Chapter LXIV: Part IV: The Immolation (9)

The only fault we have to find with Father Caswall’s verse is the same that we find with Wordsworth’s: the too frequent sacrifice of poetic diction and the use of too many long Latin words. But this defect is unimportant compared with the value of the thoughts and teachings conveyed, and we fervently thank Father Caswall for his contribution to our scanty Catholic poetry.

THE POET AT THE BREAKFAST‐TABLE. Boston: James R. Osgood & Co.
1872.

“Once I wrote because my mind was full;
But now I write because I feel it growing dull,”

or,

“I have lived long enough,”

or,

“Poor old man, thou prun’st a rotten tree
That cannot so much as a blossom yield
In lieu of all thy pains and husbandry,”

or some such saw, this Poet at the Breakfast‐table should have affixed to these four hundred pages of incomparable drivelling.

“I talk half the time,” says the poet, in his opening paragraph, “to find out my own thoughts, as a schoolboy turns his pockets inside out to see what is in them.”

And what does the schoolboy find there?

Rusty nails, old shoe‐strings, copper pennies, dead bugs, crumbs of bread, broken knives, and other trash neither beautiful nor useful. The similitude is just. The contents of the Poet’s brain are as precious as those of the boy’s pocket; and if we wish to push the comparison further, the wares of both are often of doubtful ownership. The only serious thing in the book is its humor.

“I don’t suppose my comic pieces are very laughable,” writes this poet, philosopher, sage; “at any rate, the man who makes a business of writing me down says the last one I wrote is very melancholy reading; and that if it was only a little better, perhaps some bereaved person might pick out a line or two that would do to put on a gravestone.” He has a most infallible instinct for the right comparison; as, for instance: “I love to talk, as a goose loves to swim. Sometimes I think it is because I _am_ a goose.” This is the first evidence of intelligent thought in the whole book. “My book and I,” he informs us, “are pretty much the same thing. Sometimes I steal from my book in my talk, without mentioning it, and then I say to myself: ‘Oh! that won’t do; everybody has read my book, and knows it by heart.’ And then the other _I_ says: You know there are two of us, right and left, like a pair of shoes! The other _I_ says: ‘You’re a—something or other—fool.’ ” The other _I_ is evidently a sensible fellow. “They haven’t read,” continues the other _I_, “your confounded old book; besides, if they have, they have forgotten all about it.”

Again, the other _I_ says: “What a Balaam’s quadruped you are to tell ’em it’s in your book; they don’t care whether it is or not, if it’s anything worth saying; and if it isn’t worth saying, what are you braying for?” This is the question the reader asks himself all along, as the evidence that the poet has nothing to say worth the saying becomes more and more overwhelming. This kind of criticism, we know, is little better than trifling; but the performance deserves no other treatment, for we candidly think that a sorrier book could not proceed from a mind untouched.

Why did this Poet, when he meant to write a book, seat himself at the breakfast‐table? Did he not know that a full stomach does not argue a mind replete? Had not Shakespeare said long ago that fat paunches have lean pates, or was he not physician enough to know that the _mens divinior_ is not to be found in hot rolls and coffee?

We shall conclude with one other brief quotation from the Poet:

“What do you do when you receive a book you don’t want from the author? said I: ‘Give him a good‐natured adjective or two if I can, and thank him, and tell him I am lying under a sense of obligation to him. This is as good an excuse for lying as any, I said.’ ”

As we do not believe there can be an excuse for lying, and as we are certain that in this case there is no obligation under which to lie, we cannot give the author “a good‐natured adjective or two”; but we shall thank him to give us no more such nonsense.

YOUNG AMERICA ABROAD. Second Series: Cross and Crescent; or, Young
America in Turkey and Greece. A Story of Travel and Adventure. By
William T. Adams (Oliver Optic), author of “Outward Bound,”
“Shamrock and Thistle,” “Red Cross,” “Down the Rhine,” etc.
Boston: Lee & Shepard, Publishers. New York: Lee, Shepard &
Dillingham. 1873.

This is the third volume of the second series of _Young America Abroad_, and, like all the rest of the series, is most instructive and entertaining.

THE TREASURE OF THE SEAS. By Prof. James De Mille, author of “The
B. O. W. C.,” “The Boys of Grand Pre School,” “Lost in the Fog,”
“Fire in the Woods,” “Among the Brigands,” etc. Illustrated.
Boston: Lee & Shepard, publishers; New York: Lee, Shepard &
Dillingham. 1872.

This is one of the best of the “B. O. W. C. Series,” and will certainly be a favorite with the boys.

THE POLYTECHNIC: A Collection of Music for Schools, Classes, and
Clubs. Compiled and written by U. C. Burnap and Dr. W. J. Wetmore.
New York: J. W. Schermerhorn & Co.

THE ATHENÆUM: A Collection of Part‐Songs for Ladies’ Voices.
Arranged and written by U. C. Burnap and Dr. W. J. Wetmore. New
York: J. W. Schermerhorn & Co.

The best criticism of both these musical publications is found in the preface to the first one cited:

“Collections of school music are already sufficiently numerous and bulky, but too often they are found to contain very little that is available for the ordinary or the extraordinary occasions of school life.”

HART’S MANUAL OF AMERICAN LITERATURE—A MISTAKE CORRECTED.—Since
writing the brief notice of this really valuable work which
appeared in our December number, we have observed a very serious
misstatement in it respecting a distinguished convert to the
Catholic faith, the late Dr. Ives, formerly Protestant Bishop of
North Carolina. Prof. Hart states that he _returned to the
Episcopal Church_. He never dreamed of such an act of superlative
folly. He died, as he had lived, a most fervent and devout
Catholic, we might almost say—a _saint_, and was buried with all
the rites and all the honors of solemn obsequies in St. Patrick’s
Cathedral, New York. Prof. Hart, who always endeavors to be fair,
and whose notices of Catholic writers are marked by their
courtesy, would never have made this incorrect statement unless he
had been misled by some false information, and we rely on his
rectifying it in his next edition.

The following circular has been sent to us, and we publish it
because we think there is nothing more hostile to such nefarious
projects than free and early ventilation. Why does not Mr. _Abbot_
renounce his popish name, in his zeal to abolish every vestige of
Christianity? Our readers will not fail to see how apposite an
illustration this document furnishes of some of the remarks in our
first article. We have also received an article from the
_Cincinnati Gazette_ advocating the persecution of Catholics in
this country, with a trenchant reply by F. Callaghan.

(_From_ THE INDEX, _January 4, 1873_.)

Organize!

Liberals Of America,

The hour for action has arrived. The cause of freedom calls upon
us to combine our strength, our zeal, our efforts. These are

The Demands Of Liberalism.

1. We demand that churches and other ecclesiastical property shall
no longer be exempted from just taxation.

2. We demand that the employment of chaplains in Congress, in
state legislatures, in the navy and militia, and in prisons,
asylums, and all other institutions supported by public money,
shall be discontinued.

3. We demand that all public appropriations for sectarian,
educational, and charitable institutions shall cease.

4. We demand that all religious services now sustained by the
government shall be abolished; and especially that the use of the
Bible in the public schools, whether ostensibly as a textbook or
avowedly as a book of religious worship, shall be prohibited.

5. We demand that the appointment, by the President of the United
States or by the Governors of the various states, of all religious
festivals and feasts, shall wholly cease.

6. We demand that the judicial oath in the courts and in all other
departments of the government shall be abolished, and that simple
affirmation under pains and penalties of perjury shall be
established in its stead.

7. We demand that all laws directly or indirectly enforcing the
observance of Sunday as the Sabbath shall be repealed.

8. We demand that all laws looking to the enforcement of
“Christian” morality shall be abrogated, and that all laws shall
be conformed to the requirements of natural morality, equal
rights, and impartial liberty.

9. We demand that not only in the constitutions of the United
States and of the several States, but also in the practical
administration of the same, no privileges or advantage shall be
conceded to Christianity or any other special religion; that our
entire political system shall be founded and administered on a
purely secular basis; and that whatever changes shall prove
necessary to this end shall be consistently, unflinchingly, and
promptly made.

Liberals! I pledge to you my undivided sympathies and most
vigorous co‐operation, both in _The Index_ and out of it, in this
work of local and national organization. Let us begin at once to
lay the foundations of a great national party of freedom, which
shall demand the entire secularization of our municipal, state,
and national government.

Let us boldly and with high purpose meet the duty of the hour.
Rouse, then, to the great work of freeing America from the
usurpations of the church! Make this continent from ocean to ocean
sacred to human liberty! Prove that you are worthy descendants of
those whose wisdom and patriotism gave us a constitution untainted
with superstition! Shake off your slumbers, and break the chains
to which you have too long tamely submitted.

FRANCIS E. ABBOT.

TOLEDO, OHIO, Jan. 1, 1873.

Liberals Of New York,

Shall the coming “National Association to secure a Religious
Amendment to the United States Constitution,” to be held in New
York in February, find us unorganized for resistance? Let us at
once form a “Liberal League,” in which we may arrange a campaign
offensive and defensive for our liberties. Send me at once the
addresses of those who sympathize with us, that a meeting may be
called at an early day: remember that “he who is not for me is
against me,” and that our liberties are threatened.

E. F. DINSMORE,
36 Dey Street, New York,
Agent of _The Index_.

[Transcriber’s Note: Obvious printer’s errors have been corrected.]

FOOTNOTES

1 Alfred de Musset.

2 _The Life and Labors of S. Thomas of Aquin._ By the Very Rev. Roger
Bede Vaughan, O.S.B., Cathedral‐Prior of S. Michael’s, Hereford. 2
vols. London: Longmans; Hereford: James Hull. 1871‐2.

3 Proverbs vi., vii.

4 _Adv. Prax._, c. 2.

5 Bishop Wilson, _Sacra Privata_.

6 _Homil._, in S. Ignat., vii. p. 593.

7 Οὐχ ὡς Πέτρος καὶ Παῦλος διατάσσομαι ὑμῖν· ἐκεῖνοι Ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ, ἐγὼ δὲ ἐλάχιστος.

8 Κλήμης ἐν ἕκτῳ των Ὑποτυπώσεων παρατέθειται την ἱστορίαν·
συνεπιμαρτυρει δὲ αυτῷ καὶ ὁ ἱεραπολίτης ἐπίσκοπος ὀνόματι Παπίας.
Τοῦ δὲ Μάρκου μνημονεύειν τὸν Πέτρον ἐν τῇ προτέρᾳ ἐπιστολῇ, ἦν καὶ
συντάξαι φασὶν ἐπ᾽ αὐτῆςς Ῥώμης· σημαίνειν τε τοῦτο αὐτὸν τὴν πόλιν
τροπεκώτερον Β βυλῶνα προσειπόντα, διὰ τούτων· Λοπαζεται ὑμᾶς,
κ.τ.λ.

9 Eusebius’ _Eccl. Hist._, l. 2, c. 25.

10 Τοῦ Πέτρου καὶ τοῦ Παύλου εν Ρώμηλ εὐαγγελιζομένων καὶ θεμελιούντων
τὴν ἑκκλησιαν.—_Eusebius_, l. 5, c. 8; also, S. Irenæus, _Adv.
Hæreses_, l. 3, c. 3.

11 Ἐγω δε τα τρόπαια των Ἀποστόλων ἔχω δεῖζαι, κ.τ.λ.—_Eusebius_, l. 2,
c. 25.

12 _Eusebius_, l. 3, c. 1.

13 “Edant ergo origines ecclesiarum suarum; evolvant ordinem
episcoporum suorum, ita per successiones ab initio decurrentem, ut
primus ille episcopus aliquem ex apostolis, vel apostolicis viris,
qui tamen cum apostolis perseveraverit, habuerit auctorem et
antecessorem. Hoc enim modo ecclesiæ apostolicæ census suos
deferunt: sicut Smyrnæorum Ecclesia Polycarpum ab Joanne collocatum
refert; sicut Romanorum, Clementum a Petro ordinatum
itidem.”—_Tertulliani_, _De Præscriptione Hæreticorum_, c. 32.

14 “Si autem Italiæ adjaces, habes Romam, unde nobis quoque auctoritas
præsto est. Ista quam felix ecclesia, cui totam doctrinam apostoli
cum sanguine quo profuderunt! ubi Petrus passioni Dominicæ
adæquatur; ubi Paulus Joannis exitu coronatur.”—_Tertulliani_, _De
Præscriptione Hæreticorum_, c. 36.

15 “Videamus quod lac a Paulo Corinthii hauserint; ad quam regulam
Galatæ sint recorrecti; quid legant Philippenses, Thessalonicenses,
Ephesii; quid etiam Romani de proximo sonent, quibus evangelium et
Petrus et Paulus sanguine quoque suo signatum
reliquerunt.”—_Tertulliani_, _Adv. Marcionem_, l. 4, c. 5.

16 1 _S. Peter_ v. 13: “The church that is at Babylon, elected together
with you, saluteth you; and so doth Marcus, my son.”

17 _S. John_ xxi. 18: “Verily, verily I say unto thee, when thou wast
young, thou girdedst thyself, and walkedst whither thou wouldst: but
when thou shalt be old, thou shalt stretch forth thy hands, and
another shall gird thee, and carry thee whither thou wouldst not.”
Also, 2 _S. Peter_ i. 14: “Knowing that shortly I must put off this
my tabernacle, even as our Lord Jesus Christ hath showed me.”

18 “Seven Roman cities strove for Homer dead
Through which the living Homer begged his bread.”

19 “Veteres omnes in errorem abrepti sunt.”

20 _Instit._, l. 4, c. 6, n. 15.

21 “De Babylone dissident veteres et novi interpretes. Veteres Romam
interpretantur, ubi Petrum fuisse nemo verus Christianus dubitavit:
novi, Babylonem in Chaldea. Ego veteribus assentior.”

22 Prof. Stuart, Andover _Biblical Repository_, Jan., 1833, vol. iii.
p. 153.

23 _Lectures on Ecclesiastical History._

24 _Introduction to the Study of the Holy Scriptures_, vol. ii. p. 361.

25 _A New Literal Translation, from the Original Greek, of all the
Apostolic Epistles; with a Commentary and Notes._

26 Prior Vaughan, _S. Thomas of Aquin_, i. 464.

27 _S. Thomas of Aquin_, Introduction.

28 _Christian Schools and Scholars_, ii. 20, 21.

29 _S. Thomas of Aquin_, i. 369.

30 _Christian Schools and Scholars_, ii. 325.

31 _Ibid._

32 _Christian Schools and Scholars_, i. 9‐11.

33 _S. Thomas of Aquin_, i. 134.

34 Montalembert, _Monks of the West_, i. Edin. ed.

35 _Monks of the West._

36 _Ibid._

37 _Monks of the West._

38 _Christian Schools and Scholars_, ii. 426.

39 _Monks of the West_, ii.

40 _Christian Schools and Scholars_, i.

41 _Ibid._

42 _Ibid._

43 _Christian Schools and Scholars._

44 _Christian Schools and Scholars_, i.

45 Montalembert’s _Monks of the West_, iii. 195, 197.

46 _Monks of the West._

47 _Monks of the West._

48 _Monks of the West._

49 _Monks of the West._

50 _Ibid._

51 _Christian Schools and Scholars._

52 _Christian Schools and Scholars._

53 _Ibid._

54 _Christian Schools and Scholars._

55 _Christian Schools and Scholars._

56 _Ibid._

57 _Ibid._

58 _Christian Schools and Scholars._

59 _Monks of the West._

60 _Gladstone._

61 _Christian Schools and Scholars._

62 _Monks of the West._

63 _Monks of the West._

64 _S. Thomas of Aquin._

65 _Christian Schools and Scholars._

66 “All the more reason.”

67 Term for the peasants and workingmen.

68 “Go, my son, there are now no Pyrenees.”

69 The queen’s bed‐chamber.

70 The king’s bed‐chamber.

71 “I am the state!”

72 “An instant more, and I should have had to wait!”

73 “The king is dead, long live the king.”

74 The Duchesse de Polignac.

75 Louis only knew how to love and to forgive; had he known how to
punish, he would have known how to reign.

76 Bancroft.

77 Bancroft.

78 Shea.

79 Lake George.

80 Caughnawaga.

81 _Christian Schools and Scholars_, i. 327.

82 _Ibid._

83 _Ibid._

84 _Christian Schools and Scholars._

85 _Life of S. Thomas of Aquin._

86 _S. Thomas of Aquin._

87 _Ibid._

88 _S. Thomas of Aquin._

89 _Christian Schools and Scholars._

90 _Ibid._

91 _Christian Schools and Scholars._

92 _Ibid._

93 _Christian Schools and Scholars_, ii. 370.

94 See _S. Thomas of Aquin_, i. 42.

95 Montalembert, _Monks of the West_, v. 159.

96 _Ibid._, v. 97.

97 _Christian Schools and Scholars._

98 _Ibid._

99 _Christian Schools and Scholars._

100 For all these and the following details, see _Christian Schools and
Scholars_.

101 _Christian Schools and Scholars._

102 _Ibid._

103 _The Condition of the Catholics under James I. Father Gerard’s
Narrative of the Gunpowder Plot._ Edited, with his Life, by John
Morris, Priest of the Society of Jesus. London: Longmans, Green &
Co. 1871. New York: Sold by The Catholic Publication Society.

_Her Majesty’s Tower._ By William Hepworth Dixon. Second series.
Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1869. Reprinted.

104 “The great house then rising at Charing Cross was said, in reference
to these gifts, to be plated with King Philip’s gold. Much of Don
Juan’s money passed in Cecil’s pocket.... Northampton and Suffolk
also obtained the most princely sums.”—_Her Majesty’s Tower_, pp.
59, 60.

105 _History of England_, ix. 36.

106 _Statutes of Elizabeth_, chap. i., v., xiii., xxi., xxiii., xxvii.,
xxviii., xxix., xxxv.

107 _The Life of Father John Gerard_, xcvii.‐ix.

108 Fifth Examination of Fawkes, November 9th and 10th, _State Paper
Office_, No. 54.

109 _Life of Father John Gerard_, p. clxxviii.

110 Page 221.

111 _A Narrative, etc._, pp. 76‐77.

112 Told to the writer as a fact.

113 This incident is authentic, and occurred at No. 13 Rue Royale.

114 _The Life and Labors of S. Thomas of Aquin._ By the Very Rev. Roger
Bede Vaughan, O.S.B. 2 vols. London: Longmans; Hereford: James Hull.
1871‐2.

115 xiv. 15, 16.

116 “Stop, traveller.”

117 “Behold, traveller.”

118 “Farewell,” or “Hail, for ever.”

119 _Sit tibi terra levis._

120 _Locus_, _loculus_.

121 Matt. xii. 32.

122 1 Cor. iii. 13, 15.

123 1 Pet.

124 Apocalypse xxi. 27.

125 2 Mach. xii. 43‐46.

126 xvi. 14.

127 xxxv. 19, 20.

128 2 Chron. xxi. 19.

129 “_Les morts ne sont pas les oubliés: ils ne sont que les absents._”

130 Sismondi, _His. Ital. Rep._

131 See CATHOLIC WORLD, vol. xiii., No. 73, April, 1871, p. 1.

132 _The Following of Christ_, b. iii. chap. v.

133 _Following of Christ_, b. iii. chap. v.

134 The Marquisate or March of Ancona was then governed by Charles of
Valois, who held Naples.

135 That is, in the territory of Padua, founded, as the student will
remember, by the Trojan Antenor, whose tomb is shown in Padua to
this day.

136 That is to say, the hermitage of the Camaldolites in Milton’s
Vall’ombrosa.

137 _Oriental and Linguistic Studies. The Veda; The Avesta; The Science
of Language_. By William Dwight Whitney, Prof. of Sanskrit and
Comparative Philology at Yale College. One vol. 8vo, 416 pp. New
York: Scribner, Armstrong & Co. 1873.

138 _Oriental and Linguistic Studies. The Veda; The Avesta; The Science
of Language_. By William Dwight Whitney, Prof. of Sanskrit and
Comparative Philology at Yale College. One vol. 8vo, 416 pp. New
York: Scribner, Armstrong & Co. 1873.

139 Title of the work given at head of this article.

140 Still stronger in the original: “Vielleicht ist noch kein Europäer
so tief in diese Sprache eingedrungen als er.”—_Mithridates_, vol.
i. p. 134.

141 Sidnarubam seu Grammatica Samscrdamica, cui accedit dissertatio
historico‐critica in linguam Samscrdamicam, vulgo Samscret dictam,
in qua hujus linguæ existentia, origo, exarati critice recensentur,
et simul aliquæ antiquissimæ gentilium orationes liturgicæ paucis
attinguntur et explicantur autore Paulino a S. Bartolomæo. Romæ,
1790.

142 _Catalogo de las Lenguas de las Naciones conocidas._ Madrid,
1800‐1805. Six large 8vo volumes.

143 These lectures, printed in book‐form at London, were soon after
first published in the United States by the Presbyterian College of
Andover.

144 “Wouldst thou the young year’s blossoms and the fruits of its
decline,
And all by which the soul is charmed, enraptured, feasted, fed,
Wouldst thou the earth and heaven itself in one sole name combine?
I name thee, O Sakuntula, and all at once is said.”

145 _L’Aryanisme, et de la trop grande part qu’on a faite à son
influence, etc._

146 How such information could have been had from the _Fasti Consulares_
is difficult to say; the suppression was probably a _lapsus memoriæ_
for Josephus Flavius. The date of S. Paul’s coming to Rome is too
uncertain to be fixed at 61, yet we accept this year on the
authority of those who put it forward in the discussion.

147 See _Op. S. Irenæi_, Ed. Cong. S. Mauri, Ven. an. 1734.

148 _De Viris Illustribus_, c. i.

149 _Ap. Eusebium_, H. E. lib. iii. c. i.

150 _Via Appia da Porta Capena a Boville._ Descritta dal Commendatore L.
Canina. 2 vols. Roma. 1853.

151 _La Roma Sotterranea Christiana._ Descritta ed illustrat dal Cav. G.
B. de Rossi. Roma. 1864.

152 _Defense de l’Esprit des Lois_, 3e partie.

153 Aringhi, _Roma Subterr._ lib. iii. c. 2.

154 _Ner._ 48.

155 _Pro Cluent._ 13.

156 _I cimeteri sotteranei di Roma sono stati scavati dai cristiani
fossari tranne pochissime eccezioni, le quali importanti per la
storia, nell’ampiezza però della sotteranea escavazione scompajono;
e possono veramente dirsi quello, che i matematici appellano una
quantitià infinitesima e da non essere tenuta a calcolo._—App. p.
39.

157 Psalm xxiii.

158 S. John x. 14‐16.

159 _O præclarum diem, cum ad illud divinum animorum concilium cœtumque
proficiscar, cumque ex hac turba et colluvione discedam! Proficiscar
enim, non ad eos solum viros, de quibus ante dixi, sed etiam ad
Catonem meum._—_De Senectute_, 25.

160 Coleridge’s _Piccolomini_, scene iv.

161 xii. 40.

162 Newman’s _Church of the Fathers_, Introduction.

163 Jonas iv. 2.

164 S. Augustine says:—“Love the men, destroy the errors: be bold
without pride in the maintenance of truth; strive for the truth
without harshness; pray for those whom you rebuke and
confound.”—_Contra lit. Petiliani_, l. i.

165 xx. 23.

166 Romans vi. 3, 4.

167 S. Augustine, _Serm._ 296, p. 1195, tom. v.

168 Tertullian, _Scorpiace_, p. 628.

169 1 Epist. iii. 2.

170 Am. ed. p. 82.

171 _An Eirenicon_, Eng. ed., p. 101.

172 “If there be one writer in the Anglican Church who has discovered a
deep, tender, loyal devotion to the Blessed Mary, it is the author
of _The Christian Year_. The image of the Virgin and Child seems to
be the one vision upon which both his heart and intellect have been
formed; and those who knew Oxford twenty or thirty years ago say
that, while other college rooms were ornamented with pictures of
Napoleon on horseback, or Apollo and the Graces, or Heads of Houses
lounging in their easy‐chairs, there was one man—a young and rising
one—in whose rooms, instead of these, might be seen the Madonna di
Sisto or Domenichino’s S. John—fit augury of him who was in the
event to do so much for the revival of Catholicism.”—Newman’s
_Essays_, vol. ii. p. 453.

173 _Memoir of Keble._ By Sir J. T. Coleridge, Eng. ed., p. 305.

174 Dr. Nevin, one of the leaders of religious thought in the German
Reformed communion, of which the _Mercersburg Review_ is the organ,
has said: “The man cannot be right at heart in regard to the faith
of the Incarnation, whose tongue falters in pronouncing Mary Mother
of God!”

175 _A Letter to Dr. Pusey on his recent Eirenicon_, p. 59.

176 The late Dr. Faber, when an Anglican, said: “Thus I hold it pious to
believe that in pagan times many a wandering beam, many a pitying
angel, many a rent in heaven, many a significant portent, many an
overflow of the appointed channels of grace, were vouchsafed,
whereon a poor glimmering faith might feed, and grow, not wholly of
itself, into a feeble yet steady light, acceptable for his sake who
sent such faith its food.”—_Foreign Churches and Peoples_, p. 535.

177 Horace, _De Arte Poetica_, 391.

178 Keble’s _Christian Year_—Easter Eve.

179 Lib. iv. c. 4.

180 _A Hist. de l’Art._

181 Page 36.

182 Page 30.

183 The scourge used by one of the executioners at the pillar was
amongst the number, and is now to be seen in the cathedral of
Aachen. It is composed of narrow leathern thongs, terminated by an
iron point, the whitish color of the leather bearing manifest stains
of the precious blood that bespattered it. Constantine’s signet, the
eagle and ciphers, is distinctly visible on the time‐worn, faded
seal, that looks like a sort of hard chalk. The reliquary is a
crystal vase, encased in gold and gems.

184 It is not within the limits of this sketch to follow the “Saint
Suaire” through its subsequent translations, but it may interest
such of our readers as are not acquainted with the fact, that it is
now at Aix‐la‐Chapelle, where _every seven years_ it is opened by
the chief prelates of Catholic Germany, and in the presence of
princes and bishops exposed to the veneration of the faithful for
three days, the church bells ringing all the time, and the cathedral
crowded day and night.

185 _The Russian Clergy._ Translated from the French of Father Gagarin,
S.J. By Ch. Du Gard Makepeace, M.A. London: Burns & Oates. 1872.
(New York: Sold by The Catholic Publication Society.)

186 “L’ouvrage s’ouvre par une introduction majestueuse sur le treizième
siècle.”

187 _Memoir of Count De Montalembert, Peer of France, Deputy for the
Department of Doubs._ A Chapter of recent French History. By Mrs.
Oliphant, author of _The Life of Edward Irving_, _S. Francis of
Assisi_, etc. In two volumes. William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh
and London. 1872.

188 The Anitchkoff Palace, on the Nevskoi Prospekt.

189 In 1859, _Le Second Empire_; in 1860, _La France, l’Autriche et
l’Angleterre_; in 1865, _France et l’Allemagne_.

190 _Particularism_ here means the tendency and policy on the part of
Bavaria and the Southern States of Germany to resist absorption of
their autonomy in certain matters by Prussia.—_Translator._

191 The town where Henry IV., of Germany, performed a penance imposed by
Pope Gregory VII.—_Trans._

192 In the work, published in 1865, which procured me the honor of being
made the subject of a parliamentary debate, I had dwelt upon the
two‐fold danger to be feared, whether from an alliance which might
reopen the Belgian question, or from a war on our frontiers, it
might be, on our invaded territory. I advised appeasing our
political discords, the better to resist this double peril. This
sums up in a few words the purport of my pamphlet.

My adversaries in the tribune and in the press denied the existence
of these dangers which they asserted were merely imaginary; they
charged me with having got up a sham Belgian question, and with
having, in that way, spread the knowledge of it abroad.

“With what have I charged the Honorable M. de Champs?” said M.
Dolez. “It is with having pretended that our nationality was
environed by perils, and that a Belgian question was on foot in
which our independence might be taken away from us.”

M. Frère‐Orban ridiculed in a pleasant way my forebodings. He said
that I was “a lookout man who, in his tower, descries that which no
one else can possibly see, ... who imagines that he has discovered
that which nobody had seen before. To‐day,” he added, “when there is
_nothing, absolutely nothing_, of a nature to cause uneasiness to
the country, we are told, in consequence of a party scheme: Let us
hold our tongues and appease our discords. The liberal party must,
in order to save Belgium from a _danger which does not exist_, cease
resisting the pretensions of the clerical party.”

Well, what does M. Frère‐Orban think now? While he, as minister, was
uttering in the tribune the above quieting and optimist statements,
M. Benedetti had entered with M. von Bismarck into a parley, the
subject of which was the Belgian question. This was the diplomatic
peril. The other peril has been clearly revealed to us after Sedan.
General de Wimpfen has stated to General Chazal that the question of
invading or not the territory of Belgium had been earnestly
discussed at Sedan. This would have been bringing the war on our
violated soil.

193 Priests and religious, men and women, numbering together 1,909, have
given corporeal and spiritual attendance to 21,000 sick and wounded,
and this only out of love for God and their neighbor.

194 Referring to the very bitter attack on the definition of
infallibility and the doings of the council which appeared about
that time in pamphlet form from a writer under the _nom de plume_ of
Janus.—_Translator._

195 The bien‐aimé of the Almanac is no more the bien‐aimé of France,
He does everything ab hoc and ab hac, puts all in the same sack,
Justice and finance, this bien‐aimé of the Almanac, etc., etc.

196 Zamore was a negro who repaid by the basest treachery the favors
lavished on him by Madame du Barry; he was the immediate cause of
her execution, having betrayed her hiding‐place to the convention.
She is the only woman of that period who died like a coward,
struggling to the last.

197 “Let our hearts be light and gay,
Glory’s hour is here to‐day;
The blood‐red blade is raised on high,
We conquer when we die—
Rally to victory.
’Neath the flag of a dying God!
We tread the path he trod;
We run, we fly
To glory nigh.
Behold our ardor rise,
Our hearts are in the skies,
Arise, arise!
The scaffold mount—and God’s the victory.”

198 Blue is the color of knowledge.

199 _Der liebe Gott_, the received formula in Germany, as the “good
God,” _le bon Dieu_, in French, and Almighty God in English.

200 Exod. xv. 11.

201 Matt. vi. 33.

202 Eccl. xx. 9.

203 Lam. iii. 31.

204 Is. xxix. 18.

205 Matt. v. 10.

206 Rom. xi. 33.

207 Ps. xlii. 1.

208 Baruch v. 6.

209 The Arno, Chiana, and Mugnone.

210 London _Times_, Feb. 3.

211 As was shown in THE CATHOLIC WORLD last month, excommunication is
not only recognized by the law in the case of Protestant
excommunicators, but has been sanctioned and confirmed by law, on an
actual case being brought into court. Of course we shall be met by
the objection that the formal declaration of Papal Infallibility has
altered the connection between the Catholic Church and the state.
Unfortunately for this easy method of explaining away difficult
matters, excommunication has not been a whit altered in force,
relation, or form from the days of the Apostles to Pius IX.

212 In proof of which read the declaration of Count Andrássy to the
Austrian Parliament that, notwithstanding the friendly assurances
with which the three emperors parted at the breaking up of their
recent conference at Berlin, he could not guarantee peace even up to
Christmas. Observe also the significant rearming of all the great
European powers and the recent order from Berlin of 3,000,000 rifles
of a new pattern.

213 Witness Bavaria’s remonstrance, which was disregarded, at the sudden
imposition of the severe military code of Prussian service without
allowing it time to recover. As a more recent comment on that, read
the very able and interesting letters which appeared in the _New
York Herald_, Nov. 22, on the European situation, a short extract
from which, of a Bavarian view on German unity, we give: “Germany
accepts it, because it in some respects realizes the German dream of
unity. That, of course, every German wants. But no one wants a
united despotism, a military code that turns the whole nation into a
camp, and takes half a million able‐bodied men away from the farms
and industrious callings. We want a Germany for the good of the
fatherland, not for the glory of a little upstart Prussian prince
whose name is not much older than the Bonapartes’ crown.”

214 “Desine fata deûm flecti sperare precando.”—_Virg. Æn._ vi. 376.

215 In Germany.

216 “Divorce Legislation in Connecticut,” and “The Indissolubility of
Christian Marriage.”

217 For this and the following references, see Rohrbacher’s _Histoire
Universelle de l’Eglise Catholique_. This work is so comprehensive,
and so full of the most learned and accurate researches, that we
have relied entirely upon its lengthened narratives for the facts
mentioned in this article. The work is excessively voluminous (28
vols 8vo), and to verify personally each separate reference given by
the author would be almost impossible, besides being a very tedious
undertaking. We have preferred, therefore, to rely upon the single
authority of one who is confessedly the best modern church
historian.

218 _History of the Reformation._

219 E. Dally.

220 “It is an error to suppose that the Catholic faith limits the
existence of man to about six thousand years. The church has never
decided this delicate question, and this abstention is full of
wisdom. Nothing positive, in fact, has been revealed to us on this
point. The various chronological systems are the work of man; they
rest on bases often hypothetical. Nevertheless, we cannot admit even
the possibility of the arbitrary theories of several distinguished
geologists who date the appearance of man on the earth twenty and
even thirty millions of years back. Good‐sense alone should incline
one to be moderate on this point.”—Mgr. Meignan, _Le Monde et
l’Homme primitif_, chap. vi.

221 _L’Homme pendant les Ages de la Pierre dans les Environs de Dinant‐
sur‐Meuse._ 2e édition. Bruxelles: Muquardt. 1872.

222 This is true, at most, of the formations previous to the quaternary
deposits; in the latter, the synchronism of the fauna becomes wholly
uncertain, and only founds the emigration or disappearance of
certain species of animals on inductions that have a hypothetical
basis. As to their emigration, we have had too many instances in the
historic period, as M. Chabas justly observes, to make us regard
that necessarily the index of vast chronological intervals. Where
are the elephants that abounded in Mauretania Tingitana, according
to Solinus’ _Polyhistor_; the hippopotami of Lower Egypt, the boas
of Calabria, the lions, aurochs, and bears of Macedonia, the beaver,
etc.? In the XVIIth century of our era, the stag, roebuck, wild
boar, wolf, and bear still formed a part of the fauna of the
Cevennes. The reindeer lived in the Black Forest in the time of
Cæsar, who describes this animal from hearsay, but characterizes it
sufficiently by the peculiarity of the male and female having the
same kind of horns. M. Lartet is also inclined to the opinion that
_the age of the reindeer is perhaps not so ancient as was once
supposed_. The mammoth is no longer found alive, but has been
discovered with its flesh and skin still remaining, embedded in ice,
and affording nourishment to dogs and other animals. Struck with
this preservation, M. d’Orbigny expresses a doubt as to the
antiquity of the mammoth. He thinks it may have existed five or six
thousand years ago, and believes it may still live in some
unexplored locality. At least, it lived in America till a
comparatively recent period. Its remains, and those of the mastodon,
have been found in the auriferous deposits of California, among
remarkable traces of human labor. At the Congress of Copenhagen, M.
Schaffhausen expressed the opinion that the lost species should
rather be regarded of a more recent date than that the antiquity of
man should be extended to hundreds of thousands of years. As to the
wretchedness and inferiority evident from the primitive pursuits of
man and the conformity of his organs, the enemies of Christianity
triumph over the discovery. We believe with Mgr. Meignan that “a
proof of the authenticity of the Bible has been lightly transformed
into an objection against it. The revolt and disobedience of man
explain the wretched state in which he at first lived; and the
hardships he underwent during the period he inhabited caverns and
lacustrine dwellings prove to all who believe in the goodness of God
that a great crime must have armed His justice.”

223 “In the year of the Nativity of our Lord 710, the sixth day of the
month of December, under the reign of Eudes, most pious King of the
French, during the ravages of the perfidious Saracen nation, the
body of the most dear and venerable Marie Madeleine was secretly and
by night transferred from its alabaster sepulchre into the present
one, which is of marble, and whence the body of Sidonius has been
withdrawn, in order that the other may be better concealed and be
beyond the reach of the above‐named perfidious nation.”

224 Seven years later, when the head was taken to Rome by Charles,
Boniface VIII. sent to S. John of Lateran for a relic which had long
been venerated there as the maxillar bone of Magdalen; on adjusting
it to the broken part, it fitted in so exactly as to leave no doubt
as to where it had originally been taken from.

225 Shea.

226 See the narrative and map in Shea’s _History of the Discovery and
Exploration of the Mississippi_.

227 Pronounced Ac‐o‐ma—the accent on the first syllable.

228 “This way, gentlemen.”

229 Red pepper; _chile verde_, green pepper.

230 This estimate, which was considered as too high by some of the
clergymen present, is given only as conjectural. It is based on the
census of 1870, according to which there are in the state, in round
numbers, 203,000 persons of foreign parentage at least on one side,
of whom 113,000 are foreign‐born. It would seem probable that we
might allow out of this number 83,000 foreign‐born and 67,000
native‐born Catholics. It is certain, from other evidence, that the
number is over 100,000, and, whatever the correct number may be,
nine‐twentieths is very near the proportion of the native‐born to
the whole number. The entire population of the state is 537,000.
Nearly two‐fifths of the whole are, therefore, of foreign parentage.

231 Eugénie de la Ferronnays.

232 “The Church the Champion of Marriage,” CATHOLIC WORLD, February,
1873.

233 Deut. xxi 16, 17.

234 Gen. xxiv. 39, 57, 58.

235 Numb. xxvii. 8; xxxvi. 3, 8.

236 S. John i. 13.

237 Jeremy Taylor’s “On the Marriage Ring,” besides many modern ones,
especially by the Rev. Dr. Morgan Dix, New York.

238 Matt. vii. 21.

239 Matt. xxii. 29, 30; Mark xii. 24, 25.

240 _Considérations sur la France_, chapter x. _et alibi passim_.

241 M. de Maistre is sometimes quoted as taking a different view; for
example, in an article in the _Correspondant_ for Nov. 10, Joseph de
Maistre declared revolution an epoch and not an event. But this by
no means signifies that the illustrious publicist meant that
revolution was about to prevail. He says: “The French Revolution is
an important epoch, and its manifold consequences will be felt far
beyond the time of its outbreak and the limits of its original
sphere.... If there is not a moral revolution throughout Europe, if
the religious spirit is not strengthened in this part of the world,
the bonds of society will dissolve.” The clergy of France, in
particular, are called to “the essential work” of reacting against
the influence of the _Goddess of Reason_. See _Considérations sur la
France_, chap. ii.

242 _Etudes sur l’Italie contemporaine_, and _Notes d’un Voyageur_.
_Première Etude_, June, 1871; _Seconde Etude_, July, 1872. Paris:
Amyot.

243 _Première Etude_, p. 3.

244 “Except the _Univers_, which has a correspondent at Rome, and keeps
up constant communications with that city in other ways, and, on the
other side, the _Journal des Débats_, which is supplied with
information by the Italian government, and, as we have been assured,
receives a handsome subsidy for the patronage accorded, most of the
French papers have no other source of supplying their readers with
news than the conjectures, more or less unreliable, of the Havas
agency, a _succursale_, as to what concerns Italy, of the Stefani
agency at Florence. It is supposed, however, that nothing is easier
than to obtain information about a country at our very doors.”—M.
Ed. Dulaurier, member of the Institute, “Impressions et Souvenirs de
Rome,” in the _Gazette du Languedoc_ for Sept. 19. I take the
liberty of recommending to M. Dulaurier, and all who wish to know
the state of affairs in Italy, the valuable _Correspondance de
Genève_. The _Journal_ of Florence, recently combined with the
_Cattolica_ of Rome, affords instructive reading. Besides
information peculiar to itself, this paper reproduces in each number
interesting extracts from various Italian journals.

245 “The French, under Napoleon I., introduced the idea of
centralization into Italy and the code of the Revolution which the
restored princes had the want of foresight to retain. The old
municipalities were destroyed, and never recovered their former
independence even in the States of the Church. Piedmont, of all the
states of the Peninsula, was the longest under the poisonous
influence of foreign ideas. Hence it became the centre of the
Revolution.”—_Quel est l’Avenir de l’Europe?_ pages 40‐41. Geneva:
Grosset, 1871. The author of this remarkable work is of the school
of the Count de Maistre, and worthy of his master.

246 _Première Etude_, pp. 6, 12, 13, 15; _Seconde Etude_, pp. 4, 10, 11.

247 _Première Etude_, p. 10.

248 _Journal d’un Diplomate en Italie._—See the _Etudes_ for July, 1872.

249 _Journal d’un Diplomate en Italie_, pp. 305, 306.

250 _Journal d’un Diplomate en Italie_, pp. 116, 117.

251 _Les Diplomates Français sous Napoléon III._, by B. d’Agreval.
Paris: Dentu. 1872. A work we recommend to all publicists who wish
to add to their knowledge.

252 _Première Etude_, p. 10.

253 _Première Etude_, pp. 5, 10, 11; _Seconde Etude_, p. 4.

254 _Première Etude_, p. 7.

255 The minister has laid before the Parliament the account of the
expense of opening the breach in the walls of Rome. This crime cost
nearly forty‐eight millions.

256 _Première Etude_, p. 11; _Seconde Etude_, p. 12.

257 Cf. _Première Etude_, p. 10.

258 See a forcible and eloquent article in the _Civiltà Cattolica_ on
the _Caresses de la Providence_. Sér. viii. vol. v., No. 519, Feb.,
1872.

259 (_Première Etude_, pp. 7, 8, 27; _Seconde Etude_, pp. 11, 12.) “The
invaders take the stand of masters, but the people have not joined
them. They remain isolated in their midst in the position of a
military and administrative colony, about as favorably regarded and
received as the Prussians in those departments of our country where
they are still encamped. The Romans, it cannot be denied, love their
Pope.”—M. Ed. Dulaurier, _loc. cit._

260 _Union_, Nov. 26.

261 “We continue to be regarded at Berlin with the most favorable
dispositions, as the demonstrations of which our princes were the
object prove.”—_Speech of M. Visconti‐Venosta_ in the Chamber of
Deputies, Nov. 27, 1872.

262 _Seconde Etude_, p. 13.

263 _Address_, April 28, 1872.

264 _Correspondance Diplomatique_ in the year 1815.

265 _Première Etude_, p. 17; _Seconde Etude_, pp. 4, 14, 15, 16, 17.

266 _Première Etude_, pp. 25, 26; _Seconde Etude_, pp. 15, 16, 26.

267 See, in the _Etudes_ for Oct., 1871, the article by Fr. Ch. Clair,
who, in an address to the government of M. Thiers, carries on a
vigorous argument _ad hominem_ respecting the “necessary liberties”
of the Pope.

268 P. Toulement, _La Providence et les Chàtiments de la France_, ch.
xvii.

269 _Première Etude_, pp. 24, 25, 26: _Seconde Etude_, pp. 17, 22, 34.

270 _Journal d’un Diplomate en Italie_, pp. 17, 18.

271 This alludes to the indication of superhuman power by the budding
horns which Michael Angelo has represented upon the head of Moses,
adopting the Jewish symbol of strength so frequent in Scripture.

272 Ecclus. xlviii. II.

273 So soon accepted!

274 “I, the undersigned, parish priest of the most holy Constantinian
Basilica of the Twelve Apostles of Rome, certify that in Register
XII. of the dead, letter N, page 283, is to be found the deed of
which the following is the copy, word for word.

“The twenty‐second of December, eighteen hundred and sixty‐six,
Mademoiselle Claire‐Françoise‐Amélie Lautard, of Marseilles,
daughter of M. Jean Baptiste Lautard, a most pious virgin, while
offering last Sunday her life to God for the Holy Father, Rome, and
the church, was seized on the spot by illness, and having received
most piously the sacraments of the church, in the full possession of
her faculties, in prayer, and surrounded by several priests and
virgins, gave up her soul to Jesus Christ, her spouse, with the
greatest serenity, Wednesday the 19th, at half‐past nine in the
morning, in the house Rue Ripresa‐dei‐Barberi 175, at the age of
fifty‐nine years. The following day, the 20th, her body was carried,
after the completuum, accompanied by a great number of religious, to
this basilica, and was here exposed during the morning after the
manner of nobles, the office of the dead and a solemn Mass being
performed; in the afternoon it was conveyed to the Church of Santa
Maria in Ara Cœli, and there interred in the tomb of the Sisters of
St. Joseph of the Apparition.

“Given at Rome,” etc.

275 This mistake is awing to a wrong meaning given to a word in the Book
of Joshua in the Septuagint; where the word _tsorim_ is translated
_knife of stone_, when it also means _a sharp knife_; _tsor_ only
means _stone_ in the sense of _rock_ or _block_.

276 Simonin, _La Vie Souterraine_.

277 Ancient name of the Prussians.—Trans.

278 S. Jerome’s _Epist._ 44, 45.

279 _Hist. of Decline and Fall of Rom. Emp._, vol. iv. ch. ix. p. 262,
1st ed.

280 _Germania_, i. 5.

281 “The Study of Sociology,” by H. Spencer, in the May No. of _The
Contemporary Review_, 1872.

282 See Mrs. Hope’s _Conversion of the Teutonic Race_, ch. i.

283 _Conv. of Teut. Race_, p. 20.

284 Apollin., _Paneg. Major_.

285 _Germania_, iii.

286 Suet., _in Oct._ xxiii.

287 I. 61.

288 Plutarch, _Vita Marii_.

289 S. Jer. _adv. Jovin._ ii.