Chapter XXVI: Epilogue

When I began writing this work, my object was to prove that the Comacine Masters were the true mediæval link between Classic and Renaissance Art. The results have been greater than I then foresaw. In attaching this link in its true place, the chain of Art History takes a new and changed aspect, and instead of several loose strands with here and there detached links, it becomes one continuous whole, from early Christian Rome to the Rome of Raphael and Michael Angelo.

The famous artists who formed the rise of the different schools of the Renaissance, were not each a separate genius inspired from within, but brethren of one Guild, whose education was identical, and whose teachers passed on to them what they received from their predecessors--the accumulated art-teaching of ages.

I am aware that in tracing the progress of this great Guild, the weak points are the derivation of the Comacines of Lombard times from the Roman public architects, who built for Constantine and Pope Adrian; and the connection of this Lombard Guild with the early Cathedral builders of the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

Between each of these transitions there lies a century or two of decadence, during the barbaric invasions and general demoralization which I have indicated in the earlier chapters. But I think I have given arguments enough to prove these affinities. For the first, we have the identity of form and ornamentation in their works, and the similarity of nomenclature and organization between the Roman _Collegio_ and the Lombard Guild of _Magistri_. Besides this, the well-known fact that the free republic of Como was used as a refuge by Romans who fled from barbaric invasion, makes a strong argument.

For the second, we may plead again the same identity of form and ornamentation, and a like similarity of organization and nomenclature. Just as King Luitprand's architects were called _Magistri_, and their grand master the _Gastaldo_, so we have found the great architectural Guild in Venice, in the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries, using the very same titles, and having the same laws.

In the Tuscan schools which have been traced direct from Lombard times, we have the same offices with the titles translated into a more mediæval Italian--or late Latin--form; the _Gastaldo_ here becomes _Arch Magister_. In some Lodges it is more significant still, the ancient Roman _Superstans_ is modified into _Soprastante_, thus forming a very suggestive connection between early Christian Rome and Tuscany. Again, the hereditary descent is marked by the patron saints of the Lombard and Tuscan Lodges, being four martyr brethren from a Roman _Collegio_. All these and other indications are surely as strong as documental proof.

The lists of the Comacine Guild begin with a few masters, who are seemingly members of three or four families only, the men of the Buoni, Antelami, and Campione schools forming the aristocracy of the Guild.

We have seen how, as the church-building era developed, the brotherhood grew and multiplied.

The Antelami family founded Lodges in Parma, Padua, and Verona; the Campione at Modena, Bergamo, and Cremona; the Buoni family spread eastwards to Venice, and southwards to Tuscany, founding everywhere _laboreriums_ and schools.

Three hundred years later we see the descendants of the Buoni and Campione artists together, building the Gothic and Renaissance palaces at Venice; masters of the Graci and Antelami families rearing the cathedrals of Siena and Orvieto; and in all the ages dispersing about Italy from north to south. We have seen how all these schools increased; native artists joining the Lombard ones, and working together with them, and though a distinctive local style was the characteristic of each school, yet in their fundamental principles they all had one rule and one teaching.

As the Guild increased and multiplied, in the times of the foundation of rival Communes, all vying with each other in building glorious churches, noble palaces, and fine houses, it frequently happened that the primitive Lombard element was overpowered by the newer local one, and then schisms and disintegration took place.

Separate local Guilds were thus formed at Venice, Siena, and Florence.

The painters next seceded, and started painting as an art independent of church decoration; and thus the Academies of Art were formed. This split took place so late after the city _Arti_ or Guilds were established, that the painters of Florence, having left the Freemasons, had no Guild of their own; and if they wished to enjoy civic privileges, they had to enroll themselves in the Company of the Gold-workers, or that of the Apothecaries. Here we get at once a clear explanation of the goldsmith painters in Florence.

This disintegration reached its climax when Brunellesco defied the _Maestranze_ or Masonic Magisters, proving that the Freemasons had not the exclusive right to genius; and that genius had its own claims to be heard, even without the pale of that monopolizing Guild. I think that his dome literally crushed out the almost effete institution of Freemasons, and that the Florentine Lodge was broken up soon after; for by Michael Angelo's time the Medici had to supply a school for sculptors, which we have seen was placed under the instruction of old Bertoldo,--a lingering relic of the great company.

At first sight it might appear that this revelation of the universal fraternity would materially alter the history of art. In some aspects it does; for we can no longer say that Maitani built Siena cathedral, or Arnolfo that of Florence, nor assert that St. Mark's at Venice was entirely Byzantine, or Milan cathedral the work of a German architect. They were all the joint labours of the same brotherhood of artists, the plans made by the first Arch-master being modified a score of times as the centuries went on, and art developed. But in the great points the story of Art remains as it was. Certain masters still stand out as leaders and founders of schools, and every school had its own separate bias and special development of style; but Niccolò di Pisa's influence on future ages is not lessened by our finding out the masters who trained him; the Lorenzetti, Memmi, and Gaddi are not the less famous because their frescoes illustrated with divine truths the walls built by the hands of their brethren of the great Guild.

The recognition of the complex brotherhood only renders history more compact and concentrated, giving it a rich and perfect unity, and showing a gradual and consistent development, like some perfect flower which grows leaf by leaf, bud by bud, until the petals fall from its own over-blossoming. But its seeds are left to future ages.

AUTHORITIES CONSULTED

TROYA. "Codice diplomatico Longobardo."

"Antichità Longobardico-Milanese."

DIFENDENTE E GIUSEPPE SACCHI. "Antichità Romantiche d'Italia. Saggio primo intorno all' Architettura Simbolica civile e militare usata in Italia nei secoli VI, VII, e VIII." Milano, 1828. 8vo.

PROF. MERZARIO. "I Maestri Comacini." Milano, 1893. Two volumes, large 8vo., published at Milan by Giacomo Agnelli. "Via S. Margherita," No. 2; price 12 frs.

MARCHESE GIUSEPPE ROVELLI. "Storia di Como."

CESARE CANTÙ. "Storia di Como." Como, 1829. Ostinello.

MARCHESE AMICO RICCI. "Storia dell' Architettura in Italia dal secolo IV al XVIII." Modena, 1857. 3 vols. large 8vo.

RAFFAELLO CATTANEO. "L' Architettura in Italia dal secolo sesto al decimo." Venezia, 1889. Ferdinando Ongania.

DOTT. GAETANO MILANESI. "Documenti per la storia dell' Arte Senese." Siena, 1854. Porri. 2 vols. 8vo.

DOTT. GAETANO MILANESI. "Annotazioni alle opere di Vasari." Florence, 1882. Sansoni. 8 vols. large 8vo.

JAMES FERGUSSON, M.R.I.B.A. "Handbook of Architecture." London, 1859. Murray.

ALESSANDRO DA MORRONA. "Pisa illustrata nelle arti del disegno." Livorno, 1812. 3 vols.

CAV. FRANCESCO TOLOMEI. "Guida di Pistoja per gli amanti delle Belle Arti." Pistoja, 1821.

CESARE GUASTI. "La Cupola di Santa Maria del Fiore." Illustrata con i documenti dell' archivio. Barbera. Florence, 1857.

CESARE GUASTI. "Santa Maria del Fiore." La costruzione della chicesa del campanile, secondo i documenti tratti dall' archivio dell' opera secolare e da quello di stato. Firenze. Ricci, 1887.

AGOSTINO SAGREDO. "Sulle Consorterie delle Arti Edificative in Venezia. Studi storici con documenti inediti." Venezia, 1857.

TOMMASO HOPE. "Storia dell' Architettura." Italian translation of Hope's "Historical Essay on Architecture," by Sig. Gaetano Imperatori. Milano, 1841.

"Archivio storico Siciliano." Nuova serie, Anno IX. "Una scultura di Bonaiuto Pisano."

"Archivio storico Longobardico," 1898. "Descrizione di una chiesa antica sul monte di Civate."

GIOVANNI VILLANI. "Storia di Fiorenza." Filippo e Jacopo Giunti, 1587.

MURATORI. "Annali d'Italia." Milano, 1744. 13 vols. quarto.

MURATORI. "Scriptores Rerum Italicarum."

CAMILLO BOITO. "I Cosmati" (pamphlet).

DOTT. GIOVANNI GAYE. "Carteggio inedito d'artisti dei secoli XIV, XV e XVI." Firenze, 1839. Molini. 3 vols. 8vo.

DOTT. CARLO DELL' ACQUA. "Dell' insigne reale Basilica di S. Michele Maggiore in Pavia." Pavia, 1875. Fusi.

FATHER MULROODY. "The Basilica of San Clemente."

DEL ROSSO. "L' Osservatore Fiorentino." Third Edition. 1821. Ricci. Florence. 8 vols. 8vo.

CIAMPI. "Archivio del Duomo di Pisa."

"Instituzioni, riti e ceremonie dell' ordine dei Francs-maçons, ossia Liberi Muratori." Venezia, 1788. Bassaglia.

MRS. JAMESON. "Sacred and Legendary Art." London, 1879. Longmans, Green and Co.

PAULUS DIACONUS. "Storia dei Fatti dei Longobardi." Udine, 1826. Mattiuzzi.

JOHN ADDINGTON SYMONDS. "Renaissance of Art: Fine Arts." London, 1877. Smith and Elder.

MONTALEMBERT. "The Monks of the West" (Italian translation).

PIETRO SELVATICO. "Storia estetico-critica dell' arti del disegno."

PIETRO SELVATICO. "Sull' architettura e sulla scultura in Venezia nel medio evo sino ai nostri giorni." Venice, 1847. Ripamonte.

MILMAN. "A History of Latin Christianity."

"Borgo San Donnino e suo Santuario" (anonymous).

AFFÒ. "Storia della città di Parma," sino al 1347. Parma, 1837. Carmignana.

DIFENDENTE SACCHI. "L' arca di S. Agostino illustrata."

MICHELE RIDOLFI. "Sopra alcuni monumenti delle belle Arti di Lucca." Lucca, 1844. Guidotti.

INDEX

Abadia on Lake Maggiore, 114

Abbondio, S., bishop of Como, 34, 142

Accademia delle Belle Arti, Florence, 280

Adelgiso, son of Desiderius, 56

Adrian I., pope, 403

Agilulf, king, marries Theodolinda, 33;
shelters St. Columban, 86

Alachi, duke of Brescia, 47, 54

Alba Fucense, its pulpit, 238

Albertus Magnus, 12, 134, 137, 201

Alboin, enters Italy, 31, 32

Alexander II., pope, 226

Alfonso, duke of Calabria, 304

Alfred, king, founds Ripon cathedral, 150

Alphonso of Aragon, 419

Amalasunta, queen, her hospital, 107

Amantius, bishop of Como, 34, 78

Anagni, 410

Ancona, the Pieve at, 242, 243

Andrea Pisano, 211, 328

Andrea from Serra di Falco, 114

Annex, a German, 355

Anselberga, daughter of King Desiderius, 56

Ansige, abbot of Fontanelles, 103

Antelami (Magistri), 188, 189, 232, 424

Antonio di San Gallo, 416

Antonio, S., 200

Aquisgrana (Aix-la-Chapelle), the Basilica, 103

Arca di S. Agostino, 50, 202 _et seq._

Arches, first pointed, 178, 179;
cusped arch, 252

Ardoin, 128

Arezzo, its palace, 234

Aribert II., 46

Arichi, duke of Lombardy, 44

Arnolfo di Cambio, 224, 291, 313;
his death, 325

Arte della Lana, 337, 343

Arte dei Maestri di Pietra, Senese, 286

Arte dei Maestri di Pietra, at Florence, 338, 343

Arte de' Medici e Speziali, 273

Arte degli Orafi, 339, 425

Arte della Seta, 338, 343

Arte dei tajapiere, Venice, 387 _et seq._

Assisi, first parts Gothic, 252;
painting, 272

Asteno, near Porlezza, its church, 184

Astolfo, king, 55

Autharis, king, takes Comacina, 28, 141;
marries Theodolinda, 32;
builds church of Farfa, 35

Ava, the Longobard, 285

Azzo Visconti, 381

Baptisteries, their form, 115

Barbarossa, Frederic, 116

Bargello at Florence, 61, 149

Barnack church, 149

Basle, Comacine work there, 135

Beneventum, dukes of, 114;
cathedral of, 246

Benozzo Gozzoli, 276

Berengarius, the house of, 109

Bertharis, king, dethroned and recalled, 45;
saved by his servants, 53

Bianchi and Neri factions, 236

Biscop (Benedict), abbot of Wearmouth, 150

Boniface, St., his mission to Germany, 133

Bradford-on-Avon, 149, 157

Bramante, 416

Bregno, Antonio, 393

Brixworth, 147

Broletto at Como, 382

Brunellesco, Filippo, 321;
his dome, 340 _et seq._, 428

Buono, Giovanni, fights for Como, 116;
his descendants, 233, 239

Buono (Maestro), 236, 237.
_See_ Gruamons, 393

Buschetto, 209 _et seq._

Byzantine work, compared with Comacine, 75, 158

Cadoc, St., 147

Cambio, or Exchange, 315

Campione school, 196 _et seq._, 232, 352, 425

Carloman, 58

Casciano, San, near Florence, the pulpit, 225

Castel Capuana, 233

Castle of Branigola, 41

Castle of Perleda, 40

Castle of Tivoli, 260

Certosa at Pavia, 358 _et seq._

Charlemagne, emperor, rebuilds Rome, 15;
defeats Desiderius, 58, 97;
takes Comacines to France, 105

Churches:
S. Abbondio, Como, 84
S. Agatha al Monte, Pavia, 45
S. Agnese _fuori le mura_, 9, 97, 152, 403
S. Ambrogio, Milan, 83, 84;
its pulpit, 88, 148;
its atrium, 112, 147, 244
S. Andrea, Pistoja, 233, 249
S. Antonio, Padua, 199
S. Apollinare in Classe, 153, 157
Ara Cœli, 409
S. Bartholomew, Smithfield, 124, 125
S. Bartolommeo, Pistoja, 153, 230, 235, 249
S. Benigno at Dijon, 122, 123
S. Cassiano, near Pisa, 222
S. Clemente, panel of altar, 9;
fresco, 10;
door, 156;
paintings, 266
S. Croce, 277, 333
S. Donato at Polenta, 92, 93
S. Donnino, near Parma, 181
S. Fedele, Como, 81, 104
S. Francesco at Assisi, 179
S. Fredianus, Lucca, 48, 49, 94, 246
S. Gemignano, Modena, 193
S. George, Brescia, 47
S. Giovanni in Borgo, Pavia, 42
S. Giovanni Evangelista Fuorcivitas, Pistoja, 223, 234, 236
S. Giovanni Laterano, 408
S, Giovanni e Paolo, Rome, 65
S. Giusto, Lucca, 244
S. Julia at Bonate, 40, 41
S. Lorenzo _fuori le mura_, Rome, 407
S. Lorenzo in Lucca, 99
S. Lorenzo, Verona, 96, 153
S. Marco dei Precipazi, 84
S. Maria in Cosmedin, 97-99, 404, 405, 411
S. Maria _foris portam_, 46
S. Maria dei Fiori, Florence, 312 _et seq._, 337
S. Maria Novella, Florence, 278
S. Maria Maggiore, Bergamo, 182 _et seq._
S. Maria Maggiore, Brescia, 47
S. Maria Maggiore, Toscanella, its pulpit, 89
S. Maria del Tiglio, at Gravedona, 40, 152
S. Martino at Lucca, 226
S. Michele in Borgo, Pisa, 223, 245
S. Michele, Lucca, 228, 243
S. Michele, Monza, 37 _et seq._
S. Michele, Pavia, 50 _et seq._;
its façade, 77-80
Monreale cathedral, 127
Or San Michele, Florence, 333
S. Paolo _fuori le mura_, Rome, 407
S. Paolo, Pistoja, 240
S. Pier Scheraggio, 91;
its pulpit, 406
S. Piero in Grado, 37, 50;
its foundation, 100;
its form, 101, 173, 268
S. Piero Maggiore, Pistoja, 240
S. Pietro in Ciel d'oro, Pavia, 50
S. Pietro le Dome, Brescia, 47
S. Pietro di Monte Civate, 56 _et seq._
S. Prassede, 97, 148
SS. _Quattro Coronati_, 22
S. Salvatore, Pavia, 46
S. Sofia, Beneventum, 248
S. Sofia, Constantinople, 69, 70
S. Tommaso at Lemine, 41
S. Zeno, Verona, 95, 96, 111

Cimabue, 271, 274;
his scholars, 275, 278, 323

Cione family, 331 _et seq._

Clement VIII., pope, 418

Cloisters, San Lorenzo, Rome, 65;
S. John Lateran, 66;
Voltorre, 115;
S. Zeno, Verona, 66

Colle in Val d'Elsa, 316, 318

Collegia, Romana, 7, 10, 11, 138 _et seq._, 403

Cologne, churches at, 136

Colonies, Lombard, in Sicily, 128, 129

Comacina island a refuge for Romans, 23

Comacine Masters, who they were, 5 _et seq._

Comagene, now Eufratisia, 69

Como, a Roman colony, 5, 141;
its antiquities, 25, 26;
is besieged, 116;
its war with Milan, 233;
its cathedral, 381 _et seq._

Confraternity of painters at Florence, 280

Constantine the Great, 53;
his Basilica, 403

Constantinople, 142

Contract of apprenticeship, 292

Convents, Comacine, their form and style, 65

Corneto Tarquinia, 227;
ciborium there, 238

Cortelona, Luitprand's villa, 54

Cosimo I., Grand Duke, 280

Cosimo Rosselli, 275

Cremona, its cathedral, 185, 186

Crosses:
Bewcastle, 147
Clonmacnoise, 166
Collingham, 147
Kells, 166
Kirkdale, 147, 148
Whalley, 145
Yarm, 147

Cunibert, king, 47;
goes to Lucca, 48;
fights Alachi, 54;
erects tomb to Theodata, 87

Desiderius, abbot, 114, 210

Desiderius, king, 55 _et seq._

Diotisalvi, Pisan architect, 214

Donatello, 306, 337

Donnino, Borgo San, its church, 181

Duccio of Siena, 276

Edwin, king, builds York cathedral, 145

Eginbert, biographer of Charlemagne, 103

Eriprand, duke of Cremona, 45

Ermelind, queen, 87

Ethelred, king, rebuilt Oxford cathedral, 159

Fabiola, her hospice, 107

Faliero, Doge Marino, 390

Falleri, 409

Fermo cathedral, 190

Ferrara, its cathedral, 198

Fiesole destroyed, 14;
its cathedral, 236

Filippo Maria Visconti, 382

Florence founded, 14;
its baptistery, 213 _note_;
its Duomo, 312 _et seq._

Fontana family, 417 _et seq._

Fontana, Giovanni, 258

Fontana, Melide, 258

Fortresses, Comacine, 66;
Baradello, 68;
Civita Vecchia, 416

Fortunato, patriarch, of Grado, 113;
employs Comacines, 175, 176

France, Lombard architecture in, 131, 132

Francesco del Coro, 300

"Franchi Artefici," meaning of the term, 113

Frederic, emperor, 128, 318

Fredianus, S., bishop of Lucca, 48, 164

Freemasons in mediæval times, 12, 13

Freemasons, seventeenth century, Italian, 16 _et seq._;
English building Freemasons, 18

French Masters in Italy, 359

Frescoes, early Christian, 266 _et seq._;
Byzantine, 268;
Tuscan, 405, 426

Galeazzo, Gian, 351 _et seq._, 358;
his death, 364, 373, 381

Gastaldo, Grand Master, 86, 388 _et seq._, 424

Genseric destroys Roman churches, 403

German Masters in Italy, 320, 358, 360 _et seq._

Germany, Lombard architecture there, 133 _et seq._;
its cathedrals, 216

Ghiberti employed at the Duomo, 341 _et seq._

Ghini family, 331

Giotto, 278, 323, 326 _et seq._

Giovanni da Gratz, 369

Giuliano da Majano, 414, 416, 419

Giunta di Pisa, 271;
his scholars, 276

Glass, early manufacture of, 156

Grado, near Pisa, church at, 100 _et seq._

Grado, near Venice, its Basilica, 113, 174

Greek Masters in Italy, 74, 273

Gregory, pope, 143, 144

Grimoald, duke of Beneventum, 45, 47

Groppoli, near Pistoja, its pulpit, 249

Gruamonte, 234 _et seq._

Guazetta, 335

Guido da Siena, 272, 275

Guidotti dal Colle, 271

Guillaume, S., abbot of S. Benigne, 122, 126, 175

Gundeberg, queen, 42;
builds churches, 42;
her rings, and the ring fair, 43, 44

Gunduald, Luitprand's doctor, 54

Heinrich or Ulric of Gmunden, 361, 369, 374

Heinrich of Ulm, 361, 362

Hexham church, 150 _et seq._

Honorius, Bishop of Canterbury, 145

Hospices, 106, 107

Iconoclastic edict, 73

Justinian, emperor, rebuilds Sta. Sofia, 69

Laborerium, 207:
at Canterbury, in fourth century, 148
Certosa di Pavia, 376 _et seq._
Cremona, 186
Florence, 207, 319, 339;
closed, 344
Lucca before 1000 A.D., 20
Milan in 1383, 20;
fifteenth century, 355 _et seq._
Modena under the Campione Masters, 19, 195, 198
Parma in 1200 A.D., 19, 186, 189, 238
Pisa, 211, 214, 223, 231, 312
Pistoja, 190, 231, 233, 236, 238, 241, 247
Rome, 410 _et seq._
Siena and Orvieto, 285 _et seq._, 305

Leo III., the Isaurian, 73, 74

Leonardo da Vinci, 369

Lion of Judah, sign of Comacine work, 243, 244

Loggie (Lodges), 19, 61, 201, 208, 288, 305

Lombard colonies in Sicily, 128

Lombard kings, chronological table of, 30

Lombard Masters, table of, 31

Lombards in Rome, 412;
in Venice, 386;
Siena, 301, 305

Lombardi Solari family, 395 _et seq._

Lorenzo il Magnifico, 280

Lothaire, bishop, his church of S. Zeno, 96

Lothaire, king, his wars, 108

Lucca, 225 _et seq._, 246

Luitprand, king, his laws for Comacines, 24, 44, 63 _et seq._, 160;
his foot, 50;
his churches, 50 _et seq._

Magister, what the term means, 15;
Arch Magister, 17;
Magisters in Sicily, 129;
Magistri frati, 200, 287;
different kinds, 265

Magistri:
Adam, atrium of S. Ambrogio, 112
Adam, de Arogno, 182
Agostino da Siena, 298
Albertinus Buono, 239
Albertus Buono, 239
Ambrogio Lenzo, 334
Andrea Fusina, 371
Andrea da Modena, 352 _et seq._
Andrea di Pisa, 211, 220, 224
Anselmo (Tedesco) da Campione, and Arrigo, Alberto, and Jacopo,
his sons, 194 _et seq._
Antonio of Como, 260
Antonio Mantegazza, 378
Antonio da Padernò, 369
Antonio Rizo, or Riccio, 391, 392, 397
Apollonius, 273
Arnolfo, 224, 291, 313, 407
Auripert, a painter, 55
Bartolo Fredi, 276
Bartolommeo Buono, 253, 260, 390, 393, 398
Bartolommeo de Gorgonzola, 368
Bartolommeo di Pisa, bronze worker, 221
Beltramo, 413 _et seq._
Benedetto da Antelamo, 187, 188, 245
Bernardino da Bissone, 386, 391
Bernardo da Venezia, 374
Bertrando of Como, 260
Biduinus, 222
Bonaiuto di Pisa, 223
Bonanno, 220, 221
Bonino da Campione, 203
Buono, 236, 237, 238
Cellini, 239
Cimabue, 274
Cosmato, and his family, 409 _et seq._
Cristoforo Gobbo, 371, 379
Cristoforo Mantegazza, 378
Diotisalvi of Pisa, 214, 250, 291
Dolcebono Rodari, 368, 377
Enrico Buono, 239
Filippino degli Argani, 364 _et seq._, 366
Francesco di Giorgio Martini, 303, 370 _et seq._
Francesco Talenti, 328 _et seq._, 334
Franciscus da S. Simone, 276
Fredus, 183
Giacomo Dolcibuono, 370
Giacomo da Pietrasanta, 414
Giorgio degli Argani, 366
Giorgio da Iesi, 190
Giovan Antonio Amadeo, 370, 377
Giovanni di Ambrogio, 336
Giovanni Balducci di Pisa, 225
Giovanni Buoni da Bissone, 189, 233, 385
Giovanni Buono, 253;
builds Ca d'Oro, 389
Giovanni da Campilione, 184
Giovanni da Carona, 366 _et seq._
Giovannino dei Graci, 363, 375
Giovanni di Lapo Ghino, 328 _et seq._, 334
Giovanni Pisano, 222, 224, 291, 293 _et seq._
Giovanni Solari, 377
Graci, 237;
a later one, 291
Gufredo, 182
Guglielmo Tedesco, 220, 223
Guglielmo, his porch at S. Zeno, 112;
façade at Modena, 196;
at Ferrara, 198
Guidetto, his works at Lucca, 227-231
Guido da Como, 227, 249, 250
Guiniforte, 367, 378, 395
Jacobus Porrata, 186, 251
Jacopo da Campione, 257 _et seq._, 375 _et seq._
Jacopo Dagurro da Bissone, 261
Jacopo della Quercia, 298 _et seq._
Jacopo (Tedesco) da Campione, 197, 252, 294, 315 _et seq._
Jacopo da Tradate, 363;
his sons, 364
Lando, 297 _et seq._
Lanfrancus, 115, 193
Lorenzo di Mariano, 302
Lorenzo de' Spazi, 382
Luca Fancelli, 369
Manfredo of Como, 260
Marco da Carona, 356, 358, 365
Marco da Frixone, 353 _et seq._
Martino di Giorgio da Varenna, 302
Matteo da Campione, 197, 363, 386 _et seq._
Niccolao Pela, 336
Niccolò Pisano, 211, 222, 247, 250, 291
Nicolaus, his porch at S. Zeno, 112;
façade at Modena, 196;
Ferrara, 198
Nino di Pisa, 224, 225
Pantaleone Buono, 393
Paolo da Campagnano, 260
Paulinus, 145
Paulus and his sons, 407
Philippus, an Englishman, 69
Piccone, 54
Piero di Beltrami, 301
Pietro di Apulia, 221, 247
Pietro Lombardi and his descendants, 395 _et seq._, 398
Pietro da Varese, 413 _et seq._
Rainaldo, 212
Rainaldus, sculptures façade of Pisa cathedral, 16
Ramo da Paganelli, 293
Roberto, 246
Simone da Arsenigo, 352 _et seq._, 354
Simone Talenti, 331, 336
Fra Sisto and Fra Ristoro, 125, 318
Tommaso di Como, 420
Uberto and his brother Pietro, 408
Ugone da Campione and his sons, 183
Urbano da Cortona, 306
Ursus, his ciborium, 85
Zeno da Campione, 363

Majorca, 213

Manfred, king, 318

Maniace, Lombard colony there, 128

Margaritone of Arezzo, 275

Maximilian, emperor, 138

Mellitus, the monk, 144

Michael Angelo, 416

Milan, its Duomo, 350 _et seq._

Missions (early) to Normandy, 123 _et seq._;
to Germany, 133 _et seq._;
to England, 143 _et seq._;
to Ireland, 160 _et seq._

Modena, its Duomo, 116, 193

Monasteries:
S. Abbondio at Bercela, 54
S. Fredianus, Lucca, 48
S. George, 47, 48
Sta. Giulia, Brescia, 53
Monte Barro, 40
Palazzolo at Lucca, 54
Subiaco, 179

Monkswearmouth, Durham, 156

Monreale, its cathedral, 127

Monte Cassino, convent, 66, 114

Monza, its church, 380 _et seq._

Mosques, El Haram and Amrou, 179

Murano, its church, 113

Mythic sculpture, 75, 80

Nanni di Banco, 337

Nicholas V., pope, 412

Nicknames, their common use, 235 _note_

Nino di Pisa, 225

Norman architecture, 123, 126, 130

Normans, their connection with Sicily, 121, 128

Oil paintings, 277, 418

Opera. _See_ Laborerium

Orcagna, 329, 332 _et seq._

Orseolo (Doge Pietro), 390

Orsino (Virginio), Duke of Bracciano, 304

Orso Orseolo, patriarch of Aquileja, 122

Orvieto, its Duomo, 224, 300 _et seq._;
Chapel of Three Kings, 301, 414

Otho, emperor, confirms Comacine privileges, 27

Otho, his decree, 27, 28;
he conquers Italy, 109, 135

Otho Orseolo, Doge of Venice, 122

Padua, church of S. Antonio, 199, 237

Painters of the Guild, their secession, 265 _et seq._

Palaces (private), Florentine, 258;
Venetian, 260

Palace of Desiderius at S. Gemignano, 62, 257

Palace, Luitprand's, at Milan, 62

Palazzo Pubblico, 256;
at Perugia, 257;
at Todi, 257;
at Udine, 258;
Capodimonte, 421

Palazzo Vecchio (Florence), 61, 259

Palazzo Venezia (Rome), 415 _et seq._

Palermo, its cathedral, 126, 213

Papal forts, 260, 261, 415

Parma, 238

Paulinus, assists St. Augustine, 145

Pavia, its church, 50, 77 _et seq._;
its castle, 202;
its Certosa, 373 _et seq._

Penna, inscription there, 191

Pepin, king, founds church of S. Lorenzo, 96

Peter Martyr, St., his tomb, 225

Piacenza, its walls, 106

Pisa, beginning of the Duomo, 173, 209 _et seq._;
baptistery, 214

Pistoja, 223, 225 _et seq._;
its baptistery, 240

Pius II., pope, 260

Pliny's villa at Como, 26

Prato, its Duomo, 229

_Provveditore_, his office, 208 _et seq._;
his books, 322 _et seq._

_SS. Quattro Coronati_, 20;
inscription to them, 21;
sculptures representing them, 207;
their _fête_, 289

Quercia, Jacopo della, 337

Rahere, founder of St. Bartholomew, Smithfield, 124

Rainaldo, Magister at Pisa, 211, 212

Raphael, 416

Ratchis, king, becomes a monk, 55

Ravenna, towers at, 153, 154

Richard, prior of Hagustald, 160

Richard II., of Normandy, duke, 123, 158

Roger I., duke, 126

Roger II., king of Apulia, 126

Rome, Comacine fortresses near, 260;
Lombards in Rome, 412 _et seq._

Rotharis, king, his laws, 5, 6, 160

Runic inscriptions, 148

Saints:
Augustine, 143, 145
Boniface, 133, 271, 233, 239
Columban, founds convent at Bobbio, 86, 164, 167
Cumianus, his tomb, 86
Fredianus, 48, 164
Gregory, 264
Hugh of Lincoln, 143
Luke, the company of, 280, 332
Modwen, 143
Nilus, his letter, 81
Patrick, 163

Sansovino, Jacopo, 394

Saracenic architecture, 121, 177, 406

Saxon architecture, Book II. ch. iii.

Sculptured animals, their meaning, 72, 73

Scuola di S. Giovanni Evangelista, 396

Scuola di San Marco, 396, 399

Sforza, Francesco, 365, 367, 420

Sicily, the revival there, 126 _et seq._, 175, 406

Siena cathedral, 224, 285 _et seq._

Sixtus IV., pope, 261, 416

Sixtus V., pope, 418

Solari family, 395 _et seq._

Solomon's knot, its meaning and origin, 72, 82, 243

Spanish chapel, 278, 326

Statutes of the Masonic Guild in Siena, 287, 291

Steepleton church, Dorset, 149

Stilicho the Goth, his tomb, 89

Strasburg, Freemasons there, 137

Symbolism of the Comacine Guild, 71 _et seq._

Talenti, Francesco, 328 _et seq._

"Tedesco," what the word means in architecture, 216, 218

Theodata, her tomb at Pavia, 87

Theodolinda, her marriages, 32 _et seq._;
her churches, 37-40

Theodosius, his laws on building in marble, 81

Toller Fratrum, Dorset, 149

Tomb of:
Can della Scala, Verona, 203, 204, 252
Cardinal Longhi degli Alessandri, 185
S. Domenico, Bologna, 223
Folchino de Schicci, 204
Gian Galeazzo Visconti, 254
Mastino II., dei Scaligeri, 253
The Bishop of Siena, 301
Theodoric at Ravenna, 218

Tommaso de Mutina (Modena), 275

Torcello, 73

Torriano family of Milan, 385

Toscanella, pulpit there, 89

Towers, Comacine, their form, 67, 153;
San Marco, Venice, 233;
round towers of Ireland, 161 _et seq._;
Pisa, 219, 220;
Fiesole, 237

Trent, its cathedral, 181 _et seq._

Turrisianus of Pistoja, 230, 238

Vatican, 414 _et seq._

Vecchietta, 306

Venice, 8, 113;
its fifteenth-century restorations, 385 _et seq._, 397

Verona fortified by Charlemagne, 106

Visconti family, 349, 364, 373 _et seq._

Vitale, 300

Voltorre, its cloister, 115, 193

Wenceslaus, king, 350

Wilfrid, bishop of York, 150, 155

William of Normandy, 123

Winchester tower, 153

Zambono, northern Italian for Giovanni Buono, 237

Zohak, emblem of remorse, 79

Zurich, the Gross Münster, 135

THE END

_Richard Clay & Sons Limited, London & Bungay._