Chapter XXXI: Appendix: NOTE A.—(Page 5.) (2)

It may be noted that the influence of this invasion of the Norman
adventurers was felt till a very recent period in Italy—as the
contention between the Papal and Neapolitan governments about the
possession of Benevento lasted till the present century—the dispute,
in fact, gave Napoleon I. a pretext for seizing the duchy, which he
did in 1806, and conferred it upon Talleyrand.

Footnote 120:

This refers to Ætna, which is called Monte Gibello by the Sicilians.

Footnote 121:

Latin, a hood.

Footnote 122:

Italian, _cámice_, properly, a priest’s garment of _white linen_, but
_camicia_ was the shirt.

Footnote 123:

See Note page 33.

Footnote 124:

Bourn is 10 miles west of Spalding; the river Glen runs mid-way,
(this is a tributary of the Welland which it enters 5 miles below
Spalding)—Bourn Fen lies to the West of this river.

Footnote 125:

The site of this manor house of Bourn is shown in an engraving in the
“Fenland Past and Present.”

Footnote 126:

Elsey Wood is one mile south of Bourn and just west of the Car-dyke.
It is marked on the Ordnance Map.

Footnote 127:

This may refer to the Car-dyke which is nearly filled up and
consequently “dry” at the present day. (See Map.)

Footnote 128:

This town, 9 or 10 miles south-south-west of Bourn, is situate near
the Fen boundary, on the river Welland.

Footnote 129:

The writer says “isle of Crowland,” and so it is marked in our map,
and called “a gravel ridge,” from this it is evident there was no
necessity to drive piles for building the Abbey upon, for the
religious house was established before the town was built.

Footnote 130:

The legend of the Crowland devils had its origin, no doubt, in the
“cramps and rheums and shivering agues and burning fevers” or in the
hallucination caused by these ailments. The impure vapours from the
swamps, where fresh and salt waters met and deposited animal and
vegetable remains—not from the peat bogs—produced those terrible
diseases which are almost unknown to the present fen-dwellers. Was it
not St. Guthlac and other fen hermits who conjured up those
marvellous tales about satanic legions? Those hermits were not the
eradicators of malaria nor did St. Guthlac enter upon any great
scheme of fen drainage. The “horrible blue lights,” the
“Will-o’-the-wisps,” were not banished by the pious action of “the
saints,” but by effectual drainage and culture—it is true those
lights have “ceased to be seen of men;” for a peep at Jack-o’-lantern
would be a rare treat to the young fenners of these days.

Footnote 131:

The writer of the text has given a Latin termination to the name
Guthlac, which word is purely Saxon. This name is derived from two
Saxon words, _i.e._ Guth (Guð), _war_, and lac, _an offering_, or
_sacrifice_. Guthlac means simply _warfare_, but as applied to this
anchorite it must be regarded as a compound expressive of the
character or deeds of the man. He was the son of a Mercian noble and
a soldier, but he may have acquired the name after becoming a monk,
if so, Guthlac signifies “an offering in (Christian?) warfare,”
_i.e._, in the conflict of Christianity against Paganism.

Footnote 132:

The ground of Ely Cathedral is 51-1/2 feet above sea level (Ordnance
datum.) Crowland is perhaps 12 or 15 feet (the lowest part of the
fens being between Peterboro’ and Wisbech, about 5 feet.) Crowland
Abbey was not built upon piles but on solid gravel which runs some
way north-east of the structure—the peaty soil lies north-east and
south of this. (See “The Fenland past and present,” p. 141.)

Footnote 133:

The gravel ridge runs south-west of Crowland, and that would afford
the best means of access to the monastery; we imagine that the bogs
lay in old times to the _north-west_ and _south-east_ of the
ridge,—warp or silt is found to the north-east—a roadway was
constructed on the peat to the northward towards the Welland and then
followed the bend of the river.

Footnote 134:

A fine Decoy near Crowland is still worked in the season. (See “The
Fenland”).

Footnote 135:

This stone still stands and bears an inscription signifying “Guthlac
has placed this stone for a boundary mark.” It is represented by an
engraving in “The Fenland.”

Footnote 136:

Three streams flowed under the “triangular bridge” which still
stands, the streams however are tunnelled, and persons may walk or
drive under the arches of this antique and curious structure.

Footnote 137:

Shaggy or rough and hairy.

Footnote 138:

Incubuses and succubuses, imaginary beings who are supposed to be the
cause of nightmare or the sense of suffocation and other painful
sensations during sleep. The demon is really indigestion, which, in
its effects, is hideous enough no doubt.

Footnote 139:

Witlaf was King of Mercia, 826-839 A.D.

Footnote 140:

Lism, contracted from _lissom_, supple, nimble, or lithesome.

Footnote 141:

Alfric probably refers to Æthelric who, once bishop of Durham,
retired to Peterborough—he was imprisoned at Westminster by William.
Siward Beorn, called also Barn (Siwardus cognomento Barn, _Lib.
Elien._) a Northumbrian Thegn and a son of Æthelgar, was undoubtedly
with Hereward at the Camp of Refuge.

Footnote 142:

From Bourn to Eye is about 14 miles in a straight line; but from
Stamford to Eye, 12-1/2 miles. By road, however, the difference is
much greater.

Footnote 143:

The writer of “The Camp of Refuge” knows of no other bride than
Alftrude. The reader of Kingsley’s “Hereward the Wake” will however
be a little puzzled, when he remembers the tale of Torfrida who
became “an Englishwoman of the English, as she proved by strange
deeds and sufferings for many a year.” The stories of Hereward’s
wives are simply legendary. Hereward may have received overtures from
Turfrida in Flanders and married her—she may have accompanied him to
England. Alftrude also may have made advances in a similar manner and
been married to Hereward, and if any probability deserves acceptance
it is that Turfrida died before Hereward’s marriage to Ælfthryth.
(This is the correct Saxon form for Alftrude and is derived from
_Ælf_, a fairy, Þryð, strength; hence Ælfthryth means
_Fairy-strength_, just as _Ælf-scieno_ means Elfin beauty.)

Footnote 144:

That is, with a linen garment or kirtle (Sax. _cyrtel_), fitted with
tight sleeves down to the wrists, and over that a wide loose robe or
gown (gown is a Keltic word retained from ancient times—Welsh,
_gŵn_,) long enough to reach to the feet—this robe was kept
close to the body by a girdle at the waist. The upper class of women
wore a mantle over the above dress—this was somewhat like a chasuble
or priest’s habit,—they had also gold ornaments and bracelets. The
head-covering (Sax. _wæfels_), was a long veil of linen or silk
wrapped round the head and neck. The feet were covered with a woollen
wrapper or sock (Sax. _socc_); shoes (_sceós_) tied with thongs.
(Saxons never went bare-footed except as an act of penance.)

Footnote 145:

There are no such foul quagmires or pools near Crowland in these
days. The old Abbey is surrounded by fine arable and pasture ground.

Footnote 146:

This river, so called, may have been the car-dyke, seeing Ivo came
from Stamford. The Catts-water, the old water-course between
Peterborough, Spalding, and S. Holland, lay a mile or more to the
east of Eye. (See Map.)

Footnote 147:

_An_ is frequently used in the text as the equivalent of _if_ or _and
if_ (in sentences expressing condition or purpose), so in this
passage from Shakespeare:—

“He can’t flatter, he!
An honest mind and plain he must speak truth,
_An_ they will take it so; if not, he’s plain.”

The two lines show a nice distinction in the use of the article and
of the conjunction by the older writers.

Footnote 148:

Æthelstan and Eadmund gained a great victory over the Danes and Scots
(in all five _kings_ and seven earls leagued) at Brunanburh (supposed
to be in the north of Lincolnshire), in 937.

Footnote 149:

Here are the first few lines of “Æthelstan’s Song of Victory.”

Æthelstan cyning Æthelstan king
eorla drihten of earls the lord
beorna beah-gyfa rewarder of heroes,
and his brothor eac and his brother eke,
Eadmund Ætheling Eadmund Ætheling
ealdor langyne tyr, elder of ancient race,
geslogon æt secce slew in the fight
sweorda ecgum with the edge of their swords
ymbe Brunan-burh the foe at Brunanburh.

Footnote 150:

Afterwards, in 941, Eadmund recovered “the five boroughs” from Danish
rule, _i.e._, Lincoln, Stamford, Leicester, Nottingham, and Derby.

Footnote 151:

Will what remains of the un-Saxon laws yet be repealed or modified in
the interest of declining agriculture?

Footnote 152:

In note, page 62, the laws of Eadward are referred to, but as the
assemblage of the Witan is here specially named in the text, we may
remark that the Norman Conquest checked the growing power of the
eorldermen and prevented them from forming such a distinct and
powerful order as might have crippled the rights and liberties of the
people. The Norman invasion threw the nobles back upon the aid of the
people, which could not have been obtained without the promise of
political and social concessions.

Footnote 153:

Dooms, see note p. 214.

Footnote 154:

According to the Anglo-Saxon chronicle, Knut went to Rome in 1031,
returned the same year and wrote a letter to the clergy and magnates
of the land; Egelnoth (or Æthelnoth) was Abp. of Canterbury from 1020
to 1038; (Ælfric was Abp. from 995 to 1006, the same as referred to
in Note p. 58).

The Ælfric coupled with Egelnoth, above, was Abp. of York from 1023
to 1052.

Knut’s letter is in Chron. _Florence of Worcester_, I, p. 185, ed.
Eng. His. Soc.

Footnote 155:

Over-worked, from Sax. _swincan_, to toil.

Footnote 156:

Dooms (from Sax. _dom_, trial, sentence, &c.; verb, _doeman_, to
judge,) used in the sense of decrees, laws, or precedents in law.
Knut’s Laws (found in _Thorpe’s Laws and Institutes_, vol. i.) were
enacted by the Witan.

“A.D. 1016-1020.—Probably between these years was the great gemót at
Winchester, in which Cnut promulgated his laws.”—_Kemble’s Saxons in
England_, ii. 259. See also p. 209 above.

Footnote 157:

If Abbat Brand of Peterborough knighted Hereward there is some
discrepancy of dates, for Brand died 27th Nov., 1069, and Hereward
must then have landed earlier than Dec., 1069, (page 109). It was not
Dec., 1068, as this was the year of William’s first campaign in the
north—the Conqueror spent Christmas, 1069, at York, and the revolt
of the fen country took place in May, 1070,—that is, after Brand’s
successor, Torold, was appointed. Ingulph asserts that Hereward came
over to be knighted by Brand, and then returned to Flanders to fetch
his wife Torfrida. The matter is so far important that knighthood was
essential to Hereward’s being a leader of men, and to conceive the
ceremony done by Brand was more grateful than if it had been at the
hand of the Abbat of Crowland. Further on the reader will find the
24th April, 1071, as the date assigned to Hereward’s arrival with his
forces at Ely.

Peterborough Abbey, Appendix, Note L.

Footnote 158:

Leofric fought at the battle of Hastings (Oct. 14th, 1066,) and died
at Peterborough in November. The monks choose their Provost Brand,
and he was confirmed in the Abbacy by Eadgar Ætheling.

Footnote 159:

The Gift of Brand, Appendix, Note M.

Footnote 160:

“The story of the sunbeam belongs of course to the realm of pure
fable. But myths have an origin as well as a meaning, and it would
not be surprising if this same story should hereafter be traced, as
many others have been, to the cradle of Aryan mythology, and the
miracle of Saint Chad prove to have been performed by some far more
ancient seer at the foot of the Himalayas, or on the banks of the
Ganges.”—See p. 108, _Legends of St. Chad_, by Rev. R. H. Warner.
Wisbech: Leach and Son.

Footnote 161:

South Lincolnshire. The spelling Hoiland often occurs in the text.
Dugdale sometimes wrote Holand and Hoyland. The word Holland means
hollow land—the _Hol_ is allied to German _hohl_. Was not the _Hoi_
or _Hoy_ in Hoiland derived from the low German _holig_? See “The
Fenland,” note, page 27.

Footnote 162:

Boys mounted on stilts may occasionally be seen at the present day.
This stilt-walking, however, is merely boyish amusement.

Footnote 163:

The Cross or Crucifix. The _holy rood_ was generally a life size
figure of the Saviour on the Cross.

Footnote 164:

The Danish and Saxon languages came from the same branch—that is,
from the Teutonic branch of the Indo-European family of languages.
Indic, Hellenic, Italic, Teutonic, Celtic, are all members of this
family. But this again came from a parent speech, called the Aryan,
which originated in central Asia. There are no literary monuments of
this parent left.

Footnote 165:

The editor has elsewhere maintained that our country was not ruled in
Saxon times by a precise Heptarchy nor even by an Octarchy; but the
reader may find in Sharon Turner’s Hist. of the Anglo-Saxons, first
edition published in 1799, page 253, a chapter devoted to “_The
History of the Anglo-Saxon Octarchy to the Victory of Oswald over
Cadwallon, A.D. 634_.”

Footnote 166:

Sigebert was the _fifth_ King of the East-Angles. Edward the Elder is
said to have erected halls for students—a regular system of
academical education may not, however, have been introduced till the
12th century. The university received special privileges from Edward
III., 1333, and it renounced the supremacy of the Pope in 1534.

Footnote 167:

“Cambridge is the _Caer Graunt_ of Nennius.... The position of this
fortified town was well chosen, for it is situated on one of the most
commanding spots to be found in the district. Its site is the
projecting extremity of a low range of hills, backed by a slight
depression or broad and shallow valley. On at least two of its sides
the ground fell away rather rapidly from the foot of the ramparts,
and the river defended the fourth.

“It is highly probable that the Saxon town of _Grantabrigge_ stood
upon the same site as the Roman CAMBORITUM.”

Babington’s Ancient Cambridgeshire, 1853.

Footnote 168:

“It must however be added that the Castle Hill at Cambridge, which is
situated within the walls of Camboritum, is manifestly one of the
Ancient British tumuli, so often found to occupy commanding posts and
to have been fortified in after times. The lower part of the hill is
natural, but the upper half in all probability artificial.”

_Ibid._

Footnote 169:

Not Ermine Street, but Akeman Street. See Map. Also Babington’s Map
in “Ancient Cambridgeshire.”

Footnote 170:

“The quinquaine of Pasche” is intended for the fifth day of Easter.
Pascha, the Jewish Passover, is here put as the equivalent of Easter.

Footnote 171:

On the approach of Sulla (87 B.C.) Marius fled from Rome to Ostia,
thence by the sea coast to Minturnæ and hid himself in the marshes in
the south of Latium.

Footnote 172:

See note, page 218.

Footnote 173:

“His rule at Malmesbury was tyrannical, and the story runs that
William picked him out, as being more of a soldier than a monk, as
the fittest man to rule the great house of Peterborough, now that it
was threatened by Hereward and his fellow outlaws in the fens.”
Freeman’s Norm. Conq., Vol. IV., page 458.

Footnote 174:

A twelfth part of a sous.

Footnote 175:

June 1st, 1070 is the date assigned by history, and the “Peterborough
Chronicle” says that Danes took part in the plunder when Hereward
entered the monastery on the 2nd June.

Footnote 176:

Probably this building was near the west entrance to the minster
yard; that which bears the name of “King’s Lodgings.” It has been
used by Judges of Assize, but is now a place of business.

Footnote 177:

Grith is a special privilege or security; frith, a general peace.

Footnote 178:

It had been called the Golden Borough, but was now bereft of its gold.

Footnote 179:

Some Danes are said to have taken part in plundering
Peterborough—some who belonged to a fleet under Osbeorn—a Danish
earl that had approached Ely just before. The fleet soon left with
some of the plunder—a storm shattered this fleet and many of the
golden treasures of Peterborough were never to be returned.

Footnote 180:

About 1-1/2 mile N.E. of Bourn. (See Map.)

Footnote 181:

A tributary of the Glen.

Footnote 182:

French, “runaways.”

Footnote 183:

See note, page 260.

Footnote 184:

_Wite_ was a fine to the King or state for the violation of law. In
case of murder another fine also was imposed, called the _wér_. The
_wite_ was satisfaction rendered to the state, and _wér_ to the
family of the deceased.

Footnote 185:

_Sáwl-sceat_, soul tribute, formerly paid at the open grave for
repose of the departed soul.

Footnote 186:

See Note, page 58 above.

Footnote 187:

It is remarkable that the writer says nothing about the loss of the
Peterborough booty.

Footnote 188:

Perhaps Osbeorn was banished more because he had taken a bribe of
William than for his misfortunes at sea. The bribe had bought off the
Danish aid to the English. Swend had hoped that his fleet in
conjunction with the defenders of the Camp of Refuge would gain him
the crown of England.

Footnote 189:

Svend, sometimes written Sweyn or Swegen, retained his mother’s name.
He is called Estrithson. His mother Estrith was the sister of
Canute—his father was Ulf a Danish Earl, and this Ulf was brother of
Gytha the wife of the great Earl Godwine; hence the ground of Svend’s
asserted claim.

Footnote 190:

This remark applies to the former expedition in 1070, under Osbeorn.
The resources of the country could not meet such a demand upon them
as would now be made for a hasty outfit, and when we read further on
that thousands “flocked from all parts,” we take it that this
extraordinary effort belonged to the same preparation of 1070. There
were plenty of plunderous adventurers around the Baltic shores—men
who would give their services in the hope of rich booty, but we have
to consider how long it would take to make known the proposed
invasion and to collect recruits.

Footnote 191:

It is stated in the Peterborough Chronicle that king Svend did come
to the Humber with the expedition in 1070; but if he did he returned
very quickly.

Footnote 192:

Gyda was the daughter of Harold, Godwine’s son; she took refuge at
Svend’s court and was married to king Waldemar.

Footnote 193:

His son Cnut accompanied the fleet under Osbeorn—so did his son
Harold. The latter became king of Denmark in 1076, the former in
1081. The two princes gained some experience with their uncle
Osbeorn. Our author has separated the events from one expedition and
added them to another. This fleet of 200 Danish ships under Cnut (and
also earl Hakon) was not prepared till the year before Svend’s death,
that is, in 1075. The Camp of Refuge had been assailed by William and
the defenders dispersed; therefore no envoy could have gone from Lynn
to the Danish court. The reader must put the two tales into one, and
remember that the Danes under Cnut’s command came to our shores in
1075, went up the Humber, robbed or damaged York Minster, and retired.

Footnote 194:

This is evidently placed too early for veritable history.

Footnote 195:

Ralph, earl of Norfolk, revolted against William in 1075, and sought
the aid of the Danes. He could not hold his own at Norwich, and went
to Denmark to urge the coming of the fleet. So it was at Ralph’s
instance that the fleet came; but, as before stated, it went to
Humber not to Yare. Emma, Ralph’s wife, and her forces capitulated
and were banished before Knut could arrive.

But Norwich stands on the Wensum—not on the Yare. The former rises
near Fakenham—the latter some miles S. of East Dereham. The Wensum
runs into the Yare two miles below Norwich. The Waveney rises near
the little Ouse—flows past Diss, Bungay, and Beccles, and has a
sinuous course till it enters the Yare near Burgh Castle in Suffolk.

Footnote 196:

The reader will understand that this fictitious narrative is intended
to be a forcible illustration of impositions which the Danes did
actually make upon the Saxons, and to meet which the Danegeld was
from time to time augmented.

Footnote 197:

This was too late for the disposal of the Peterborough treasure.

Footnote 198:

This account of the gifts to Ely, by Canute and Emma, is related in
the _Liber Eliensis_, lib. II., p. 196.

Footnote 199:

It was the fleet under Osbeorn that had appeared in the Thames.

Footnote 200:

See note, page 260.

Footnote 201:

This is true of what happened at Osbeorn’s return.

Footnote 202:

See the position of this marked on the Map.

Footnote 203:

The legend of the witch finds place in Lib. Elien., book ii., pp.
234-7.

Footnote 204:

Iceland.

Footnote 205:

The Orkneys.

Footnote 206:

Ivo himself suggested that the witch should be employed (Lib. Elien.,
p. 234) and if the king’s consent could be obtained, that the project
should be carried out promptly; thus, “si rex adquiesceret, citius
eam accessiri faceret.” Others besides Ivo would have rejoiced to see
the Isle submit under the influence of sorcery—“Laudant hoc
astantes”—it was an easy stratagem for valiant men, and however
mythical the tale may appear, there is no doubt it originated in
fact. William was not superior to the promptings of superstition for
he had a soothsayer and conjurer with his first invading army.

It is curious the writer of the text says nothing about Hereward’s
going in disguise—_the Gesta Herewardi_, says as a potter; _the Lib.
Elien._, “tonso crine et barba, ad Brandunam ... devenit.” William
was at Brandon forming his plans for investing the Isle of Ely.

Hereward discovered the project of Ivo—he went to the king’s camp
and was nearly found out but he escaped and took refuge in Somersham
wood. Then followed a most heroic defence of the Isle.

Footnote 207:

Situated just north of Grunty Fen. Witcham, also, lies about 3 miles
to the N.W. (See Map.)

Footnote 208:

See note, Chapter 26.

Footnote 209:

There was no castle at Wisbech during the conquest of the Isle, but
there was no doubt an entrenched station, a “turf” castle—which the
Normans constructed to command the river. The stone castle, which
subsequently took the place of the entrenchment, was begun in the
last year of William’s reign and was dismantled by Henry II. A
private dwelling now occupies the site—and the run of the moat may
be traced around it, by the Wisbech Museum, the “Castle Lodge,” and
“Love Lane.” “Castle Hereward” is of the writer’s own building.

Footnote 210:

See the route of William’s approach sketched on a Map in “The
Fenland,” p. 106.

Footnote 211:

See note, Chapter 26.

Footnote 212:

Chemistry.

Footnote 213:

Mahomet.

Footnote 214:

The earnest workers in the world have often been, in like manner,
requited by the ignorant.

Footnote 215:

See note 3, on page 40; also note, page 148.

Footnote 216:

Many parts of the Fen country are now well stocked with elm, ash,
birch, poplar, oak, lime, and other forest trees, but where the peat
is near the surface the trees are not abundant.

Footnote 217:

And so in “Marmion”—(The Court)—

“The Lady Abbess loud exclaimed——
. . . . . . . . .
To martyr, saint and prophet prayed,
Against Lord Marmion inveighed
And called the Prioress to aid,
To curse with candle, bell, and book.”

Footnote 218:

Distracted.

Footnote 219:

This is a fine exposition of cowardly, narrow-minded bigotry—it has
many real counterparts.

Footnote 220:

Girolamo was not magnanimous enough to be above the vulgar prejudice
against the Jews, a people who have never escaped their avenging
Nemesis.

Footnote 221:

See p. 45.

Footnote 222:

Eadgar bestowed the manor of Hatfield consisting of 2260 acres, as
well as Dereham, upon the restored Abbey of Ely.

Footnote 223:

De Dyrham, vide Liber Eliensis ii. p. 156.

“Dyrham cum omnibus quæ ad
eandem villam pertinebant....”

Footnote 224:

This would be some 25 miles.

Footnote 225:

From Brandon to Brandon Creek Bridge by the Little Ouse is about 13
or 14 miles, and thence up the Great Ouse by Littleport about 8 miles.

Footnote 226:

There is a place called Turbetsea House, to the east of Ely and near
Sandy’s cut.

Footnote 227:

See note on page 45. This _well_ has never been known to be frozen
over. Enquiries on the spot would warrant the assertion that this is
correct as to its condition during a century past.

Footnote 228:

French, check (chess-board.)

Footnote 229:

The Little Ouse.

Footnote 230:

Borh, security. The _Borhman_ may mean the principal man, who took
suretyship in the Hundred. Every free Saxon had to be in surety
(borh.) See _Kemble’s Saxons in England_, under “Tithing and
Hundred;” also _Turner’s History of Anglo Saxons_, “Let every lord
have his household in his own _borh_.” _Law of Edgar._

Footnote 231:

Amalfi is an ancient city and seaport on the gulf of Salerno. It was
one of the great Republics of Italy, and the rival of Venice and
Genoa. The Amalfians traded to every known part of the world—among
them were princely merchants. Of Amalfi it is said—

“her coins,
Silver and gold, circled from clime to clime;
From Alexandria southward to Sennaar,
And eastward, through Damascus and Cabul,
And Samarcand, to thy great wall Cathay.”

Footnote 232:

? atrabilarious (melancholic.)

Footnote 233:

See page 48.

Footnote 234:

Mereham probably means Ramsey, for which see account in Dugdale’s
Imbanking, 2nd ed., p. 364.

Livermere was west of Outwell, near the Old Nene river. The abbot of
St. Edmundsbury had a right of fishery in that mere. There is a
Livermere in Suffolk to the north of Bury St. Edmund’s—perhaps this
formerly belonged to the same monastery and derived its name from the
mere in the Fens.

Footnote 235:

Wilfric conveys these estates to his brother. See Lib. Elien. II, p.
218.

See Sharon Turner’s History of Anglo-Saxons, Vol. II., p. 22.

Footnote 236:

“The treachery of the monks of Ely soon received its reward; forty
men-at-arms occupied their convent as a military post, and lived
there in free quarter. Every morning the cellarist was obliged to
distribute among them their pay and provisions in the great hall of
the chapter.”—Thierry’s Norm. Conq.

Footnote 237:

See page 77.

Footnote 238:

The monks may not have completed their treasonable designs at this
juncture; however, Thierry says—“The offer of the monks was
accepted; and two Norman barons, Gilbert de Clare and William de
Warrenne, pledged their word for the execution of the treaty.”

Footnote 239:

It does not appear from the History of Ely that the monks approached
William till they went in company with Thurstan to make submission at
Warwick. See Appendix K.

Footnote 240:

See this spot marked on the Map.

Footnote 241:

This is properly _unaneled_ (Sax. _æl_, oil); so it is intended to
mean that he had not received extreme unction—as in Shakespeare—

“Cut off, ev’n in the blossoms of my sin,
Unhousel’d, unanointed, unanel’d.”

Footnote 242:

Hereward is said (in _Vita Herewardi_) to have made his way to the
sea shore. Wells in Norfolk is supposed to be the spot where he
embarked, and the supposition rests upon the phrase “_Mare wide
vocatum juxta Welle_.” But Hereward could much more easily have
reached Welle in the Fens—(there are now Upwell and Outwell in
Norfolk); Welle in the Fens was not so far from the sea then as it is
now, and if vessels were ready, Hereward could have entered the
Wellestream which at that time ran past Lynn. The Ouse flowed past
Wisbech then, and the Normans appear to have been in force at the
“Turf Castle” in that town.

If it were necessary to evade the Normans, supposing they were in
force, off the mouth of the Ouse, in the Wash, he could take to the
open sea—and if the course were open he could enter the Welland and
approach Spalding or Bourn.

Whatever may have been the course pursued, the fugitives could not
have arrived at either place in so short a time as is represented at
the commencement of Chap. XXVI.

From Ely to Spalding by railway is some 36 miles.

Footnote 243:

It is said to have been on 27th Oct., 1071, that William went to Ely.

Footnote 244:

This act is recorded in Liber Eliensis (lib. secundus, p. 245) “Ad
monasterium denique veniens longe a sancto corpore virginis stans
_marcam auri_ super altare projecit, propius accedere non ausus,
verebatur sibi a Deo judicium inferri pro malis quæ sui in loco
patraverant.” The reader will form his own judgment on this religious
(?) act of a man who demanded 1000 marks from an almost destitute
monastery and offered _one_ at the shrine of the saint.

But the writer oddly charges William with offering a _clipped_ coin
whereas it appears that it was because the 700 marks, which the
conqueror at first demanded, were of light weight [“dolo
nummulariorum (money-lenders) dragma fraudata minus recti ponderis
examinata invenitur habuisse,”—Lib. Elien., 246] that he claimed 300
more as a punishment to the monks.

Footnote 245:

See note, p. 445.

Footnote 246:

See Note page 404.

Footnote 247:

Thurstan died in 1076 (Lib. Elien. p. 243.) The king thereupon seized
the valuables that remained in the monastery.

Footnote 248:

Theodwin, a monk of Jumièges, was then appointed, and he insisted
upon the restoration of all the gold and silver jewels.

“Hic abbas industria sua priusquam abbatiam intraret ad eam revocavit
totum quod in auro et argento et lapidibus ante illius promotionem
rex inde abstulerat, nolens eam ullo modo suscipere, nisi rex
jusserat auferri juberet referri.” (Lib. Elien., II. 113.)

Footnote 249:

See Note page 439.

Footnote 250:

It is remarkable that in _Geoffrey Gaimar’s Metrical Chronicle_ we
have mention of only one wife, Alftrude, who is there represented as
having sent to Hereward on several occasions inviting him to visit
her (we suppose at Eye). She inherited her father’s domain which she
promised to bestow upon Hereward if he would marry her. He would then
be able to continue his contest against the French. But this marriage
seems to have led to a peace with the king and to Hereward’s joining
William in subduing the revolted province of Maine. Here is the
passage from Gaimar:—

“Co fu Alftrued ki co mandout
A Hereward, ke mult amout;
Par plusurs faiz tant le manda
Ke Hereward s’en apresta.
Vers li alat od mult grant gent,
Triwes aveit tut veirement,
Al rei se deveit acorder;
Dedenz cel mais deveit passer
La mer pur guerreier Mansels,
Ki ont al rei toleit chastels.”

Although the genealogists say that Alftrude had a daughter whose name
was Turfrida, the date does not agree with Gaimar’s account.

Footnote 251:

The genealogists say a daughter, not a son, who was named Turfrida,
born 1063.

The reader should consult a paper, entitled “Hereward the Saxon
Patriot,” by the Rev. E. Trollope, M.A., in Associated Architectural
Societies’ Reports and Papers, Vol. VI. 1871, which contains the
Genealogy of the Wake family. The living representative is Sir
Herewald Wake, Bart., Northamptonshire.

Footnote 252:

In the year that the Isle of Ely was reduced, Malcolm III. of
Scotland married Margaret the Saxon, that is in 1071. Malcolm had
committed ravages in Northumbria and given shelter to Eadgar
Ætheling, his wife’s brother. Here was sufficient cause for William
to reduce Scotland to submission. It was not immediately after the
conquest of the Isle, but in Aug., 1072, that the conqueror went to
Scotland, for his presence was required in Normandy early in 1072;
therefore, the soldiers and ships were not drawn immediately from the
Fen district to the Scotch invasion.

Footnote 253:

Supposed to have been missing from the _Gesta Herewardi_, before
mentioned in note p. 439 as _Vita Herewardi_, in which MS. our hero
is styled _Inclytus Miles_, as also on page 459 following.

Footnote 254:

See Note, page 410; and Appendix, Note K.

Footnote 255:

He went in Aug., 1072.

Footnote 256:

This, as has been shown, occurred before the invasion of Scotland.

Footnote 257:

See Appendix for account of Cnut’s crossing the ice under the
guidance of Brithmer (as given in Lib. Elien.) Note N.

Footnote 258:

The writer very ingeniously brings a _religieux_ from the minster
founded by Harold to reconcile Hereward to a submission to the
Conqueror; he was not a monk however. Waltham was not then an Abbey.
Harold rebuilt a church there, established a College of secular
Canons, with a Dean at their head, and brought over from the
continent a learned man, named Adelhard, as a lecturer in this
college. (Here is an indication that Harold was a man of progress.)

Now of course an appeal from one attached to Harold’s minster at
Waltham would be as forcible as any that could be conceived, and
especially when it was attended by the assurance that Harold’s dead
body lay within the precincts of the church.

Waltham was erected into an Abbey in the reign of Henry II. and it
is notable that the body of Edward the First was buried by the side
of that of Harold, in 1307—(though it was afterwards translated to
Westminster Abbey); “the king with whom England fell might greet
his first true successor in the king with whom she rose
again.”—(Freeman.)

The devastations of other centuries have swept away all traces of the
tomb of Harold from Waltham—as they have also every vestige of the
tomb of Waltheof or of Hereward at Crowland—or even the shrine of
Ætheldreda at Ely.

Footnote 259:

We learn from William of Malmesbury that it very early acquired
considerable riches:—“Quantitatem possessionum antiquarum ex hoc
conice, quod licet plura dempta, plura usurpata, is, qui modo rem
regit, mille et. cccctas. libras marsupio suo quotannis
annumeret.”—_Gesta Pont. Ang._, lib. IV., § 184.

Footnote 260:

“Ramesiensis abbatiæ fuit edificator Sanctus Oswaldus, Eboracensis
Archiepiscopus, cooperate Egelwine quodam Orientalium Anglorum
comite.”—_Gesta Pont. Ang._ lib. IV. § 181.

Footnote 261:

See Warner’s History of Thorney Abbey, p. 17.

Footnote 262:

We can hardly agree with Mr. Warner when he says (on p. 12), “That
any human being lived on so dreary a spot, at least till the 7th
century, is highly improbable,” for we believe that the Kelts
occupied the fen islands, and perhaps the hunting folks who peopled
our land before the Kelts came did the same.

Thorney may have been “a paradise” at other periods than in William
of Malmesbury’s time.

Footnote 263:

It may really have been begun by Paeda, king of Mercia, in 650, was
called Medehamstede and was dedicated to St. Peter on its completion
by Wolfhere in 656.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

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THE FENLAND:
PAST AND PRESENT:
ITS

_HISTORY—GEOGRAPHY—GEOLOGY—NATURAL
HISTORY—SCENERY—ANTIQUITIES—CLIMATOLOGY—DRAINAGE—AGRICULTURAL
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TILNEY AND LEVERINGTON;

With Descriptions by the Rev. John Davies, M.A., the Rev. E. E. Blencowe, B.A., the late Rev. J. W. Berryman, B.A., the late very Rev. the Dean of Chester, the Rev. C. R. Manning, M.A., and the Rev. A. W. Roper, B.A.

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Transcriber's Notes

When italics were used in the original book, the corresponding text
has been surrounded by _underscores_. The oe ligature is
represented by the letters oe. Macrons above letters have been
depicted as [=x], where x is the letter with macron. A symbol of a
cross has been represented as [cross]. Fractions following a whole
number have been separated from the whole number with a dash, such
that 1-1/2 represents one and a half.

Ditto marks and dashes used to represent duplicated text have been
replaced by the text they represent.

Some presumed printer's errors have been corrected, including
normalizing punctuation. Further corrections are listed below with
the printed text (top) and corrected text (bottom):

carry of
carry off p. 36

Quaragesima
Quadragesima p. 64

appetities
appetites p. 68

prilgrimage
pilgrimage p. 82

this; With
this; with p. 111

Navitity p. 120
Nativity

that their was no access
that there was no access p. 143

all manor
all manner p. 147

De profundis
_De profundis_ p, 159

as the moon shown out
as the moon shone out p. 163

must soon he united
must soon be united p. 182

knigbt
knight p. 194

with the Romans had dug
which the Romans had p. 235

fen-men-swim
fen-men swim p. 240

made hast
made haste p. 246

Normam
Norman p. 272

seige
siege p. 297

that I my speak to them
that I may speak to them p. 342

prisioners
prisoners p. 380

have it there own way
have it their own way p. 418

inconvience
inconvenience p. 419

Forbes, Robest
Forby, Robert p. 488

Venerant cum ex nonnulli
Venerant cum ea nonnulli Footnote 54

auctortatis
auctoritatis Footnote 54

East-anglia
East-Anglia Footnote 72

forth
fourth Footnote 73

Theoawin
Theodwin Footnote 89

Camp of Reguge
Camp of Refuge Footnote 141

Rrunan-burh
Brunan-burh Footnote 149

conntry
country Footnote 157

. 106.
p. 106. Footnote 210

pag 40
page 40 Footnote 215

Jumiège
Jumièges Footnote 248

possessionem
possessionum Footnote 259

Her Majesty’s Geological Snrvey.
Her Majesty’s Geological Survey. (Advertisements)

* Transcriber's Note: Several corrections to Note K have been made
based on reference to the original source (_Historia Eliensis, lib.
sec._). These corrections include a stretch of missing words,
without which the passage does not make sense. For those
interested, the uncorrected Note K as originally printed in this
book is reproduced below:

109. “_Quod monachi Elyensis clementiam regis adierunt et de
atrocitate itineris exercitus et equorum ejus._

“Monachi igitur de Ely cognoscentes mala quæ in regno fiebant et in
ecclesiarum rebus pervasionem fieri et diminutionem ab extermina
(externa; _E_) gente graviter doluerunt, magnificentiam templi
Domini reminiscentes, et loci sancti sibi tale discrimen imminere
veriti sunt, fientes unanimiter auxilium de cœlo et suæ in æternum
patrocinantis Christi sponsæ dilectæ Ætheldredæ præsidium adesse
poscebant. Et divina inspirante clementia salubre demum ineuntes
consilium ad regem mittere constituunt, illius flagitare
misericordiam et pacem. Invaluerat enim fames ut supra retulimus,
per totam regionem atque istic innumeris milibus hostilis collegii
etiam horrea servata Egypti tautam inopiam non supplerent. Nam
(deest) reliquiæ ciborum in loco jam fuerant exaustæ, eo quod
septimus erat annus ex quo seditionem adversus novum regem
commoverunt, frumenti copia sufficere nulla diu poterat, furto enim
vel rapto vesci monachorum ordini minime licuit. Et convocatis ad
se primoribus qui urbem et aquarum exitus muniunt, ipsos inde eorum
abnuant. His territi mox verbis, piguit eos gravissimi incepti ejus
felicem exitum tum nequaquam sperant, prælia existimantes levia si
his malis conferatur. Urgebat eos fames valida, intus pavor angebat
nimius, nec ad comportandum rapinas egredi nisi in manu valida
audebant, enses Normanorum plus omni periculo metuentes. Et arepto
itinere in Warewich vico famoso reverenter regem cum debita
supplicatione monachi requirunt, se suaque omnia ejus clementiæ
commendantes. Stetit itaque abbas Elyensis Thurstanus cum suis
monachis coram rege magno Willelmo, orans et deprecans per
misericordiam Dei ut averteret iram furoris sui ab eis et a
civitate sua, spondens per omnia deinceps fidele obsequium, et
consistente satraparum caterva, optimum reputavit dicens,
‘majestatem illius tolerare supra se, cum jus regni a Deo sit illi
concessum. Verum et is dignanter (dignatur) eis attendat, finem
laborum suorum haud dubitanter assequi posse, et ingressum insulæ
citius optinere proponit; si tantum pro Deo et suæ animæ salute
praedia et bona per suo de loco abstraca restitui faceret.’ Et
spopondit rex.”

End of Project Gutenberg's The Camp of Refuge, by Charles MacFarlane