidae, _469_

_Arges_, _252_

_Argiope_, _408_;
_A. aurelia_, 340, =379=;
_A. bruennichi_, 408;
_A. cophinaria_, 349, 365;
_A. trifasciata_, 408

Argiopidae, 406 n.

Argiopinae, _408_

Argulidae, _76_

_Argulus foliaceus_, =77=

_Argyrodes_, _402_;
_A. piraticum_, 367;
_A. trigonum_, 367

Argyrodinae, _402_

_Argyroneta_, 336, _415_;
_A. aquatica_, 357, 415

_Ariadna_, _395_

_Ariamnes_, _402_;
_A. flagellum_, =318=

_Arionellus_, _247_

_Aristaeus_, _162_;
_A. crassipes_, 159;
_A. coruscans_, phosphorescence, 151

_Armadillidium_, _129_

_Artema_, _401_

_Artemia_, 23, 24, _35_;
_A. fertilis_, anal region, =23=;
head, =26=;
limb, 27;
_A. salina_, 23, 33, 36;
_A. urmiana_, 23

_Arthrolycosa antiqua_, 383

Arthropoda, 4;
segmentation, 7;
a natural group, 17

Arthrostraca, _121_

_Asagena_, _404_

_Asaphellus_, _249_

Asaphidae, _249_

Asaphini, _243_

_Asaphus_, 222, 225, 227, 229, 235, 236, _249_;
_A. cornigerus_, 227;
_A. fallax_, eye, =228=;
_A. kowalewskii_, 227;
_A. megistos_, 236;
_A. platycephalus_, 236

_Ascidicola rosea_, _66_

Ascidicolidae, _66_

Asconiscidae, _130_

_Ascorhynchus_, 505, _533_;
_A. abyssi_, =506=, =509=, 519;
_A. cryptopygius_, 513 n.;
_A. minutus_, 517;
_A. ramipes_, 513 n.

Ascothoracica, _93_

Asellidae, _128_

Asellota, _127_

_Asellus_, _127_;
habitat, 209, 211;
_A. aquaticus_, 127, 209;
_A. cavaticus_, 209, 210;
_A. forelii_, 209

_Aspidoecia_, _76_

Astacidae, _157_;
distribution, 213, 216

_Astacoides_, _157_;
distribution, 213

_Astacopsis_, _157_;
distribution, 213;
_A. franklinii_, 214

_Astacus_, 104, _157_;
appendages, =10=;
distribution, 213;
hermaphroditism, 104

_Astacus gammarus_ (= _Homarus vulgaris_), _154_

_Asterocheres violaceus_, =67=

Asterocheridae, _67_

_Asterope oblonga_, =108=

_Astia_, _421_;
_A. vittata_, =381=

Astigmata, _465_

_Astridium_, _540_

_Atax_, 462, _472_;
_A. alticola_, =472=;
_A. bonzi_, 472

Atelecyclidae, _190_

_Atelecyclus_, _191_;
respiration, 189

_Atops_, _247_

Attidae, 376, 381, _419_

_Attus_, _421_;
_A. pubescens_, 372, 421;
_A. saltator_, 372, 421

_Atya_, _163_

_Atyephyra_, _163_;
habitat, 210

_Atyidae_, 159, _163_;
distribution, 212

Atypidae, _390_

_Atypoides_, _391_

_Atypus_, _391_;
_A. abboti_, 356;
_A. affinis_, 356, =391=;
_A. beckii_, 391

Auditory organ, of _Anaspides_, 116;
of Decapoda, 153;
of Mysidae, 119

_Augaptilus filigerus_, _59_

_Austrodecus glacialis_, _535_

_Austroraptus polaris_, _535_

Autotomy, 155

_Avicularia_, _389_

Aviculariidae, 316, 327, _386_;
bite of, 365;
poisonous hairs of, 365

Aviculariinae, _389_

Axial furrows, 223

Baglivi, 361

Baikal, Lake, Crustacea of, 212

_Balanus_, _91_;
_B. porcatus_, shell, =90=;
_B. tintinnabulum_, 91;
anatomy, =90=

_Ballus variegatus_, =420=

_Barana_, 506, 513, _533_;
_B. arenicola_, 512, 513, 533;
_B. castelli_, 512, 513 n., 533

Barnacles, origin of term, 79

Barrande, J., on development of Trilobites, 238;
on their classification, 243

_Barrandia_, _249_

Barrois, 435 n.

_Barrus_, _429_

Barychelinae, _389_

Basse, on Tardigrada, 481

Baster, Job, 503

Bates, 373

_Bathynomus giganteus_, _126_;
habitat, 205

_Bathynotus_, _247_

_Bathyphantes_, _406_

_Bdella lignicola_, =471=

Bdellidae, 458, _471_

Beecher, C. E., on facial sutures of _Agnostus_ and _Olenellus_, 225;
on development of Trilobites, 238;
on their classification, 243

Beetle-mites, 467

Beetle-parasites, 470

_Belinurus_, 275, 279;
_B. reginae_, =278=

_Belisarius_, _308_

Belt, 368, 371

_Beltina_, 283 n.

Bernard, 311, 424, 426, 433 n., 434 n.

Bertkau, 323, 365, 395 n.

Beyrich, E., on facial suture of _Trinucleus_, 226

Billings, E., on appendages of Trilobites, 236

Bipolarity, 200

Birds and Spiders, 370

Birds’ feather Mites, 466

_Birgus_, _181_;
_B. latro_, habits, 174;
structure, =175=, =176=

Black Corals, Cirripedia parasitic on, 93, 94

Blackwall, 348, 359 n., 365, 368, 385

Blindness, in Crustacea, 149, 209, 210;
in Spiders, 334

Blood, haemoglobin supposed in, 30, 68

Boas, on classification of Malacostraca, 113

_Boeckella_, distribution, 216

_Boeckia_, _138_

_Böhmia_, _535_

_Bolocera_, _Pycnogonum_ with, 524

_Bolyphantes_, _406_

Bomolochidae, _71_

_Bomolochus_, _71_, =72=

Bon, 360

Bont-tick, 456

_Boophilus_, 456, _469_;
_B. australis_, capitulum of, =468=

Bopyridae, 130, _133_

Bopyrina, 129, 130, _132_

_Bopyrus fougerouxi_, _133_;
male, =133=;
adult female, =134=

Bopyrus larva, of Bopyrina, 129, 133

_Boreomysis_, _120_;
_B. scyphops_, distribution, 201

_Boreonymphon_, _536_;
_B. robustum_, =506=, 507, =511=, 512, 542

_Bosmina_, =52=, _53_;
occurrence in Southern hemisphere, 216;
_B. longirostris_, habitat, 206

Bosminidae, _53_;
appendages, 41;
alimentary canal, 42

Bothriuridae, 306, _308_

_Bothriurus_, _308_

Bouvier, 528 n.

Boys, 348, 360, 376

_Brachybothrium_, _391_

_Brachymetopus_, _251_

_Brachythele_, _390_

Brachyura, _181_;
eyes, 150

Branchiae (= gills) of Crustacea, 16;
of Decapoda, 152;
of _Limulus_, 269;
of Eurypterids, 288

_Branchinecta_, 25, _35_;
_B. paludosa_, 35;
range, 34

Branchiopoda, _18_ f.

_Branchiopodopsis_, _35_;
_B. hodgsoni_, 35

Branchiostegite, 152

Branchipodidae, 19, 22, _35_, 241

_Branchipus_, 25, _35_, 233, 242, 511 n.;
thoracic limb, =10=;
nervous system, 30;
_B. spinosus_, habitat, 33;
_B. stagnalis_, 35;
eggs, 32

Branchiura, _76_

Brauer, on development of Scorpions, 263, 301 n., 305

Breeding (see Reproduction)

British forms, of Cladocera, 51;
of Pycnogons, 540

Bronteidae, _249_

_Bronteus_, 228, 235, _249_;
_B. brongniarti_, eye, 229;
_B. palifer_, eye, 229;
_B. polyactin_, hypostome, =233=;
_B. irradians_, macula, =233=

Brood-pouch, of Cladocera, 46, 47;
of Peracarida, 118

_Broteas_, _308_

_Broteochactas_, _308_

Brünnich, 502

Buckler, 330

_Bucranium_, _414_

Bulb, of palpal organ of Spiders, 322

_Bumastus_, 235, 236, _249_

_Bunodella_, _279_

_Bunodes_, _279_

Buthidae, _306_

Buthinae, _306_

_Buthus_, _306_;
_B. occitanus_, =299=, =300=, =302=

_Bythotrephes_, 38, _54_;
reproduction, 47;
_B. cederströmii_, =42=

Cabiropsidae, _130_

_Caecidotea nickajackensis_, habitat, 210;
_C. stygia_, habitat, 210

Caeculinae, _472_

_Caeculus_, _472_

Calamistrum, =326=, 354, 385, 392, 399, 410

Calanidae, _57_

_Calanus_, _57_;
_C. finmarchicus_, distribution, 203, 204;
_C. hyperboreus_, 55, =56=, 58

_Calappa_, _187_;
respiration, 186;
habitat, 198;
distribution, 201;
_C. granulata_, =186=

Calappidae, _187_

_Calathocratus_, _452_

_Calathura brachiata_ (Anthuridae), _Duplorbis_ parasitic on, 95

_Calicurgus annulatus_, 369

Caligidae, _73_

_Caligus nanus_, =74=;
_C. rapax_, 74;
_C. lacustris_, 74

_Callianassa_, _167_;
habitat, 198;
_C. subterranea_, 167;
gut, 14

Callianassidae, _167_

_Callinectes_, _191_;
_C. sapidus_, 191

Calman, on classification of Crustacea, 112, 113

_Calocalanus plumulosus_, =58=

_Caloctenus_, _418_

_Calommata_, _391_

_Calymene_, 225, 230, 235, _249_;
_C. senaria_, 236;
_C. tuberculata_, =224=

Calymenidae, _247_

Calyptomera, 38, _51_

Calyptopis, larva of _Euphausia pellucida_, =144=

_Cambaroides_, distribution, 213

_Cambarus_, _157_;
hermaphroditism, 103;
distribution, 213;
_C. stygius_, distribution, 213

Camerostome, 452

Campbell, 327

_Camptocercus_, _53_;
_C. macrurus_, 48

_Cancer_, _191_;
_C. pagurus_, 191

_Cancerilla_, _68_;
_C. tubulata_, 68

Cancridae, _191_

_Candace_, _60_;
_C. pectinata_, 60

Candacidae, _60_

_Candona_, _107_;
_C. reptans_, =107=

Canestrini, 464

_Canthocamptus_, _62_;
habitat, 206

Capitulum, of Cirripedia, 81;
of Acarina, 457, 468, 471

_Caponia natalensis_, _395_

Caponiidae, _395_

_Caponina_, _395_

_Caprella acutifrons_, _140_;
_C. grandimana_, =139=

Caprellidae, _139_

Carapace, of Phyllopoda, 19 f.;
of Cladocera, 38;
absence of, in Copepoda, 55;
of Malacostraca, 114

Carcinoplacidae, _195_

_Carrinoscorpius_, _277_;
_C. rotundicauda_, 277

_Carcinus_, _191_;
_C. maenas_, 188, 191;
gut, 14;
respiration, 189, 190;
distribution, 198;
_Portunion_ parasitic in, =135=;
_Sacculina_ parasitic on, 96

_Cardisoma_, _196_;
distribution, 201

Caridea, _158_, _163_;
metamorphosis, 161

_Caridina_, _163_;
_C. nilotica_, distribution, 212

Carniola, caves of, 34

Carpenter, on segmentation of Arthropods, 6, 263;
on affinities of Trilobites, 242;
on Irish Pycnogons, 540

Caruncle, 470

Caspian Sea, Crustacea of, 215

_Caspiocuma_, _121_

Catometopa, _193_ f.;
habits, 194, 195

_Catophragmus_, =91=

Caudal organs, 311

Caullery, on Liriopsidae, 132 n.

Causard, 332

Cavanna, 520

_Cecrops_, _74_

_Cenobita_, _181_;
relation to _Birgus_, =176=

Cenobitidae, _181_

_Centropages hamatus_, 203;
_C. typicus_, distribution, 203

Centropagidae, _58_

_Centropelma_, _416_

_Centropleura_, _247_

Centrurinae, _306_

_Centrurus_, _306_

Cephalic shield, 223

_Cepheus ocellatus_, =467=

_Cerataspis_, _162_

_Ceratolichas_, _252_

_Ceratopyge_, _247_

_Cercophonius_, _308_

_Ceriodaphnia_, 37, 39, _51_

_Ceroma_, _429_

_Chactas_, _308_

Chactidae, 306, _307_

Chaerilidae, 306, _307_

_Chaerilus_, _307_

_Chaetolepas_, _89_

_Chaetonymphon_, _536_;
_C. hirtipes_, 541;
_C. hirtum_, =509=, 541;
_C. macronyx_, =506=;
_C. spinosissimum_, 541, 542;
_C. tenellum_, 542

_Chaetopelma_, _389_

Charontinae, _313_

_Chasmops_, _249_

Cheeks, of Trilobites, 223, 225

Cheese-mites, 466

_Cheiracanthium_, _397_

Cheiruridae, _250_

_Cheirurus_, 235, _251_;
_C. insignia_, =250=;
_C. pleurexacanthus_, 236

Chelicerae, of Xiphosura, 263 f.;
of Eurypterida, 285;
of Scorpions, 303;
of Pedipalpi, 309;
of Spiders, 319;
of Palpigradi, 422;
of Solifugae, 426;
of Pseudoscorpions, 432;
of Podogona, 439;
of Phalangids, 443;
of Acarina, 458

_Chelifer_, 436, _437_;
development, =435=;
_C. cancroides_, 437;
_C. cyrneus_, =437=;
_C. ferum_ 437

Chelifera, _122_

Cheliferidae, _436_

Chelophores, of Pycnogons, 505

_Chernes_, =432=, 436, 437, _438_

Chernetes, 430

Chernetidea, _258_, _430_ f.

Cheyletinae, _473_

_Cheyletus_, 458, _473_

Chilaria, 260, 271, 287, 292

_Chilobrachys_, _390_;
_C. stridulans_, =328=, 329

_Chilophoxus_, _539_

_Chiltonia_, _139_;
distribution, 217

_Chiridium_, 432, 436, _437_;
_C. museorum_, =437=

_Chirocephalus_, _35_;
_C. diaphanus_, =20=, =24=, =25=, =27=, 29, 32, 33, 35

_Chlorodinus_, habitat, 198

_Chlorodius_, _191_

Chondracanthidae, _72_

_Chondracanthus zei_, =72=

_Choniostoma_, _76_

Choniostomatidae, _76_

_Chthonius_, 436, _438_

Chun, on phosphorescence and eyes, 150

_Chydorus_, _54_

_Cilunculus_, _535_

Circulatory (= vascular) system, of Crustacea, 11;
of Arachnids, 256;
of _Limulus_, 268 f.;
of Tardigrada, 482;
of Pentastomida, 491;
of Pycnogons, 516

_Cirolana_, _126_

Cirripedia, _79_ f.;
metamorphosis, 80;
anatomy, 83;
sex, 87, 105

CLADOCERA, _19_, _37_ f.;
carapace, 38;
dorsal organ, 39;
appendages, 40 f.;
alimentary canal, 42;
heart, 43;
reproduction, 43–50;
British genera, 51–54;
extra-European, 54;
pelagic, 207, 208

Claparède, 331, 462 n.

Clarke, J. M., on the eye of _Calymene senaria_, 229;
of _Harpes_, 231

Claus, on Copepoda, 55;
on _Nebalia_, 111;
on discovery of metamorphosis of Decapods, 153 n.;
on Pycnogonida, 527

Claw-tufts, 389

Clerck, 384, 408 n.

_Clibanarius_, _181_

_Clotenia conirostre_, 541

_Clubiona_, 337, 368, _397_;
_C. compta_, 397;
_C. corticalis_, =396=, 397

Clubioninae, _397_

Clypeus, 316

_Clytemnestra_, _61_

_Coelotes atropos_, _416_

Cole, 520, 524, 525, 528 n.

_Colossendeis_, 505, _532_;
_C. angusta_, 542;
_C. australis_, 533;
_C. gibbosa_, 534;
_C. gigas_, 532;
_C. gracilis_, 505 n.;
_C. proboscidea_, =505=, =508=, =510=, 533, 542

Colour, adaptation in, of Crustacea, 159

Colulus, =317=, 319

Commensalism, of Hermit-crabs, 172;
of _Pinnotheres_, 195

Complemental males, of Cirripedes, 83, 86, 99, 106

_Conchoderma_, _88_;
_C. virgata_, =88=

Conocephalidae, _247_

_Conocoryphe_, 231, _247_;
_C. sulzeri_, =248=

Conocoryphidae, _247_

_Conolichas_, _252_

_Conothele_, _388_

_Constantia_ (_Macrohectopus_), _138_;
occurrence, 212

Cook, 425 n.

Copepoda, _55_ f.;
fresh-water, 59, 62;
pelagic, 202;
life-cycle of fresh-water, 209

_Copilia vitrea_, _69_, =70=

_Cordylochele_, 506, _537_;
_C. longicollis_, =507=;
_C. malleolata_, 542

_Corniger hilgendorfi_, _535_

_Coronula diadema_, _91_

Corophiidae, _139_

_Corophium_, _139_

Corycaeidae, _69_

_Corystes_, _188_, _190_;
habitat, 198;
_C. cassivelaunus_, respiration, 170, 189;
metamorphosis, =182=, =183=

Corystidae, _190_

Cosmetidae, _449_

Costa, da, 221

Coxal glands, 257;
of _Limulus_, 270;
of Scorpions, 306;
of Pedipalpi, 311;
of Spiders, 337

Coxopodite, of Trilobites, 237

Crab, Hermit-, 171–173;
River-, 214;
Robber-, 174;
Shore-, 188, 189, 198;
Edible, 188;
Spider-, 191;
Land-, 195;
enemies of, 192

Crab-spiders, 412 (= Thomisidae, _q.v._)

_Crangon_, _164_;
_C. antarcticus_, distribution, 200;
_C. franciscorum_, distribution, 200;
_C. vulgaris_, 158, 164;
distribution, 199

Crangonidae, _164_;
distribution, 199

_Crangonyx_, _138_

Crayfish, 154, _157_;
distribution, 213, 215

Crevettina, _137_

Cribellatae, 324, 385, 386 n.

Cribellum, =326=, 354, 385, 386, 392, 398, 410

Croneberg, 460

_Cruregens_, _124_;
_C. fontanus_, habitat, 210

Crustacea, organisation, 1 f.;
segmentation, 5;
appendages, 8 f.;
body-cavity and coelom, 11;
kidneys, 13;
alimentary canal, 14;
reproductive organs, 15;
respiratory organs, 16;
compound eyes, 146;
growth and sex in, 100;
metabolism, 104;
distribution, 197;
pelagic, 202, 207;
littoral, 197, 206;
abyssal, 204, 209;
fresh-water, 205;
subterranean and cave, 209

Crustacés aranéiformes, 501 n.

_Cryphaeus_, _249_

_Cryphoeca_, _416_

_Cryptocellus_, _439_;
_C. simonis_, =439=

_Cryptocerus_, _414_

Cryptoniscidae, _130_

Cryptoniscina, _129_, 130

Cryptoniscus, larva of Epicarida, 129, =131=, 132

_Cryptophialus_, _92_;
_C. minutus_, 92, 93;
_C. striatus_, 93

_Cryptostemma westermannii_, _439_

Cryptostemmatidae, _440_

_Cryptothele_, _400_

Ctenidae, _418_

Cteninae, _418_

_Cteniza_, _388_;
_C. ariana_, 355

Ctenizinae, _388_

_Ctenocephalus_, _247_

_Ctenophora_, _412_

Ctenopoda, _51_

_Ctenopyge_, 232, _247_

_Ctenus_, _418_

Cucullus, 440

_Cuma_, _121_

Cumacea, 114, _120_;
of the Caspian, 215

Cumidae, _121_

Cyamidae, _140_

_Cyamus ceti_, _140_

Cybaeinae, _415_

_Cybele_, _251_

_Cyclaspis_, _121_

_Cyclestheria_, _37_;
_C. hislopi_, 37

_Cyclodorippe dromioides_, eyes, 149

_Cyclograpsus_, _196_;
distribution, 200

Cyclometopa, _188_ f.;
respiration, 189, 190

Cyclopidae, _61_, 62;
subterranean, 209

_Cyclops_, _62_;
_C. fuscus_, habitat, 207;
_C. strenuus_, habitat, 207, 208;
_C. stygius_, habitat, 210

_Cyclosa conica_, _409_

_Cyclosternum_, _389_

_Cydrela_, _399_

_Cymodoce_, _126_

_Cymonomus_, _188_;
_C. granulatus_, =185=;
eyes, 149, 186;
_C. normani_, 186;
_C. quadratus_, _186_

_Cymothoa_, _126_;
habitat, 211

Cymothoidae, _126_

_Cyphaspis_, _251_

Cyphophthalmi, 443, 444, _447_

Cypridae, _107_;
subterranean, 209

Cypridinidae, _108_

_Cypris_, _107_;
_C. reptans_, parthenogenesis, 108

Cypris larva, of Cirripedia, 80, =82=;
of _Sacculina_, =97=, =99=

_Cyrtauchenius_, _388_;
_C. elongatus_, funnel of, =356=

_Cythere dictyon_, _108_

Cytherellidae, _109_

Cytheridae, _107_

_Dactylopisthes digiticeps_, =405=

_Dactylopus tisboides_, _62_

_Daesia_, _429_

Daesiinae, _429_

Dajidae, _130_

_Dalmanites_, _249_;
_D. imbricatulus_, eye, =228=;
_D. limulurus_, =250=;
_D. socialis_, larvae, =240=

_Danalia curvata_, _130_, =131=, =132=

_Daphnella_, _51_;
testes, 44

_Daphnia_, 37, 38, 39, _51_;
ovary, =45=, 48;
_D. magna_, 50;
_D. obtusa_, =51=

Daphniidae, _51_;
appendages, 40;
alimentary canal, 42;
reproduction, 48;
reactions, 50

Darwin, on Cirripedia, 80, 85, 86, 92, 94

_Dasylobus_, _450_

Decapoda, _152_ f.;
systematic position, 114;
alimentary canal, 14;
pelagic, 202;
subterranean, 210;
Rhizocephala parasitic on, 95, 101;
Bopyridae parasitic on, 133

_Dechenella_, _251_

_Decolopoda_, 504, _529_, _532_;
_D. antarctica_, 532;
_D. australis_, =531=, 532

Decolopodidae, _531_

Defective orb-webs, 349

_Deiphon_, 235, _251_;
_D. forbesi_, =250=

_Delena_, _414_

Delobranchiata, _258_, 259 f.

_Demodex_, _465_;
_D. folliculorum_, =465=

Demodicidae, 455, _465_

_Dendrogaster astericola_, _94_

_Dermacentor_, _469_

Dermanyssinae, _471_

_Dermanyssus avium_, _471_

_Dermaturus_, _181_;
_D. hispidus_, =178=

_Desis_, _415_

Deutovum, 462

Development, of Monstrillidae, 64;
of Cirripedia, 80;
of Rhizocephala, 96;
of Epicarida, 130;
of Stomatopoda, 142;
of Shrimps and Prawns, 159;
of Loricata, 165;
of Hermit-Crabs, 179;
of Brachyura, 181;
of Trilobites, 238 f.;
of _Limulus_, 275;
of _Scorpio_, 305;
of Pseudoscorpions, 434;
of Mites, 462;
of Tardigrada, 483;
of Pentastomida, 493;
of Pycnogons, 520

_Diaea_, _412_;
_D. dorsata_, 413

Diaphragm, of Solifugae, 427

_Diaptomus_, _59_;
distribution, 208, 216;
_D. caeruleus_, habitat, 208;
_D. castor_, habitat, 206;
_D. gracilis_, habitat, 206

Diastylidae, _121_

_Diastylis_, _121_;
_D. goodsiri_, 121;
_D. stygia_, =120=

_Dichelaspis_, _88_

Dichelestiidae, _68_;
classification, 63

_Dichelestium_, _68_

Dick, 363

_Dicranogmus_, _252_

_Dicranolasma_, _452_

_Dictyna_, _398_;
_D. arundinacea_, 399;
_D. uncinata_, 399

Dictynidae, 352, 353, _398_

Digestive system, = alimentary canal, _q.v._

_Dikelocephalus_, _247_

Dimorphism, high and low;
in Decapoda, 103;
in Tanaids, 123

_Dindymene_, _251_

Dinopinae, _410_

_Dinopis_, _410_

_Dinorhax_, _429_

_Diogenes_, _181_

_Dionide_, _245_

_Diphascon_, 485;
_D. alpinum_, 487;
_D. angustatum_, 487;
_D. bullatum_, 487;
_D. chilenense_, =486=, 487;
_D. oculatum_, 487;
_D. scoticum_, 487;
_D. spitzbergense_, 487

Diplocentrinae, 306, _307_

_Diplocentrus_, _307_

_Diplocephalus bicephalus_, =405=

Diplostichous eyes, 301

_Diplura_, _390_

Diplurinae, _390_

_Dipoena_, _403_

_Discoarachne_, 512, _535_

Distribution, of Crustacea, 197 f.;
(stratigraphical) of Trilobites, 222

Doflein, on eyes of deep-sea Crustacea, 148, 150

Dohrn, 504, 513, 519

Doleschall, 365

_Dolichopterus_, 283, _291_

_Doliomelus_, _415_

_Dolomedes fimbriatus_, _416_

_Dolops_, _78_

Domed webs, 350

_Donachochara_, _406_

Donnadieu, 457

_Dorippe_, 185, _188_

Dorippidae, _188_

_Doropygus_, _66_;
_D. pulex_, =66=

Dorsal organ, of Phyllopoda, 22;
of Cladocera, 39

Doublure, 232

Doyère, on Tardigrada, 481;
on their systematic position, 483

_Doyeria_, 485;
_D. simplex_, 480, 487

Drassidae, 324, _396_

Drassinae, _396_

_Drassus_, _397_;
_D. lapidosus_, =396=, 397

_Drepanothrix_, _53_

_Dromia_, _184_;
_D. vulgaris_, =184=

Dromiacea, _183_;
metamorphosis, 182;
relation to Macrura, 184;
habitat, 198

_Dromidia_, distribution, 200

Dromiidae, _184_

_Drymusa_, _393_

Dufour, 385

Dujardin, 464 n.;
on systematic position of Tardigrada, 483

_Duplorbis_, _95_;
_D. calathurae_, 99

_Dynomene_, _184_

Dynomenidae, _184_

_Dysdera_, _394_;
_D. cambridgii_, 394;
_D. crocota_, 395

Dysderidae, 317, 319, 336, _394_

_Dysderina_, _394_

Dysderinae, _394_

_Ebalia_, _188_

_Echiniscoides_, 485;
_E. sigismundi_, 477, 486

_Echiniscus_, 480, 485;
_E. arctomys_, 486;
_E. gladiator_, 486;
_E. granulatus_, 486;
_E. islandicus_, 486;
_E. muscicola_, 486;
_E. mutabilis_, 486;
_E. oihonnae_, 486;
_E. quadrispinosus_, 486;
_E. reticulatus_, 486;
_E. spinulosus_, =479=;
_E. spitzbergensis_, 486;
_E. testudo_, =478=;
_E. wendti_, 486

Echinoderms, _Dendrogaster_ parasitic on, 94

_Echinognathus_, 283

Ecribellatae, _385_

_Ectatosticta davidi_, _393_

_Ectinosoma_, _62_

Edriophthalmata, 112, 121

Eggs, of Phyllopoda, 32;
of Cladocera, 44;
of Copepoda, 59, 62, =66=, =67=, =71=, =74=;
of Branchiura, 77;
of Syncarida, 114;
of Peracarida, 123;
of Hoplocarida, 141;
of Eucarida, 144;
of Trilobites, 238;
of _Limulus_, 275;
of Pedipalpi, 309;
of Spiders, 358;
of Solifugae, 424;
of Pseudoscorpions, 434;
of Phalangidea, 442;
of Acarina, 456;
of Tardigrada, 478;
of Pentastomida, 493;
of Pycnogons, 520

Ehrenberg, on systematic position of Tardigrada, 483

_Eleleis crinita_, _396_

_Ellipsocephalus_, 224, 235, _247_;
_E. hoffi_, =248=

Embolobranchiata, _258_, 259, 297 f.

Emmerich, on facial suture of _Trinucleus_, 226

_Encephaloides_, _193_;
_E. armstrongi_, 192, =193=;
habitat, 205

Encrinuridae, _251_

_Encrinurus_, 227, 235, _251_

_Endeis didactyla_, _534_;
_E. gracilis_, _539_;
_E. spinosus_, 541

Endite, 9, =10=

Endopodite, 9, =10=;
of Trilobites, =237=

Endosternite, 257, 305, 330

Endostoma, of _Eurypterus_, 287

_Engaeus_, _157_;
_E. fossor_, distribution, 213

_Enoplectenus_, _418_

_Enterocola_, _67_;
_E. fulgens_, =67=

Entomostraca, defined, 6;
diagnosis, 18;
of littoral zone, 197;
fresh-water, of southern hemisphere, 216

Entoniscidae, 130, _134_

_Enyo_, _400_

Enyoidae, _399_

_Eoscorpius_, 298

_Epeira_, _409_;
_E. angulata_, =315=, =409=;
_E. basilica_, 350, 351;
web of, =351=;
_E. bifurcata_, 359;
_E. caudata_, 359;
_E. cornuta_, 409;
_E. cucurbitina_, 372, 409;
_E. diademata_, 335, 340, 343, 345, 359, 366, 380, 409;
anatomy, =332=;
cocoon, =358=;
silk, 360;
spinnerets, =325=;
_E. labyrinthea_, 350;
_E. madagascarensis_, 360;
_E. mauritia_, 349;
_E. pyramidata_, 409;
_E. quadrata_, 366, 409;
_E. triaranea_, 350;
_E. umbratica_, 409

Epeiridae, 376, 377, _406_

Epeirinae, _408_

Ephippium, =48=

_Epiblemum_, _420_

Epicarida, _129_;
sex in, 105

Epicaridian, larva of Epicarida, =130=

Epicoxite, of _Eurypterus_, 287

_Epidanus_, _449_

Epigyne, 319, 333, 378

Epipharynx, 459

Epipodite, 9, =10=

Episininae, _402_

_Episinus truncatus_, _403_

Epistome, of Eurypterida, 291;
of Pseudoscorpions, 431, 436;
of Phalangidea, 443

Erber, 355, 356

_Eremobates_, _429_

Eremobatinae, _429_

Eresidae, _398_

_Eresus cinnaberinus_, _398_

_Eriauchenus_, _411_

Erichthoidina, larva of Stomatopod, =143=

Ericthus, larva of Stomatopod, =143=

_Erigone_, _405_

Erigoninae, _404_

_Eriophyes_, _465_;
_E. ribis_, 455, =465=;
_E. tiliae_, 465

Eriophyidae, _464_

_Eriphia_, _191_;
_E. spinifrons_, 191

Erlanger, von, on development and position of Tardigrada, 483

_Ero_, _411_;
_E. furcata_, 366, 411;
cocoon, =358=;
_E. tuberculata_, 412

Eryonidae, _158_;
habitat, 204

Eryonidea, _157_

Erythraeinae, _473_

_Estheria_, 21, 22, =23=, _36_;
_E. gubernator_ and _E. macgillivrayi_, habitat, 33;
_E. tetraceros_, 36

Eucarida, 114, _144_ f.

_Euchaeta norwegica_, _58_

Eucopepoda, _57_ f.

_Eucopia australis_, =119=

Eucopiidae, 113, 114, _118_

_Eudendrium_, Pycnogons on, 520

_Eudorella_, _121_

_Eukoenenia_, _423_;
_E. augusta_, 423;
_E. florenciae_, 423;
_E. grassii_, 423

_Eulimnadia_, _36_;
_E. mauritani_, 36;
_E. texana_, 36

_Euloma_, 230

Eumalacostraca, _112_ f.

Eupagurinae, _180_

_Eupagurus_, _180_;
_E. bernhardus_, commensalism, 172;
distribution, 199;
_E. excavatus_, parasitic castration of, 101;
_E. longicarpus_, metamorphosis, =179=;
_E. prideauxii_, commensalism, 172;
_E. pubescens_, distribution, 199

_Euphausia pellucida_, _145_, =146=

Euphausiacea, _144_

Euphausiidae, 113, 114, _144_;
larval history, 145;
eyes, 150

_Eupodes_, _471_

_Euproöps_, 278

_Eurycare_, 232, _247_

_Eurycercus_, _53_;
alimentary canal, 42;
_E. lamellatus_, habitat, 207

_Eurycide_, 505, _533_;
_E. hispida_, =506=, =507=, =533=

Eurycididae, _533_

_Eurydium_, 485

_Euryopis_, _404_

_Eurypelma_, _389_;
_E. hentzii_, 361, 370

_Euryplax_, _195_

Eurypterida, _258_, 278, 283 f.

Eurypteridae, _290_ f.

_Eurypterus_, 283 f., 290, 291, 292;
_E. fischeri_, =284=, =286=, =289=

_Eurytemora_, _59_;
_E. affinis_, habitat, 206

_Eusarcus_, 283, _291_

Euscorpiinae, _308_

_Euscorpius_, 298, _308_;
_E. carpathicus_, 299

_Eusimonia_, _429_

_Euterpe acutifrons_, _61_, =61=;
distribution, 203

_Euthycoelus_, _389_

_Evadne_, _54_;
young, 47

Excretory system (including Renal organs), in Crustacea, 12;
in Arachnids, 257;
in _Limulus_, 270;
in Tardigrada, 481;
in Pentastomida, 491

Exner, on mosaic vision, 148

Exopodite, 9, =10=;
of Trilobites, =237=

Eyes, compound, of Crustacea, 146, =147=;
physiology of, 148;
of deep-sea Crustacea, 149;
connexion with phosphorescent organs, 151;
regeneration of, 6;
of Trilobites, 227 f., =228=;
of _Limulus_, 271;
of Eurypterida, 285;
of Scorpions, 301;
of Pedipalpi, 309;
of Spiders, 315, 334; of Solifugae, 426;
of Pseudoscorpions, 431;
of Phalangidea, 442;
of Acarina, 458;
of Pycnogons, 517

Fabre, on habits of Spiders, 298 f.;
of Tarantula, 361 f.;
on Wasp _v._ Spider, 368 f.

Facet, of Trilobites, 235

Facial suture, 225 f., 232

Falanga, 424

False articulations, 444

False-scorpions, 430

_Fecenia_, _399_

_Filistata_, _391_;
_F. capitata_, 392;
_F. testacea_, 392

Filistatidae, 319, 336, _391_

Finger-keel, 303

Fixed cheek, 225, 226, 227

Flabellifera, _124_ f.

Flabellum, 270

Flacourt, 363

Flagellum, in Solifugae, 426, 428;
in Pseudoscorpions, 433

Forbes, 374

Ford, S. W., on development of Trilobites, 238

Forel, on Lake of Geneva, 206

_Formicina_, _405_

Formicinae, _405_

_Formicinoides brasiliana_, =318=

_Fragilia_, _535_

Free cheek, 225, 226, 227

Fresh-water, Crustacea, 205 f.;
Spiders, 357

Furcilia (Metazoaea), larva of _Euphausia_, 145

Fusulae, 325, 335

_Galathea_, 169, _170_;
_G. intermedia_, _Pleurocrypta_ parasitic on, =133=;
_G. strigosa_, =170=;
gut of, 15

Galatheidae, _169_

Galatheidea, _169_

Galea, 433, 436

_Galena_, _412_

_Galeodes_, _429_, 527;
nervous system, =428=;
chelicera, =429=;
_G. arabs_, 425;
_G. araneoides_, 425

Galeodidae, _428_

Gall-mites, 455, 464

Gamasidae, _470_

Gamasinae, _470_

_Gamasus_, 460, 461, 463, _470_;
_G. coleoptratorum_, 470;
_G. crassipes_, 470;
_G. terribilis_, 461

Gammaridae, _138_

_Gammarus_, 137, _138_;
of Lake Baikal, 212;
of Australia, 216;
_G. locusta_, 138, =138=;
_G. pulex_, 138

_Gampsonyx_, _115_, 118

Garstang, on respiration of crabs, 186 n.

Garypinae, 436, _437_

_Garypus_, 431, 436, _437_, 438;
chelicera, =432=;
_G. littoralis_, 430

Gaskell, 270, 277, 334

_Gasteracantha_, _410_;
_G. minax_, =410=

Gasteracanthinae, 317, _409_

_Gastrodelphys_, _73_

Gastrolith, of Lobster, 155

Gaubert, 525 n.

_Gebia littoralis_, _167_

Gecarcinidae, _196_

_Gecarcinus_, 194, 195, _196_

Gegenbaur, 523

_Gelanor_, _411_, 412

_Gelasimus_, 194, _196_;
habitat, 198;
distribution, 210;
_G. annulipes_, =194=

Genal angle, 225

Gené, 461

Genital operculum, of Eurypterida, 288, =289=, 291

_Genysa_, _388_

_Gerardia_, _Laura_ parasitic on, 93

_Geryon_, _195_

_Giardella callianassae_, _73_

Gibocellidae, 448

_Gibocellum sudeticum_, _447_

Giesbrecht, on Copepoda, 57;
on phosphorescence, 59

Gigantostraca, _258_, 283 f.

Gill-book, =270=

Glabella, 223

Glabella-furrows, 223

Glands, of Tardigrada, 481;
of Pentastomida, 490, 491;
of Pycnogons, 511;
coxal, of Arachnids, 257, 270, 337;
green, of Malacostraca, 110;
poison-, of Arachnids, 337, 360;
spinning, of Spiders, 335;
of Pseudoscorpions, 434

Glaucothoe, larva of _Eupagurus_, =179=, 180

_Gluvia_, _429_

_Glycyphagus_, _466_;
_G. palmifer_, 466;
_G. plumiger_, 466

_Glyphocrangon_, _164_;
_G. spinulosa_, 158, =164=

Glyphocrangonidae, _164_

_Glyptoscorpius_, 283, 291, 294

_Gmelina_, _138_

_Gmogala scarabaeus_, _394_

_Gnamptorhynchus_, _533_

_Gnaphosa_, _397_

_Gnathia maxillaris_, _124_;
life-history of =125=

Gnathiidae, _124_

Gnathobase, 10, 264

_Gnathophausia_, _119_, 256 n.;
maxillipede of, =10=

Gnathostomata, 56

_Gnosippus_, _429_

Goldsmith, 362

Gonads, = reproductive organs, _q.v._

_Gonodactylus_, _143_;
_G. chiragra_, 143

Gonoplacidae, _195_

_Gonoplax_, _195_;
_G. rhomboides_, 195

Gonyleptidae, 442, 448, _449_

Goodsir, Harry, 535, 540

_Gordius_, parasitic in Spiders, 368

Gossamer, 342

Graells, 364

_Graeophonus_, _309_

Graff, von, on position of Tardigrada, 483

Grapsidae, 193, _195_;
habitat, 198, 201

_Graptoleberis_, _53_

Grassi, 422

Green gland, 110 (= antennary gland, _q.v._)

Gregarious Spiders, 340

Grenacher, 517

_Griffithides_, _251_

Gruvel, on Cirripedia, 80, 86

Guérin-Méneville, 439

Gurney, on Copepoda, 62;
on Brachyuran metamorphosis, 181 n.

_Gyas_, _450_

_Gylippus_, _429_

_Gymnolepas_, _89_

Gymnomera, 38, _54_

Gymnoplea, _57_

Hadrotarsidae, _394_

_Hadrotarsus babirusa_, _394_

Haeckel, on plankton, 203

_Haemaphysalis_, _469_

Haematodocha, 322

_Haemocera_, _64_;
_H. danae_, life-history, =64=, =65=

Haemocoel, 5, 11

_Hahnia_, 325, _416_

Hahniinae, _416_

Halacaridae, _472_

Halocypridae, _108_

_Halosoma_, _539_

_Hannonia typica_, _533_

Hansen, on Choniostomatidae, 76;
on Cirripede Nauplii, 94;
on classification of Malacostraca, 113

Hansen and Sörensen, 422, 439, 443, 448

_Hapalogaster_, _181_;
_H. cavicauda_, =178=

Hapalogasterinae, _181_

_Harpactes hombergii_, _395_

Harpacticidae, _61_, 62;
habitat, 206

Harpedidae, _245_

_Harpes_, 225, 226, 230, 231, 234, _246_;
_H. ungula_, =248=;
_H. vittatus_, eyes, =228=

_Harporhynchus_, _53_

Harvest-bugs, 454, 473

Harvestmen, 440, = Phalangidea, _q.v._

Harvest-spiders, 440, = Phalangidea, _q.v._

Harvesters, 440, = Phalangidea, _q.v._

_Hasarius falcatus_, _421_

Haustellata, 501 n.

Haustoriidae, _137_

_Haustorius arenarius_, _137_

Hay, on name _Lydella_, 486 n.

Heart, of Phyllopoda, 29;
of Cladocera, 43;
of _Nebalia_, 112;
of Syncarida, 115;
of Peracarida, 118;
of Isopoda, 122;
of _Danalia_, 132;
of Amphipoda, 136;
of _Squilla_, 142;
of Eucarida, 144;
of _Limulus_, 268;
of Scorpions, 305;
of Pedipalpi, 311;
of Spiders, 331;
of Solifugae, 427;
of Pseudoscorpions, 434;
of Phalangidea, 445;
of Acarina, 460;
of Pycnogons, 516

Heart-water, 470

Hedley, on home of cocoa-nut, 174

_Heligmonerus_, _388_

Heller, 455

_Hemeteles fasciatus_, 367;
_H. formosus_, 367

_Hemiaspis_, 278;
_H. limuloides_, =278=

Hemioniscidae, _130_

_Hemiscorpion lepturus_, _307_

Hemiscorpioninae, 306, _307_

Henking, 447, 460

Hentz, 367

Herbst, on regeneration of eye, 6 n.

_Hermacha_, _388_

Hermaphroditism, 15;
caused by parasite, 101, 102;
partial and temporary, 102;
normal, 105;
in Cymothoidae, 126;
in Isopoda Epicarida, 129;
in Entoniscidae, 135;
in _Caprella_, 140

_Hermippus_, 317, _399_;
_H. loricatus_, =400=

Hermit-crab, 167, 171;
commensalism, 172;
reacquisition of symmetry, 173;
regeneration of limbs, 156

Hermit-lobster, 167

Herrick, on the Lobster, 154

_Hersilia_ (Araneae), _401_;
_H. caudata_, =400=

Hersiliidae (Araneae), 326, _400_

Hersiliidae (Copepoda), _73_

_Hersiliola_, _401_

Heterarthrandria, _58_

_Heterocarpus alphonsi_ (Pandalidae), phosphorescence, 151

_Heterochaeta papilligera_, _60_

_Heterocope_, _59_

_Heterogammarus_, _138_

_Heterometrus_, _307_

_Heterophrynus_, _313_

_Heteropoda venatoria_, _414_

Heterostigmata, _471_

_Heterotanais_, _123_

Hexameridae, _91_

_Hexathele_, _390_

Hexisopodidae, _429_

_Hexisopus_, _429_, =429=

_Hexura_, _391_

_Hippa_, _171_;
_H. emerita_, distribution, 202

Hippidae, _171_

Hippidea, _170_;
habitat, 198

_Hippolyte_, _164_;
distribution, 200;
_H. varians_, 164

Hippolytidae, _164_;
distribution, 199

Hodge, George, 523, 540

Hodgson, 508

Hoek, on Cirripedia, 80;
on Pycnogons, 505, 512, 513

Holm, G., on _Agnostus_, 225;
on _Eurypterus_, 285 n.

_Holmia_, 236, 242, _247_;
_H. kjerulfi_, 242, =246=

Holochroal eye, 228

Holopediidae, _51_

_Holopedium_, 38, _51_

_Homalonotus_, 222, _249_;
_H. delphinocephalus_, =223=

_Homarus_, _154_;
habitat, 200;
excretory
glands, 13;
_H. americanus_, 154;
_H. vulgaris_, 154

_Homoeoscelis_, _76_

_Homola_, _184_;
distribution, 205

Homolidae, _184_

_Homolodromia_, _184_;
_H. paradoxa_, resemblance to Nephropsidae, 184

Hood, of Phalangidea, =442=, 452

Hoplocarida, 114, _141_

_Hoploderma_, _468_;
_H. magnum_, =467=

_Hoplophora_, _468_

Horse-foot crab, = _Limulus_, _q.v._

Hoyle, on classification of Pentastomids, 495

_Hughmilleria_, 283, 290, 292

Humboldt, on _Porocephalus_, 488 n.

Hutton, 424

_Huttonia_, _398_

_Hyale_, _139_

_Hyalella_, 137, _139_;
distribution, 211, 217

_Hyalomma_, _469_

_Hyas_, 192, _193_;
distribution, 200

_Hyctia nivoyi_, _421_

Hydrachnidae, _472_

_Hydractinia_, Pycnogons on, 523

_Hydrallmania_, Pycnogons on, 524

_Hymenocaris_, _112_

_Hymenodora_, _163_

_Hymenosoma_, _193_;
distribution, 200

Hymenosomatidae, _193_

Hyperina, _140_

Hypochilidae, _393_

_Hypochilus_, 336, _393_;
_H. thorelli_, 393

_Hypoctonus_, _312_

Hypoparia, 243

Hypopus, 463

Hypostome, of Trilobites, 233, 237;
of _Bronteus_, =233=;
of Acarina, 469

_Hyptiotes_, 349, _411_;
_H. cavatus_, snare, =350=;
_H. paradoxus_, 350, =411=

_Iasus_, 165, _167_;
distribution, 200

_Ibacus_, _167_

_Ibla_, _88_;
_I. cumingii_, =88=;
_I. quadrivalvis_, 88, 89

Ichneumon flies, and Spiders, 367