Chapter XXIX: Appendix: To the Fishes: Palaeospondylidae—ostracodermi—heterostraci (10)

[660] For the anatomy and physiology, cf. C. Sachs's posthumous work,
_Untersuchungen am Zitteraal_, edited by E. du Bois-Reymond (Leipzig,
1881).

[661] For an illustrated account of the principal types of pharyngeal
teeth, cf. Heckel, _Russegger's Reisen_, i. p. 1001, pl. i. (1843).
On their variations in certain European species, cf. Heincke,
_Leuckart Festschrift_, p. 85 (1892).

[662] Cf. Baudelot, _Ann. Sci. Nat_. (5), vii. 1867, p. 339, and Leydig,
"Unters. Anat. u. Histol. d. Thiere" (1885).

[663] Cf. Noll, _Zool. Gart_. 1869, p. 257, and 1877, p. 351; Olt,
_Zeitschr. wiss. Zool_. lv. 1893, p. 543; Cuénot, _Bull. Soc. Zool.
France_, 1898, p. 53.

[664] Boulenger, _Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist_. (7), viii. 1901, p. 186.

[665] Watase, _Journ. Coll. Sci. Japan_, i. 1887, p. 247.

[666] On the anatomy of the Cyprinids, cf. Sagemehl, _Morphol. Jahrb_.
xvii. 1891, p. 489.

[667] Cf. Boulenger, "Poissons du Bassin du Congo," p. 238 (1901).

[668] In _Exostoma_ these bones are two in number and so elongate as to
resemble the condition characteristic of the Pediculati.

[669] _Proc. Canad. Inst_. (2) ii. 1884, p. 376.

[670] Cf. Bridge and Haddon, _Phil. Trans. R. Soc_. clxxxiv. 1893, p. 65.

[671] The absence of these fishes from the United States west of the Rocky
Mountains is very remarkable. _Amiurus nebulosus_ was introduced
about 1877 into some parts of California, where it is said to be now
excessively abundant.

[672] Cf. Sörensen, _C. R. Ac. Sci_. lxxxviii. 1879, p. 1042, and
"Lydorgane hos Fiske" (Copenhagen, 1884); Bridge and Haddon, _P.R.S._
lv. 1894, p. 439.

[673] Cf. Hancock, _Zool. Journ_. iv. 1829, p. 242.

[674] Cf. G. Fritsch, "Die Elektrischen Fische, I. _Malopterurus_"
(Leipzig, 1887); E. Ballowitz, "Das elektrische Organ des
Afrikanischen Zitterwelses" (Jena, 1899).

[675] Cf. Eycleshymer, _Amer. Nat_. 1901, p. 911.

[676] _Zool. Journ_. iv. 1829, p. 245.

[677] _P.Z.S._ 1836, p. 330.

[678] _Bull. Soc. Zool. France_, 1880, p. 288.

[679] _Zool. Forsch. Austral_. v. ii. 1895, p. 273. See also Wyman, _Amer.
Journ. Sci_. (2) xxvii. 1859, p. 12; Hensel, _Arch. f. Nat_. 1870, p.
70; Turner, _J. Anat. and Physiol_. i. 1867, p. 78.

[680] Cf. H. v. Ihering, _Biol. Centralbl_. viii. 1888, p. 298.

[681] Cf. Boulenger, _P.Z.S._ 1891, p. 148.

[682] Cf. Day, _Fish. Ind_. 1878, p. 456.

[683] Cf. Boulenger, _P.Z.S._ 1897, pp. 901 and 920; Jobert, _Arch. de
Parasitol_. i. 1898, p. 493.

[684] _Vidensk. Meddel_. (Copenhagen), 1858, p. 79.

[685] A monograph of these Fishes, by Mr. C. T. Regan, will shortly appear
in the _Transactions of the Zoological Society_.

[686] Cf. Moritz Wagner, _Abh. Akad. Münch_. x. 1866, p. 101, and Whymper,
_Trav. Andes Ecuador_, 1892, p. 251.

[687] Cf. Wyman, _Amer. Journ. Sci_. (2) xxvii. 1859, p. 9, and Vaillant,
_C. R. Ac. Sci_. cxxvi. 1898, p. 544.

[688] Cf. Taylor, _Edinb. Journ. Sci_. v. 1831, p. 33; Hyrtl, _Denkschr.
Ak. Wien_, xiv. 1858, p. 39. On the osteology, _cf_. Gill, _Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus_. xiii. 1890, p. 299.

[689] _Cf_. L. Jacoby, _Zeitschr. Ges. Naturw_. 1867, p. 257.

[690] The biology of the Eel embraces an enormous literature. The following
general recent accounts should be consulted:—L. Jacoby, _Die
Aalfrage_ (Berlin, 1880), translated in _Rep. U.S. Fish Comm_. 1882,
p. 463; H. C. Williamson, _Rep. Fish. Board Scotl_. xiii. 3, 1895, p.
192; G. B. Grassi, _Proc. R. Soc_. lx. 1896, p. 260, and _Mon. Zool.
Ital_. viii. 1897, p. 233; C. H. Eigenmann, _Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc_.
xxiv. 1902, p. 5. For a summary of our knowledge of the larval forms
of European species, _cf_. J. T. Cunningham, _Journ. Mar. Biol. Ass_.
(2) iii. 1895, p. 278.

[691] Forming, with the bases of the neurapophyses, the cross-shaped
arrangement which has been described in the Pike as well as in
_Amia_.

[692] _Cf_. Raffaele, _Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neap_. ix. 1889, p. 179; Lütken,
"Spolia Atlantica," ii. 1892; Goode and Bean, "Ocean. Ichthyol." p.
70 (1895).

[693] _K. spekii_ has been described as from Central Africa, but the only
known specimens were obtained by Speke in Uzaramo, a district on the
coast of German East Africa, just south of Zanzibar.

[694] The most recent account of the Cyprinodonts, with much information on
the habits, development, and anatomy, is by S. Garman, _Mem. Mus.
Comp. Zool_. xix. No. 1, 1895.

[695] On the history and habits of the Blind Fishes of the Mammoth Cave,
_cf_. Putnam, _Amer. Nat_. 1872, p. 6, and _Proc. Boston Soc_. xvii.
1875, p. 222. For a recent account of the eyes of the Amblyopsidae,
_cf_. C. H. Eigenmann's paper in _Arch. f. Entwickelungsmech_. viii.
1899, p. 545, to which is appended a complete bibliographical index
to the subject.

[696] Vaillant was inclined to take a different view, but with considerable
diffidence, owing to his inability actually to trace an open duct. I
believe Günther to be right on this point, as well as in his account
of the suspension of the pectoral arch in _Notacanthus_, which I have
been able to verify. Besides, Mr. W. S. Rowntree, who has great
experience in these matters, has kindly examined at my request a
well-preserved example of _Halosauropsis macrochir_, and informs me
that "the air-bladder passes anteriorly into a tapering band of
tissue which ends in a thread-like ligament attached to the stomach
near its posterior end and in the mid-dorsal line—not to the
oesophagus; no trace of an open communication could be found."

[697] _Fauna u. Flora d. Golf. v. Neap_. ii. 1880.

[698] _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci_. xlv. 1902, p. 503.

[699] _Ann. Sci. Nat_. (8), xiv. 1902, p. 197.

[700] _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist_. (7) x. 1902, p. 147.

[701] E. C. Starks, in an important paper on "The Shoulder Girdle and
Characteristic Osteology of the Hemibranchiate Fishes" (_Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus_. xxv. 1902, p. 619), has shown that the so-called
infraclavicle of Sticklebacks and allies does not exist as a distinct
element. The definition of the Catosteomi, as I had originally drawn
it up, has accordingly had to be modified.

[702] _Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus_. xxvi. 1903, p. 915.

[703] On the nesting habits, _cf_. Coste, _Mém. Acad. Sci. Paris_, x. 1848,
p. 575, Pl.; Warington, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist_. (2) x. 1852, p. 276;
Prince, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist_. (5) xvi. 1885, p. 487, Pl. xiv. On the
spinning organ: Möbius, _Arch. Mikr. Anat_. xxv. 1886, p. 554, Pl.
xxii.

[704] Dr. Sauvage has described a _Gastrosteus texanus_, but the locality
is probably incorrect, as recent American works do not mention the
occurrence of Sticklebacks in Texas.

[705] _Protaulopsis_, from Monte Bolca, appears to me to belong to the
Scombresocidae. The anterior vertebrae are equal in size; long,
slender ribs are present, the body is scaly, and the so-called
infraclavicles are absent. The rostrum is so much crushed that no
opinion can be formed as to its structure.

[706] Swinnerton (_Quart. J. Micr. Sci_. xlv. 1902, p. 554) has pointed out
that the skull of the Scombresoces belongs to what he terms the
Acrartete type (_i.e_. in which the attachment of the palatine
cartilage or its derivates is confined to the pre-ethmoid cornua),
whilst the other Percesoces examined by him, as well as the
Cyprinodonts are Disartete (the attachment being at the parethmoid
and pre-ethmoid cornua); but the character is so indistinctly defined
in some adult Cyprinodonts that I feel some diffidence in making use
of this character for systematic purposes in the present state of our
knowledge.

[707] Kükenthal, _Abh. Senck. Ges_. xxii. 1896, p. 9; Möbius, _Zeitschr.
wiss. Zool_. xxx. Suppl. 1878, p. 343, and _Arch. Physiol_.
(Leipzig), 1889, p. 348; Jordan and Evermann, _Fish. N. Amer_. p.
730.

[708] A revision of these fishes has recently been published by C. T. Regan
in _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist_. (7) x. 1902, p. 115.

[709] _Rec. Austral. Mus_. iv. 1901, p. 40. Cf. also S. Garman, _Bull.
Labor. Univ. Iowa_, iv. 1896, p. 81.

[710] _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist_. (7), x. 1902, p. 295.

[711] _Ibid_. (7), xi. 1903, p. 460.

[712] In the very aberrant Hake (_Merluccius_) ribs are absent on the
vertebrae bearing the strongly expanded, plate-like parapophyses.

[713] The increased number of pectoral pterygials has been regarded by
Sagemehl (_Morphol. Jahrb_. x. 1885, p. 17) as indicating
generalisation, and has been a great stumbling-block in his
discussion of the affinities of _Gymnotus_ with the other
Ostariophysi, and especially the Characinidae. The fact that the same
feature is repeated in three such distinct families as the
Gymnotidae, Anguillidae, and Muraenolepididae, and occurs in genera
which are in all other respects more specialised than their
neighbours, goes far to prove that Sagemehl was mistaken in his
interpretation of this character.

[714] _Siboga Expedition_, Introd. 1902, p. 108.

[715] _Poissons venimeux_ (Paris, 1889), p. 169.

[716] For recent accounts of the anatomy, embryology, and ethology, cf. C.
H. Eigenmann, _Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. for_ 1892, p. 381, and _Arch.
Entwickelungsmech_. iv. 1896, p. 125.

[717] It has recently been ascertained, on a large number of specimens,
that in the African species the female alone performs the buccal
nursing duties.

[718] Cf. Monograph by J. Pellegrin (Paris, 1904).

[719] Gerbe, _Rev. et Mag. de Zool_. xvi. 1864, p. 255.

[720] _Zool. Garten_, 1867, p. 148. See also Verrill, _Amer. Journ. Sci_.
(4) iii. 1897, p. 136.

[721] _Naucrates_. In this genus most of the epipleurals of the praecaudal
region are inserted on the ribs, but the hinder ones are on the
centra.

[722] Cf. Geoffroy, _Ann. du Mus_. ix. 1807, p. 473; F. J. F. Meyen, _Reise
um die Erde_, i. p. 56 (1834).

[723] For a detailed account of these fishes and of _Xiphias_, cf. Brown
Goode, _Proc. U.S. Mus_. iv. 1881, p. 415, and _Rep. U.S. Fish Comm.
f. 1880_, 1883, p. 289.

[724] Monographs by Lunel, _Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève_, xviii. 1865, p. 165,
and by Lütken, _Spolia Atlantica_, i. 1880, p. 491.

[725] Troschel, _Sitzb. Ver. Preuss. Rheinl_. xx. 1863, p. 51 (_Brama raii_
and _B. longipinnis_).

[726] Cf. Thilo, _Zool. Anz_. 1902, p. 305.

[727] Cf. Boulenger, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist_. (7), 1902, p. 295, and _C. R.
Ac. Sci_. cxxxvii. 1903, p. 523.

[728] Cf. Steenstrup, _Vid. Selsk. Skr_. 1863, p. 253, _Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist_. xv. 1865, p. 361, and _Overs. Selsk. Skr_. 1876, p. 174; Malm,
_Svensk. Vet. Ak. Handl_. vii. 1868, No. 4, p. 28; A. Agassiz, _P.
Amer. Ac_. xiv. 1878, p. 1; Emery, _Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neap_. iv.
1883, p. 413; Facciola, _Natural. Sicil_. iv. 1885, p. 261, and vi.
1887, p. 74; Ehrenbaum, _Wiss. Meeresunters_. (2), ii. 1897, p. 255;
Nishikawa, _Annot. Zool. Japan_, i. 1897, p. 73.

[729] On the morphology and classification, cf. Traquair, _Tr. Linn. Soc_.
xxv. 1865, p. 263; Jordan and Goss, _Rep. U.S. Fish Comm. f. 1886_
(1889); Kyle, _Rep. Fish. Board Scotland_, 1900, p. 335. Also the
Monographs of the Sole, by J. T. Cunningham (Plymouth, 1890, 4to),
and of the Plaice by Cole and Johnstone, _Liverpool M.B.C. Memoirs_,
viii. 1901.

[730] On the breeding habits and eggs, cf. F. de Filippi, "Mem. s. sviluppo
del Ghiozzo" (_Ann. Univ. Med. Milano_, 1841); Holt, _Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist_. (6); vi. 1890, p. 34; Petersen, _Vid. Meddel_. 1891, p. 243;
Guitel, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist_. (6) viii. 1891, p. 407, and _Arch.
Zool. Expér_. (2), x. 1892, p. 499, and (3) iii. 1895, p. 263.

[731] Cf. W. E. Ritter, _Bull. Mus. Harvard_, xxiv. 1893, p. 51.

[732] For a good figure from life of _Periophthalmus koelreuteri_ and an
account of its habits, cf. S. J. Hickson, _A Naturalist in North
Celebes_ (London, 1889).

[733] For the theories on the formation of the disk, cf. R. Storms, _Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist_. (6), ii. 1888, p. 67.

[734] Cf. Holmwood, _Proc. Zool. Soc_. 1884, p. 411.

[735] This character suffers one exception, to be found in _Comephorus_, a
degraded form otherwise closely related to _Cottocomephorus_, in
which the skeleton is typical of the present division.

[736] _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist_. (6), x. 1892, p. 212; and _Zool. Gleanings
Investigator_, 1901, p. 41.

[737] Cf. Bottard, _Poissons Venimeux_ (Paris, 1889, 8vo), and Marie
Sacchi, _Atti Soc. Ligust_. vi. 1895, p. 89.

[738] Cf. Dybowsky, _Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien_, xxiii. 1873, p. 475, and
_Zool. Centralbl_. viii. 1901, p. 475; Zograf, _Tagebl. zool. Congr.
Berlin_, No. 8 (1901), p. 9.

[739] The anatomy and external characters of these fishes have been fully
monographed by S. Garman, _Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool_. xiv. No. 2, 1892.

[740] Moseley, _Notes Natur. Challenger_, 2nd edition, p. 495.

[741] _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist_. (7) viii. 1901, p. 261.

[742] _Op. cit_. xi. 1903, p. 460.

[743] Cf. Allman, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist_. vi. 1841, p. 161; Schmidt, _Nord.
Med. Ark_. vi. No. 2, 1875; Gressin, _Contribution à l'étude de
l'appareil à venin chez les Poissons du genre Vive_ (Paris, 1884,
8vo); W. N. Parker, _P.Z.S._ 1888, p. 359; Phisalix, _Bull. Mus.
Paris_, 1899, p. 256.

[744] This is really the second, the first having entirely disappeared, as
in some Gobiesocidae.

[745] _P.Z.S._ 1898, p. 281.

[746] The vertebral column in this family shows that the first segment has
been lost in _Callionymus_, as could be deduced from the fact that,
in that genus, the first rib is on the second vertebra instead of on
the third as is usual in Teleosteans. In the Gobiesocidae, as in
_Callionymus_, there are three occipital condyles on a straight
transverse line, the outer, formed by the exoccipitals, invariably
articulating with the second vertebra.

[747] Which have been described as ribs by Günther and by Guitel.

[748] On the habits and anatomy of the French species, cf. Guitel, _Arch.
Zool. Expér_. (2) vi. 1888, p. 423.

[749] _Arch. Zool. Expér_. (3) i. 1893, p. 325.

[750] What has been described as the rib of the first vertebra is an
ossified ligament, probably homologous with the first epipleural,
which extends from the clavicle to the neural arch of the first
vertebra (_ligamentum scapulo-occipitale_ of Siebenrock).

[751] On the breeding habits and development of this fish, cf. J. A. Ryder,
_Bull. U.S. Fish Comm_. vi. 1886, p. 4, and _Proc. Acad. Philad_.
1890, p. 407.

[752] Cf. Günther, _Trans. Zool. Soc_. vi. 1869, p. 437.

[753] Cf. C. W. Greene, _Journ. of Morphol_. xv. 1899, p. 667.

[754] It is in fact, in some cases, difficult to decide whether a genus
should be referred to the Gadidae or to the Zoarcidae.

[755] Cf. Poey, _Mem. Cuba_, ii. p. 96 (1860).

[756] On the general structure, anatomy, and metamorphoses, cf. L. Powell,
_Tr. N. Zeal. Inst_. ii. 1878, p. 269; Emery, _Atti Ace. Lincei_,
iii. 1879, p. 390; Lütken, _Vid. Meddel_. 1881, p. 190, and _Overs.
Vid. Selsk. Skr_. 1882, Suppl. p. 21; Collett, _Forh. Vid. Selsk.
Christ_. 1883, No. 16; T. J. Parker, _Tr. Z. S_. xii. 1886, p. 5;
Smitt, _Bih. Fören. Förh_. i. 1889, p. 17; A. Meek, _Stud. Mus. Univ.
Coll. Dundee_, i. 1890, No. vi.; F. Mazza, _Int. Monatschr. Anat_.
xviii. 1901, p. 129.

[757] Cf. A. Agassiz, _Amer. Journ. Sci_. (3), iii. 1872, p. 154; J. M.
Jones, _Nature_, xix. 1879, p. 363; Vaillant, _C. R. Soc. Biol_. (8),
iv. 1887, p. 732.

[758] _Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool_. (3), xiv. 1850, p. 105, and _C. R. Ac. Sci_.
lxxiv. 1872, p. 1527.

[759] _Proc. Zool. Soc_. 1902, ii. p. 284.

[760] Cf. Pellegrin, _Poissons Vénéneux_ (Paris, 1900, 8vo), which contains
a very full _résumé_ of what is known of the toxic properties of the
various Plectognaths.

[761] _Sitzb. Akad. Berl_. 1889, p. 999.

[762] Cf. Thilo, _Anat. Anz_. xvi. 1899, p. 73.